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In this post, we will describe: - What a keto diet is - What is causing the worldwide obesity epidemic - Why you need to think about starting a low carb diet - What can you eat on a keto diet and what should you avoid - Sample meal plans for one week to get you started What is a keto diet? What does keto mean? Keto is short for ketone, and a ketone is an energy source produced by your liver. You produce ketones when you don’t have enough insulin in your body to turn sugar (or glucose) into energy. As your body needs another energy source, your body uses fat instead. Your liver turns this fat into ketones, delivering them into your blood to be used by muscles and other tissues as a fuel source. Your body generally uses two different fuels as sources of energy; glucose (sugar) and fats. Glucose is derived from carbohydrates such as potatoes, rice, bread and pasta, and for most people accounts for the majority of our everyday energy needs. Glucose is found in our blood as a ready energy source and also as glycogen stored in muscles and liver. The other possible energy source is fat which tends to be used as a fuel source when the glucose and glycogen stores are used up, such as during exercise. Fat is then turned into free fatty acids and ketones to be used as an energy source. A diet that is low in carbohydrate and uses fat as an energy source and puts the body into a state of ketosis and is termed a keto diet. A keto diet can have many benefits as the body becomes a fat-burning machine using fat stores even when you are sleeping. Keto vs Paleo vs Atkins The principles of a low carb diet are not new; the paleo and Atkin’s diets are both similar to the keto diet. The basic idea is to have a low intake of carbohydrates, avoiding most carbohydrate foods such as sugar, processed junk food, bread, rice and pasta. As an alternative, you consume meat, eggs, fish, natural fats and most vegetables that grow above the ground; kale, spinach, broccoli, cauliflower and cabbage. Vegetables that grow below the ground should be avoided as they tend to be higher in starch which is a carbohydrate. Another big advantage of the keto diet is that it is gluten-free as it avoids grains in bread, cereals and pasta. So, the keto diet is a supercharged, modern version of an old idea but with lots of positive benefits. These similar diets are popular because they work and are based on the way we used to eat food in the past. Eating refined carbohydrates and processed food is a modern trend and has been suggested as one of the causes of the increase in heart disease, obesity and cancers in recent times. add reference Benefits of a keto diet One of the key advantages of the keto diet is that people can lose weight without suffering from constant cravings for sweet foods and carbs seen with many other diets. There is no need to snack all the time anymore! Long term health benefits There have been many claims for the beneficial effects of a keto diet with several diseases, including preventing or treating certain cancers. One study suggested that keto diets could be used in conjunction with radiotherapy or chemotherapy as a complementary treatment. Ketogenic diets may selectively starve tumours, and slow tumour growth as these cells are dependant on glucose for growth. Other studies have shown that there are beneficial effects for the heart by reducing the ‘bad’ low density (LDL) cholesterol and raising the ‘good’ high density (HDL) cholesterol. Many diabetic patients have used low carb or keto diets to lose weight. In one study, 95% of the keto diet group were also able to reduce or stop their diabetes medication, compared to 62% in the higher-carb group. Blood sugar tends to stabilise as a result. Improved energy levels Many people report feeling more energised, with higher levels of mental clarity and alertness. In contrast, mood and energy swings that are found in high carb diets and are another significant benefit of keto diets. It is fair to say that a keto diet is not just used as a one-off fix, as many people can enjoy it as a long term positive lifestyle change. It can give long-lasting health benefits, improve energy levels and reduce cravings for snack foods. What can you eat on keto? You are no doubt looking for a list of keto-friendly foods to help you understand what you can you eat on a keto diet. We have summarised below the common low carb food groups that are allowed on this diet. - Meats: all red meats, steak, sausages, ham, bacon, chicken and turkey - Fish and shellfish: fatty fish is better such as salmon, trout, mackerel, tuna, prawns, shrimps and crab. - Eggs: any kind of eggs but preferably organic or omega-3 rich eggs. - Cheese: any unprocessed cheese; cheddar, goat, cream cheese, blue cheese, brie or mozzarella - Cream and butter: Look for grass-fed when possible. - Oils: extra virgin olive oil, coconut oil and avocado oil - Nuts and seeds: all nuts and seeds are fine; walnuts, almonds, hazelnuts, chia seeds, pumpkin seeds, flax seeds, chia seeds - Low-carb vegetables: those that grow above the ground; kale, spinach, broccoli, cauliflower, peppers, tomatoes - Avocados: whole avocados and guacamole. - Berries: small amounts of strawberries, blueberries and raspberries are fine - Condiments: salt, pepper, herbs and spices Foods to avoid The basic principle is to avoid all high carb and processed foods. The following foods should be avoided or reduced in a keto diet. - Sugar rich foods: cakes, muffins, chocolate bars, fruit juices, ice cream, candy/sweets, smoothies - Grains and starches: rice, pasta, cereals, bread, and wheat or oat-based products - Fruit: avoid all fruit should except for small portions of berries such as blueberries and strawberries - Beans and legumes: peas, kidney beans, peas, corn, lentils, chickpeas - Vegetables: those that grow below ground; potatoes, sweet potatoes, carrots, parsnips - Low-fat and diet foods: These types of food are highly processed and often high in carbs and sugars. - Sauces: these may often contain sugar and unhealthy fats - Unhealthy oils: Reduce use of processed vegetable oils, mayonnaise, use walnut or sesame oil as salad dressings - Alcohol: these often contain high levels of carbs; avoid beer, cocktails, mixers in alcoholic drinks - Sugar-free and diet foods: these highly processed foods are often high in sugar alcohols, which may reduce ketone levels - Milk: avoid or limit drinking milk as this contains sugars Common problems with going keto There are however downsides to the keto diet. Some people complain of being sick, which may include vomiting, fatigue and gastrointestinal upset. These symptoms are referred to as the keto flu but usually passes after a few days. Around 25% of people experience lethargy, as your body slowly runs out of its carbohydrate energy sources and switches over to fat-based energy. Symptoms can be reduced by drinking plenty of fluids, including green tea and organic coffee, and getting 7-8 hours of sleep each night. Why you should move to a low carb diet Across the world, there is an obesity epidemic going on. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 1.9 billion or 39% of adults were overweight in 2016. The overall incidence of obesity has tripled between 1975 and 2016. The main cause of obesity is an imbalance between calories consumed and calories used in exercise and going about our everyday lives. But why is this occurring? We undoubtedly consume more energy-dense foods that are high in sugar and are hyper-palatable meaning they are potentially addictive, leading us to eat and drink sugar and starches many time a day along with more sedentary lifestyles. It is predicted that one in two Americans may develop type 2 diabetes at some point in their life. The situation is no better in India and China; this a global issue not just a problem for the US and Europe. What causes obesity? When we eat sugars and starches, our blood sugar rises, and our bodies produce insulin to control the increase in blood sugar, but it also tells our bodies to store fat to use later. But we don’t then use up these fat stores as we consume more sugar in junk food and processed foods, and high starch foods such as bread, pasta and potatoes. We are therefore always in fat-storing, which leads to obesity unless we burn off this fat through regular exercise. Now what we need to do is to get into a fat-burning mode, and this is where a low carb keto diet is beneficial. A keto diet uses fat as the primary energy source as we restrict our carb intake to around 20-50g a day. A reasonable amount of protein is also eaten to maintain healthy muscles and tissues. All of our tissues and organs can use fats as the primary energy source, so this is not a problem. Even the brain which usually uses glucose as its energy source can utilise fat broken down into ketones to give it the fuel it needs. A ketotic or fat-burning state is usual for the body. If you exercise heavily say by running or cycling for an hour, you will be using your fats stores. But in a keto diet, you are using stored fat all the time as your energy source, even when you are sleeping. You will be a fat-burning machine which is great for weight loss! Alongside this, you will feel energised and no longer crave for constant snacking and fast foods. A typical keto diet plan We have set out below a typical 7-day healthy menu for your first week of keto dieting. Remember to drink plenty of fluids; water, tea, or coffee but reduce the amount of milk used. The key points to remember are to avoid: - Bread, pasta, rice - Processed ready meals - Sugary foods and snacks - Most fruits Breakfast: Scrambled eggs with butter on a bed of lettuce or wilted spinach. You could also add some sliced avocado to this if you wish. Snack: Sunflower seeds or a few slices of cheese Lunch: Spinach salad with grilled salmon Snack: Pecan, brazils or macadamia nuts Dinner: Spicy cajun chicken breast or slices with cauliflower rice Breakfast: Smoothie with almond milk, spinach, chia seeds and some protein powder Snack: Celery and pepper strips plus a guacamole dip Lunch: Tuna salad with tomatoes, feta cheese, olive oil, herbs Snack: Roast beef and sliced cheese roll-ups Dinner: Beef or pork meatballs with zucchini (courgette) noodles, topped with a cream sauce Breakfast: Omelette with cheese, add spinach, mushrooms, broccoli etc. Bulletproof coffee – made from with butter and coconut oil Snack: Full-fat Greek yoghurt with crushed nuts or seeds Lunch: Grilled salmon with mixed leaf salad and tomato Snack: A boiled egg with flax crackers and cheese Dinner: Roast chicken with asparagus or broccoli Breakfast: Two eggs fried in butter with avocado Snack: Slices of cheese with bell peppers Lunch: Grass-fed beef burger, no bun, with a green salad, tomato and guacamole Snack: Sliced cheese and bell pepper slices Dinner: Italian sausage, steamed or boiled broccoli, grated parmesan cheese Breakfast: Fried eggs with bacon and wilted spinach Snack: A handful of walnuts or almonds with a quarter cup of berries Lunch: Chicken strips made with almond flour on a bed of greens or salads with goats cheese and cucumber Snack: Celery sticks dipped in almond butter Dinner: Baked tofu with broccoli, and peppers Breakfast: Eggs baked in avocado cups Snack: Kale chips Lunch: Pesto chicken breast with mashed cauliflower Snack: Meat-based bar (turkey or pork) Dinner: Grilled beef kebabs with peppers and sautéed broccolini Breakfast: Chocolate pancakes made with almond flour, chocolate protein powder with berries Snack: Dried seaweed strips and cheese Lunch: Salmon fish cakes with avocado and cream cheese sauce Snack: Turkey jerky (look for no added sugars) Dinner: Spicy beef curry made with coconut milk with cauliflower rice I hope this gives some ideas for meal plans.

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The broad sweep of American popular culture is dedicated to valorizing white motherhood, despite the recent the claims by ‘tiger mom’ author Amy Chua that white women are the worst mothers, As I continue the series on the trouble with white women, today I want to look at the notion of ‘white motherhood’ in American popular culture. In the 19th century, white women had very few legal rights, but society put them on a pedestal, and popular culture was filled with paeans to their self-sacrifice and virtue. Even into the twentieth century, it was common in American popular culture to hear people proclaim an unbridled, seemingly uncomplicated “Mother Love.” Stephanie Coontz (author of A Strange Stirring: ‘The Feminine Mystique’ and American Women at the Dawn of the 1960s.) writes in the New York Times about this era: The wife of the novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne, Sophia, told her mother that she did not share her concerns about improving the rights of women, because wives already exerted “a power which no king or conqueror can cope with.” Americans of the era believed in “the empire of the mother,” and grown sons were not embarrassed about rhapsodizing over their “darling mama,” carrying her picture with them to work or war. But by the 1940s, the idealization of motherhood had waned, and the nation’s mothers found themselves blamed for a host of societal and psychological ills. It was due to the influence of Freudianism on popular understanding of human social development, that Americans began to view public avowals of “Mother Love.” As respected scholars such as Stephanie Coontz and Rebecca Jo Plant (Mom: The Transformation of Motherhood in Modern America) point out, it’s this point at which we can trace the rise of “mother blame” to the 1940s in American culture. As valuable as this work is, it often leaves aside the question of race almost entirely. By the middle of the twentieth century, educators, psychiatrists and popular opinion-makers were assailing the idealization of (white) mothers, as pathological. Yet ironically, mid-century is also when we see the ascendance of a particularly narrow representation of white motherhood on television. Popular situation comedies of the 1950s and ’60s like The Donna Reed Show (pictured above), The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, and Leave It to Beaver, all featured white women in heterosexual marriages tending their nuclear, biological families. As a white girl growing up in Texas watching these shows (mostly in re-runs), I didn’t notice the whiteness of the TV-mothers. I noticed their attentive mothering, their coifed femininity, their stable, middle-class lives all of which seemed so far removed from my experience of my own mother. This is part of the key to how whiteness can operate by not noticing it. To be sure, such an idealized place in the popular imagination was not available to women of other hues or backgrounds. And, I feel certain that the kids I went to school with in South Texas who were Mexican American and African American, noticed the whiteness of Donna Reed and her ilk. The one exception to this mid-century sitcom trend was the I Love Lucy Show, which featured an interracial couple, Lucille Ball (Lucy) and Desi Arnaz (Ricky), who were married in real life as well as on the show. There is a fascinating podcast about I Love Lucy at Studio 360, which talks about what a groundbreaking show it was in many ways, chief among them for the then-scandalous relationship between the two leads that it portrayed. But again, I – like most white people watching the show – didn’t notice Lucy’s whiteness so much as Ricky’s Otherness as Cuban American. The idealization of white motherhood continues throughout the 20th century and through to today with a few notable exceptions, such as Julia – the short-lived series starring Diahann Carroll, and of course, The Cosby Show, with Phylicia Rashad. My point in this brief (and impartial) recounting of sitcom history here is not simply one about a lack of diversity in programming – though that would be an easy argument to make – but it’s about whiteness, which is not just about white bodies and skin color. Whiteness is more about the discursive practices that, because of colonialism and neocolonialism, privilege and sustain a global dominance of white subjects. In other words, whiteness does stuff – it allows certain policies and practices to be enacted, and those policies and practices keep reaping benefits to white people. And, to the extent that people don’t recognize these policies and practices as part of system that’s reproducing whiteness, then it makes it even easier to let that skate past. Let me give another set of examples from some work I’ve done on a genre of contemporary popular culture, “reality TV,” or the term many scholar prefer “reality-based TV.” I did a systematic analysis of the show Intervention, including nine (9) seasons of one hundred forty-seven (147) episodes featuring one hundred fifty-seven individual main characters or “addicts” (157). The show, in case you’re not familiar, stages an “intervention” – a highly orchestrated group counseling session – with someone who has been identified by their family as having a problem, typically, though not always, a substance abuse problem. What I found was that the show mostly features white people, indeed 87% of the subjects on the show are white, which is remarkable given the kind of narratives we have in this culture about addiction and race (i.e., that “drugs” are a problem in “communities of color” more so than among whites – the data suggests just the opposite). So, why feature mostly whites on the show? In part, what the producers of Intervention said they wanted to do with the show was to “tell a different story” about addition, i.e., not one about people of color. The way that the show is constructed, each episode crafts the stories of individuals in such a way that audiences care about them, usually by tying their ‘addiction’ to an individual tragedy. Take, for example, the episode that features Kristen (Season 2), a twenty-four year old white woman from Wisconsin who identifies as “an alcoholic and a heroin addict.” The title cards at the beginning of the episode speak to the contrast of squandered potential referring to Kristen as “The Mother,” (she has a 6 year old daughter) and then, “The Heroin Addict.” Kristen’s mother, Janet, faces the camera and asks: “What happened to the little girl I knew? She was in the gifted and talented program. She always wanted to do something with art, something creative.” This idealized memory of Kristen as a child described by her mother is intercut with images of a smiling, blonde girl, seemingly carefree, riding her bicycle. This happy childhood was “shattered” when, at age 13, Kristen parent’s divorced. Every episode of Intervention features an idyllic childhood, shattered by some personal tragedy, often divorce, as central to the eventual addiction; and, in the narrative of Intervention, the arrow between personal tragedy and addiction is drawn as if it were direct, unambiguous and causal. Kristen’s sister, Erin, offers a stark contrast to this lost past with her assessment of Kristen’s present reality: “I don’t know how you can get any worse than an alcoholic, heroin addicted prostitute.” The construction of Kristen’s story from a happy childhood to an adulthood that could not “get any worse” speaks to lost potential. The fact that this is viewed as a tragedy that could not be “any worse” suggests a whiteness in crisis. Both the crisis for Kristen’s family and the tragedy within the televisual framework of Intervention are predicated upon the high expectations that go along with being young, gifted, female and white in this society. Kristen is not only wasting her potential, she is wasting her whiteness. While the show is framed around the issue of substance use, episodes like this one in which female drug users are also involved in sex work seem equally concerned with intervening on this activity. While Kristen clearly frames her involvement in sex work as one rooted in the political economy of low wage labor (“I worked one shift and paid my rent, I couldn’t go back to a job where I make six dollars an hour”), the producers of the show frame it differently. Toward the end of the episode as Kristen is seen checking into a residential treatment facility, they include an interview with her doctor at the recovery center who says: “I think the biggest challenge with Kristen is that she’s gone down to such a low level, morally.” This reference to Kristen’s “low level, morally” is a rather striking statement that reinforces Kristen’s moral failure – as a woman, as a ‘healthy’ citizen, and as a mother. The coupling of Kristen’s “low level, morally” with her mothering speaks to the regimes of gendered dominance and neoliberal notions of self-sufficient citizenship that shape her life chances. These regimes are also racialized and presume whiteness. The way that Kristen will rise above her current “low level, morally” is by adhering to codes of conduct proscribed for white, young, heterosexual women who are the mothers of young children. If Kristen relapses, within the narrative of Intervention this will be a tragedy due primarily to a failure of her individual will, and a “waste” of her potential as an individual. It will also be a tragedy of wasted whiteness. The trope of white motherhood gets replayed in beyond the television to the big screen as well. There is the “The Blind Side” which is, as lots of people havealready pointed out, yet another addition to that long list of white savior movies (for an introduction see, Hernan and Gordon’s Screen Saviors: Hollywood Fictions of Whiteness). And, from almost 20 years ago, the film “Losing Isaiah“, with Halle Berry and Jessica Lange, in which Berry plays the troubled, and economically impoverished, biological mother and Lange the middle-class adoptive mother. I’ll let you guess how that turns out. These films share a common thread with the reality-based show I studied and the mid-century sitcoms, and it is this: white motherhood is held up as the embodied ideal of what motherhood should be. Many can fail at this ideal, including white women like Kristen, but mostly it is black women who fail this ideal, in the popular culture narrative. In both “The Blind Side” and “Losing Isaiah” it is the black mother who has failed to uphold the ideals of white motherhood, which are to ‘health’ and self-sufficiency – set in contrast to their excess and self-destruction. Again, it’s not merely a matter of representation in popular culture. This reproduction of whiteness is much deeper than that, and more destructive. Recently, single mother Shanesha Taylor was arrested and charged with two counts of felony child abuse after she left her two small children in a locked car while she went on a job interview. While it is heartening that people have raised money on her behalf, the local law enforcement agency is still pressing charges against her. Shortly after Taylor’s ordeal, Catalina Clouser was arrested for leaving her child in a carseat on the roof of her car while she drove under the influence of some substance. Clouser has much lighter charges pending and has been released. The notion of white motherhood, drawn on centuries old cultural messages about the “ideal” mother and stepped in dominant white culture, and a gendered regime of what is acceptable behavior, is already having an impact on how these women will be treated, both in the court of popular opinion and under the law. Whiteness assures that certain kinds of policies and practices about who is an “ideal mother” get enacted and upheld.

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Soldering and Desoldering Tips There are 3 facets of doing the job right: - Proper Equipment/Supplies - Proper Preparation - Proper Technique I will be assuming in my discussion that you have no experience whatsoever, and know nothing about solder or soldering technique. This will make the discussion lengthy, but hopefully you will pick up some background info that you didn't know before. Proper Equipment and Supplies There are many different types of solder for many specialized applications. For electronics use, you need rosin core solder, usually 60/40. The "core", in this case rosin, is the "flux"--a chemical that cleans the connection so that the solder can flow. NEVER use acid core, which is made for uses other than electronics. The numbers 60/40 refer to the ratio of tin to lead in the solder alloy. The 60/40 ratio is most common for general purpose electronic work. I actually prefer 63/37, which is also known as "eutectic" (spelling may be wrong). The alloy of 63/37 melts at the lowest possible temperature of all tin/lead solders. Also, most solder goes from molten, to plastic (partially solidified), to solid as the solder joint cools. The 63/37 alloy has a very small to nonexistent "plastic" region, which means that there is a much less likelihood of the joint "fracturing" due to movement of the component leads while the joint is cooling. My preference is for Ersin Multicore brand, which has 5 cores of the flux running through the solder. Choose the correct diameter of solder--larger diameters take more heat at the joint to allow the solder to melt and flow. I have 0.025" diameter on my bench which works very good for fine work on Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs); perhaps up to 0.031" - 0.040" may be appropriate for point-to-point work on tube sockets, power supplies, and such. The next item to consider is the soldering iron. The wattage/heat range and tip size/shape must be matched to the job at hand. A 30 watt iron with a fine tip is great for PCBs, but probably wouldn't work well for repairing power supplies and other heavy stuff. The iron must produce enough heat to get the joint to the melting point of solder quickly or damage to the components will result. Consider trying to run your car on a lawnmower engine (or your lawnmower with a car engine!) Large diameter wire and component leads (or many leads at a common point) and large "lands" on PCB act as a heat "sink"--potentially drawing away heat from the iron tip faster than the iron can supply it. This means that you must keep the iron on the joint for a much longer period of time to reach melting temperature. On the other hand, too large an iron can damage delicate etched circuits on PCBs and overheat and destroy transistors and other semiconductor devices that are sensitive to heat. The best guide is "one size does NOT fit all!" Of course, some irons come with thermostatic tips where the iron will cycle on and off to maintain the proper temperature--and you can get tips with different temperatures for that one iron. Other models have a control to vary the temperature, as well, but these models cost $$$!! An example is the Weller WCC100 that I use at work which costs $120. The most important step in a good solder joint is surface preparation. While cleanliness is next to godliness, we generally find that it is next to impossible! So we need to address proper preparation of both the soldering iron and the components to be soldered together. Any residual oxidation or dirt on the leads of components, wires, PCB traces, solder terminals, or lugs will affect the quality of the solder joint. When the component leads and terminal/lug/solder pad is heated by the iron and the solder flows, there is a new alloy formed containing tin and lead from the solder, and probably mostly copper and perhaps tin, silver, or gold from the component. Some of the tin and lead atoms migrate into the copper of the component leads, and some of the copper migrates into the tin and lead. The purpose of the "flux" core in the solder is to melt first and chemically clean oxidation from the joint before the solder flows. We can help this along by making sure that the component leads and solder point are as clean as possible as we begin. Sometimes, I use a pair of needle-nose pliers to lightly strip away the oxidized surface of resistor or capacitor leads. Likewise, a cotton tipped swab dipped in alcohol or acetone can clean dirty traces on a PCB. Sometimes, it is helpful to apply a little additional liquid or paste flux to the joint in addition to the flux in the solder. Don't overdo this--you'll need to remove the excess flux later!!! It is also important to keep your iron tip clean and "tinned." Applying solder to the end of a freshly-cleaned, heated iron tip is called "tinning." Most iron sets come with a small sponge which you wet with water to clean the tip with. You can also get holders with wire brushes to clean the tips with. I use Kester SP-44 Rosin Paste Flux which comes in a container similar to shoe polish to stick a badly-oxidized tip into. The tip is cleaned as the flux boils away (but it sure stinks!!!). The importance of this little ball of solder on the end of a properly-tinned iron tip cannot be understated--the heat from the iron is transferred to the component leads by the molten solder. Consider how food cooks faster with a little oil in the bottom of a frying pan to get the idea here... As you move the iron tip from joint to joint, it is usually necessary to re-apply a bit more solder to the tip to allow for the proper transfer of heat to the connection. In the course of repair, we frequently find that solder joints have degraded over a period of time. We find the "cold" solder joint, or the "fractured" solder joint. Sometimes these defects are caused by faulty technique on the original build, and sometimes caused by vibration or moving the instrument around in the back of trucks, etc. A proper solder joint should have a smooth and bright surface. In point-to-point work, such as resistors or capacitors soldered to tube socket lugs and such, you should still be able to see individual strands of wire (if the interconnecting wire is stranded) and the component leads--that is not so much solder that all you see is a blob. There should be *enough* solder, too, to form a "fillet" around the component leads. This is difficult to put into words, but essentially there should be solder 360 degrees around the lead where it sticks through the pad on a PCB, or where it sticks through the solder lug. For point- to-point, the lead should be bent or "hooked" around the lug such that there is a firm mechanical joint before the solder is applied. We should not be relying on solder alone to physically hold components in place. A "cold" solder joint looks dull and crystalline. This is usually caused by not enough heat at the junction of the component where the solder is applied. A "fractured" solder joint is where the component lead was disturbed while the solder was in the "plastic" state-- partially solidified, but not yet solid as the joint cooled. Sometimes, if there is heavy oxidation on the component lead, the solder doesn't even "stick" to it. Remember that properly done, the solder forms a new alloy with the tin and lead of the solder and the metal of the component wire where atoms of each metal migrate into the crystalline lattice structure of the other (you DO remember High School chemistry, don't you??) So as we do our repair work, sometimes the first step is to clean things up a bit. I frequently use an old toothbrush dipped in alcohol or acetone to clean away old built-up flux [that sticky orange-brownish stuff]. You might start out with a bit of compressed air or a vacuum or a dust brush, or a combination of all of the above. I've even taken an amplifier chassis into the shower with me to literally wash it clean with a bit of spray detergent and water [just make sure that it is really dry before plugging it back in!!!!] You may not wish to try this method with motors and transformers--but most PCB equipment cleans up fairly well with this technique! The next step is a detailed visual inspection. We're looking for burnt or charred components, deteriorated wire insulation, broken wires, and defective solder joints. Repair the obvious stuff. If a solder joint looks suspect, then remove the existing solder before adding more. Some of my coworkers use the theory if little is good, then more is obviously better. With solder, this just isn't so. The correct amount is the correct amount, and adding new solder on top of a poor solder joint won't accomplish very much for very long. There are a number of techniques for removing old solder, ranging from the cheap and dirty to the exotic. Since I do quite a bit of PCB repair, I own a vacuum pump driven repair station made by PACE which I bought used for $300 [They start at about $600 and go way up from there!]. The end of the desolder tip is hollow, and the molten solder is collected in a glass tube when the connection is heated by the desolder tip and the vacuum pump is actuated. These are also made by APE, Weller, Ungar, Hakko, and others. There are also suction bulbs rather like an ear syringe, and spring-loaded devices like the Sold-A-Pullit, and "desoldering wick" which is braided copper wire impregnated with flux that "wicks up" molten solder when heated with an iron. There is a place for each one of these methods, and the one you use is primarily determined by which one(s) you have access to and your preference for the job at hand! After the old solder is removed, make sure that you've cleaned the connection before applying new solder. Again, I suggest an old toothbrush and a bit of acetone (although there are special flux solvents that you can buy). Apply a bit of solder to the tip of your iron ["tin" the tip], having first selected the proper heat range and tip size for the job. Make sure that the tip is touching all of the wires or component leads that are to be soldered, as well as the trace of the PCB or the lug or terminal. I prefer a "chisel" or "screwdriver" tip over the conical tip for most applications because this shape makes it easier for me to do this, YMMV! Apply the solder to the component lead, NOT the tip. When enough heat has transferred to the components, the solder will flow. If you practice this several times, you will soon get a feel for how big a tip and how much wattage (heat) is required under various conditions. After the solder joint has cooled, remove the excess flux with a bit of acetone or flux solvent and a cotton-tipped swab or toothbrush. This will make your complete job look more professional and prevent dust and dirt from sticking to the flux residue. If you have a specific question that I didn't answer, please e-mail me back, and I'll try to answer as best as I can. There are also commercial companies [Claude Michael comes to mind] that produce excellent (and expensive!!) videos and other course materials on soldering equipment and techniques. Email the author: Robert Hayton Copywrong (W) 1997 by Robert Hayton. Unauthorized reproduction or redistribution, appropriation of text or graphics, quotes out of context, and deliberate distortions of content are not only expected, but encouraged.

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CONUS-MT-2021 is a model of high resolution electrical conductivity variations in the Earth’s crust and mantle of contiguous United States based on magnetotellurics and ground magnetic observatory data. |Title||High resolution electrical conductivity variations in the Earth’s crust and mantle of contiguous United States based on magnetotellurics and ground magnetic observatory data.| |Type||3-D Continental Electrical Conductivity Model| |Sub Type||Long-period Magnetotelluric| |Data Revision||r0.0 (revision history)| |Short Description|| To compile the global and regional electrical conductivity models (see References) into a common framework for contiguous United States, which we call CONUS, we created a 3D laterally uniform 0.1° × 0.1° numerical grid. The grid includes the contiguous United States, and extends 650 cells in longitude between −130° and −65°, and 280 cells in latitude between 23° and 51°. Vertically, we started with a 0.1 km top layer, and increased the cell size via a recursive geometric relation with a common ratio of 1.065 until 100 km depth was reached, resulting in 67 vertical layers in the top ∼ 100 km of the grid. Starting at 103.0564 km depth, we extended the grid farther down to ∼ 410 km depth, the top of the mantle transition zone, now starting with a 6.2 km layer and using the same common ratio. This resulted in a total of 90 vertical layers. Finally, we extended the grid from 413.6655 km depth all the way down to 1277 km, using a starting layer of 28 km and the common ratio of 1.07, resulting in a total of 107 Earth layers. We completed the vertical setup by padding the model with four more layers using the common ratio of 1.5, which resulted in the bottom boundary of the model at a 2284.6 km depth. This is done for numerical reasons, so that any inaccuracy in the boundary conditions has minimal effect on the modeling results. Similarly, we also padded the grid laterally by six cells in the North–South directions and seven cells in the East–West directions, to account for the oceans which increase heterogeneity of the model, resulting in a 292 × 664 × 111 numerical grid. For background electrical conductivity in the top 100 km of the Earth’s lithosphere, we used the Alekseev et al. (2015) global compilation, modified in the following ways. First, we reduced the background continental resistivity from 5000 Ωm (2 × 10−4 S/m) to 100 Ωm (10−2 S/m), which is more realistic for average lower crust and uppermost mantle in the contiguous United States. This includes any regions of young oceanic crust, which were left at 100 Ωm background value. We also incorporated the high‐resolution sediment thickness map of Laske and Masters (2015), setting the sediments to a default value of just over 33 Ωm (3 × 10−2 S/m). Then, this modified model was interpolated to our 0.1° × 0.1° numerical grid with 67 vertical layers in the top 100 km. For background below 100 km depth, the global conductivity model (Sun et al., 2015) was used. We then proceeded to include MT inverse models, as described in the References, particularly, Kelbert et al. (2019) and Murphy et al. (2021). These models were, first of all, georeferenced from the various Cartesian coordinate projections in which the magnetotelluric inversions have been performed. These selected inverse models and their projection details are further described in these two references. The inverse models were then interpolated to the 0.1° × 0.1° computational grid using the nearest neighbor interpolation, laterally truncated to data locations, and incorporated into the 3D electrical conductivity background in the following order: ENAM, APPL, NEUS, MCR, SWUS, SEUS in the central, then western and eastern United States, followed by EGR and THO. The truncations were defined based on the scale of the model; specifically, models of larger spatial scales and lower resolution (ENAM, MCR, SWUS) were truncated to include structure to within 140 km from a site, equivalent to two times the nominal station spacing of USArray, and WUS was truncated to 105 km (1.5 time station spacing). Other 3D models focused on smaller regions (APPL, NEUS, SEUS, EGR, THO) were truncated to within 70 km from a site, which is equivalent to the nominal station spacing. In the present treatment, no smoothing was applied to model boundaries, to merge the models in places of overlap, other than truncation of all models at a fixed distance from their respective site locations. Thus, the fact that model boundaries generally do not appear as sharp discontinuities speaks to the consistency of these models. In places where models overlap, preferential treatment is given to those models that provide better resolution in the relevant area of the grid (e.g., in the near‐surface) because of magnetotelluric inversion configurations that support higher sensitivity in that area (e.g., shorter periods included in the data set). |Authors:||A. Kelbert, Geological Hazards Science Center, Geomagnetism Program, U.S. Geological Survey, Golden, CO, 80401, USA B.S. Murphy, Geological Hazards Science Center, Geomagnetism Program, U.S. Geological Survey, Golden, CO, 80401, USA P. Bedrosian, Geology, Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Lakewood, CO, 80215, USA |Prior Model||Various (compilation of multiple inverse models)| |Inversion Software||Modular System for Electromagnetic Inversion, Egbert and Kelbert (2012)| |Model Download||CONUS-MT-2021.r0.0.nc (see metadata) is the above model in netCDF 3 Classic format.| |Depth Coverage||0 – 2,285 km, most reliable to ~250 km depth| |Area||Focused on the contiguous United States (latitude: 23.1° to 50.9°, longitude: -130.0° to -65.0°)| |Data Set Description||Frequency domain long-period (10 to 1e4 secs) magnetotelluric (MT) data from USArray MT, USGS MT, USMTArray and other long-period surveys, and multiple wideband (0.01 to 1e3 secs) MT data sets available from IRIS EMTF database (Kelbert, Egbert & Schultz, 2011; http://ds.iris.edu/spud/emtf)| To cite the original work behind this Earth model: - Murphy, B.S., Bedrosian, P. and Kelbert, A., 2021. Geoelectric Constraints on the Precambrian Assembly and Architecture of Southern Laurentia in GSA Memoir (“Laurentia: An Evolving Continent”) To cite IRIS DMC Data Products effort: - Trabant, C., A. R. Hutko, M. Bahavar, R. Karstens, T. Ahern, and R. Aster (2012), Data Products at the IRIS DMC: Stepping Stones for Research and Other Applications, Seismological Research Letters, 83(5), 846–854, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220120032. DOI for this EMC webpage: https://doi.org/10.17611/dp/emc.2021.conusmt.1 - Alekseev, D., A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin (2015), Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space, 67(1), 108. - Bedrosian, P.A. and Finn, C.A., 2021. When Wyoming became Superior: Oblique Convergence along the Southern Trans‐Hudson Orogen. Geophysical Research Letters, https://doi.org/ - Bedrosian, P.A., 2016. Making it and breaking it in the Midwest: Continental assembly and rifting from modeling of EarthScope magnetotelluric data. Precambrian Research, 278, pp.337-361, https://doi.org/ - Egbert G.D. and A. Kelbert. 2012. “Computational recipes for electromagnetic inverse problems.” Geophysical Journal International, 189:251-267, https://doi.org/ - Kelbert, A., Bedrosian, P.A. and Murphy, B.S., 2019. The first 3D conductivity model of the contiguous United States: reflections on geologic structure and application to induction hazards. Geomagnetically Induced Currents from the Sun to the Power Grid, pp.127-151, https://doi.org/ - Kelbert, A., Egbert, G. D. and Schultz, A., 2011. IRIS DMC Data Services Products: EMTF, The Magnetotelluric Transfer Functions. Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS), USA, https://doi.org/ - Laske, G., and G. Masters (1997), A global digital map of sediment thickness, Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 78(F483), 19–97. - Meqbel, N.M., Egbert, G.D., Wannamaker, P.E., Kelbert, A. and Schultz, A., 2014. Deep electrical resistivity structure of the northwestern US derived from 3-D inversion of USArray magnetotelluric data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 402, pp.290-304, https://doi.org/ - Murphy, B.S. and Egbert, G.D., 2017. Electrical conductivity structure of southeastern North America: Implications for lithospheric architecture and Appalachian topographic rejuvenation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 462, pp.66-75, https://doi.org/ - Sun, J., Kelbert, A. and Egbert, G.D., 2015. Ionospheric current source modeling and global geomagnetic induction using ground geomagnetic observatory data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 120(10), pp.6771-6796, https://doi.org/ - r0.0 model provided by Anna Kelbert. revision r0.0: uploaded September 20, 2021.

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(continued) Chapter 4. Fast Evolution Ashes to mud The dynamics of hot magma erupting beneath the ocean surface differ from the kind newsreels show when lava flows down the slopes of aboveground volcanoes. In submarine eruptions the melted rock expands as it emerges from the subsurface pressure and immediately interacts with the cold ocean water, creating superheated steam. The steam, along with expanding gases residing within the magma, suffuse the molten rock’s intramolecular structure, transforming it into the bubbly sponge-like rock called pumice. Of the cubic miles of pumice produced by the asteroid strike, vast quantities were blasted to bits ranging in size from boulders to dust. Blown clear into the stratosphere, particles light enough to remain airborne were seized by the strong upper winds to be carried around the earth and slowly rained back as dust released over time. Heavier pieces fell back to the Atlantic surface where, because of the air and gases trapped in its bubbles, it floated. Indeed, it floated in great quantities, and for a very long time. The impact of so much porous floating rock on the ocean’s surface may be understood only in comparison to observed aftereffects of more modern eruptions of volcanoes such as Vesuvius, Mt. Etna and Krakatoa. For example, the nineteenth-century eruption of Krakatoa in the Sunda Strait – counted the second-most violent in human history – is known to have produced some twenty-four cubic miles of ejected material, and the resulting mass of pumice stone left floating in the vicinity was sufficient to interfere for some time afterward with steam ships passing that way: Large stones containing innumerable bubbles, pumice stones, float on the sea and are slowly ground to sand by the waves. Volcanic sand and mud cover large areas of the seabed. The amount of the floating pumice stone is such that it often interferes with ships. This was a disturbing consequence of the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883. Svante Arrhenius: The Earth and the Sea, 1926 The prehistoric Atlantic catastrophe was thousands of times greater than Krakatoa. Its 360,000 to 480,000 cubic miles of released magma produced – after gaseous infusion – an estimated 700,000 cubic miles of pumice. If this vast quantity of pumice were spread out uniformly over the North Atlantic’s nineteen million square miles, it would form a floating layer between 200 and 330 feet thick – a floating sea of pumice rock across the ocean from shore to shore. The enormous damping effect of such a mass would essentially eliminate the ocean waves and swells that normally moil the surface and would otherwise grind it to bits. Calculations based on pumice floating in shipping lanes after the 1883 Krakatoa blast indicate the extraordinary mass of pumice covering the entire Atlantic surface from Gibraltar to North America would have endured, slowly disintegrating for between two to three thousand years – up to 150 human generations – its particles wafting down in a seemingly eternal rain, slowly accumulating as mud on the Atlantic floor. Such an extended blocking of Mediterranean sailors from advancing beyond the Pillars of Hercules into the formerly navigable Atlantic waters would certainly have been interpreted by contemporaries as a “sea if mud.” But did you notice? – memories of a sea of mud covering the Atlantic had already endured as a folk legend passed down orally for over 9,000 years by the time Plato learned of it nearly two and a half millennia ago. Relatively, Plato had every right to be as skeptical nine thousand years after the fact as do we today eleven thousand years after the fact, but he chose to write down without judgment or contrary opinion the information as he received it from sources that were credible in his own day. His open mindedness to the possibility that the old information was true preceded our present-day scientific bias against hearsay legends by some 2,300 years; today’s religion-based bias against non-Biblical prehistory was moot because Christianity would not be invented until five hundred years after Plato’s lifetime. This is why the sea is no longer navigable there and cannot be crossed in ships because this is prevented by the very deep mud, the remains of the island when it sank. Plato, quoting a much older Egyptian authority in the Timaeus, 360 BCE The asteroid’s crashing impact and the immediate massive lava releases and volcanic ash resulting from it were but opening scenes. Simultaneously, the impact generated perhaps the largest tsunami ever to occur during humankind’s 200,000-year sojourn as a species. And not just one tsunami but a complete ring of them. Mountainous fragments of a six-mile-wide asteroid striking near the center of the Atlantic Ocean would have instantly pushed up mountainous waves at least hundreds of feet high – and perhaps thousands, but no one will ever know – roaring away from ground zero in every direction. …on that day all the springs of the great deep burst forth, and the floodgates of the heavens were opened… It’s easy to forget that the Atlantic Ocean is not a straight-up-and-down body of water lying between straight-up-and-down continents. Proceeding from north to south it in fact forms a great “S” curve wrapping around continental outlines which are anything but regular in shape. If, for instance, you fly due south from Florida – located obviously on the east coast of North America – you will arrive on the west side of South America. If, from Gibraltar at the mouth of the Mediterranean, one draws a line westward to the northeastern-most tip of Newfoundland, everything above that line is the narrowest section of the great Atlantic ocean, the part which extends northward to the Arctic regions above Greenland and Iceland. South of that line, the Atlantic broadens enormously as its western edge descends southwestward from Nova Scotia to Florida. At Florida, the distance straight across the Atlantic to the western bulge of Africa is about twice as wide as it was where we drew our starting line. Continuing, both Atlantic coastlines now turn southeastward, skirting the edges of Brazil on the west and Africa’s Gulf of Guinea on the east, after which both sides turn southward again, growing ever broader until the mighty Atlantic merges indistinguishably into the Antarctic Ocean. From this brief geography lesson we may deduce several obvious things. A monstrous tidal wave originating in the Azores area of the central Atlantic and traveling outward as a ring expanding at hundreds of miles per hour would quickly arrive at several shores with utterly predictable effects. It would arrive first at the nearest land – which happens to be the land along each side of a 36-mile-long channel which connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea. Known today as the Strait of Gibraltar, at the channel’s eastern end sit those prominent limits of the old Mediterranean world known in ancient times as the Pillars of Heracles (later Hercules) – the spectacular rocky promontories of Gibraltar on the north (European) side and Jebel Musa on the south (African) side. Entered from the Atlantic, the strait’s wide mouth is funnel shaped, much like the entrance to Chesapeake Bay, narrowing to just under nine miles wide in the eastern half of the strait. The expanding forefront of the giant tidal wave struck directly into the mouth of the Strait of Gibraltar. Roaring eastward through the narrowing funnel, the wall of water piled so high that by the time it reached Gibraltar it well may have swept clear over the top of the 1,400-foot-high limestone mountain. We have no recorded eyewitnesses, of course, but today much of the big rock is essentially barren, as if it were once scoured down to the bare rock. Much of Gibraltar today remains stony with thin, poor soil and scrubby vegetation, conditions also found across the strait at Jebel Musa (2,762 feet). Smashing into the normally calm Mediterranean, the torrent now pushed up those waters into a gigantic bulge sweeping eastward through the length of the Mediterranean Sea. A mountain of water roared over the north African coastlines of present-day Algeria and Tunisia, across Corsica, Sicily, Italy and Greece. East of Greece the great wave pushed northwestward into the Aegean, in a moment gouging out the Bosporus-Dardanelles channel so the waters quickly flooded into the Black Sea basin. Continuing eastward, the gigantic wall grew even higher as the waters piled up above the sloping seafloor at the Mediterranean’s eastern end, raging ashore across the entirety of modern-day Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan. Noah’s great flood then followed the lay of the land, roaring eastward across the old fertile crescent land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and on down into the Persian Gulf, its irresistible force continuing into the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean. The reality was of course much messier than this brief recitation, such that, throughout the Middle East, few indeed were the areas not directly touched by the almighty tidal wave. Only on mountainous heights would a few fortunate survivors, who happened to be grazing their sheep and goats on upper pastures that day, witness what was happening below, becoming the progenitors of a flood legend which would endure for 11,000 years. Simultaneously, segments of the great wave had crashed into the European and African coastlines to north and south of the Gibraltar Strait – other nearby “first-contact lands” in the great wave’s path – advancing far across the terrain until mountains and friction impeded their advance. To the south, there is evidence that the wave swept across the entire length of the land today known as the Sahara Desert, ensuring the eventual complete desertification seen today, and on across Egypt into the Red Sea. North of Gibraltar, above the Pyrenees, the giant wall of water roared across hundreds of miles of shoreline onto the low flat plains of northern Europe. With little impedence, floodwaters in a wall initially hundreds of feet high picked up soil and silt as it flowed irresistibly across the northern plains in the west of Europe, then central Europe, and thence across the plains of Poland and Russia to the steppes of western Asia, around the ends of the low mountain bulges of central Asia and on across eastern Asia into the Pacific Ocean. Today a gigantic deposit of extraordinarily fine clay known as loess, consisting of the very smallest particles of silt and disintegrated soil particles, spreads in a great swath thousands of miles across southeastern Siberia – shaped like an elongated fan, as if a giant bucket had been dumped – gradually widening as it proceeds on across the north China plain. Hundreds of feet thick in places, this unusually rich soil has fed China for millennia. For comparable thousands of years people have carved out shaped cavities – easily-built homes – in the loess carried from Europe nearly eleven thousand years ago. Westward rushed the western side of the great tidal wave until it crossed the shores of modern Canada, United States, Caribbean isles and Mexico, and thence on southward to the coastal lowlands of South America. In all the places mentioned here, in a great swath surrounding the Atlantic Ocean, native peoples in many different languages all repeat a legend of a great flood which occurred at some distant time long ago, an old true story, they say, passed down from their very remote ancestors. Often the stories have evolved over time, precisely like the game of gossip, until the characters have taken on old names, and changed and changed again, some assuming the characterization of old gods and old heroes – such as Utnapishtim and Noah. But they all share a sameness – a great flood happened, all perished but a few survivors. The sameness persists around the Indian and Pacific basins too, though in somewhat less degree. The trans-Asiatic wave which deposited the loess and endured into the north Pacific, accompanied by secondary waves reflecting back up from the southern oceans into the Pacific and Indian Oceans, created havoc and legends there as well. And even that is not all. If you heft the biggest, heaviest rock you can manage to lift, and if you then stagger over and drop it off a pier into a pond, you might notice that primary, secondary and tertiary effects follow. In quick succession after the initial Ka-Whop!, the rock goes down while the water rises up. The water in fact rises up into a ring a foot or more high, and this ring instantly roars outward even while a secondary up-and-down motion is initiating a second wave, not quite as big as the first, which also speeds outward. This will happen at least a third time, producing a tertiary wave a bit smaller still, but still big enough to do some damage if it were in the neighborhood of a hundred feet high. Still more waves are thusly generated, but they peter out fairly quickly after the first three have propagated away from the drop site. If the dropped rock were a large asteroid, even these would be enormous compared to “ordinary” tidal waves. This waves-in-succession scenario is what happened immediately after the mid-Atlantic asteroid strike, meaning that all the disastrous tidal-wave smashes previously described happened a second time, slightly diminished, and a third – and so on. No living thing anywhere near any coastline, or in the way of mighty tidal waves raging across whole continents, could possibly have survived. The few humans who were high enough and lucky enough to survive – and to further survive the extended famine times which followed – would have been mightily impressed. They would tell the story to their children, over and over, and with such deep seriousness that the children would know it was as true as it was dreadful, and they would tell their children too. But this flood was by no means limited to the tidal waves. They were just the beginning of the catastrophe which hit the earth, nearly eleven thousand years ago. * © * …to be continued in one week… SHARE THE BLOG: If you’re enjoying MINDSET please invite your friends to view The Fixy Populist …at… fixypopulist.com

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Fitt History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms The name Fitt is an ancient Anglo-Saxon name that was given to a person who was a person of iron point which may have been made in reference to a soldier or warrior. The surname Fitt originally derived from the Old English word Fiche which referred to iron point. One source claims that the name could have been Norman in origin from "Fitz or Le Fils." And another claims the name was from "the Flemish, Vits; a personal name." At times, sources disagree as to the origin of a surname. This is one of those times. Regardless of the aforementioned origins noted above, Harrison and Lower, two reputable authors on the study of surnames note the name could have been derived from a nickname, as in the "polecat" from the Middle English word "fitchett" meaning "polecat." Conversely, Reaney another noted author notes "the common derivation of Fitch and Fitchett from the polecat is untenable." In this case, we agree with the latter author who postulates the name was derived from Fiche, "iron point." Early Origins of the Fitt family The surname Fitt was first found in Essex where "the name has long been established." However, the Hundredorum Rolls of 1273 list scattered listings of the family by that time: Gilbert Fiz in Cambridgeshire; Walter Fiz in Bedfordshire; and William Fiz in Somerset. While Essex was a stronghold for the family other counties listed Hugh, Roger, William Fiche in the Assize Rolls for Somerset in 1243, the Subsidy Rolls for Yorkshire in 1297 and the Subsidy Rolls for Suffolk in 1327. Exploring the Fichet variant in more detail, we found this quote of value: "After the Conquest the Manor of Spaxton was held of the Castle of Stowey, for many generations, by the family of Fichet. In the time of Henry II., Robert the son of Hugh, the son of another Hugh Fichet, is certified to hold it of Philip de Columbers, by the service of one knight's fee." Stowey Castle was a Norman motte-and-bailey castle, built in the 11th century, in the village of Nether Stowey on the Quantock Hills in Somerset. Continuing, "there were Fitchetts in Leicestershire [where] Dominus Fychet de Pakst witnesses a deed of Hugh de Craucumb's in Oxfordshire about 1230." Some were found in Tavistock, Devon: "The gatehouse of the mansion of the Fitzes of Fitzford, noted in local history as the scene of a duel between Sir John Fitz (1570-1605) and Sir Nicholas Slanning, in which the latter was killed, had to be removed, but it was carefully rebuilt." The fully restored Fitzford Gatehouse stands today complete with its imposing gated entrance as a holiday cottage. Early History of the Fitt family This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Fitt research. Another 144 words (10 lines of text) covering the years 1300, 1300, 1359, 1398, 1583, 1606, 1583, 1601, 1612, 1704, 1638, 1673 and 1517 are included under the topic Early Fitt History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. Fitt Spelling Variations Only recently has spelling become standardized in the English language. As the English language evolved in the Middle Ages, the spelling of names changed also. The name Fitt has undergone many spelling variations, including Fitch, Fitchett, Fitchitt, Fittch, Fitche, Fitchet, Fitchit, Fitz, Fitts and many more. Early Notables of the Fitt family (pre 1700) Notables of this surname at this time include: Ralph Fitch (fl. 1583-1606), English traveller in India, who "was among the first Englishmen known to have made the overland route down the Euphrates Valley towards India. He left London on 12 Feb. 1583 with other merchants of the Levant Company, among whom were J. Newberry, J. Eldred, W. Leedes, jeweller, and J. Story, a painter. How far Fitch's travels and experience in the East may have contributed to the establishment of... Another 79 words (6 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Fitt Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. Migration of the Fitt family to Ireland Some of the Fitt family moved to Ireland, but this topic is not covered in this excerpt. Another 67 words (5 lines of text) about their life in Ireland is included in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. Fitt migration to the United States + To escape the unstable social climate in England of this time, many families boarded ships for the New World with the hope of finding land, opportunity, and greater religious and political freedom. Although the voyages were expensive, crowded, and difficult, those families that arrived often found greater opportunities and freedoms than they could have experienced at home. Many of those families went on to make significant contributions to the rapidly developing colonies in which they settled. Early North American records indicate many people bearing the name Fitt were among those contributors: Fitt Settlers in United States in the 17th Century - Ann Fitt, who landed in Virginia in 1624 - Robert Fitt, who arrived in Virginia in 1624 Fitt migration to Australia + Emigration to Australia followed the First Fleets of convicts, tradespeople and early settlers. Early immigrants include: Fitt Settlers in Australia in the 19th Century - Mr. James Fitt, British Convict who was convicted in Norwich, Norfolk, England for 10 years, transported aboard the "Dudbrook" on 17th November 1852, arriving in Western Australia Fitt migration to West Indies + The British first settled the British West Indies around 1604. They made many attempts but failed in some to establish settlements on the Islands including Saint Lucia and Grenada. By 1627 they had managed to establish settlements on St. Kitts (St. Christopher) and Barbados, but by 1641 the Spanish had moved in and destroyed some of these including those at Providence Island. The British continued to expand the settlements including setting the First Federation in the British West Indies by 1674; some of the islands include Barbados, Bermuda, Cayman Island, Turks and Caicos, Jamaica and Belize then known as British Honduras. By the 1960's many of the islands became independent after the West Indies Federation which existed from 1958 to 1962 failed due to internal political conflicts. After this a number of Eastern Caribbean islands formed a free association. Fitt Settlers in West Indies in the 17th Century - Mr. Robert Fitt, (b. 1617), aged 18, British settler traveling aboard the ship "William and John" arriving in St Christopher (Saint Kitts) in 1635 Contemporary Notables of the name Fitt (post 1700) + - Alfred Bradley Fitt (1923-1992), United States lawyer, General Counsel of the Army from 1964 to 1967 - Matthew Fitt (b. 1938), Scottish poet and novelist from Dundee - Gerard "Gerry" Fitt (b. 1926), British politician Related Stories + The Fitt Motto + The motto was originally a war cry or slogan. Mottoes first began to be shown with arms in the 14th and 15th centuries, but were not in general use until the 17th century. Thus the oldest coats of arms generally do not include a motto. Mottoes seldom form part of the grant of arms: Under most heraldic authorities, a motto is an optional component of the coat of arms, and can be added to or changed at will; many families have chosen not to display a motto. Motto Translation: Hope. - ^ The Norman People and Their Existing Descendants in the British Dominions and the United States Of America. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1975. Print. (ISBN 0-8063-0636-X) - ^ Barber, Henry, British Family Names London: Elliot Stock, 62 Paternoster Row, 1894. Print. - ^ Harrison, Henry, Surnames of the United Kingdom: A Concise Etymological Dictionary Baltimore: Geneological Publishing Company, 2013. Print - ^ Lower, Mark Anthony, Patronymica Britannica, A Dictionary of Family Names of the United Kingdom. London: John Russel Smith, 1860. Print. - ^ Reaney, P.H and R.M. Wilson, A Dictionary of English Surnames. London: Routledge, 1991. Print. (ISBN 0-415-05737-X) - ^ Guppy, Henry Brougham, Homes of Family Names in Great Britain. 1890. Print. - ^ Bardsley, C.W, A Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames: With Special American Instances. Wiltshire: Heraldry Today, 1901. Print. (ISBN 0-900455-44-6) - ^ Cleveland, Dutchess of The Battle Abbey Roll with some Account of the Norman Lineages. London: John Murray, Abermarle Street, 1889. Print. Volume 2 of 3 - ^ Worth, R.N., A History of Devonshire London: Elliot Stock, 62, Paternoster Row, E.G., 1895. Digital - ^ Filby, P. William, Meyer, Mary K., Passenger and immigration lists index : a guide to published arrival records of about 500,000 passengers who came to the United States and Canada in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. 1982-1985 Cumulated Supplements in Four Volumes Detroit, Mich. : Gale Research Co., 1985, Print (ISBN 0-8103-1795-8) - ^ Convict Records Voyages to Australia (Retrieved 23rd July 2021). Retrieved from https://convictrecords.com.au/ships/dudbrook - ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_West_Indies - ^ Pilgrim Ship's of 1600's (Retrieved October 4th 2021, retrieved from https://www.packrat-pro.com/ships/shiplist.htm)

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The elements we have in our surrounding nature plays a very much critical part in our life and in the way we live. Among all the elements, air is the one that we cannot live without. But it is not enough for us to live a healthy life without having to have any concern about the air we are breathing in every second. If we are breathing fresh air then it can be crucially dangerous for our health. We always try to keep us and our family out of harm's way. From that point of view, it is our duty to make sure that every person of our family gets to breathe clean air. But it has become quite a challenge to ensure this in an industrial age like the present time. In a developing country like Bangladesh with all its industrialization and urbanization, harmful particles are continuously mixing with the air we are breathing. According to several research results, the air of Bangladesh has a high level of harmful particles which can cause life threatening outcomes for us. So it is high time for us to take a step towards giving our loved ones the fresh air to breathe in without having to worry. An air purifier is an indoor device that filters domestic or industrial air, and which is used primarily to remove pollution, improve air quality and purify the air. The purpose of this device is to limit the spread of harmful residues or allergens and to prevent asthma or allergy problems related to air quality in people at risk (children, the elderly, sensitive people, etc.). These devices can also be used preventively by people who do not have any particular problems but who wish to protect their health and that of their friends and family. This makes air purifiers, first and foremost, devices dedicated to combating ambient pollution and contributing to the improvement of indoor air quality. How do air purifiers work? The purifier filters indoor air and purifies it by removing the various sources of pollution. There are several stages of air purification. First, the purifier draws in the air in the room to capture the particles. The air then passes through different filters that catch the various types of pollutants present in the air. Depending on the performance of your purifier, it will be able to treat different volumes of air associated with the size of your rooms (bedroom, living room, dining room). For the best results, it is essential to have one air purifier per room, which is always referred to as an enclosed area. All these situations around us have made it very important to have an air purifier in every home for providing a healthy air supply. Basically air purifiers collect the polluted air of its surrounding and filter it from all the harmful particles to provide fresh breathable healthy air supply. Polluters can easily get inside our home from outside which makes it more crucial to have an advanced air purifier. Are you looking for the best air purifier prices in Bangladesh? Then transcomdigital.com is the right place for you. Why Do We Need An Air Purifier? Air purifiers are the best way to clean your air indoors, which can be polluted and full of triggering particles like pollen and dust. They also help maintain a healthy environment by removing pet dander, mold spores, ragweed and more. It can help us with Allergies, Asthma, Smoke etc. What Size Air Purifier Do We Need? To choose the right size air purifier for your needs is not so easy. If you have allergies or asthma and are looking for an air purifier to help manage your symptoms, you should also consider an air purifier’s air change per hour (ACH) rate. Air purifiers that can clean the air in a space at least four times per hour are best for allergy- and asthma-sufferers. ACH refers to the number of times an air purifier can filter the entire volume of air in the treatment space each hour. A rate of four air changes per hour also ensures that the air purifier thoroughly cleans the air and filters out as many microscopic symptom-triggering allergies as possible to keep you breathing easy. What type of Features Do You Need on your Air Purifier? After choosing the type and size of air purifier you need, consider whether or not you'd like any special features. Where Should You Put Your Air Purifier? Keep in mind that portable air purifiers are designed primarily to purify the air in one room only, so you may need to invest in additional units for other rooms. In that case, we recommend that you place your air purifier in your bedroom since that's where you spend most of your time. Alternatively, you can choose a unit that includes caster wheels, handles, and other portability features to make it easier to move it from room to room. How Much Maintenance Do Air Purifiers Require? The main type of maintenance required with air purifiers is replacing air filters. How often do you need to replace them? Carbon Filters: Activated carbon filters typically last 6 months. HEPA Filters: HEPA filters last about one year depending on use. Pre-Filters: Pre-filters generally last 3 months, but some filters are washable for long-term filtration. Other types of air purifiers, such as our AirFree air sterilizers, use heat or ultraviolet light to purify your air and kill germs and allergens. These models never need filter replacements for your convenience. Know what you're buying? Although some manufacturers claim that no air purifier will eliminate 100% of pollutants and allergens from the air in your home. The problem is that the air purifier can only clean the air passing through it. Allergens and contaminants attach to carpets, furniture and hard surfaces, waiting to be disturbed back into the air. When purchasing an air purifier, the following points should be considered to ensure the best performance. The rooms are different in size Before you go on, you should decide what air purifier your goal is. Most portable independent air purifiers will effectively filter the air in a room. You should make sure that the purifier you buy is large enough to match the size of the room you want to filter. Air purifiers are classified according to their clean air delivery rate. Before buying an air purifier you should know that energy efficiency is one of the most important parameters to be considered when making a decision. You would want an air purifier that provides maximum cooling but consumes the least power, with the high electricity costs. If you spend a lot of time in the same room with the air purifier, this can be important. Noise pollution is as annoying as air pollution. Looking for an air purifier with the best noise level and other features you need is an important consideration. Generally speaking, air purifiers with a noise level of 50 dB are suitable for most living spaces. Modern refrigerators produce about 50 decibels of sound when they run. For most people, this is an almost unobtrusive noise level. Don't buy anything There are some types of air purifiers that you should avoid. One type is not recommended at all and may even reduce the air quality of the room. Avoid ozone producing air purifiers - some air purifiers, especially those using electrostatic precipitators, ionizers or ultraviolet lamps, produce ozone. Ozone is a known lung irritant. If someone in your family has lung disease, these types of air purifiers may cause more problems than solve them. Choosing an air purifier is UIL listed - using any electrical equipment without UIL listed is dangerous. Untested and unlisted products increase the possibility of electrical fires. Check whether there is a certified Cadr level on the package - a reputable manufacturer will label the package to indicate the Cadr level tested by a certified laboratory. If there is no such label on the package, the quality of the air purifier may be in doubt. Air Purifier Prices in Bangladesh Many branded companies such as Samsung and Hitachi are providing us with air purifiers that are built with high-end technologies. Transcom digital being the authorized retailer of these companies, has brought to you the original branded air purifiers for your family. Transcomdigital.com has a variety of original branded air purifiers for you within the best price in Bangladesh that suits your budget. It is also providing EMI services along with home delivery service depending on where you want to receive the product. We are also providing the service of delivering products to a specific pickup point according to your convenience. You also have a few payment methods to choose from to suit your interest. All these offers and services are there for you to make sure that your experience is superior to others. Available various models and capacities of Air Purifier at Transcomdigital.com Samsung Air Purifier: Samsung air purifiers have come up with the capacity of 39, 60 and 93.1 which refers to the area it covers and from these capacity measurements, you can easily figure out the best air purifier suited for your home. You should always choose the air matches or exceeds the area of your home. Samsung is providing 3 step purification with its 39 capacity and 4 step purification with its 60 and 93.1 capacities to make sure that a wide area including all the corners of your home get the coverage for quick purification. This technology reduces 99% of the harmful particles such as dust, gas, virus and PM 2.5 (fine particulate matters). It also comes with smart detection and display features for better understanding of the user and for the purifier to act automatically when needed. With its front side air inlet, there is no need to move it frequently to clean the filters. It performs very effectively due to its auto modes depending on the pollution level in the air. You can have these features with advanced technologies within the low price of 24,900BDT up to 47,900BDT. Hitachi Air Purifier Hitachi has offered their customers with air purifiers of 33 and 46 capacity for wide and speedy dust collection and purification. With Multi-layered structure of Allergen-Free HEPA Filter, it collects all sorts of dust and airborne molds to supply fresh air. It reduces seven main odor components with its heavy duty deodorizing filter. You also get two modes to ensure your desired humidity. It also comes with a special noise operation feature that creates a less than 15dB level of sound that prevents any kind of disruption while sleeping and working. All these features can be yours within the low price of 31,900BDT up to 48,900BDT. Offers and facilities We always become delighted when we get something extra and Transcom Digital always wants you to be delighted through its innovative offers. Currently, there is an offer of a 10% flat discount on some selected products. There are also offers for different occasions & festivals like EID Offers, Wedding Offers, Winter Offers, Online Discount Offers, Cashback and Pre-book etc. One of the most popular offers is The Exchange Offer. Besides, you will get After Sales Service, Free Delivery, Warranty, EMI facilities and Shohoj Kisti (EMI option). With all things considered, there is no better place than Transcomdigital.com to get your branded air purifier.

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The question of whether sleep apnoea is a risk factor for glaucoma was recently debated in a session at the 2021 World Glaucoma Congress Virtual and listed as a ‘Hot Topic’ at the 2021 Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Meeting. This followed the publication of one key study arising from the Raine Study in Western Australia, published in the journal Ophthalmology, reporting that at 20 years of age, people with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) already have thinner retinal nerve fibre layers (RNFL) than controls.1 However, does this really mean that the risk of glaucoma is increased from young adulthood, or at all, in individuals with OSA? Sleep apnoea describes a group of sleepdisordered breathing conditions in which individuals experience pauses in breathing (apnoea) or periods of overly shallow breathing (hypopnoea) during sleep. Clearly, further studies are required to explore the underlying mechanics of the relationship between OSA and OAG There are three types of sleep apnoea: - Obstructive – where the disruptionin breathing is caused by a mechanicalobstruction to the upper airflow, - Central – where the paucity in breathingis due to failure of the central nervoussystem to drive respiration, and - Mixed – which is a combination of theformer two. The obstructive variant, or OSA, is the most common type, comprising 90% of all sleep apnoea cases, and the focus of this article. The gold standard for OSA diagnosis is with an overnight polysomnography (PSG), also known as a sleep study, which measures the amount of respiratory airflow along with a myriad of other bodily functions during slumber. OSA is diagnosed when the PSG-measured number of apnoea or hypopnoea episodes during sleep exceeds four events per hour. A possible link between OSA and glaucoma was first described in the 1990s, when Mojon et al2,3 noticed a “higher than expected” prevalence of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) among OSA patients. Several other studies have since been published supporting this observation.4-6 However, more recent studies comprising large sample sizes7,8 have failed to find such associations, especially after accounting for co-morbidities. A notable exception is the findings from the United Kingdom Biobank and the Canadian Longitudinal Study for Ageing, comprising more than half a million participants, which found that incident glaucoma is 33% to 43% more likely in individuals with sleep apnoea (but not specific to OSA) compared to controls, even after adjusting for co-morbidities.9 (It is also worth noting that the study additionally found that participants with sleep apnoea were 39% more likely to have incident age-related macular degeneration. But this is a topic for another time). HOW MIGHT OSA INCREASE OAG RISK? One of the more plausible theories linking the two conditions is that the intermittent disruption in upper airflow during sleep in OSA results in hypoxia and hypoperfusion of the optic nerve, thus degrading the integrity of the retinal ganglion cells. This notion has been supported by observations of decreased peripapillary vessel density with more severe OSA.10,11 By this assumption, treating any existing OSA should reduce the risk of OAG. Indeed, there have been case reports of continued glaucoma progression in spite of achieving the target IOP, and progression only halted after commencement of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy for OSA.12,13 However, the use of CPAP therapy may pose an additional problem in patients with OAG or at high risk of OAG. CPAP treatment at night is known to elevate IOP during that time.14 In a retrospective study, Chen et al15 failed to find that CPAP therapy use reduces the incidence of OAG. Thus, it is possible that the elevated risk of OAG in relation to OSA may not be due to the condition, per se, but rather due to the CPAP treatment. On the other hand, the study15 also found that patients who had undergone surgical intervention for their OSA had significantly lower risks of incident OAG. However, it is not feasible to recommend surgical intervention for all patients with OSA just to (possibly) reduce the risk of glaucoma. (This also remains a decision to be made by the sleep physician, and not optometrists or ophthalmologists). But neither the vascular theory nor the IOP elevation effects of CPAP therapy explain why we found significantly thinner RNFLs in patients with OSA as young as 20 years of age.1 Both OSA and OAG are chronic, age-related conditions; thus structural and functional changes that occur in both diseases take a long time to manifest. The effects of any OSA or CPAP use (which was not commonly used by the young adults with OSA in the Raine Study), is unlikely to affect patients from the tender age of 20. This calls for a re-evaluation of our hypothesis that there is a causal link between OSA, or its treatment, and OAG. IDENTIFYING GENETIC LINKS One way to explore a causal link between two measures, in this case the measures being OSA and OAG, is to employ mendelian randomisation (MR). This method measures genetic variations to test for the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome. MR studies have allowed us to confirm that more intensive education results in myopia, rather than the other way around.16 However, MR studies are limited by the number of known genes associated with the condition of interest. While over 500 genes for glaucoma have been identified, genetic studies on OSA are lagging. Thus, before we can perform a well-designed MR study exploring the link between OSA and OAG, more genetic studies on OSA are warranted. Even if no causal link exists between the two conditions, identification of more genes will help us to understand any shared processes between the two conditions. For example, several OAG genes have been identified as having other biological functions, information which has given us a better understanding of OAG pathophysiology (e.g. mutations in certain genes have been implicated in altered trabecular meshwork function and thus OAG).17 Recently, shared genes between sleep disturbances and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, have been identified.18 Thus, it is conceivable that genetic links may also exist between OSA and OAG. Clearly, further studies are required to explore the underlying mechanics of the relationship between OSA and OAG. First and foremost, we need to ascertain whether the use of CPAP has any therapeutic benefit or adverse effects on the retinal ganglion cell. The Lions Eye Institute is currently investigating this as part of the West Australian Apnoea and Vascular Endpoints Study (WAVES) in collaboration with the West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute (WASDRI), where we are testing the eyes of 500 patients with OSA, half of whom have been on longterm CPAP therapy. Identification of genes associated with OSA (and OAG and its related endophenotypes) will also provide us with further avenues to explore causality or associations, including shared genes, between OAG and OSA. HOW DO WE ADVISE OUR PATIENTS IN THE MEANTIME? Until we have a better understanding of the link between OSA and OAG, there is no harm in asking our patients about their history of OSA and its treatment as routinely as we ask them about systemic hypertension and diabetes. Given the potential for CPAP therapy to elevate nocturnal IOP, it may be advisable to ask patients with OAG, who are also on CPAP therapy, to discuss their OSA treatment options with their sleep physician, and to bring up this issue with their treating ophthalmologist. This is important, even if the measured IOP appears to be meeting treatment targets, as IOP reverts to baseline values after waking and the use of the CPAP device ceases in the morning. It is equally critical to remember that we are not in a position to advise our patients with concurrent OSA and OAG to cease CPAP therapy use. CPAP therapy is highly effective in controlling upper airway collapse during sleep, and our patients’ general health remains a priority. Dr Samantha Lee is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Lions Eye Institute in Perth, Western Australia Genetics and Epidemiology Group. She completed her PhD in early 2017 at the School of Optometry and Visual Science, Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane under the supervision of Professor Joanne Wood and Dr Alex Black. Her main research interests include visual impairment, and epidemiology of glaucoma and myopia. Contact: firstname.lastname@example.org. Professor David Mackey AO is an NHMRC Practitioner Fellow in Ophthalmology at The University of Western Australia. He is the former Managing Director of the Lions Eye Institute in Perth, a councillor of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists (RANZCO) and current RANZCO representative on the Council of the Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology. He is past president of the International Society for Genetic Eye Disease and Retinoblastoma. Prof Mackey is a renowned international researcher in the genetics of eye disease and has published over 400 peer reviewed papers since 1989. He is the world’s most published author in glaucoma genetics and is a lead investigator in the International Glaucoma Genetics Consortium (IGGC) and the Consortium for Refractive Error and Myopia (CREAM). In 1993, Professor Mackey initiated the Glaucoma Inheritance Study in Tasmania (GIST), thereby creating one of the largest glaucoma biobanks in the world, with over 5,000 DNA samples and clinical material from familial and sporadic cases of glaucoma. - Lee SS, McArdle N, Sanfilippo PG, et al. Associations between Optic Disc Measures and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Young Adults. Ophthalmology. 2019. - Mojon DS, Hess CW, Goldblum D, et al. High prevalence of glaucoma in patients with sleep apnea syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(5):1009-1012. - Mojon DS, Mathis J, Zulauf M, Koerner F, Hess CW. Optic neuropathy associated with sleep apnea syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1998;105(5):874-877. - Liu S, Lin Y, Liu X. Meta-Analysis of Association of Obstructive Sleep Apnea With Glaucoma. Journal of Glaucoma. 2016;25(1):1-7. - Shi Y, Liu P, Guan J, Lu Y, Su K. Association between glaucoma and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a meta-analysis and systematic review. PloS One. 2015;10(2):e0115625. - Wu X, Liu H. Obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome increases glaucoma risk: evidence from a metaanalysis. International Journal of Clinical Experimental Medicine. 2015;8(1):297-303. - Girkin CA, McGwin G, Jr., McNeal SF, Owsley C. Is there an association between pre-existing sleep apnoea and the development of glaucoma? The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2006;90(6):679-681. - Keenan TD, Goldacre R, Goldacre MJ. Associations between obstructive sleep apnoea, primary open angle glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration: record linkage study. The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2017;101(2):155-159. - Han X, Lee SS, Ingold N, et al. Associations of sleep apnoea with glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration: an analysis in the United Kingdom Biobank and the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. BMC Med. 2021;19(1):104. - Ucak T, Unver E. Alterations in Parafoveal and Optic Disc Vessel Densities in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2020;2020:4034382. - Yu J, Xiao K, Huang J, Sun X, Jiang C. Reduced Retinal Vessel Density in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Patients: An Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Study. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2017;58(9):3506-3512. - Kremmer S, Niederdraing N, Ayertey HD, Steuhl KP, Selbach JM. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, normal tension glaucoma, and nCPAP therapy- a short note. Sleep. 2003;26(2):161-162. - Kremmer S, Selbach JM, Ayertey HD, Steuhl KP. [Normal tension glaucoma, sleep apnea syndrome and nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy – case report with a review of literature]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2001;218(4):263-268. - Shinmei Y, Nitta T, Saito H, et al. Continuous Intraocular Pressure Monitoring During Nocturnal Sleep in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2016;57(6):2824-2830. - Chen HY, Chang YC, Lin CC, Sung FC, Chen WC. Obstructive sleep apnea patients having surgery are less associated with glaucoma. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2014;2014:838912. - Cuellar-Partida G, Lu Y, Kho PF, et al. Assessing the genetic predisposition of education on myopia: a Mendelian randomization study. Genetic Epidemiology. 2016;40(1):66-72. - Choquet H, Wiggs JL, Khawaja AP. Clinical implications of recent advances in primary open-angle glaucoma genetics. Eye. 2020;34(1):29-39. - Lane JM, Liang J, Vlasac I, et al. Genome-wide association analyses of sleep disturbance traits identify new loci and highlight shared genetics with neuropsychiatric and metabolic traits. Nature Genetics. 2017;49(2):274-281.

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Analysis by a UCLA-led team of scientists has confirmed the discovery of the oldest complete wine production facility ever found, including grape seeds, withered grape vines, remains of pressed grapes, a rudimentary wine press, a clay vat apparently used for fermentation, wine-soaked potsherds, and even a cup and drinking bowl. The facility, which dates back to roughly 4100 B.C. — 1,000 years before the earliest comparable find — was unearthed by a team of archaeologists from Armenia, the United States and Ireland in the same mysterious Armenian cave complex where an ancient leather shoe was found, a discovery that was announced last summer. "For the first time, we have a complete archaeological picture of wine production dating back 6,100 years," said Gregory Areshian, co-director of the excavation and assistant director of UCLA's Cotsen Institute of Archaeology. An analysis of the discovery, which received support from the National Geographic Society, is presented in an article published online Jan. 11 in the peer-reviewed Journal of Archaeological Science. "This is, so far, the oldest relatively complete wine production facility, with its press, fermentation vats and storage jars in situ," said Hans Barnard, the article's lead author and a UCLA Cotsen Institute archaeologist. Cave outside Armenian village The discovery in 2007 of what appeared to be ancient grape seeds inspired the team to begin excavating Areni-1, a cave complex located in a canyon where the Little Caucasus mountains approach the northern end of the Zagros mountain range, near Armenia's southern border with Iran. The cave is outside a tiny Armenian village still known for its wine-making activities. Under Areshian and Boris Gasparyan, co-director of the project, the dig continued through September, when the vat was excavated. Radiocarbon analysis by researchers at UC Irvine and Oxford University has dated the installation and associated artifacts to between 4100 B.C. and 4000 B.C., or the Late Chalcolithic Period, also known as the Copper Age in recognition of the technological advances that paved the way for metal to replace stone tools. Archaeologists found one shallow basin made of pressed clay measuring about 3 feet by 3-and-a-half feet. Surrounded by a thick rim that would have contained juices, and positioned so as to drain into the deep vat, the basin appears to have served as a wine press. Similarly structured wine-pressing devices were in use as recently as the 19th century throughout the Mediterranean and the Caucasus, Areshian said. No evidence was found of an apparatus to smash the grapes against the wine press, but the absence does not trouble the archaeologists. "People obviously were stomping the grapes with their feet, just the way it was done all over the Mediterranean and the way it was originally done in California," Areshian said. All around and on top of the wine press archaeologists found handfuls of grape seeds, remains of pressed grapes and grape must, and dozens of desiccated vines. After examining the seeds, paleobotanists from three separate institutions determined the species to be Vitis vinifera vinifera, the domesticated variety of grape still used to make wine. Telltale evidence of grapes The vat, at just over 2 feet in height, would have held between 14 and 15 gallons of liquid, Areshian estimates. A dark gray layer clung to three potsherds — two of which rested on the press and the third which was still attached to the vat. Analysis of the residue by chemists at UCLA's Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory confirmed the presence of the plant pigment malvidin, which is known to appear in only one other fruit native to the area: pomegranates. "Because no remnants of pomegranates were found in the excavated area, we're confident that the vessels held something made with grape juice," Areshian said. The size of the vessel during an era that predated mechanical refrigeration by many millennia points to the likelihood that the liquid was wine, the researchers stress. "At that time, there was no way to preserve juice without fermenting it," Areshian said. "At this volume, any unfermented juice would sour immediately, so the contents almost certainly had to be wine." The team also unearthed one cylindrical cup made of some kind of animal horn and one complete drinking bowl of clay, as well as many bowl fragments. The closest comparable collection of remains was found in the late 1980s by German archaeologists in the tomb of the ancient Egyptian king Scorpion I, the researchers said. Dating to around 3150 B.C., that find consisted of grape seeds, grape skins, dried pulp and imported ceramic jars covered inside with a yellow residue chemically consistent with wine. After the Areni-1 discovery, the next earliest example of an actual wine press is two and a half millennia younger: Two plaster basins that appear to have been used to press grapes between 1650 B.C. and 1550 B.C. were excavated in what is now Israel's West Bank in 1963. Over the years, archaeologists have claimed to find evidence of wine dating as far back as 6000 B.C.� B.C. And references to the art and craft of wringing an inebriant from grapes appear in all kinds of ancient settings. After Noah's Ark landed on Mount Ararat, for instance, the Bible says he planted a vineyard, harvested grapes, produced wine and got drunk. Ancient Egyptian murals depict details of wine-making. Whatever form it takes, early evidence of wine production provides a window into a key transition in human development, scientists say. "Deliberate fermentation of carbohydrates into alcohol has been suggested as a possible factor that prompted the domestication of wild plants and the development of ceramic technology," said Barnard, who teaches in the UCLA Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures. Three lines of inquiry point to wine-making In addition to its age and wealth of wine-making elements, the Areni-1 find is notable for its numerous levels of confirmation. In a field where claims often rest on one or two sets of collaborating evidence, this find is supported by radiocarbon dating, paleobotanical analysis and a new approach to analyzing wine residue based on the presence of malvidin. Most prior claims of ancient wine have rested on the presence of tartaric acid — which is present in grapes but also, at least in some level, in many other fruits and vegetables — or on the presence of tree resins that were added to preserve the wine and improve its taste, as is done today with retsina, a wine flavored with pine resin. "Tartaric acid alone can't act as a reliable indicator for wine," Areshian said. "It is present in too many other fruits and vegetables, including hawthorn, which still is a popular fruit in the area, but also in a range of other fruits, including tamarind, star fruit and yellow plum." "Resins could indicate wine, but because they were used for a large number of other purposes, ranging from incense to glue, they also are unreliable indicators for wine," Barnard said. "Moreover, we have no idea how wide the preference for retsina-like wine spread." The beauty of malvidin, the UCLA team emphasizes, is the limited number of options for its source. The deeply red molecule gives grapes and wine their red color and makes their stains so difficult to remove. "In a context that includes elements used for wine production, malvidin is highly reliable evidence of wine," Areshian said. Areshian and Ron Pinhasi, an archaeologist at Ireland's University College Cork and a co-director of the excavation project, captured the world's imagination in June, when they announced the discovery of a single 5,500-year-old leather moccasin at the Areni-1 site. It is believed to be the oldest leather shoe ever found. The precise identity of the wine-swilling shoe-wearers remains a mystery, although they are believed to be the predecessors of the Kura-Araxes people, an early Transcaucasian group. Nevertheless, archaeologists who have been excavating the 7,500-square-foot-plus site since 2007 think they have an idea of how the wine was used. Because the press and jugs were discovered among dozens of grave sites, the archaeologists believe the wine may have played a ceremonial role. "This wine wasn't used to unwind at the end of the day," Areshian said. The archaeologists believe wine-making for day-to-day consumption would have occurred outside the cave, although they have yet to find evidence for these activities. Still, they believe it is only a matter of time before someone does. "The fact that a fully developed wine production facility seems to have been preserved at this site strongly suggests that there are older, less well-developed instances of this technology, although these have so far not been found," Barnard said. Other foundations that contributed support to the excavation include the Steinmetz Foundation, the Boochever Family Trust, the Gfoeller Foundation Inc. and the Chitjian Family Foundation. The scientific-analytical part of the project also received support from the National Center for Research Resources, the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. The National Geographic Society is one of the world's largest nonprofit scientific and educational organizations. Founded in 1888 to "increase and diffuse geographic knowledge," the society works to inspire people to care about the planet. It reaches more than 375 million people worldwide each month through its official journal, National Geographic, and its other magazines; the National Geographic Channel; television documentaries; music; radio; films; books; DVDs; maps; exhibitions; live events; school publishing programs; interactive media; and merchandise. National Geographic has funded more than 9,400 scientific research, conservation and exploration projects and supports an education program promoting geographic literacy. For more information, visit www.nationalgeographic.com. UCLA is California's largest university, with an enrollment of more than 38,000 undergraduate and graduate students. The UCLA College of Letters and Science and the university's 11 professional schools feature renowned faculty and offer 328 degree programs and majors. UCLA is a national and international leader in the breadth and quality of its academic, research, health care, cultural, continuing education and athletic programs. Six alumni and five faculty have been awarded the Nobel Prize. For more news, visit the UCLA Newsroom and follow us on Twitter. Journal of Archaeological Science

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What is Open Source? Open Source software is the software whose source code is freely available under some licensing conditions so that we can provide some extra features to the current version, find bugs and report some issues. With the help of Open-Source software, we can read its source code and if needed we can implement its some part into our project under some licensing conditions. Open Source is not only related to software but also is more related to programming languages, projects and some well-known High leveled Design Systems. Open Source Software. Here is the list of Some Popular Open-Source Projects:- Mozilla Firefox Mozilla Firefox is a customizable internet browser and free open-source software. It offers thousands of plugins that are accessible with a single click of your mouse. LibreOffice LibreOffice is a complete office suite that offers presentations, documents, spreadsheets, and databases. GIMP Another of the best open software source examples that are worth mentioning is the photo editing tool GIMP. VLC Media Player VLC Media Player is one of the most popular open-source software examples that you can use for free. Linux According to a Stack Overflow survey, 83.1% of developers claimed that Linux is the most wanted platform. Linux is one of the most user-friendly open-source software on the market. It is most commonly used on Android devices and desktops. GNU Compiler Collection GNU Compiler Collection is a collection of compilation tools for software development in the C, C++, Ada, Fortran, and other programming languages. Python Python is common programming and scripting language used by custom software developers. PHP When talking about the best open-source software examples of 2021, we shouldn’t miss PHP. MySQL: MySQL is an open-source relational database management system. Nowadays open source practices are becoming very popular, developers are outsourcing their project to the world so that his/her project gets proper shape as per their needs. There is also a scenario that every person on this planet does not know each tech-stack that exists so if he/she wants to add some extra feature to his project which they might not know then they can approach a person who knows the field and can do the required changes. Many big organizations/companies like Netflix, Linux foundation, etc are making their project open source so that they get ample amount of suggestions, improvements, and bug fixes from experienced developers. What is git? Git is the most commonly used version control system. Git tracks the changes you make to files, so you have a record of what has been done, and you can revert to specific versions should you ever need to. Git also makes collaboration easier, allowing changes by multiple people to all to be merged into one source. Git is the main root of the version control system and many company's/organizations use it on their platform for project tracking. What is GitHub? GitHub is a website for hosting projects that use git. Various Platforms for Open-Source projects:- GitLab Gitlab is an open-source, powerful, secure, efficient, feature-rich, and robust application for handling software development and operations (DevOps) lifecycle. This is possibly the number one alternative for Github, as it supports group milestones, issue tracker, configurable issue boards and group issues, moving of issues between projects, and more. It also supports time tracking, powerful branching tools and protected branches and tags, file locking, merges requests, custom notifications, project roadmaps, issues weights, confidential and related issues, burndown charts for project and group milestones. Bitbucket Bitbucket is a powerful, fully scalable, and high-performance development platform designed for professional teams. Education users and open source projects get free Bitbucket accounts and many other features. You can easily import your GitHub repositories to Bitbucket in 6 simple steps and supports third-party integrations. It has remarkable features such as Bitbucket pipelines, code search, pull requests, flexible deployment models, diff view, smart mirroring, issue tracking, IP whitelisting, and branch permissions for safeguarding your workflow. Beanstalk Beanstalk is a powerful, secure, high-performance, and reliable platform for managing source code repositories. Beanstalk designed to improve your development workflow using features such as code review, issue tracker, repository statistics, release notes, notifications, email digests, compare view, and a full history of commits and files, and so much more. Launchpad Launchpad is a fully free, well-known platform for building, managing, and collaborating on software projects, built by Canonical, the makers of Ubuntu Linux. It has features such as code hosting, Ubuntu package building and hosting bug tracking, code reviews, mail listing, and specification tracking. Furthermore, Launchpad supports translations, answer tracking, and FAQs. GitBucket GitBucket is an open-source, highly pluggable Git platform that runs on JVM (Java Virtual Machine). It comes with features such as a repository viewer, issues tracker, pull requests, documentation, and wiki, as well as a plugin system to extend its core features. To get into the world of open source, you should know at least one programming language, knowledge in the sense you should be able to solve complex problems using the language. And the second most required thing is learning git and GitHub, there are lots of resources available on the internet regarding the same. Learning doesn't mean only watching the tutorial videos, you must have a habit of "coding-along" while learning. Now that you have learned and implemented one programming language and git/GitHub, it's time now to look for some beginner-friendly repositories in which you can make your hands dirty by making some good contributions and applying the knowledge you have gained. There are two ways in which you can find repositories. - Using the GitHub search feature. Here you can write your programming language name on the place where I have marked with red and hit enter then Github will list all the repositories that use the particular language. 2.Google it. You can use google search by just typing "Beginner friendly repositories for "[it's just a demo sentence]. Note:- In the above sections, I have just guided you for searching for a project related to your language, but for finding the relevant organization you need to hustle more as it requires a decent amount of searches in finding perfect-fit organizations related to your tech-stack/language. After you found the matching repositories/organization related to your tech-stack/language then setup the code-base on your local machine and start understanding it. If you are finding any difficulty in setting up the code-base then you can contact the maintainer/mentor of the repository regarding the same. But before approaching any maintainer regarding the doubt, firstly you should see for the errors you are getting on the internet and if you are not able to tackle it then you can approach the maintainer. After you get familiar with the code-base try to search for the issues that have a "good-first-issue" label on them, the meaning of the label is that even the beginner having the basic knowledge of the tech-stack can work on the issue. If you found some extra bug or wanted to add some extra feature then you can create an issue by yourself, but make sure that you check all the issues first to ensure that there is no such issue created first. Open source is not about just coding, you can work on improving the documentation[Readme. md] also of the project. Documentation is also equally important as coding as it guides the collaborators step by step about the project and "How you can contribute to it". If you get stuck on solving some issues, you can take help from other developers using the IRC channel/slack of the organization. The biggest advantage of open source is that the community is there to help you at each stage of your development. Good practices for contribution:- - Always raise an issue first before creating a PR directly. - Always make your own branch for making changes and then create a PR from your branch. - Always be concise about your doubts. - Be humble while asking your doubt and be patient till your doubts are resolved. - Always follow the code of conduct and contributing guidelines of the project. - If you are creating an issue then be descriptive about the issue, add some images related to your fixes, etc. - During creating a PR, provide a proper description of the changes you have made with screenshots if necessary. Making your first contribution:- - Fork the repository. open your cmd. cd repository-name. i. git remote add upstream [URL of mail repository] ii. git pull upstream 4.git checkout -b "branch_name" i. git pull upstream branch_name 5.Make your changes. 6.git add . // it adds all files 7.git commit -m "commit-message" 8.git push -u origin 9.create a pull request 10.open pull request. Wait for your PR to get reviewed and merged. Congratulations 👏🥇 you wrote a line of code that is going to be used by hundreds or thousands of people, this feeling can not be expressed as it has its own importance. Even though your PR gets merged but it's your responsibility to stay in touch with the project and the maintainers, help other peers who are facing an issue. Open Source Programs:- Advantages of open source contribution. - Ability to work with a large code-base. - Grow your network. - Habit of writing efficient and precise code. - You can add your contributions to your resume. - Improves problem-solving skills. - Get to learn something new. [This article has been contributed by Mr Aniket, Thanks Mr. Aniket 🤗]

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WE ARE NOW DELIVERING TO WAIKATO, BAY OF PLENTY AND WHANGAREI! CLICK HERE FOR DETAILS. A well-planned, species-appropriate, raw diet provides cats and dogs with the nutrition they need for optimal health. A poorly-planned raw diet can have quite the opposite effect. For example, meat-only diets will lead to severe mineral imbalances, and mixed diets (raw and processed) can lead to a host of problems via digestive impairment. As raw diets have come back into popularity, vets have become increasingly concerned for the wellbeing of pets whose owners have received incorrect advice regarding raw feeding. This has led many vets to being unsupportive of raw-feeding, regardless of how it is done. These vets favour feeding a processed ‘premium’ diet which has been tested by AAFCO (the Association of American Feed Control Officials) to ensure that it provides ‘complete and balanced’ nutrition for cats and dogs. These diets are commonly assumed to provide safe and appropriate nutrition. AAFCO publishes nutrient profiles for cats and dogs. They base their profiles on the NRC (National Research Council) nutrient guidelines, but tweak them to make it easier for manufacturers to formulate a processed pet food out of ingredients that do not form a natural part of the pet’s diet. A pet food can meet AAFCO accreditation standards in two ways: by providing a nutrient analysis which falls within the AAFCO parameters; or by paying for their food to be AAFCO-tested in a brief feeding trial on a small number of cats and dogs. AAFCO nutrient profiles are intended to ‘maintain’ a dog or cat without overt nutrient deficiencies developing over a short period of time. Standard veterinary advice is to feed a cat or dog an AAFCO-approved or AAFCO-tested diet in order to meet the ‘complete and balanced’ nutritional needs of the pet. The majority of vets have confidence that AAFCO accreditation of a food will protect dogs and cats from nutritional disease. An episode of 'Lateline' in Australia described a study published in the Australian Veterinary Journal (2016)1 in which supermarket cat foods were analysed and shown not to contain the nutrient levels stated on the labels. Studies showing that the contents of a bag of dog or cat food does not match the nutritional analysis on the label are not new. A review of some of these studies makes it hard to accept that processed pet food is anything like the ‘complete and balanced,’ safe, high quality product that their marketers would have us believe. The study2 featured on the 'Lateline' show analysed 10 wet and 10 dry ‘complete and balanced’ commercial cat foods. They compared the results with the labelling on the packages, and with established dietary requirements (AFFCO and NRC) for cats. The nutrient compositions and guaranteed analyses listed on the labels failed to match the chemical analyses carried out in the study. Deficiencies and excesses of various nutrients were found in nearly all the samples, many of which were identified as potentially harmful to cats ingesting the diets. Studies in the U.S. and New Zealand have found similar problems. In a 2004 study from the Archives of Veterinary Medicine3 33 brands of dry dog food were analysed to see if they met AAFCO standards. Seven foods had an incorrect calcium:phosphorus ratio. There were inadequacies for potassium (13 foods), zinc (7), iodine (12) and selenium (1). Only 12% (4) of the foods met the minimum requirements for protein, fats and minerals. Five of the deficient foods had passed AAFCO feed trials. A New Zealand study (1997)4 compared the nutrient composition of 29 wet cat foods (5 budget, 17 premium, 7 super-premium) to the AAFCO cat maintenance nutrient profile. Nine of the foods did not meet the AAFCO profiles. Five of these contained inadequate taurine. Four contained excessive levels of methionine. Sixty percent of the budget, 18% of the premium, and 43% of the super-premium foods failed to meet AAFCO standards. Cats and dogs require dietary thiamine (a B vitamin) to stay healthy. Many factors (such as age, genetics, disease, and diet) influence the thiamine requirements of individual cats and dogs. An uncorrected deficiency can be fatal. Thiamine is found naturally in meat products – particularly liver, heart and kidneys. Thiamine deficiency factors: A study in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (2014)5 examined a selection of 90 tinned cat foods (from 45 different brands) – all of them formulated to meet AAFCO nutrient profile standards. Most of the foods were from the US, but four of them were from New Zealand. Over 13% of the samples had thiamine levels below AAFCO standards, and 15.6% of the samples contained less thiamine than NRC levels (the NRC are considered the benchmark for nutrient level recommendations). The presence of fish in the samples did not affect the likelihood of thiamine deficiency. Taurine is an amino acid required by cats and dogs for a range of vital functions. Dogs (unlike cats, who rely absolutely on dietary taurine) are able to synthesise taurine. Nevertheless, dogs can still develop taurine deficiency if they have inadequate dietary intake. Taurine is found in abundance in animal-source proteins. Taurine deficiency can be fatal. Food processing techniques - such as heat, and the addition of fibre - destroy or reduce taurine availability, so manufacturers have to add taurine into their formulations in order to meet required levels. There are two potential problems with this. One: as we have already seen, it is common for processed food to contain lower levels of nutrients than stated on the packaging. And two: both external and individual factors lead to a great deal of variation in the taurine requirements of a cat or dog. A study in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (2003)6 looked at a group of Newfoundlands exhibiting a high rate of taurine deficiency despite being fed ‘complete and balanced’ diets. The authors proposed that certain diets may promote taurine loss in the gastrointestinal tract at a rate which exceeds taurine production. They referenced research in cats that shows taurine losses in the gut are increased by the presence of rice; bran; or low-quality, heat-damaged proteins in the diet. The authors explained that genetics make some animals more susceptible to deficiency. This means that the ‘complete and balanced’ claim of AAFCO approved or AAFCO tested foods may only be sufficient for maintenance if a pet is fortunate enough to have the right genetics. Commercial pet foods are manufactured using high-heat processes.7 Heat processing makes pet food more allergenic7,8 and carcinogenic9. It also disrupts the structure of proteins, resulting in the loss of amino acids (such as taurine) from the original ingredients.6 When heated, proteins in the food interact with sugars and undergo non-enzymatic glycosylation – this is known as the Maillard reaction.7 The reaction produces melanoidin protein complexes, which are poorly digested, and are absorbed across the gut mucosa, thus provoking an immune response.7,8 The authors of a case-controlled study in the Journal of Nutrition (1996)6 showed that the Maillard reaction reduces taurine levels. They suggested that products of the reaction alter gut microbes in such a way that promotes taurine deficiency (via increased degradation, and decreased recycling). The Maillard reaction also leads to the formation of damaging compounds. A study in the journal, Mutation Research (2003)9 analysed 25 commercial cat and dog foods for the presence of mutagenic compounds such as carcinogens and heterocyclic amines. Twenty-four of the foods tested positive, and the authors hypothesised that there is a connection between the consumption of the compounds via commercial pet food, and the high rates of cancer in domestic dogs and cats. Adverse Food Reactions (AFR) in dogs are routinely diagnosed by putting the dog on a limited antigen diet (novel protein, or hydrolysed diet) for a period of time to see if complete removal of common proteins alleviates symptoms. These food trials fail to be of use for either diagnostics or treatment if the diets are contaminated with common proteins. Limited antigen diets have gained a significant market share in recent years. They are available at a premium cost from Vet clinics, and many other pet food retailers. A U.S. study (2011)10 tested four over-the-counter, dry, venison dog foods to see whether they were contaminated with common allergens (soy, poultry and beef) that were not declared on the label. All of the samples were contaminated with food allergens not declared on the label and therefore would be unsuitable for food allergy elimination diets, which is something that they would routinely be bought for. A recent study in the Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition (2013)11 examined 12 canine limited antigen diets from 5 different manufacturers (11 novel protein, and 1 hydrolysed) for potential contamination with proteins not listed on the label. The authors found that 10 of the 12 foods tested were contaminated with one or more potentially allergenic proteins or fats not listed on the labels. They concluded that the use of a non-commercial novel-protein diet should be considered for ruling out AFR. The authors discussed a previous study (Ricci et al, 2009)12 which showed that processed limited antigen diets have significantly higher amounts of omega-3 fatty acids added to them (compared to normal processed diets). They suggested that the anti-inflammatory effect of the extra omega-3 fatty acids is responsible for the transient improvement in symptoms that is sometimes seen on limited antigen diets. Dog owners pay a premium for these diets, but there is a growing body of evidence that many (if not most) of these diets are marketed with false information. We already know that, despite labelling requirements, the nutritional panels on processed cat and dog foods commonly fail to truthfully represent what is actually contained in the food. There is no requirement for the many chemicals present in the packaging to be listed, but there is evidence that some of these chemicals can leech into the food. They are then ingested and metabolised by the cat or dog, and may cause health problems. BPA (an industrial chemical used to make plastics and resins) is an endocrine disruptor with oestrogenic activity, thus it can increase the rate of proliferation of some cancer cells. BPA easily passes across the placenta. It is commonly used to coat metal surfaces that will be holding food. At least 25 different types of lacquers (such as BPA epoxy resins and polyvinyl chloride organosols) line food-grade cans. These compounds can migrate into the food. The processes used to prepare tinned pet food are known to cause leeching of BPA into the food. Smaller cans may pose a higher risk – the surface area on food in contact with the interior surface of the can is greater in smaller cans. A study from Miyazaki University in Japan (2002)13 tested 15 tinned cat foods and 11 tinned dog foods for BPA. They also measured the amount of BPA leeching into the food. BPA was found to be present, and leeching at varying levels in all the samples. Note: BPA replacements in ‘BPA-free’ plastic and metal food products are now known to have similar endocrine disrupting characteristics. A study in the Journal of the American Veterinary Association (2004)14 confirmed what previous studies had shown: a significant association between hyperthyroidism in cats (especially females) and a history of eating tinned food (especially the ‘pop top’ tins which do not require a tin opener). Heavy metals (such as mercury) and BPA contaminate commercial processed cat and dog food. BPA inhibits thyroid function. The body attempts to eliminate BPA via a process called glucuronidation. Glucuronidation is slower in cats than other species. The authors conclude: “we suggest that cat owners limit the feeding of foods packaged in pop-top cans when possible. If owners follow these recommendations, however, a reduction in the incidence of hyperthyroidism in cats may not be seen for many years because cats presently consuming foods in pop-top cans may have already developed irreversible thyroid damage.” 14 Processed food is convenient and relatively cheap (unless you factor in potential lifetime healthcare costs). AAFCO-approved foods have achieved a gold-standard status of nutritional safety and completeness - however there is ample scientific evidence to show that this status is unmerited. A minimally processed, high quality, well-planned, species-appropriate diet - one that closely resembles the natural diet of the wild counterparts of domestic carnivores - is logically the best way to avoid the pitfalls of processing, and the guesswork that goes into developing nutritional guidelines. Update: This May 2017 article in the Veterinary Times adds further to the evidence that processed pet foods are commonly not meeting their own labelling claims. * Joanna Blythman, Swallow This: Serving Up the Food Industry’s Darkest Secrets. Published by Fourth Estate, London, 2015 1. EC Gosper, D Raubenheimer, GE Machovsky-Capuska, and AV Chavesa, Discrepancy between the composition of some commercial cat foods and their package labelling and suitability for meeting nutritional requirements. Australian Veterinary Journal (2016), 94(1-2) 2. S. M. Hodgkinson, B. Sc., M. Sc., Ph. D., C. E. Rosales, Ing. Agrón, D. Alomar, Ing. Agrón., Mg. Sci., D. Boroschek, M.V., Chemical nutritional evaluation of dry foods commercially available in Chile for adult dogs at maintenance. Arch. med. vet. (2004) 36(2), http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0301-732X2004000200008 3. Hendriks, WH; Tarttelin, MF, Nutrient composition of moist cat foods sold in New Zealand. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of New Zealand (1997), 22:202-207 4. Jessica E. Markovich, DVM; Lisa M. Freeman, DVM, phd; Cailin R. Heinze, VMD, MS, Analysis of thiamine concentrations in commercial canned foods formulated for cats. JAVMA (2014), 244:2 5. Robert C. Backus, DVM, PhD; Gabrielle Cohen, DVM; Paul D. Pion, DVM, DACVIM; Kathryn L. Good, DVM, DACVO; Quinton R. Rogers, PhD, DACVN; Andrea J. Fascetti, VMD, PhD, DACVN, DACVIM, Taurine deficiency in Newfoundlands fed commercially available complete and balanced diets. JAVMA (2003), 223(8) 6. Seungwook w. Kim, Quinton r. Rogers and James g. Morris, Maillard Reaction Products in Purified Diets Induce Taurine Depletion in Cats Which Is Reversed by Antibiotics. The Journal of Nutrition, (1996), 126:195-201 7. Manon de Wit, Immunological response to dietary proteins in cats. Veterinary Medicine, Research Project at Massey University, Palmerston North. Supervisors: Massey University, New Zealand Nick Cave, BVSc. MVSc. PhD. MANZCVS. DipAC. Utrecht University, The Netherlands Esther Hagen-Plantinga, PhD. DVM. MSc. August 2013 8. Nick Cave BVSc, MVSc, MSCVSc, Home prepared diets. DACVN Institute of Veterinary, Animal, and Biomedical Sciences Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, http://oldwebsite.anzcvs.org.au/samedicine_assets/documents/2009%20sam%20proceedings/acvsc%202009%20cave%20home%20prepared%20diets.pdf 9. Mark G. Knize, Cynthia P. Salmon, James S. Felton, Mutagenic activity and heterocyclic amine carcinogens in commercial pet foods. Mutation Research 539 (2003), 195–201 10. D. M. Raditic, R. L. Remillard and K. C. Tater, ELISA testing for common food antigens in four dry dog foods used in dietary elimination trials. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 95 (2011), 90–97, DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01016.x 11. R. Ricci, A. Granato, M. Vascellari, M. Boscarato, C. Palagiano, I. Andrighetto, M. Diez & F. Mutinelli, Identification of undeclared sources of animal origin in canine dry foods used in dietary elimination trials. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 97 (2013) 32–38, DOI: 10.1111 12. Ricci, R.; Berlanda, M.; Tenti, S.; Bailoni, L., Study of the chemical and nutritional characteristics of commercial dog foods used as elimination diet for the diagnosis of canine food allergy. Italian Journal of Animal Science (2009) 8, 328–330. 13. Jeong-hun Kang, Fusao Kondo, Determination of bisphenol A in canned pet foods. Research in Veterinary Science (2002) 73, 177–182, doi:10.1016/S0034-5288(02)00102-9 14. Charlotte H. Edinboro, DVM, PhD; J. Catharine Scott-Moncrieff, VetMB, MS, DACVIM; Evan Janovitz, DVM, PhD, DACVP; H. Leon Thacker, DVM, PhD, DACVP; Larry T. Glickman, VMD, DrPH, Epidemiologic study of relationships between consumption of commercial canned food and risk of hyperthyroidism in cats. 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Cases of obesity have been on the rise since the 20th century. Technology has in-deed revolutionize a lot of areas in our life like transportation, communication, and science. However, it’s also made us lethargic. We want everything fast and easy,especially when it comes to food. Fast food has made our lives easier but definitely our diets more unhealthy. Fast food Hence, it’s no surprise that many are suffering from obesity and other problems that go with it such as high blood pressure. To stay healthy and avoid more serious health complications, it’s important that we keep our blood pressure in check. Diet plays a major role in keeping our blood pressure low. Below, we’ve compiled the best food that you can incorporate in your diet to bring down your blood pressure. Avocado is one of those very few food that are rich in potassium, which essentially lowers blood pressure. Aside from potassium, it also contains carotenoids found inthe green part underneath the peel, which help fight diseases. You can have uptohalf avocado daily. Make sure that you include the green flesh along with the skin. Avocados also addan interesting flavor in your fruit cocktails. Another fruit that is very popular because of its potassium content is the banana. This iswhy your trainer or coach would suggest that you have a banana pre-workout. Bananas are originally a tropical food,butitis now cultivated inmost parts of the world. Itiseasyto find and cheap, which makes it a good regular part of your daily diet. One banana perdayis recommended, but if you are not getting any nu-trients from the other food that you’re eating, you can have more. Since bananas can be found anywhere, it’s bestif you opt to buy them fresh. Beans have excessive amount of dietary fibers, and they also contain potassium and magnesium. Aside from maintaining your gut healthy, beans also lower your blood pressure. Most beans are great for reducing blood pressure, although they also have unique and individual nutrients. Beans make great ingredient for different foodtypes, and youmay want totry different varieties. Since the juicing revolution started several years back,beets have become more popular. It’s been one of the go-to ingredients in fresh juices and smoothies not only because of its flavor and color, but more so because of its health benefits. Beets are a good treatment for hypertension and can help decrease blood pressure in the long run. In fact, based on one study, blood pressure of the participants significantly decreased just 4 hours after drinking beets juice. Beets juice has been proven to be the most effective form, but you may also roast or thinly slice them and toss into your salad. However, you should be careful as the cut out beets can leave stains especially on clothes. Berries are also popular in reducing blood pressure. Blueberries, especially, are good in controlling hypertension. So the next time that you are craving something in between meals, berries are a good option to snack on. They are tasty and healthy at the same time. Since the berries have a lot of varieties, stock them up in your fridge to add some excitement to your snacks and even cereal bowls. They really do make breakfasts enjoyable and leisurely. Most greens appall us, including the broccoli. But if you’re really intent on lowering your blood pressure and transitioning to a healthier diet overall, you will have to be-friend this vegetable, which isn’t really so bad. Broccoli is a good source of potassium and magnesium as well as phyto nutrients, which are said to be essential infighting cancer. More reasons to get used to this wonder green, right? Broccoli can be cooked and eaten as it is, but if you wouldn’t want to be shocked, you can start with using it as an ingredient in your side dishes first. Yes, chocolates are included in this list dominated by fruits and vegetables. Chocolate comes from cocoa seeds, which are rich in magnesium. Hence, a square of chocolate a day can be beneficial to your health. However, since it contains a lot of calories, you should only take them in moderation. Some people say it’s a comfort food, and for good reasons, but they tend to overeat, which can also have bad effects.It’s recommended that you keep a food diary to monitor your diet properly. If you don’t feel like carrying a notebook with you, you can download fitness apps that will allow you to monitor and control your food intake. Flaxseeds are one of those foods that have become so popular in the past years, along with quinoa and chia seeds. This isn’t a fad or a silly craze though. Flaxseeds are indeed good for your health, particularly in blood pressure reduction due to its alpha linoleic acid, lignans, and peptides content. In fact,in one of the researches done regarding the subject, a significant change in blood pressure was recorded among the participants within 6 months of regular intake. Flaxseeds are crunchy and make a great snack, and they also add exciting texture to your salads. Kale is commonly dubbed as king among the superfoods, and that is for good measure. It has high contents of alpha-linoleic acid and cell oxidants, on top of the trio of dietary ions. Pick the thin fresh leaves from the tips because the stalks maybe high in fiber but low in other nutrients. The leaves of the kale also have anti-inflammatory properties. particular components in kale makes the blood less viscous, which results to lowering of blood pressure. Kiwi contains plenty of dietary components, which make it a great remedy not only for high blood pressure but also for high blood cholesterol and those who want to control their weight gain. In addition, one kiwi fruit helps you reach your daily requirement of mineral ions and salts.Kiwi has a refreshing flavor, which makes it a favorite fruit among people who both love and hate fruits. Also, it is in season all year round. Unlike bananas though, kiwis are not very easy to find. Some local stores don’t carry them all the time or maybe they easily run out of them, so you may want to source other suppliers. Oatmeal is a popular breakfast choice, and overtime, we have found ways to make the oatmeal more exciting, flavorful, and enjoyable. You can add berries as topping, honey, or other fruits that are in season. Nonetheless, refrain yourself from adding too much sugar. Oatmeal are widely available and now comes in different flavors. Peaches contain dietary ions that are hard to find in any other food. These dietary ions are known to reduce blood pressure in the long run, but changes can be significantly observed immediately. Based on researches, only after a few hours on consumption, a huge drop in blood pressure was recorded. Since these contents are very rare, it can’t be replaced by any other food for the same purpose. They positively affect our bodies in a very unique way. Peaches are delicious, and you wouldn’t mind eating them fresh. However, if fresh peaches are rather difficult to find, you can always opt for frozen unsweetened slices, which are surely available in the supermarkets. Pistachio nuts have very distinct and inviting flavor, which makes it a favorite snack of many. The good news is that it can actually be goodfor your health. It is found to be effective in lowering blood pressure by decreasing cholesterol in blood and reducing its viscosity. It can actually help control blood pressure temporarily, causing tightening of peripheral blood vessels. Excessive consumption of quinoa is recommended due to its health benefits. It’s the reason why some people cook it as an alternative to rice. Quinoa has high content of magnesium as well as phytonutrients, and itis also gluten-free. Another way of enjoying quinoa isby roasting its seeds and adding itto your daily meals. Raisins — either you love them orhate them. But there really isno reason for you to hate raisins, especially if you are at risk in acquiring heart-related diseases. Rai-sins are also great if you suspect yourself to suffer from hypertension. These bene-fits of raisins maybe due to its potassium, tannins, and antioxidants contents. 16.Red Bell Pepper Working asan alternative of capsicums, red bell pepperis rich in potassium and al-so a good source of magnesium and calcium. A lot of health professionals recom-mend red bell peppers to lower blood pressure. Usually, red bell peppers are used to season and spice up your food. You can even substitute itfor salt. However, red belle peppers are not available all throughout the year, so another option istowrapthem inpaper and freeze them for future use, but you can’t expect to get the same amountof nutrients. 17. Skim Milk We all know that milk is a good source of calcium. It’s also rich in Vitamin D, which makesmakesit beneficial for the circulatory system. Also, combined calcium and Vitamin D can minimize the risk of getting heart diseases by about 15%. Out ofallthe dairy products, milk is the most important for preventing hyperventilation. Milk isnot an unusual part of a dietary plan and can be taken is several ways. They are also widely available. However, it’s bestto choose skim milk for its reduced calo-ries. Soy beans are great for our diet because they have balanced nutrients contents. Vitamins, essential amino acids, and mineral ions specifically potassium and mag-nesium can all be found in fresh soy beans. Another good thing about them is that they are low in sodium, so you can have a dose every fewdays.It’s bestifeatenraw to keep the nutrients intact. You can also boil it, but make sure you don’t over-cook and eliminate the necessary nutrients. Another popular green in this list is the spinach. Non-vegetable eaters stray away from spinach, but it is one of the best foods for people who suffer from hyperventilation due to its potassium folate and magnesium icons contents. If you do not want to eat it as is, you can eat it with your burger or use it for your salad among your other favorite or at the least bearable leafy greens. 20. Sunflower Seeds Sunflower seeds have excessive amount of unsaturated fatty acids. Sunflower oil is actually extracted from these fatty acids. The seeds are rich in magnesium, a mineral nutrient proven to reduce blood pressure directly. Sunflower seeds taste are great for midday snacking, so pack them in small containers and jars and stock up in your workplace. The suggested amount is 1/4 cup daily. You may also sprinkle them to your salads and soup. Most members of the potato family are ideal for lowering blood pressure, such as the sweet potato.It’s also rich in carbohydrate, which makes it sufficient for a meal.You can get enough dose of calcium and magnesium in about two potatoes. We usually cook them and substitute for rice meals. However, they can also be consumed in different ways such as smoothies and desserts. It’s also great to eat it with the peel for more potassium. 22. White Beans White beans are packed with essential nutrients to help our bodies to function well. It’s a good source of proteins, calcium, potassium, and magnesium. It’s also low on fat and high in dietary fibers, which makes it a good choice for those who are watching their weight. You can eat white beans as side dishes, and it can also bean interesting ingredient for soup and salads. Forget the salt to avoid sodium in your body. 23. White Potatoes Potatoes are a great source of essential nutrients for our bodies to meet their requirements. They are rich in potassium and magnesium, which are both important in flushing out sodium and in turn, reducing blood pressure. You can consume one white potato daily. As oppose to what other fad dieters think, potatoes are not all bad if you don’t fry them. Try boiling or baking them instead, and you can still find them delicious and filling. 24. Yogurt (Plain & Non-fat) Yogurt is one of the best food to consume when suffering from high cholesterol, hypertension, and other similar health problems. We’re talking about fat-free and plain yogurt, which is low on fat and thus, low in cholesterol also. The non-fat and plain yogurt is rich in proteins and mineral ions, including the three top ions recommended for people diagnosed with hypertension. Yogurt is not only enjoyable during breakfast. You can make use of yogurt to make your other dishes creative and healthier. These are some of the best foods that you can include in your diet to help reduce your blood pressure levels. It’s quite a long list, so you wouldn’t have to worry about eating the same thing over and over. While having a balanced diet is important, you should also try to find time to be more physically active. Try looking for new exercises or sports that you will enjoy.

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How Many Rockets For Sheet Metal Wall Knowing what can blow up what in rust is key to an effective assault or building barricades that can withstand anything enemies bring to the party. The last thing you want beneath you is a weak metal floor. Rust is the top survival game where you start with nothing and survive countless attacks and onslaughts. Sulfur is a valuable resource in Rust, and it enables you to fight and raid for big loot or simply defend and manage your base. Using it efficiently is crucial, as it makes the difference between raiding and having to farm. Using splash damage from rockets and explosives or C4s sulfur efficiency against diverse materials is crucial to preserving sulfur. In our guide to Rust, metal floor, walls, and more have their value. By the end, youll know the raw materials required, and most importantly, youll see how many satchels for sheet metal wall or the best type and number of rockets you need to blast through and watch metal fragments splay everywhere as you attack the weak side of the camp. Sport Recreation And Amusement National Association of Rocketry Safety Code stipulates that model rockets must be made of paper, wood or plastic. Among other things, the code specifies the usage of motors, the selection of launch sites, and other aspects of launch processes. The Model Rocket Safety Code has been included with model rocket kits and engines since the early 1960s. It has long been recognized as an essential source of inspiration for the next generation of scientists and engineers because of the intrinsic interaction between highly combustible materials and sharp equipment found in model rocketry. An example of a water rocket is a model rocket that uses water as its reaction mass rather than propellant. Utilized plastic soft drink bottles are commonly used as the pressure vessel . A pressured gas, such as compressed air, is used to expel the water. A good example of Newtons third law of motion may be found in this. The size of rocketry can range from a backyard-launched rocket to a rocket that travelled into space. Low-power, mid-power, and high-power rocketry are divided into three categories based on total engine impulse: Hydrogen peroxide rockets are used to power jet packs and vehicles. A rocket vehicle holds the record for the fastest drag race in history. Can You Raid With High While it is not recommended to employ High-Velocity Rockets to destroy structures, they are helpful in Player vs. Player battles and for damaging vehicles. The Transport Helicopter Update removes explosives from the ingredients. How many high-velocity missiles are required to destroy Bradley? Bradley goes after anyone, regardless of what theyre wearing. A Rocket Launcher and 7 High-Velocity Rockets are required to kill the Bradley APC . Climb to the roofs of the two buildings that are facing one other. When you get to the top, look for Bradley APC. You May Like: How To Fix A Leak On A Metal Roof Are Rockets Better Than C4 Rust One C4 will make 550 points of damage. Rockets are the most popular tool for raiding right now because they have a long range and do a lot of damage. It can damage up to four walls at a time if its well-placed, but it does a lot less damage than C4. This is to keep the damage level even. Each rocket will make 350 points of damage. Sulfur Raid Cost By Door Types Its important to note that while Rocket Sulfur is frequently on the more expensive side, it can splash four walls for total damage if hit directly in the center. Similarly, if shot directly at the center point, Explosive Ammo can splash four walls, although the radius is limited. Regardless, conserving 1 Rocket and using Explosive Ammo to finish a series of 4 walls is an excellent way to do splash damage while also saving sulfur. Also Check: How Much Is Metal Roofing At Home Depot Sulfur Efficiency In Raiding In Rust, sulfur is one of the most valuable resources. It allows you to fight and raid your way to massive amounts of loot or simply defend and control your territory. Using it efficiently is a key to your survival, especially after you’ve spent tons of time farming nodes to get that sulfur. It may also be the difference in sulfur profit raids that you keep raiding and having to go back to farming. Knowing when to leverage the splash damage of rockets and explosive ammo or the sulfur efficiency of C4 against different types of materials is critical in saving sulfur. This guide covers the efficient ways to raid different doors and materials so that you can keep the violence coming. How Many C4s For An Armored Door There are a lot of doors, but the Armored Door is very strong and can withstand a lot of damage. Sheet metal doors like this are durable and withstand a lot of bullet fire. Any tool can also hit it and even two blasts from timed explosive charges. The Armored Door has 800 health and takes two charges to break down. The Armored Double Door is just as safe as the single Armored Door in RUST. With 800 hit points, the door will take 2 Timed Explosive Charges or 4 Rockets to break down, making it as safe as the stone wall. Don’t Miss: Where To Buy Cedar Roof Shingles How Many Satchels Do I Need For A Metal Wall All items from the metal building tier require 23 satchel charges to be destroyed. These items include:walls, foundations, floors, doorframes, walls, stairs, rooves, wallframes, floorframes and windows. This does not include the sheetmetal door.How many satchels do I need for a stone wall? how many satchels for sheet metal wall. Stone High Wall & High Wall Gate Without the use of explosive ammo, a high external stone wall/gate will take 4 rockets to break. You might want to only use rockets for this one as getting the splash to take down multiple walls with explosive ammo with an external wall can be hard, but if you are only taking down one wall it will cost 3 rockets and 30 explosive ammo totaling to about 4950 sulfur. Don’t Miss: Can A Crushed Car Roof Be Repaired How Many Rockets Does It Take To Destroy A Sheet Metal Wall Read rest of the answer. Then, how many rockets are needed for a stone wall? four, but logically as few as one, since four rockets can take out four walls if placed correctly. Beside above, how many c4 does it take to break a metal wall in Rust? The raw materials required for crafting a C4 from scratch are: 2,200 Sulfur to make Gunpowder and Explosives. 3,000 Charcoal to make Gunpowder. 200 Metal Fragments to make Explosives. Secondly, how many satchels does it take to break a sheet metal wall? It takes 4 satchels to take down a sheet metal door, you can decrease the cost a little bit by using 3 satchels and 3 beancan grenades but it’s not really worth the time and risk of the grenades just blowing up immediately in your face. It takes 10 satchels to get through a stone wall/foundation. How many pickaxes does it take to break a stone wall in Rust? The hard side takes 3 hatchet hits to do 1 point of damage. Stone walls from the outside take one damage per 8 pickaxe hits, but from the soft side takes 1.2 damage every hit . Is It True That 1 Rocket + 12 Explosive Bullets Is The Cheapest Way To Blow Up A Sheet Metal Door Good luck getting a rocket launcher this wipe Yes. You can also use 2 beancan grenades but the explosive ammo is +++reliable and faster. That chart factors in time as well. Other methods are cheaper, but the rocket and bullets are a good balance of speed and efficiency. Yeah, it also works with ladder hatches so you can really just rocket your way to victory I like to use bone clubs / hatchets and then a rocket if I ever do raid with explosives. Don’t know about cheapest but it is definitely fastest . I would think it does depend on your pipe inventory and your access to the launcher . So I think you got to count the cost of rocket raiding sheet doors with the cost of the launcher and the risk of losing it. People use C4 though and explosive rounds now a lot too. SO they don’t have to risk losing the rocket launcher to counter-raiders. I am part of the vocal minority on this subreddit, so the Devs don’t listen to me now anyways, so I can say what I want, it’s not like my opinion matters, have a nice day Read Also: Where To Buy Rubber Roofing Material How Many Rockets For Each Wall Rust 2017 En Çok Oy Alan: 5 En düük puan: 3 En yüksek puan: 5 En düük puan: 2 Özet: Rust is an open-world game where you have to survive. When taking over another’s defenses, you’ll need to know how many rockets for sheet metal wall it takes. Arama sonuçlarn eletirin: … En yüksek puan: 5 En düük puan: 3 Özet: A sturdy building piece, able to take around double the damage as a stone wall, and much less vulnerable to melee. Arama sonuçlarn eletirin: 239 rows · A sturdy building piece, able to take around double the damage as a stone wall, … Rust Raid Cheat Sheet - 2x Explosive Ammo: 50 Sulfur, 60 Charcoal, 10 Metal - Rocket: 1400 Sulfur, 1950 Charcoal, 100 Metal, 2 Pipe - C4: 2200 Sulfur, 3000 Charcoal, 200 Metal, 2 Tech trash, 5 Cloth - Satchel: 480 Sulfur, 720 Charcoal, 1 Rope, 10 Cloth - Beancan: 120 Sulfur, 180 Charcoal, 20 Metal - HV Rocket: 200 Sulfur, 300 Charcoal, 1 Pipe - F1: 60 Sulfur, 90 Charcoal Structure = Health / Damage / Quantity / Sulfur Wood Wall = 250 HP - 1x Explosive ammo / 5.21 dmg / 48 pcs / 1200 Sulfur - Rocket / 247.6 dmg / 2 pcs / 2800 Sulfur - C4 / 495 dmg / 1 pcs / 2200 Sulfur - Satchel / 91.5 dmg / 3 pcs / 1440 Sulfur - Beancan / 19.5 dmg / 13 pcs / 1560 Sulfur - F1 / 2 dmg/ 59 pcs / 3540 Sulfur Stone Wall = 500 HP - 1x Explosive ammo / 2.75 dmg / 182 pcs / 4550 Sulfur - Rocket 137.6 dmg / 4 pcs / 5600 Sulfur - C4 275 dmg / 2 pcs / 4400 Sulfur - Satchel 51.5 dmg / 10 pcs / 4800 Sulfur - Beancan 11 dmg / 46 pcs / 5520 Sulfur - F1 2 dmg / 182 pcs / 10920 Sulfur Metal Wall = 1000HP - 1x Explosive ammo 2.51 dmg / 399 pcs / 9975 Sulfur - Rocket 137.6 dmg / 8 pcs / 11200 Sulfur - C4 275 dmg / 4 pcs / 8800 Sulfur - Satchel 43.5 dmg / 23 pcs / 11040 Sulfur - Beancan 9 dmg / 112 pcs / 13440 Sulfur - F1 1 dmg / 993 pcs / 59580 Sulfur HQM Wall = 2000HP - 1x Explosive ammo 2.51 dmg / 798 pcs / 9975 Sulfur - Rocket 137.6 dmg / 15 pcs / 21000 Sulfur - C4 275 dmg / 8 pcs / 17600 Sulfur - Satchel 43.5 dmg / 46 pcs / 22080 Sulfur - Beancan 9 dmg / 223 pcs / 26760 Sulfur - F1 1 dmg / 1986 pcs / 119160 Sulfur Wood Door = 200 HP Metal Door = 250 HP HQM Door = 800HP Don’t Miss: How To Install Ondura Roof Panels How Do You Make A Rocket Youll put a 3 × 3 crafting area for a simple firework rocket in the crafting menu. Fill the 3 x 3 grid with 1 powder and 1 card. It is critical to precisely place the paper and gunpowder while building a firework rocket. Steel doors are prone to rust over time. If the doors are cheaper steel, they can be dented or perforated. A Steel door requires less maintenance and endures longer than a wooden door. How Many Rockets For Stone Wall Many question, how many missiles will be needed to erect an armored wall? Despite the alleged 16 missiles, the armored walls can be needed with only 15 missiles. And being truthful, 16 rockets would be a lot more sense as it perfectly continues the 2, 4, and 8 rocket sequence for wood, stone, and sheet metal. Likewise, how many missiles to destroy a sheet metal wall? You need 8 missiles to watch those metal fragments fly. It will take 9 saddlebags or 150 explosive 5.56 shotgun ammo to destroy the garage door, which has no weak sides like other doors. And how much sulfur is required for a rocket? The raw materials needed to construct a rocket from the ground up: - 1400 sulfur. - Kull, 1950. - 100 metal fragments Also Check: How To Measure Roof Size How Many Hits Does A Metal Pick Have Rust The Pickaxe is one of the most powerful melee weapons, killing unarmored human players in two hits. it can also kill a full armored player with 6-8 hits. It is a heavy weapon that deals more damage than the Hatchet, but also swings much slower. It does have a slight range advantage compared to the hatchet. Rust Best Explosive For Raiding How to Dominate in Rust Are you ready to dominate in Rust? Guess how? Raiding! But for that you’ll need the best explosives in the game… In rust, sulfur, and material cost per individual unit decreases the worse the explosive type is. But, in the end, for big raids the better the explosives are the less the total cost will be because youll need way fewer of something like C4 than something like satchel charges. So check out the Top 5 best raiding explosives in Rust! You May Like: Does Buildings Insurance Cover Roof Repairs Raiding A Honeycombed 2×2 Let’s consider a practical example of raiding a fully completed U-shaped honeycombed 2×2 with an extended airlock, garage doors, stone honeycomb, metal core, armored tool cupboard room. In order to get all the loot in the core 2×2, you’d need to raid through one of the following paths: - 1 stone wall, 1 metal wall, 3 garage doors - 2 sheet metal doors, 6 garage doors Consider the different efficiency levels of raiding each of these ways, starting with the wall path: Rust Raid 30 Rockets All Sheet Metal Online Raid Watch En Çok Oy Alan: 5 En düük puan: 3 En düük puan: 5 Özet: Hakknda makaleler How many rockets for each wall, Rust . güncelleniyor… Arama sonuçlarn eletirin: Mar 27, 2017 · So in this video i’ll show you how many rockets for each wall: Wooden, Stone, Sheet metal and the Armored!This video was made 2017… En düük puan: 1 Özet: many requests. Your has been blocked within the next hours. goodbye….. Arama sonuçlarn eletirin: How many rockets are needed for a stone wall? 4 rockets Stone 4 rockets. Sheet Metal 2 rockets. Armored 6 rockets. How many rockets can a launcher shoot rust? 66 rockets A … Don’t Miss: How Much Solar Can I Fit On My Roof How Many Rockets Will It Take To Destroy A Sheet Metal Wall How many missiles does it take to build an armored wall? Despite the alleged 16 missiles, only 15 missiles are needed to destroy the armored walls. To be fair, 16 rockets would make a lot more sense as it perfectly continues the 2, 4, and 8 rocket series for wood, stone, and sheet metal. The cheapest way of destroying the APC currently is using 7 High-Velocity Rockets. However, it is recommended to bring a few more just in case you miss them. Using three Timed Explosive Charges or 8 Rockets works as well, but it is much more expensive. What Is In A Satchel Charge A satchel charge is a demolition device, primarily intended for combat, whose primary components are a charge of dynamite or a more potent explosive such as C-4 plastic explosive, a carrying device functionally similar to a satchel or messenger bag, and a triggering mechanism the term covers both improvised and Recommended Reading: How Much Are Roofing Shingles Per Square Sulfur Raid Cost By Door Type Before digging into more complexities of all resources involved, let’s break down purely the sulfur cost to destroy different types of doors as well as the most sulfur efficient way to do it. Components are an important part of the equation, but sulfur is generally considered to be the most important. Deeper On Explosive Ammo Explosive ammo is incredibly useful as a raiding tool for 2 primary reasons: However, it often goes unconsidered that it creates an incredible drain on a gun’s durability. A full durability semi-automatic rifle can only fire 134 explosive ammo before it breaks. In fact, when you normalize the the cost of durability use and repairs to metal fragments by converting high quality metal costs to frags and adding it to the total, it costs about 4-8 metal fragments to fire a single bullet. This roughly doubles the total metal fragment cost of raiding with explosive ammo. It then gets more expensive if you choose to silence the guns. To minimize this cost, repair your semi-automatic rifle at least 2 times but not more than 5-6. At that point it starts getting slightly more expensive per bullet fired and can fire very few bullets before it breaks so they’re no longer useful for raiding. Let’s evaluate a single sheet metal door and include all resources used by the top 2 ways of raiding it. - 63 Explosive Ammo: 1,575 Sulfur but also roughly 500 metal fragments - 1 Rocket + 8 Explosive Ammo: 1,600 Sulfur with about 180 metal fragments, 30 low grade fuel, and 2 pipes. Recommended Reading: What’s The Cost To Replace A Roof

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Discovery sheds new light on famous Einstein ring; social distance science made possible with public W. M. Keck Observatory and NASA archive data W. M. Keck Observatory Maunakea, Hawaii – Determined to find a needle in a cosmic haystack, a pair of astronomers time traveled through archives of old data from W. M. Keck Observatory on Mauankea in Hawaii and old X-ray data from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory to unlock a mystery surrounding a bright, lensed, heavily obscured quasar. This celestial object, which is an active galaxy emitting enormous amounts of energy due to a black hole devouring material, is an exciting object in itself. Finding one that is gravitationally lensed, making it appear brighter and larger, is exceptionally exciting. While slightly over 200 lensed unobscured quasars are currently known, the number of lensed obscured quasars discovered is in the single digits. This is because the feeding black hole stirs up gas and dust, cloaking the quasar and making it difficult to detect in visible light surveys. Not only did the researchers uncover a quasar of this type, they found the object happens to be the first discovered Einstein ring, named MG 1131+0456, which was observed in 1987 with the Very Large Array network of radio telescopes in New Mexico. Remarkably, though widely studied, the quasar’s distance or redshift remained a question mark. “As we dug deeper, we were surprised that such a famous and bright source never had a distance measured for it,” said Daniel Stern, senior research scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and author of the study. “Having a distance is a necessary first step for all sorts of additional studies, such as using the lens as a tool to measure the expansion history of the universe and as a probe for dark matter.” Stern and co-author Dominic Walton, an STFC Ernest Rutherford Fellow at the University of Cambridge’s Institute of Astronomy (UK), are the first to calculate the quasar’s distance, which is 10 billion light-years away (or a redshift of z = 1.849). The result is published in today’s issue of The Astrophysical Journal Letters. “This whole paper was a bit nostalgic for me, making me look at papers from the early days of my career, when I was still in graduate school. The Berlin Wall was still up when this Einstein ring was first discovered, and all the data presented in our paper are from the last millennium,” said Stern.METHODOLOGY At the time of their research, telescopes around the planet were shuttered due to the coronavirus pandemic (Keck Observatory has since reopened as of May 16); Stern and Walton took advantage of their extended time at home to creatively keep science going by combing through data from NASA’s Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) to search for gravitationally lensed, heavily obscured quasars. While dust hides most active galaxies in visible light surveys, that obscuring dust makes such sources very bright in infrared surveys, such as provided by WISE. Though quasars are often extremely far away, astronomers can detect them through gravitational lensing, a phenomenon that acts as nature’s magnifying glass. This occurs when a galaxy closer to Earth acts as a lens and makes the quasar behind it look extra bright. The gravitational field of the closer galaxy warps space itself, bending and amplifying the light of the quasar in the background. If the alignment is just right, this creates a circle of light called an Einstein ring, predicted by Albert Einstein in 1936. More typically, gravitationally lensing will cause multiple images of the background object to appear around the foreground object. Once Stern and Walton rediscovered MG 1131+0456 with WISE and realized its distance remained a mystery, they meticulously combed through old data from the Keck Observatory Archive (KOA) and found the Observatory observed the quasar seven times between 1997 and 2007 using the Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (LRIS) on the Keck I telescope, as well as the Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSPEC) and the Echellette Spectrograph and Imager (ESI) on the Keck II telescope. “We were able to extract the distance from Keck’s earliest data set, taken in March of 1997, in the early years of the observatory,” said Walton. “We are grateful to Keck and NASA for their collaborative efforts to make more than 25 years of Keck data publicly available to the world. Our paper would not have been possible without that.” The team also analyzed NASA’s archival data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory in 2000, in the first year after the mission launched.NEXT STEPS With MG 1131+0456’s distance now known, Walton and Stern were able to determine the mass of the lensed galaxy with exquisite precision and use the Chandra data to robustly confirm the obscured nature of the quasar, accurately determining how much intervening gas lies between us and its luminous central regions. “We can now fully describe the unique, fortuitous geometry of this Einstein ring,” said Stern. “This allows us to craft follow-up studies, such as using the soon-to-launch James Webb Space Telescope to study the dark matter properties of the lensing galaxy.” “Our next step is to find lensed quasars that are even more heavily obscured than MG 1131+0456,” said Walton. “Finding those needles is going to be even harder, but they’re out there waiting to be discovered. These cosmic gems can give us a deeper understanding of the universe, including further insight into how supermassive black holes grow and influence their surroundings,” says Walton. The Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (LRIS) is a very versatile and ultra-sensitive visible-wavelength imager and spectrograph built at the California Institute of Technology by a team led by Prof. Bev Oke and Prof. Judy Cohen and commissioned in 1993. Since then it has seen two major upgrades to further enhance its capabilities: the addition of a second, blue arm optimized for shorter wavelengths of light and the installation of detectors that are much more sensitive at the longest (red) wavelengths. Each arm is optimized for the wavelengths it covers. This large range of wavelength coverage, combined with the instrument’s high sensitivity, allows the study of everything from comets (which have interesting features in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum), to the blue light from star formation, to the red light of very distant objects. LRIS also records the spectra of up to 50 objects simultaneously, especially useful for studies of clusters of galaxies in the most distant reaches, and earliest times, of the universe. LRIS was used in observing distant supernovae by astronomers who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2011 for research determining that the universe was speeding up in its expansion.ABOUT NIRSPEC The Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSPEC) is a unique, cross-dispersed echelle spectrograph that captures spectra of objects over a large range of infrared wavelengths at high spectral resolution. Built at the UCLA Infrared Laboratory by a team led by Prof. Ian McLean, the instrument is used for radial velocity studies of cool stars, abundance measurements of stars and their environs, planetary science, and many other scientific programs. A second mode provides low spectral resolution but high sensitivity and is popular for studies of distant galaxies and very cool low-mass stars. NIRSPEC can also be used with Keck II’s adaptive optics (AO) system to combine the powers of the high spatial resolution of AO with the high spectral resolution of NIRSPEC. Support for this project was provided by the Heising-Simons Foundation.ABOUT ESI The Echellette Spectrograph and Imager (ESI) is a medium-resolution visible-light spectrograph that records spectra from 0.39 to 1.1 microns in each exposure. Built at UCO/Lick Observatory by a team led by Prof. Joe Miller, ESI also has a low-resolution mode and can image in a 2 x 8 arc min field of view. An upgrade provided an integral field unit that can provide spectra everywhere across a small, 5.7 x4.0 arc sec field. Astronomers have found a number of uses for ESI, from observing the cosmological effects of weak gravitational lensing to searching for the most metal-poor stars in our galaxy.ABOUT KOA The Keck Observatory Archive (KOA) is a collaboration between the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute (NExScI) and the W. M. Keck Observatory (WMKO). NExScI is sponsored by NASA’s Exoplanet Exploration Program, and operated by the California Institute of Technology in coordination with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).ABOUT W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY The W. M. Keck Observatory telescopes are among the most scientifically productive on Earth. The two 10-meter optical/infrared telescopes on the summit of Maunakea on the Island of Hawaii feature a suite of advanced instruments including imagers, multi-object spectrographs, high-resolution spectrographs, integral-field spectrometers, and world-leading laser guide star adaptive optics systems. Some of the data presented herein were obtained at Keck Observatory, which is a private 501(c) 3 non-profit organization operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. The authors wish to recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that the summit of Maunakea has always had within the Native Hawaiian community. We are most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from this mountain.

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The lower groups of organisms, that is, those which reproduce without the means of seeds, include a wide range of species, from the simplest unicellular bacterium to complex algae and fungi. In modern classification, these groups of organisms are not considered plants. Most of the groups have little more than this one reproductive feature in common. Instead of seeds they employ such diverse methods of reproduction as binary fission, conjugation, and spore formation. But despite the success and reduced risks of asexual and nonspermatophytic reproduction, most plants are spermatophytes. The primary division of living organisms in modern classification systems is into prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes have relatively simple cells without true nuclei and other cell bodies, whereas eukaryotes have complex ceils with nuclei and organelles, such as mitochondria and Golgi bodies. The prokaryotes consist of bacteria and blue-green algae; eukaryotes comprise all other cellular organisms. Blue-green algae are the earliest identifiable living organisms, having been found in schist that is about 3.5 billion years old. Most bacteria (class Schizomycetes) are unicellular microscopic organisms. Almost all of them are heterotrophic, which means that they feed off living and decaying organisms as parasites and saprophytes, rather than autotrophic, which means that they manufacture their own food by the process of photosynthesis, as many other plants do. They occur in every possible environment and in large quantities—one drop of liquid can contain 50 million bacteria, one ounce of average soil contains more than 30 billion. Heterotrophic bacteria include the parasitic pathogens that cause cholera, syphilis, botulism, and many other diseases. The pathogens are, however, outnumbered by the bacteria that are beneficial to us. Most nonpathogenic bacteria are saprophytes and are responsible for the decomposition of dead plants and animals, restoring essential mineral elements to the ecosystem, and preventing waste accumulation and pollution. Some live inside our bodies and assist digestion. Others are used in such industrial processes as the fermentation of alcohol to acetic acid in vinegar production and the making of yogurt and cheese. Some saprophytic bacteria play an important role in the production of nitrogen. In well-aerated soil that is not very acid, bacteria such as Nitrosomonas convert ammonium to nitrite, which is itself converted by another bacterium, Nitrobacter, to nitrate. Nitrate is taken up by plant roots more easily than is ammonium. Nitrogen is also fixed in the root nodules of certain plants by the bacterium Rhizobium, which is of vital importance to agriculture. Other bacteria, such as Pseudomonas, reduce the nitrates in the soil to nitrogen and nitrous oxide, which are released into the atmosphere. Autotrophic bacteria include those that photosynthesize, using light to split hydrogen sulfide rather than water. These bacteria, examples of which are Chlorobium and Rho-domicrobium, do not evolve oxygen as other photosynthetic organisms do. Other autotrophic bacteria are chemosynthetic; they are found, for example, near submarine fumaroles on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and in areas of the Pacific Ocean Ridge near the Galapagos Islands, where they oxidize hydrogen sulfide to obtain energy. Bacteria are usually identified and classified by cell shape, size, grouping, and flagellar arrangement. Streptococci are spherical and occur in groups; Bacillus can occur singly or in chains of rodlike cells; Spirillum is found singly and, as its name suggests, is spiral in shape. Bacterial cell structure A generalized bacterial cell consists of a cell bounded by a cell wall and moved by the whiplike action of flagella. The cell wall contains polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids, but not cellulose. Gram-positive bacteria (so-called because they retain the purple color of Gram’s stain) have weak walls with few amino acids. Examples are Staphylococcus (which causes boils) and Streptococcus (which, among other things, causes sore throats). They are, therefore, sensitive to certain antibiotics such as penicillin. Fortunately, most pathogens are of this type. Gram-negative forms have strong walls—they include Salmonella (a species of which causes typhoid) and Escherichia (the source of gastroenteritis). Inside the cell, the hereditary material consists of a single loop molecule of DNA (the genophore) attached to the cell membrane, but not bounded by an envelope to form a nucleus, as in eucaryotes. Other tiny DNA fragments known as plasmids also occur in the cell and can become incorporated into the genophore when they are concerned with sexual conjugation. Plasmids can be used to transfer genes from one species to another (even from a bacterium to a higher plant or animal cell) for genetic engineering. The cytoplasm contains ribosomes for protein synthesis, and storage inclusions. These organelles are much smaller than those of eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes also do not contain chloroplasts, as do most other plant cells. Some bacteria multiply by very rapid cell fission (Pseudomonas, for example)—one fission can take place every 20 minutes. Others, such as Clostridium, produce dormant survival spores called endospores, which resist boiling and can cause food poisoning, such as botulism. Sexual reproduction in the form of conjugation is also exhibited by some bacteria. In this process, DNA passes in one direction from one bacterial cell to another via filamentous structures on the cell wall called pili. Foreign DNA can also enter a cell from the environment (transformation) or when transferred by a bacterial virus (transduction). The cyanobacteria, formally called blue-green algae (class Schizophyceae), are a successful and ubiquitous group of photosynthetic procaryotes. They occur in all freshwater habitats and in the sea, in the soil, as slime and gelatinous growths on rocks and manmade surfaces, as the algal partner in some lichens, and in extreme environments such as hot springs with temperatures up to 185° F. (85° C). The cyanobacterial cell is typically prokaryotic; it differs, however, from a true bacterial cell in that photo synthetic pigments occur on the internal membranes, although they are not delimited into chlorophyll a (which is green), the yellow xanthophylls, blue phycocy-anin, and red phycoetythrin. Different combinations of these pigments result in organisms that are blue-green, blue, black, purple, brown, red, and yellow. Cyanobacteria usually form groups of spherical orcoccoid cells, or filaments. Some filaments have complex cell types and specialized morphology, such as branching, aggregation into colonies, and three-dimensional cell division to produce simple tissues. The three main cell types are vegetative cells, akinetes, and heterocysts. Vegetative cells multiply by fission, and no sexual process is known. Akinetes are thick-walled resting spores. Fletero-cysts are concerned with nitrogen-fixation, a procaryotic attribute of vital ecological and economic importance; for example, the fertility of rice paddyfields depends upon the fixation of nitrogen by cyanobacteria rather than the application of nitrogenous fertilizers. A recently discovered prokaryotic alga is Prochloron, which lives symbiotically inside marine tunicates (animals like the sea-squirt) on reefs. Prochloron1 s cell structure is similar to that of a cyanobacterium, but its photosynthetic pigments include chlorophyll b as in green algae and higher plants. Prochloron could, therefore, be a key organism in the evolutionary history of land plants. Algae form a heterogeneous collection of photosynthetic lower organisms ranging from single cells, multicellular colonies, and filaments to highly organized plant bodies such as seaweeds. Algae are mainly aquatic but also occur on soil, moist rocks, trees, and snow; they also occur as epiphytes and zoophytes. In most species cellulose is contained in the cell walls. All species have no true vascular system, little tissue differentiation, and no morphological parts, such as stems, roots, or leaves. The giant seaweeds, such as giant kelp Macrocystis sp.) have trumpet cells, which form tubes down the stems that transport synthesized sugar alcohols and other foods, much like the phloem system of higher plants. The sexual reproduction of algae is unique in that the whole organism may form the gamete, or the gametes are reproduced in uni- or multicellular gametangia in which every cell becomes a gamete. The number of algal divisions varies depending on the classification system used, but in all there are at least six divisions. Among these groups, the green algae (Chlorophyta) contain motile single cells with two or four equal smooth flagella (Chlamydo-monas, for example), colonial forms such as Volvox, microscopic filaments such as Spiro-gyra, and macroscopic seaweeds like Ulva, the sea lettuce. The pigments of this group are identical to those of mosses, ferns, and flowering plants—not surprisingly, because the land plants are believed to have evolved from the green algae. Sexual reproduction in chloro-phytes varies from simple fusion of identical swimming gametes (isogamy) to advanced systems involving eggs and sperm (oogamy). Several genera have complex life cycles involving alternation of generations and are the forerunners of such systems in land plants. The chrysomonads of the division Chryso-phyta are golden-brown algae. These cells each have two unequal flagella (one with stiff hairs, the other smooth and bearing a photoreceptor), and an eyespot within a chloroplast. This arrangement is called heterokont organization. The cells are naked or are covered in siliceous scales or live inside cases (loricas) of cellulose or chitin. In many species the cells join together to form elaborate spherical or dendroid motile colonies. In contrast, Prymnesiophytes, which are also members of the division, have two equal smooth flagella and a unique third coiling appendage (the haptonema), which may function as a chemoreceptor; the cells are covered with delicate organic scales that may become calcified to form disks and spines. Vast deposits of such flagellates in prehistoric seas have resulted in the formation of deep layers of chalk as in the White Cliffs near Dover, England, and on the French coast of the English Channel, as well as the vast Niobrara Chalk formations of Kansas. Diatoms (Chrysophyta) are characterized by a boxlike covering composed of richly patterned silica; they are either elongate or circular, and the ceils may be single or joined in chains, stars, or zigzags. Fossil deposits of diatom skeletons (diatomaceous earth) form the basis of household scouring powders and toothpaste, as well as industrial filters and insulation material. One particular type— kieselguhr—absorbs about three times its own weight of the explosive nitroglycerin to form the more easily handled explosive dynamite. Dinoflagellates (Pyrrophyta) are brown and have a complex symmetry and an armored cuticle (periplast) of cellulose plates; some are bioluminescent and give off flashes of light when disturbed. Conyaulax, for example, blooms to produce red tides; shellfish that eat these blooms accumulate a nerve toxin, which can be lethal to anyone who eats it. Most of the other main algal divisions consist of the macroscopic thalli—the seaweeds. The red algae (Rhodophyta), which are feathery and leafy seaweeds, have no flagella or motile stages and only one chlorophyll pigment, a. They have, however, a predominance of the red pigment, phycoerythrin. The brown algae (Phaeophyta) comprise the bulk of the intertidal and coastal seaweeds, including the wrack Fucus and the giant kelps. Most of the vast array of species of brown and red seaweeds have complicated life cycles involving two or three phases. Many of these algal species constitute the marine and freshwater phytoplankton that serve as a primary food source for zooplankton and larger filter-feeders, such as sponges, mollusks, and certain fish. Their potential and value in food and energy production is tremendous. Together the algal groups, and phytoplankton in particular, are responsible for almost half of the annual global fixation of carbon (estimated at about 23 X 109 tons of carbon per year). Algae are not very important economically, compared with the higher plants. Certain kinds are eaten as food, especially in Wales where it is called laver bread, and in Japan, where nori, as it is called, is specially cultivated, dried, and eaten wrapped around rice. However, red algae provide agar and brown algae produce alginates. These jellylike substances are extracted and used in food canning; for making emulsions for use in paint, cosmetics, ice cream, medicines, and photographic film; and as a medium for growing microorganisms in the laboratory.

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How can we be sure we are safe online? We are surrounded by Information Technology and its various forms and implications. But, this everyday connection makes us dependent and open to threats from outside. We are prepared to use our operating systems at home, at work and somewhere between these two, a space we usually dedicate to our passions and hobbies. Even more, we connect and synchronize our mobile phones to our systems, so that we may always be on alert with all the “important” news out there. But our continuous strive to stay up to date and connect from everywhere doesn’t make us vulnerable? So, how do you stay safe? It is quite “simple”, you start buying and installing: - “well-known” antivirus against online threats - “good” security product against spyware - “reliable” pop-up blocker - “specialized” security product against online criminals - “strong” back-up product to make sure you are covered in case of disaster - “useful” utility program to clean unwanted files (temporary Internet files or cookies) and orphan Windows registry files. The bigger question at hand here is… is it enough? Are you now protected? Or is there anything else you should pay attention to? We are not saying that installing various security products won’t improve your online security and that you won’t be as safe as possible. But before you start investing time, energy and money in so many security tools, why don’t you start by improving the main free tool you use to reach the online world: your BROWSER. Today, some of the most popular web browsers, like Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and Google Chrome are installed on most Windows operating systems. And it is easy to notice the increasing threat coming from online criminals that try to take advantage of web browsers and their vulnerabilities. Using these open gates, they compromise legitimate websites or they place malicious content on legitimate websites so that an user may be easily deceived in clicking and downloading data or financial stealing malware. Securing our browser is the first step we need to take in order to assure our online protection and it is a mandatory step, since a number of factors and causes arise and complicate our task: - inexperienced users click on links without analyzing the risks they expose themselves to. - websites that are disguised as legitimate sites or web locations that contain malicious content. - web browsers that promise fast connection and download speeds without keeping a high security level. - browser (or application) vendors which are late in discovering and patching security vulnerabilities. We have already covered this issue regarding the applications’ slow patching process in this article. - drive-by downloads, which imply that some downloaded software packages are bundled with another application or program which may prove dangerous for system’s security and stability. - programs and applications downloaded and installed on the system without having the possibility of receiving security patches. - questionable websites that ask the user to install and enable additional features so that malicious content may be downloaded on the system. - users that lack the necessary knowledge to configure and secure their web browsers. - web browsers’ vulnerabilities, which become a favourite means for online criminals to exploit and compromise operating systems. Browser Features And The Risks They Pose We rely on our browsers to access various web pages and locations and to have a complete online experience, our browsers use and employ various elements, such as Java, ActiveX and cookies to generate content for the required web pages. Before we can configure our browser and increase our online security, we must understand a few terms since we have to deal with them again and again in our attempts to protect our sensitive data. These features are usually enabled by default in our browsers to improve our online sessions, but at the same time these options pose a big security risk for our operating systems and databases. The recent years have revealed that online criminals use available vulnerabilities in our browser and in its additional features to control operating systems, retrieve private data, damage important system files or install data stealing software. The features presented below are important for your browser’s operation and for your online security, therefore we must acknowledge their role before we can decide if we need to disable them or not. - ActiveX is a software component or an add-on of Windows operating systems and it comes already installed on our computers if we have Internet Explorer. ActiveX is required by some websites to view certain elements or take actions, improving the general browsing experience, so when you access an online website, you may be requested to install it. At the same time, we must acknowledge that online criminals may use ActiveX in creating and adding malicious ActiveX software to web pages in order to damage computers. If you don’t need ActiveX in your computer activity, do not install it, especially if you don’t trust the publisher or the website. - Java is a programming language developed to create applications on our computers or active content on a website. Java has two parts: the Java application that runs on our computers and the browser plug-in, which we recommend you to disable unless you really use it. - The Java browser plug-in opens up a great number of security holes allowing hackers to access your personal data, such as your credit card information or your banking account credentials. For more information about this threat, read this article. - Cookies are files which are stored on your browser and hold some amount of data about your browsing history. They are used by many websites, since there would be a lot of information to burden the website’s server machine. They can be accessed by a website in order to improve your browsing session, though this behavior has given rise to privacy concerns and security issues. - Extensions or add-ons are pieces of software that add or modify a feature or a functionality in your web browser. Some of them allow you to block ads, watch online videos or they are closely integrated in social media websites improving your online session. For example, Adobe Flash is an add-on which allows your web browser to watch movies or play online games. The possible issues which may appear from extensions is that some of them can be used to inject ads into the sites you visit or track your entire browsing activity, being therefore used for malicious purposes. Tips & Advice For A Secure Browsing Experience We covered the main steps we can take in Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and Google Chrome to secure our browsing sessions. But, we also need to display some general recommendations we can follow to improve our online safety, no matter what type of browser we are using: - Keep the browser up-to-date with the latest patches. Your browser, as well as other software you have installed on the system, even the operating system, must have the latest patches installed as soon as they become available. It is important for your online security, because they are released in order to fix product vulnerabilities. If you don’t do this simple step, you expose your system security to online criminals’ attacks. - Use a good antivirus program from a big company, as your virus defense. It is important to have a reliable security software on your system, one which should include a real-time scanning engine. Having a real-time scanning engine means that files you download from online locations are analyzed as soon as they are on your computer. Find the best solution by checking the test results run by important names in the security industry, such as AV Comparatives, PC Magazine, AV-TEST or Virus Bulletin and select the best antivirus solution. - Stay away from phishing attacks. This malicious attempt to retrieve personal information from a user is usually done using the e-mail. Typically, you receive an e-mail message which seems to be coming from a banking website or from an online shop. The problem is with the links from these e-mail messages. Though they seem to be authentic, if you click one of them, you will be directed to a fake version of the website. - Don’t use the same password for all your online accounts. If you use the same password in multiple locations, you better change it as soon as possible. Just imagine what happens if a hacker gets access to one of your online accounts: in just a few moments, he will get access to all your accounts. Even if you are hacked, having different passwords for each account will help you limit a potential loss. - Use secure websites for your sensitive online operations. You should be very careful when running financial transactions on any web location. To visit a secure website, make sure the web address starts with “https://”. The “s” comes from “secure socket layer” and it indicates you are connected to a website where data, which is sent and received, is encrypted. - Monitor your bank account with Online Banking Alerts. You can set up alerts for any change in your banking account, such as when you receive money or when money are taken from your account. Normally, you will be informed when your salary is received or when an automatic payment has been done. But it is useful also in case someone tries to remove unauthorized money from the account. - Be careful when connecting to public and free wireless networks. One of the favourite methods used by online criminals to retrieve your credentials is by using wireless sniffers to access data sent over unprotected networks. One way to increase your security is by using a “private browsing” session, this way you make sure your credentials won’t be stored locally. Nevertheless, this won’t stop the Internet Service Provider or anyone else “listening” out there to catch your private communication. In this fight for online protection, keeping your main tool – the BROWSER – secure is a vital step. That is why our operating system defense should contain multiple layers of protection, from security products to manually customizing our browsers, since our web browser is actually the central tool we use to access our social media accounts, our e-mail addresses and our online banking websites. Simply said, our browser has become the essential connection tool we use to reach the Internet. But, as we previously said, there is an ongoing fight and challenge for online security and we have to be open and accept alternative means to protect our private data.

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Epilepsy in children is a chronic non-communicable disease affecting the brain. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Task Force defines epilepsy as any of the below conditions (1): at least two unprovoked seizures occurring more than 24 hours apart from one unprovoked seizure with a risk of recurrence in the next ten years an epilepsy syndrome. The incidence rate of epilepsy is about 102/100,000 in children up to 12 years and 21–24/100,000 among children aged 11–17 years (1). Although the maximum incidence rate of epilepsy maps prevails during the first year of life, the symptoms of epilepsy may begin at any point of life, depending on its type. Read about the causes, types, symptoms, risk factors, treatment, and prevention of epilepsy in children. Causes Of Epilepsy In Children The causes may vary depending on the type of epilepsy. However, some cases can be idiopathic (have unknown causes). Most children with epilepsy have one or more of the following conditions (2): - Genetic changes that may or may not be inherited from one or both parents. - Structural or symptomatic brain damage, such as a brain injury, brain infection, including meningitis, brain tumor, stroke, or brain development issues, can cause epilepsy in some children. - Genetic conditions, such as neurofibromatosis or tuberous sclerosis, can cause structural brain changes, including brain growth, and trigger epilepsies. Some researchers believe that the cause of epilepsy is genetic in most cases since seizure threshold (level of resistance to seizures) is a part of genetic makeup and varies in each child. Thus, the tendency of developing seizures after structural changes or brain injury may depend on genetic factors. This theory is justified since many children experience brain changes but not all develop seizures or epilepsy. Risk Factors For Epilepsy In Children The common risk factors for developing epilepsy in children may include (1): - High temperature (fever) - Mental disability - Positive family history - Alcohol use or smoking during pregnancy - Delayed NICU discharge - Premature birth The probability of recurrent epilepsy is 30% in children with one seizure episode. However, the chance of recurrence can increase to more than 70% in children with all risk factors. In comparison, children with no risk factors have less than a 20% chance of recurrent episodes (1). Signs And Symptoms Of Epilepsy In Children Children with epilepsy can have seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. The symptoms of epilepsy may depend on the affected brain area. However, the following abnormalities are often seen in epilepsies (3): - Abnormal movements, such as twitching or jerking, due to temporary irregularities in muscle movements and muscle tone, limpness, or stiffness accompanied by loss of consciousness and noisy or shallow breathing - Changes in behavior such as not responding when addressed - Spells of staring blankly into space or appearing confused or scared - Abnormal behaviors such as automatic movements, including chewing, swallowing, or picking at clothing - Sensory disturbances such as changes in vision, smell, or hearing; feeling tingly or numb; or experiencing unusual feelings that are hard for the child to describe Some signs and symptoms may be visible while some may not. It is recommended to seek medical care to evaluate any complaints since many cases go unnoticed until complications occur. Complications Of Epilepsy In Children Epilepsy may increase the risk for learning and mood disorders in some children and result in physical conditions such as ulcers and headaches (4). In addition, an epilepsy or seizure can have life-threatening complications (5) - Falling during seizures increases the risk of fractures and head injuries. - Drowning risk can be 15 to 19 times higher in children due to seizures while bathing or swimming. - Psychological problems, such as depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts, may be caused by the condition or side effects of epilepsy medications. Although rare, the following life-threatening complications may occur in some children (5): - Status epilepticus: In this condition, seizures last for more than five minutes, or recurrent seizures occur without gaining consciousness between them, causing permanent brain damage in some cases. - Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): It appears in one percent of epilepsies. Heart or respiratory conditions are believed to cause it, but the exact cause is unknown. Diagnosis Of Epilepsy In Children Epilepsy is diagnosed if a seizure occurs more than once without known causes such as brain injury or fever. Children who have such unprovoked seizures need emergency medical care. The following steps comprise the diagnostic process of epilepsy(4): - Detailed medical history, including family history, pregnancy and delivery history, previous head injuries, and infections, is obtained. Doctors may also ask about specific symptoms and the details of the seizures. - Physical examinations, including neurological, cardiac, and mental assessments, are conducted. - Blood tests are often ordered to identify any potential causes of illness. - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans are ordered to visualize the brain tissue and identify injuries and structural damages to the brain structures. - Electroencephalogram (EEG) helps to record the electrical activity of the brain in the waveform. It may help determine the seizure type, epilepsy syndrome, location, and risk of recurrence (5). After these exams and tests, the doctors may observe the child for other symptoms, such as seizures, to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment For Epilepsy In Children There is no right treatment or dosage that fits all children since epilepsy is a complex condition. Pediatric neurologists may recommend medications and other treatments based on the type of epilepsy and other individual factors. The common epilepsy treatments may include (4) - Anti-epilepsy drugs (AEDs) These are also called anti-seizure drugs or anticonvulsant drugs and help prevent seizures. Anti-epilepsy drugs do not cure the underlying brain pathology; they only reduce the recurrence and frequency of seizures. Many types of AEDs are available, and it may take a while to know which medication helps your child best. Epilepsy medications may also not work until they reach a certain level in the blood. Hence, doctors may gradually change the dosage or drugs based on the response. Under the doctor’s supervision, some children may gradually be put off medication if they don’t develop seizures for a few years. If there is no improvement with medication, the following treatment options may be considered for children with epilepsy (5): - Dietary therapy A ketogenic diet, modified Atkins diet, or low glycemic index diet is recommended for children with epilepsy. Some notice a lower frequency of seizures while adhering to strict low-carb diets. The ketogenic diet, a high-fat and low carbohydrate diet, is primarily recommended. Other diets are recommended if it is not possible to follow a keto diet. However, these diets can have certain side effects, such as constipation and nutritional deficiencies. Hence, seek the guidance of a pediatrician dietician to avoid these problems in your child. - Brain surgery Surgery is recommended if mediations and dietary interventions fail to control seizures. The surgery may involve removing the brain areas causing seizures if it originates from a small, well-defined area. The removal is only done if it does not interfere with vital body functions, including vision, movements, hearing, and speech. Children who undergo epilepsy surgery may be at risk of surgical complications, such as cognitive impairments, and require medical therapy. - Medical devices Medical devices, such as vagus nerve stimulators, are implanted in the skin to control seizures. Deep brain stimulations are also done with electrodes. However, children need to take anti-epileptics along with device therapy. Epilepsy is considered to be resolved if a child having age-dependent epilepsy passes the applicable age or remains seizure-free for ten years with medication or five years without medication (1). Adhering to long-term treatment is necessary for epilepsy. Some promising treatments, such as responsive neurostimulation with pacemaker-like devices, external stimulator devices, minimally invasive surgeries, and laser ablation, are in the process of trials (5). Prevention Of Epilepsy In Children According to the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly 25% of epilepsy cases are preventable. The WHO recommends the following steps to prevent epilepsies (6): - Ensure adequate perinatal care to lower new epilepsy cases due to birth injuries. - Use fever medications to lower fever in children before they develop febrile seizures. - Prevent head injuries to avoid post-traumatic epilepsy. - Prevent central nervous system infections, such as neurocysticercosis, by avoiding uncooked or undercooked meats. Using safety equipment, such as helmets, during sports can prevent head injuries in many children. Furthermore, getting childhood immunizations on time could also prevent certain infections that can lead to brain damages. Helping Your Child Cope With Epilepsy Parental understanding of the condition helps many children. You may contact emergency care and do the following while your child is having a seizure (5): - Place something soft, such as a cloth or pillow, under their head - If possible, roll the child to one side - Loosen tight clothing, especially around the neck - Keep dangerous objects away if the child is moving and ensure they won’t fall off if they are on a bed - Do not restrain the child - Do not put your fingers or anything else in their mouth Try to stay calm and observe the seizure until the emergency help arrives so that you can explain it to the doctor. In addition, you may do the following steps to avoid or reduce the risk of recurrent episodes of epilepsy symptoms (5): - Give medications as prescribed and change medications only after discussing with the doctor. - Make them wear a medical alert bracelet since this may help paramedics know if the child has a seizure outside the home. - Ensure enough rest and good sleep for children since inadequate sleep may trigger seizures. - Encourage them to exercise since this may promote physical and mental health in children. - Explain the condition to peers and teachers and tell them what to do if the child develops a seizure episode while at school or outside. - Keep written details about the child’s condition, medication, and treating doctor, in their bags or wallets so that it is easily available. In addition to this, ensuring the safety of children with seizures is also essential to prevent injuries. For example, do not leave them unattended while swimming or bathing, and avoid letting them sleep on bunk beds. You may also seek support from epilepsy support groups for positive encouragement. Types Of Epilepsy In Children Epilepsies can be classified into various groups depending on the cause, type of seizure, affected brain area, age of onset, and pattern of EEG waves. Seizures are broadly classified into the following types (7): - Generalized seizures Generalized seizures may occur if both brain hemispheres are affected and can be of the following types: - Absence seizures or petit mal seizures with rapid eye blinking or short staring spells - Tonic-clonic seizures or grand mal seizures with specific muscle movements and spasms with a loss of awareness. - Focal seizures Focal seizures or partial seizures occur due to abnormal electrical activity in a specific brain area and may include - Focal aware seizures affecting small areas of the brain and causing usual movements or sensations - Focal unaware seizures with random movements and loss of awareness for a few seconds ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types: Basic Version ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types: Expanded Version Some children with recurrent and frequent seizures may have epilepsy syndromes. These are groups of signs and symptoms of epilepsy occurring at a particular age. The characteristics and symptoms of childhood epilepsy syndromes vary depending on the type. - Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) can occur between ages two and 12 and causes brief absence seizures. Children may continue to do what they were doing after the seizure. It can be controlled with anti-epileptics and often resolves in puberty. - Juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE) occurs between ages eight and 12 and involves longer absence seizures and movements, such as chewing or fluttering eyelids. Tonic-clonic seizures are also seen in 80% of children with JAE. Although it can be managed with medications, it is a lifelong condition. - Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) can begin at any age and comprises focal onset seizures with unusual behaviors and emotions and confusion with or without loss of consciousness. In some children, TLE may progress into tonic-clonic seizures in the future. - Frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) comprises focal onset seizures occurring at any age. It may impair motor activities or emotions with or without altered awareness and may often be confused with behavioral and psychiatric issues in children. - West syndrome or infantile spasms is a type of epilepsy typically occurring in the first year of life. It causes brief spasms that make the infant stiff. These spasms may occur in clusters, and babies may cry, causing it to be misidentified as colic. Babies with infantile spasms are at risk of developing intellectual disabilities and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in childhood. - Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is an epilepsy syndrome with onset between ages three and five. Up to 90% of children with this condition have intellectual disabilities. It may cause various seizure types and often does not respond to medical therapy. - Benign rolandic epilepsy, also called benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS), may occur between ages one and 14. Focal seizures with movements are seen in this condition. Children may also have speech problems and drooling. However, medical treatment is not required in many cases as it resolves by age 15. - Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) has an onset between ages eight and 25 and causes myoclonic seizures in the morning or after walking. It often runs in families and can be controlled with medications and lifestyle changes. - Dravet syndrome (DS) is a severe myoclonic epilepsy often seen in infancy, and it continues lifelong. It is triggered by high body temperatures such as from fever or hyperthermia (10). - Doose Syndrome, also known as myoclonic-astatic epilepsy (MAE), is seen in children aged one to five and appears without a known cause. It may cause children to fall to the ground, often resulting in injuries due to abrupt loss of muscle control. - Rasmussen’s syndrome causes seizures due to brain inflammation (Rasmussen’s encephalitis) affecting one hemisphere. - Genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) is an epilepsy syndrome often seen in children with family members having various epileptic seizures and epilepsy syndromes. These epileptic seizures begin with febrile convulsions, and certain genetic mutations are known to cause them. - Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) causes aphasia (language impairment) with seizures in children. You may ask your pediatrician what type of epilepsy your child has to understand it better. Always remember that a single episode of seizure or seizures with certain causes is not diagnosed as epilepsy. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Can a child outgrow epilepsy? Epilepsy may be temporary for some children who eventually outgrow this neurological problem. For others, the disorder may persist a lifetime (11). 2. Can a child with epilepsy go to a normal school? Yes, most children with epilepsy can attend school and participate in sports and other activities under appropriate supervision. However, parents should inform the school about their child’s condition so that they can help the child if the need arises (12). 3. Is epilepsy considered a disability? The Americans with Disabilities Act covers people with epilepsy. Hence, the disorder is considered a disability (13). Epilepsy is a complex disorder requiring long-term treatments and, often, lifelong medications. Therefore, it is important to identify and treat the condition as early as possible to prevent worsening or complications. Adhering to treatments and regular follow-ups are essential in epilepsy care. - Structural brain damage, genetic conditions, and genetic changes can cause epilepsy in kids. - High temperature, mental disability, and premature birth increase the risk of this disease. - Epilepsy also exposes children to dangers, such as falling, drowning, and psychological problems. - Adequate perinatal care, fever medications, and precluding head injuries can help prevent epilepsy. - If your child has a seizure, placing a cloth or pillow below their head, rolling them to one side, and loosening clothing around their neck could help. - Carmelo Minardi et al; (2019); Epilepsy in Children: From Diagnosis to Treatment with Focus on Emergency. - Causes of epilepsy. - Epilepsy in Children: Diagnosis & Treatment. - Types of Seizures. - Epilepsy In Children. - Epilepsy Syndromes In Children. - Dravet Syndrome. - Epilepsy in Children and Teens. - Epilepsy Factsheet (for Schools). - Americans With Disabilities Act: An Overview.

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Although the root cause of almost all autoimmune diseases is unknown (apart from Celiac Disease in which case the culprit is Gluten), established and new research links bacterial and viral infections to many autoimmune conditions. It is believed that in some cases these infections, might act as a ‘trigger’ in some more genetically predisposed individuals (mostly with gene mutations in the Human Leukocyte Antigen, HLA, gene area) or combined with other factors that influence autoimmunity such as Intestinal Permeability, low levels of Vitamin D, Hormonal Imbalances, Gluten Intolerance, Heavy Metal Toxicity, Xenoestrogen Exposure, etc., they might initiate of exacerbate autoimmune illnesses. Personally, I see many clients with autoimmune conditions such as Hashimoto’s, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus, etc., and during the initial consultations I always try and drill down and find out about symptoms of potential bacterial or viral infection that might be linked to their health concerns. Of course, comprehensive functional medicine testing through tests such as comprehensive stool analysis is always helpful too. After all, on average we have 10 trillion bacteria, 140,000 viruses and likely hundreds of different parasites living in our gut, so it helpful to narrow these down. Anyway, below I’m sharing some of the more common bacterial Infections linked to some autoimmune conditions. I also plan to write an article specific to viral infections and autoimmunity soon, so watch this space. H. Pylori is a very common infection here in the UK and allegedly 40% of people have it. H. pylori bacteria may be passed from person to person through direct contact with saliva, vomit or faecal matter. In about 9 out of 10 people it will not cause any health issues, so infected individuals are not even aware they have it. However, in others it can cause stomach and duodenal ulcers, and it is also linked to an increased risk of stomach cancer. Some of the symptoms of an H. Pylori infection is an ache or burning pain in abdomen, pain, which is worse when you have not eaten for a while, burping and bloating. Sometimes Doctors misdiagnose this as excess stomach acid and prescribe medications such as Omeprazole, from a class of drugs also known as Proton Pump Inhibitors. These can make the condition worse if misdiagnosed as chronically lowering your stomach acid levels disrupts digestion, leads to vitamin deficiencies and also invites more bacterial, viral and parasitic infections in! Anyway, H. Pylori infection has been linked to a number of autoimmune conditions including Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus, Sjogren’s Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, Vasculitis and Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) (1). Klebsiella pneumoniae are bacteria that normally live in your intestines and faces. They are harmless when they’re in your intestines, however, if they spread to another part of your body, they can cause severe infections. Examples of parts they can spread to are: lungs, bladder, liver, eyes. Depending on where they spread to, they cause severe infections such as bacterial pneumonias, urinary tract infections, meningitis, soft tissue inflammations such as necrotising fasciitis (a flesh-eating infection, which can be very deadly). This bacterium is also linked to a number of autoimmune conditions. In particular, Klebsiella bacterial infection is linked to an autoimmune condition called ankylosing spondylitis (AS), characterised by severe back and pelvic pain and reactive arthritis as well as Uveitis, an autoimmune eye inflammation (2). In these cases, the immune system becomes ‘confused’ and starts attacking the tissue where the bacteria have spread to because of a process called ‘molecular mimicry’. The immune system gets confused partly as to which tissues to attack because of the genetic mutation of the HLA-B27 gene, and that is why it is known as a ‘B27 disease’. Yersinia is a bacterium you can usually get from consuming undercooked pork, however, Yersinia is also a Lyme Disease co-infection, which you may get from a tick bite. Symptoms of Yersinia contamination appear 4–7 days after exposure and can last up to 3 weeks. They include fever, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloody diarrhoea. Yersinia contamination is linked to Chron’s Disease a form of auto inflammatory bowel disease (3) as well as autoimmune thyroid disease such as Hashimoto’s (4). Mycoplasma is a contagious respiratory infection that spreads easily through contact with respiratory fluids. It is also a very common Lyme Disease co-infection too. It is sometimes known as ‘walking pneumonia’. As you might have guessed infection, in as high as 25% of people may also cause the body to produce antibodies against self-tissues to initiate or exacerbate autoimmunity. In particular it has been linked to the trigger of Ankylosing Spondylitis (5), Rheumatoid Arthritis, Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (6) and Haemolytic Anaemia (7). Borrelia Burgdorferi (Lyme Disease Bacteria) There is an emerging research that chronic infection with the Borrelia Burgdorferi and other types of Borrelia bacteria such as Borrelia Afzelii can actually trigger autoimmunity. This is the premise of the second part of my upcoming book ‘Lyme in the Limelight’ – people with chronic Lyme Disease may actually be dealing not only with a dangerous persistent infection, but also symptoms, sometimes severe, which may be autoimmune mediated. Anyway, there is research between two main mechanisms that the Borrelia bacteria triggers autoimmunity (which may be autoimmune attacks to different tissues). One is the fore mentioned molecular mimicry mechanism – causing the immune system to attack the wrong tissues. In the case of Lyme Disease this could be the heart muscle causing what is known a as a ‘Lyme Carditis’, which can be life threatening (8), or autoimmunity aimed at the joints, which causes Lyme Arthritis (9). Such reactions caused by the Lyme Disease bacteria can also cause autoimmune reactions to the myelin sheet of the nerves or the brain’s microglial cells (part of the brain’s immune system). This is why the symptoms of Lyme disease are so dangerous and varied – they can mimic many neurodegenerative and brain diseases or cause a heart failure! The other key mechanism by which Borrelia over activates the immune system is by activating what are called Toll Like Receptors (TLR) of the Immune System. These play a key role in both innate and adaptive immune responses, our first and second defences against bacteria and pathogens as explained above. When TLRs are activated, these trigger pro-inflammatory genes, which usually help resolve an infection, however, if something is triggering these constantly, this might also lead to an overactive immune system and autoimmunity. As you can see these bacteria, and some people have more than one bacterial infection, in addition to a variety of viral and parasitic infections, can make people very unwell and potentially trigger autoimmunity. Once autoimmunity is triggered, it is not possible to ‘cure’ it, however, it is possible to get the condition into remission and minimise symptoms and discomfort. How Nutritional Therapy Can Help: - Thorough discussions as part of the consultation pinpoint potential infections and recommend functional medicine testing (not available on the NHS) - Suggest herbal antibiotic protocols for eradication of the bacteria - Suggest biofilm busting supplements – most of these bacteria are very difficult to eradicate because of the colonies they form called ‘biofilms’ - Improve detoxification pathways - Suggest specific probiotics and gut supporting foods known as pre-biotics - Suggest nutritional plans to modulate (‘calm down’) the overactive immune system - Suggest lifestyle changes to support the client - Hasni SA. Role of helicobacter pylori infection in autoimmune diseases. Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2012. - Ebringer A, Rashid T. “B27 disease” is a new autoimmune disease that affects millions of people. In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2007. - Baut G Le, O’brien C, Pavli P, Roy M, Seksik P, Tréton X, et al. Prevalence of YersiniaSpecies in the Ileum of Crohn’s Disease Patients and Controls. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2018; - Strieder TGA, Wenzel BE, Prummel MF, Tijssen JGP, Wiersinga WM. Increased prevalence of antibodies to enteropathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica virulence proteins in relatives of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 2003; - Chu KA, Chen W, Hung YM, Wei JCC. Increased risk of ankylosing spondylitis after Mycoplasma pneumonia: A Nationwide population-based study. Med (United States). 2019; - Hoffman RW, O’Sullivan FX, Schafermeyer KR, Moore TL, Roussell D, Watson-Mckown R, et al. Mycoplasma infection and rheumatoid arthritis: Analysis of their relationship using immunoblotting and an ultrasensitive polymerase chain reaction detection method. Arthritis Rheum. 1997; - Khan FY, Yassin MA. Mycoplasma pneumoniae associated with severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia: Case report and literature review. Brazilian J Infect Dis. 2009; - Raveche ES, Schutzer SE, Fernandes H, Bateman H, McCarthy BA, Nickell SP, et al. Evidence of Borrelia autoimmunity-induced component of lyme carditis and arthritis. J Clin Microbiol. 2005; - Trollmo C, Meyer AL, Steere AC, Hafler DA, Huber BT. Molecular Mimicry in Lyme Arthritis Demonstrated at the Single Cell Level: LFA-1α L Is a Partial Agonist for Outer Surface Protein A-Reactive T Cells . J Immunol. 2001;

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The Scarlet Letter Melville’s The Confidence Man and Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter are very different in terms of theme and structure. The Confidence Man is a novel that greatly transcends the limits of a traditional, nineteenth century work. It is an allegory filled with puzzles and mazes of meaning. Defying the plot-centered structure of the traditional novel, the work is formed mostly of dialogues between the characters boarded on the ship symbolically named Fidele. Each of the brief scenes that make up a chapter in the book is another variation on the broad question of confidence. The “confidence man” is a con-man, a swindler who wears different masks and examines the charity and the trust of the others. The labyrinthine work investigates thus the relationships between the self and the other, with an emphasis on the question of identity and the ability to know the truth. The Scarlet Letter, on the other hand, is a novel with a definite plot and explicit historical references to the Puritanical society in America. While the action seems to be concentrated specifically on the two protagonists, Arthur Dimmesdale and Hester Prynne, it also investigates the relationships between human beings in general. Hawthorne chooses the context of a strict and hypocritical society to show the way in which suspicion and lack of understanding dominate the relationships between humans. Both of the works therefore illuminate the theme of confidence, as a fundamental part of the human relationships. The novels emphasize the theme of misinterpretation and lack of charity, both of which structure the pattern of relationships among individuals. In both The Confidence Man and The Scarlet Letter, religion and the nature of faith in general are fundamental themes. The confidence in other men and the charity for the one in need that the confidence – man examines in his fellow travelers define both the problematic relationships among human beings and those between man and the divinity. In his different guises, the confidence-man asks the other travelers for a pecuniary contribution to a noble cause, thus testing their ability to believe in him despite the fact that he is stranger. Both charity and faith become therefore elementary issues in the novel. The man who takes many guises represents therefore the incertitude of human identity when confronted with the other. The narrative unfolds as a series of games where the face of identity is always masked. Melville meditates thus on doubt or suspicion, which almost always appear to be much more prevalent than confidence: “Ah, shallow as it is, yet, how subtle a thing is suspicion, which at times can invade the humanest of hearts and wisest of heads” (Melville, 1999, p. 36). The novel is therefore an ironical, complex commentary on the nature of humanity and identity. Significantly, Melville does not play only with ideas but with the structure of the novel as well. As noted in the novel, a fictional characters as well as a man completely lacks consistency: “And is it not a fact, that, in real life, a consistent character is a rara avis? Which being so, the distaste of readers to the contrary sort in books, can hardly arise from any sense of their untrueness. It may rather be from perplexity as to understanding them” (Melville, 1999, p. 104-105). Melville’s remark on consistency is extremely representative for the message that the novel conveys: distrust in the other human beings comes from a lack of understanding rather than from actual disbelief. Melville emphasizes therefore that human knowledge is either unavailable or unreliable. As Van Cromphout (1993) points out, Melvilles reveals the inaccessibility of the characters both to the public and to himself as a narrator: “Melville repeatedly, on the level of characterization, draws his readers’ attention to the utter inaccessibility of the characters to each other and to the narrator. Melville’s perceivers cannot interpret the facts because they cannot get hold of the facts in the first place” (Van Cromphout p. 42). To emphasize his idea of doubt and uncertainty, Melville poses as an unreliable narrator, who is not able to elucidate the identity of some of his characters. The Confidence Man is a parable, but one that offers no definite answers to the question of confidence or doubt. The masquerade continues undisturbed throughout the novel, with no resolution. Martinich (2003) argues that the various impersonations that the confidence man does throughout the novel and his attempt at corrupting everyone that begins to trust him, show that Melville implies that all people are to be distrusted since they cannot be properly known: “Time and again he bilks people after gaining their trust; these are often people who are initially very suspicious, not just of the Confidence Man, but of all people. That is, the behavior of the Confidence Man is empirical proof that all people are to be distrusted. ”(Martinich, p. 37). Melville emphasizes therefore the implicit tensions in any human society, which also generate abuse and evil actions. In The Scarlet Letter the righteous and Puritanical society of the colony infringes a harsh punishment on Hester Prynne, the young woman who commits adultery. Their condemnation however is hardly a token of righteousness and high morality but rather the syndrome of bewildered society. The mob is anxious to see Hester suffering for her sin while remaining blind to the impropriety of passing judgment on a fellow being. The villagers have their own sins to account for, yet they are unable to understand the culprit. In the name of religion, they condemn adultery as a crime, without any pity for Hester. While they respect the sacred commandment that forbids adultery, they fail in their capacity to understand and tolerate the other. The voice of the narrator which intervenes in the narrative at times, emphasizes the injustice of the people’s judgment of the human heart: “[He] had no more right than one of those portraits would have to step forth, as he now did, and meddle with a question of human guilt, passion, and anguish” (Hawthorne, 2008, p. 96). The oppressiveness and sobriety that surrounds Hester during her judgment is unjustified since her crime is simply one of passion. While Hester bears her shame publicly however, Dimmesdale is left to the torments of his inner conscience. Although the young minister obviously repents for his sin because of his faith, what actually makes him agonize is the voice of society. From a religious point of view, he should confess and thus be absolved. However, Dimmesdale knows that his confession would cost him his social standing. Kenneth D. Pimple (1993) contends that it is this inner split that eventually consumes the spirit of the minister: “Dimmesdale is caught in a dilemma: he values both his social face and his immortal soul, but he cannot save one without losing the other. His inner torment springs from this dilemma, and his effort to serve two masters leads him into continual doubletalk and makes his life an ongoing deception. His dual values split his speaking in twain and slowly tear him asunder” (Pimple, p. 44). Therefore, both of the protagonists are tormented by the harsh impositions posed by society on them. In a different way, the themes of confidence and charity are also explored in Hawthorne’s novel. For Melville, confidence is the other is as sacred as faith in the divinity. In The Scarlet Letter, both confidence and charity are devalued. Hiding behind an appearance of perfection and high ethical standards, the Puritanical society accuses and judges without mercy or remorse. In their blindness, they use faith as a screen for their own sinfulness. It can be said that confidence in the other and charity are the two things that the Puritanical society lacks. Instead of offering trust and charity to their fellow beings, they would persecute anyone on the mere suspicion of sin. Therefore, the themes found in Melville’s Confidence-Man in a dialogic and philosophical form are applied to the realities of the Puritan society. While Hester is forced to stand at the pillory and face the searching and cruel eyes of the crowd, she does not look like the image of shame and sin, but rather like the image of Divine Maternity: “Had there been a Papist among the crowd of Puritans, he might have seen in this beautiful woman, so picturesque in her attire and mien, and with the infant at her bosom, an object to remind him of the image of Divine Maternity…”(Hawthorne, 2008, p. 85). The narrator’s commentary here is extremely significant, as it alludes to the cruelty of the Puritan society. Hawthorne implies that Hester resembles here the Virgin, who conceived by divine intervention, while remaining pure. This is in fact the real purity that Puritan society is trying to achieve forcefully and mistaken means. Under the appearance of sinfulness and impurity there lies the true human and divine spirit. In its attempt to become purified and come closer to the divinity, the Puritan world became a closed circle, from which human passion and imagination were excluded. This is also obvious in the society’s rejection of adornment: Hester and Pearl’s clothes are extravagant and imaginative and disturb the people’s thoughts. The symbolic letter “A” that Hester wears on her bosom is itself a gaudy and intricate embroidery, that is in stark contrast with the strict and minimalist habits of the Puritan society. By breaking the flight of imagination, the Puritan world actually separated itself completely from the divinity. Thus, both Meliville’s The Confidence Man and Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter are extended commentaries on the uncertainty of identity and on the dependence of the individual on the social world he or she belongs to. Confidence and charity, as the two main ideals that human relationships should aspire to, are betrayed both in the masquerade that the confidence man stages on the ship and in the Puritan world of the Scarlet Letter. Hawthorne, Nathaniel (2008). The scarlet letter. New York: Forgotten Books. Martinich, A. P (2003). “Two uses of Thomas Hobbes’s philosophy in Melville’s The confidence man. (Essays). ” ANQ. 16. 3: 37-42. Melville, Herman (1999). The confidence man. New York: Oxford World’s Classics Pimple, Kenneth D. (1993)”’Subtle, but remorseful hypocrite’: Dimmesdale’s moral character. ” Studies in the Novel. 25. 3. 57-271. Van Cromphout, Gustaaf (1993). “The confidence-man’: Melville and the problem of others. ” Studies in American Fiction. 21. 1. 37-55.Sample Essay of PapersOwl.com

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Be prepared to fight for your child’s and your rights. 1. Write Everything Down. Communicate in writing rather than on the phone. Keep conversations with social services on the phone brief; tell them you would prefer them to put their view/requests in writing. It is a good idea to record all phone conversations and free apps are easily available. If you do speak to them by phone or in person, send a short factual email afterwards confirming what was said by them and you. 2. Record Absolutely Everything. Keep a written record of all interactions with social services, CAFCASS and the child’s father if he is involved, in the order in which the case develops. Don’t rely on conversations which can be denied or distorted, unless they are recorded. Challenge all inaccuracies in writing. If you don’t have email, ask a friend or supporter to set up an account for you. Keep your emails short and to the point so they can’t accuse you of ‘ranting’. 3. File everything too: Keep a written record in date order of all officials’ names, job title/department, emails, phone numbers and postal addresses. Keep all documents from your case together safely in a file/box in date order. Make sure your lawyer gives you a copy of everything, including all the emails between your lawyer and the local authority and anyone else. 4. Build a summary. Do a short written summary of your case – date the social worker came, when the child was taken or threatened, child’s age, what are the charges they are making against you and what the truth is, key injustices, upcoming court hearings, court orders, deadlines. This is useful for all kinds of situations where you have to explain your case and need support. 5. Be careful about who you trust. Social workers can go to your child’s school and speak to teachers or other staff, and are allowed to interview your child without your permission, though they must inform you. However, you, a family member, friend or advocate are entitled to be present and your child should always have someone they trust with them. Do not rely on the teacher being neutral because they may not be! 6. Think about what you post on social media. Keep in mind that social workers and other professionals (or your ex) can get information about you from Facebook or other social media sites, so be very careful what you post there or lock down your account! If you’re already on child protection or in court, do not post anything that could identify your children as this will inevitably be used against you and could also be classed as contempt of court. 7. Do not sign anything. Read very carefully and do not sign anything that is requesting information about you such as medical records. You do not have to allow access to your medical records. Social workers might ask you for them but they cannot force you to hand them over. You can give them a letter from your GP confirming that you’re in good health (mental and physical) and that should be enough. Just be aware that social workers often get you to sign to give permission for them to see your children’s records, which they are allowed access to, and they may include your name too, hoping you won’t notice! 8. Keep a list of ‘services’. Keep a list of mandatory or voluntary classes, counselling or other court-ordered ‘services’, all dates/times you attended, costs to you and proof of completion. If you’re not able to enrol or attend, document the date you tried, the reason you were not able to attend and anything that can confirm you had a good reason. 9. Hold on to your power. Everything you say can be used against you. If you lose your temper, or don’t want to answer all their questions, this can be used to label you as ‘aggressive’, ‘un-co-operative’ and/or ‘unable to work with professionals’. That doesn’t mean you should keep quiet. Speak up and be firm. Don’t give in to provocation, and don’t run off at the mouth! Keep your answers short and to the point. Don’t think that by giving long explanations you will be better understood – you might not be! 10. Keep proof of everything. Recording conversations can be helpful to prove that you were not abusive or threatening or that what is being said about you is untrue. You are entitled to record, overtly or covertly, your interactions with social workers or other professionals if you are discussing yours or your children’s situation. Under the new GDPR rules and the Data Protection Laws , such professionals do not have the right to refuse to consent to being recorded. The judge may refuse permission to use the recording as evidence in court but if you get it professionally transcribed and take copies for all sides this can be admitted as evidence. Remember that you are recording yourself too, so if you misbehave that will be used against you. 11. Never attend meetings alone. Always have someone you trust present at every visit or meeting with Children’s Services. Explain to them beforehand why you want them there. They can help take notes or record or help you make notes after the visit. You may want them to do a private statement on what they witnessed for your records, which can help counteract any misunderstanding, lies or distortion. This may also be used as evidence in court. 12. Request the information. Ask to see information held on you by Children’s Services. You can do this by making a Subject Access Request (see Appendix 1). This involves writing to the Children’s Services department which is holding the information about you or your child, either by letter, fax or email, stating clearly what information you want and that you are asking for it under the Data Protection Act (though your request is still valid even if you don’t mention the law). You should provide some ID as you will be asked for it later and it may save time to send it in with your initial request. It is also a good idea to give any information you have that would help Children’s Services to find the records you want (e.g., date, time and place of the relevant information). Also do say if you want to be sent photocopies, or if you would prefer to receive the data by email or to inspect it in person. You are entitled to have your own copy of everything. If you make your request by letter, make sure you keep a copy. It is a good idea to send your letter by recorded delivery. Keep a copy of any replies you receive in case you need to refer to them later. If they write back and refuse your request then forward everything to the ICO, Information Commissioner’s Office. They control everyone’s data and can issue fines if data requests are not complied with. 13. Build your own evidence. Get statements from people who know you and your child – not only relatives, friends or neighbours, but anyone who can be seen as independent and/or has professional standing to provide evidence of what you are saying. 14. Know your rights on domestic abuse issues. If you are a victim of rape or domestic violence, insist on being treated as a vulnerable witness in court. You have a right to get legal aid so you don’t have to cross examine or be cross examined by your attacker in court. Consider applying for a non-molestation order (see 13.1). If the father is violent or controlling, get as much evidence of this as possible – reports to police, doctors, schools, etc., and any emails, texts, recordings he has sent you. Get as much confirmation from other people as possible. Ask them to do statements of anything they have witnessed. Some basic rights for mothers in family court proceedings are laid out in two documents: Practice Direction 12J, Child Arrangements & Contact Orders: Domestic Abuse & Harm, and Practice Direction 3AA, Vulnerable Persons: Participation in Proceedings and Giving Evidence. These spell out how women who have a violent ex-partner or who are vulnerable in other ways, ought to be treated. If you have a lawyer, tell them about these documents and ask them to use them: they could make all the difference to your case. 15. Continue breastfeeding. If you are breastfeeding, get a statement from a lactation expert. They can highlight the essential benefits of breastfeeding for your child and the trauma caused by interrupting or disrupting breastfeeding and attachment. They will also know about useful national and international decisions you can refer to. Some judges are ignorant and dismissive of breastfeeding, but others are not, and in any case, they should listen to the evidence (see Section17). 16. You may want to speak up about your disability needs. If you are dealing with social services, you should know that adult social care, which is separate from children and family services, are supposed provide support services for ’caring responsibilities for a child.‘ You can ask for support but be ready to challenge them if you are then labelled as being unable to cope just because you asked for help (see 4.2). You are also entitled to accessibility in meetings and dealing with paperwork. Children’s Services should ensure that your access needs are met so you can participate properly. For family court, you may have disability access needs or special requirements due to being a vulnerable witness – be sure to speak up if you have any difficulty with taking in information because of a health or disability reason that would prevent you from participating properly in court hearings. You may be entitled to extra help (with support from an advocate) and extra time to make decisions. This has to be arranged via your lawyer. 17. Protect your rights during the legal process. If you have legal representation make sure your solicitor collects the evidence, takes statements from witnesses and professionals who can corroborate what you are saying. They must call all your witnesses to give evidence in court and/or submit their statements in time. Make sure the barrister who will represent you in court is familiar with all the evidence and knows what you are fighting for. Try to get a lawyer who doesn’t represent local authorities and ask them if they will commit, as far as possible, to your case from start to finish. Don’t be pressured into signing a Section 20 or any other document until you’ve had time to go through it properly and get advice about it (see 6.1). Don’t agree in court to anything you do not really agree with – if you later decide to appeal, your case could be undermined by any agreement you made. If you are representing yourself in court, insist on having a McKenzie friend. This can be a family member or a friend who can support and advise you in court so you are not facing this ordeal alone. If you don’t feel able to speak for yourself, you can ask the judge for permission for your McKenzie friend to speak for you. In any case, a McKenzie friend can take notes, which is invaluable. Some organisations provide McKenzie friends who will charge a fee for attending court but it’s really important to make sure they are knowledgeable about family law and will be on your side. We have seen a rise in McKenzie friends who are actively involved with misogynist father’s rights organisations, and are not the right people to defend women, particularly women who have suffered domestic violence. Their involvement might actively harm your case and we suggest you stay away from them. We also know that some solicitors also act as McKenzie friends, but be careful of high fees. It’s really important to research anyone before agreeing to work with them. Judges have huge discretionary powers so it’s important that you bring to their attention everything you consider important to your case. If your lawyer is not raising some crucial facts, ask them why. If you don’t agree with their reasons consider raising the evidence yourself. You may upset your lawyer or even the court, but it may be better than the judge ruling without knowledge of the relevant facts. Don’t give up! Inform yourself, get support, be patient, determined and ready for the long haul.

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If you’re looking for ways of becoming more self-sufficient, one way to do this is to build your own modern root cellar. Modern root cellars are a great way to store local food and produce from your vegetable gardens. You can even store canned goods all winter long in your root cellar if you make it big enough. But most people use their cellars to store vegetables and different crops. Here are three reasons why you might want to have your own root cellar: - To extend the shelf life of produce - To keep food from freezing during the winter months - To have access to fresh produce all year long What are Modern Root Cellars and Why Do You Need One? A root cellar is a structure, usually below ground, used to store vegetables, fruits, and dairy products. There are many reasons why you might want to have a modern root cellar. Some of the most common reasons include: - Preserving food for long-term cold storage, especially fresh produce and root vegetables - Reducing dependence on grocery stores - Increasing self-sufficiency and be able to eat local food out of season We’ll discuss the different types of root cellars, considerations for building them, where to locate them, and how to choose the right shelving/equipment. What Can You Store in a Root Cellar (Besides Root Vegetables)? Fresh vegetables, fruits, and dairy products are the most common items stored in root cellars. Root vegetables like potatoes, carrots, turnips, and beets will keep for several months if they are properly stored. Fruits like apples, pears, and grapes can also be kept in a root cellar for several months. Vegetables like pumpkins and winter squash can be stored for five to six months. You can also store other produce for a shorter time there. Dairy products like eggs, cheese, and butter can also be stored in a root cellar as long as the temperature is relatively similar to your refrigerator (not too warm to create bacteria growth, but not too cold to freeze). |Beans, Green||4-6 months| |Brussel Sprouts||3-5 weeks| |Cabbage, Heads||3-4 months| |Citrus Fruits||4-6 weeks| |Leafy Veggies||10-14 days| |Peppers, Bell||1-2 weeks| |Peppers, Dry||4-6 months| |Sweet Potatoes||4-6 months| |Tomatoes, Ripe||5-10 days| |Green Tomatoes||1-2 months| Many people like storing jars of canned goods and dehydrated food year-round. It’s a great way to eat local food all winter long when the cold air prevents you from growing anything. Considerations for Modern Root Cellars When considering your root cellar design, you should take into account the following considerations: Root cellars should be dark to prevent the growth of mold and mildew. Light can cause food to spoil quickly, which is why the space needs to be dark most of the time. The ideal temperature for storing fruits and vegetables is between 32-40 degrees Fahrenheit. Below those temperatures, the cold air will cause the food to freeze. Above those temperatures, the food will spoil. The ideal humidity level storing fruits and vegetables is between 80-85 percent. Vegetables and fruit lose moisture over time, which is why the humidity level needs to be high, but not too high. Too high of a humidity level will cause mold and mildew to grow. Root cellars should be well-ventilated to prevent the build-up of mold and mildew. Fresh vegetables and fruit create ethylene gas over time which can increase spoilage over time. A good ventilation system will keep the ethylene gas from building up and causing your food to go bad. Where to Locate Your Modern Root Cellar The best location for a root cellar is in an area that has cool temperatures and has good drainage. Root cellars can be built above ground, but they are more commonly built below ground. When choosing a location for your root cellar, it is important to consider the type of foundation you have (e.g., concrete, stone, or dirt), the size of your space available, and the climate in your area. Keeping your root cellar cool is essential to keeping your root crops cool enough to preserve them for several months. Choosing a Room in Your House If you live in an urban or suburban setting, you may want to have your modern root cellar in a room of your house. You will need to keep the room at cool temperatures to ensure the food stays fresh. A bonus is that this cold room will allow you to have easy access to your root crops and other food items. The disadvantage of having a root cellar in your house is that the temperature and humidity levels may not be ideal for the long-term storage of fruits and vegetables. To keep the food cool and remove ethylene gas build up, you may have to install ventilation pipes and a proper ventilation system to ensure fresh air, especially during warmer temperatures. You may also have to insulate the interior walls to ensure the temperature remains consistent. Building a Basement Root Cellar If you have a home with a basement, you may want to create a root cellar there. A basement root cellar has the advantage of being cooler and having better drainage than an above ground root cellar. The disadvantage is that humidity levels in a basement can be high, which can lead to the growth of mold and mildew. If you have a wine cellar that is not in use, you may be able to repurpose that for your basement root cellar. In many cases, a wine cellar is set up for a humidity level that is too low for cold storage, but you can adjust it by adding pails of water for evaporative cooling. Building a Root Cellar in Your Yard If you live in a suburban or a rural area, you may want to consider building a root cellar in your yard. This will allow you to have more space for storing root vegetables and other food items, and the temperature and humidity levels will be more consistent. The disadvantage of building a root cellar in your yard is that it may be difficult to access if you have a lot of snow or if the weather is inclement. Likewise, you may need to get permits from the local municipality before beginning your root cellar work. Building an Above Ground Root Cellar You can build an above ground root cellar by excavating a large hole that is at least four feet deep. The walls of the hole should be lined with cinder blocks or bricks. The floor of the root cellar should be made of concrete. A ventilation system should be installed to keep the air circulating and to prevent mold and mildew from growing. You can do this by using solar panels to power fans that will keep the air from stagnating and your produce from rotting. Although some people choose storing veggies in a root cellar with a dirt or sand floor, the problem is your different crops will attract vermin. This is why it’s important to seal the floor and gaps between it and the walls in your root cellar work. Otherwise, critters may spoil your vegetables. Geographic Considerations for Building Root Cellars in the United States The best region for building root cellar storage in the United States is the Northeast. The Northeast has a cool climate and good soil drainage. Other regions that are conducive for root cellars include the Pacific Northwest, the Rocky Mountains, and the Midwest. If you live in warmer climates, you may be wondering how to build a root cellar in the South. The most important consideration for building a root cellar in the South is the warmer climate. The South’s warmer temperatures can make it difficult to store fruits and vegetables. One way to overcome this challenge is to build an above-ground root cellar and plan on keeping your fruits and vegetables there only when there are cooler temperatures. Some options for you might include repurposing a storm shelter or shed. Choosing the Right Shelving/ Equipment When choosing flooring for your root cellar, it is important to choose material that is durable and will not rot. Some good options include cinder blocks, brick, or stone. Most people prefer wood shelving with enough slats to allow air to circulate. It is also important to choose shelves that are the right size for your space. If you are storing large items like pumpkins and winter squash, you will need to choose shelves that are big enough to accommodate them. Smaller items can be stored on wire racks or in baskets. Some of the most common pieces of equipment include a refrigerator thermometer, a humidifier, a hydrometer, and insulating materials. A refrigerator thermometer will help you monitor the temperature in your root cellar, while a humidifier will add moisture to the air and prevent produce from drying out. A hydrometer is used to measure the humidity level in your root cellar, and insulating materials can be used to keep the cold in during the winter months. Alternative Methods of Long Term Storage If you are looking for an alternative to traditional root cellars, you may want to consider a walk-in cooler. Walk-in coolers are becoming increasingly popular because they offer many of the same benefits as root cellars, but they are easier to maintain and can be used year-round. Some people dig a hole and install a metal garbage can to store their food. Another option is to use an old refrigerator or freezer. If you choose this method, it is important to make sure that the seal on the door is still tight and that there are no holes in the walls or ceiling of the fridge. You can also build a solar food dryer, which uses the sun’s heat to dehydrate fruits and vegetables. Solar food dryers are a great option if you live in a sunny climate and have plenty of space to set one up. The modern root cellar is an essential part of any homesteading or self-sufficient lifestyle. If you are interested in building a modern root cellar, we hope this blog post has been helpful. By following these tips, you can build a root cellar that will serve you well for many years to come. Happy root cellaring!

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What should the proper attitude towards history be? Today, campus ideologues and Antifa iconoclasts are busily knocking down monuments or eradicating any positive memories of the past. Consider the case of Notre Dame University which recently covered over some century old murals of Christopher Columbus using the “doublespeak” mantra of, “not concealing anything but rather to tell the full story,” so claimed university president Rev. John Jenkins. (But how does erasure tell a story?) Such academic politicians are especially adept at distorting, altering, or re-interpreting genuine history as a cheap propaganda tool. I call it “weaponizing history,” using the past as a weapon to smite one’s opponents or, more often, to advance some favored agenda. These kinds of historical abuses should raise serious questions about what is a proper attitude towards history in our modern world. Obviously a good faithful historian is truthful in so far as the limitations of documentation allows. But beyond that, good history neither embellishes the past needlessly nor is it used as a blanket condemnation of persons or events already transpired. It needs to be objective and fair minded, taking into consideration the context of culture, belief systems, even geography ~ all of which have enormous bearings on human activity in any age. But too often the grievance mongers only aim is to hijack history for personal gain. One of the more egregious abuses of history in current vogue is to hold present day persons or institutions responsible for the attitudes and actions of their predecessors, several generations or even centuries back. This is when history degenerates from being a useful lesson to becoming a weapon. Demanding retribution or restitution from persons who may not even have been born when some distant infraction took place is the height of cynical intolerance, not to mention a manifest injustice. Ideally, history becomes a consultation with our past, an opportunity to learn who we really are and why we think as we do. It warns us of potential excesses and points out our omissions. It allows us to take pride in who we are but also reminds us of the need to be respectful of others who may have different backgrounds. History teaches us that we are all fallible beings with the potential for both great deeds and shameful acts, often simultaneously enacted. It points out the curiously paradoxical nature of our being, a blending of virtues and vices. That is why weaponizing the past is so disingenuous, it bypasses any real self-reflection. Our Lord’s injunction, “Let him who is without sin be the first to cast a stone,” applies to every one of us after all. Last summer’s sensational yet arguably distorted and biased release of the Pennsylvania Grand Jury Report on clergy sexual abuse highlights this disturbing trend among progressive “culture warriors” to employ past wrongs as a cudgel in the discussion of current events. Having spent some time poring over that report, I was struck by the inconsistencies between its strident summary introduction, with recommendations, and the actual details contained within. Make no mistake, many of the profiles and catalogue of abuses described were truly nauseating and inexcusable transgressions by so-called men of God. What the report failed to do, however, was to place these offenses into any historical or social context. Worse, it clearly implied that such behavior continues to be the norm even today. In fact, upon close examination, the vast majority of cases involving some 300 clerics from six dioceses occurred from about 1965 to 19995. Very few had transpired before and almost none after that time window, particularly post 2002 when the American bishops approved the Dallas Charter for the protection of children. You may well recognize that 30 year period as the golden age of the sexual revolution, a time when all societal restraints on sexual expression all but evaporated in this country. Divorce rates flew off the charts. Widely available pornography flourished alongside co-habitation and homosexuality which became the new cultural norm. Abortion rates soared. But in the depths of such societal moral depravity were Catholic clergy the only ones infected by such decline? That is the picture painted by the grand jury report. In fact, the 300 clerics accused of abuse (though in many cases never proven) represented something less than 2% of all priests ministering in the affected dioceses, and after 2002 the incidence of abuse shrank to negligible levels. But what did spike after 2002 was much belated reporting of cases of abuse. More than a third of the reports filtered in decades after the alleged abuse occurred. Yet the grand jury failed to note this reality, as though a steady stream of abuse has continued to this day, 17 years after the fact. And some of those allegations stretch back as far as 80 years. The Grand Jury Report creates the deliberately false impression that that current conditions in Pennsylvania have not perceptibly changed since the 1970s. In fact, what the Dallas Charter did was to encourage former victims to come forward, and many did so, encouraged by the very bishops the report unfairly characterizes as stonewalling and covering up. The fault in this report is not so much what it exposes as what it omits to publicize, such as the 450 pages of documentation and rebuttals by various clergy which are never seen in the online publication which ends on page 866. In other words, the accusers are given full voice but any rebuttal or disclaimer offered by any accused is quietly and surreptitiously redacted from the public view. Such treatment reminds one of the “denouncements” during the reign of terror in the French Revolution where a simple accusations cost someone his head. The Pennsylvania Grand Jury Report is a textbook example of weaponizing history in order to vilify persons or institutions for the sins of others from the distant past. In this case, the Catholic Church is made the object of shaming for what one suspects are purely political motives. History does in fact serve a useful purpose, as a warning to the present generation for sure, but also to give us a sense of continuity and identity. Our history has its moments of great moments and actors as well as cautionary tales of past failings and errors. It should never be solely read in a triumphalistic sense, nor is it all about assigning guilt. Ideally, history informs us but at the same time gives us a sense of balance and perspective. But it is a real abuse of history itself to use it as a club to pummel some other person or group in an orgy of communal shaming. There are many other examples of this cudgel approach to history, using it as a weapon against one’s enemies. The current fad for monument destruction comes immediately to mind. Today it may be monuments to Confederate soldiers or generals such as Robert E. Lee or Stonewall Jackson, men routinely tarred by self appointed “hate police” as being racists merely for having fought on the losing side of the Civil War. But as writer Robert Kimball points our, after the trauma of 600,000 American lives lost in that tragic conflict, perhaps “the memorials were part of an effort to knit a broken country back together. Obliterating them would also be an attack on the effort of reconciliation.” Is it not one of the functions of history to bring about reconciliation? But if it is simply keeping alive a list of grievances to be later used as a reservoir of land mines, then history has been twisted into an instrument of division rather than unification. Should the images of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson be chiseled from Mount Rushmore because the owned slaves, along with a large majority of signers of the Declaration of Independence? History in today’s academia is rapidly devolving into what Mr. Kimball described as, “an attack on the past for failing to live up to our contemporary notion of virtue.” And the virtue warriors are everywhere now, busily feeling offended by everything from Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn to dead white male’s such as William Shakespeare whose portrait was recently removed by the University of Pennsylvania English Department, apparently because he didn’t pass the student’s “inclusivity” standard. The past is something simply to be discarded or altered if it doesn’t fit the current mood. But when one starts to weaponize history rather than study it seriously fatal consequences may result. To weaponize history is to distort it for the sake of expediency, precisely what Hitler did in order to justify the extermination of Jews. First falsify history to create a narrative useful to one’s own cause and then leverage that narrative politically. Recall the Ministry of Truth on George Orwell’s 1984 where, “every book has been rewritten… every statue, street, and building has been renamed, every date has been altered. And that process is continuing day by day and minute by minute. History has stopped.” In the end the weaponizing of history results in the destruction of history altogether. All that remains is a fable. This slippery slope from facts to fables can have real-world social and diplomatic consequences. Consider the rapidly deteriorating relations between the nations of Poland and Israel occurring at present. The fact is that during the brutal Nazi occupation of Poland from 1939 to 1945 some 3 million non-Jewish Poles lost their lives. An equal number of Polish Jews likewise suffered the same fate so one would expect that the Poles and Israelis today would share a special bond based on their shared sufferings. Enter in the revisionist historical mudslingers working hard to distort, insult, alienate. NBC’s reporter Andrea Mitchell recently announced over the air that, “the uprising of Polish Jews in the Warsaw ghetto had been against the Polish and Nazi regime.” In fact there was no Polish regime in Poland at the time. A Polish government in exile was based in London helping coordinate the Polish underground “Home Army.” This resistance group actually provided weapons to the Jewish fighters in that April 1943 uprising. Were some individual Poles guilty of collaborating with Nazis? Undoubtedly, but then again the Nazis also used pliant Jewish police to round up and load fellow Jews on to trains bound for Treblinka and other death camps. So it seems there were a small number of Jewish collaborators as well. But Poles today rightly bristle at absurd claims that the Polish nation was responsible or co-responsible for crimes committed by the Third Reich. People who watched their neighbors being indiscriminately shot by Nazi thugs and their property confiscated can hardly be described as complacent or cooperating in the face of atrocities. In fact they were being terrorized by the daily brutality they witnessed, as any of us today would be. No doubt, today’s righteous left-wing virtue-crats would have acted differently looking down the muzzle of a Nazi gun. Incredibly, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu validated Mitchell’s fictitious rendition of Polish history when he remarked, “The Poles collaborated with the Nazis,” a careless diplomatic faux pas made toxic by his own foreign minister, Yisrael Katz, who callously charged on Israeli television, “every Pole suckled anti-Semitism with his mother’s milk.” One could hardly falsify or weaponize history any more contemptuously than that. History has long been considered one of the humanities, or at least it once was. But today’s implication is that it should be made a means of demonizing whoever we may disagree with. Whether it is a grand jury or a minister of state, or even a college president whose job is to “humanize” the next generation of leaders, history presents an awesome responsibility to accurately represent the truth as it works to bind together, not to tear apart society. But the abuse of that responsibility will have far reaching consequences and I fear that in the current climate such abuse points towards a repetition of those unhappier moments of human history. Those who fail to learn the lessons of history are doomed to repeat it. Francis J. Pierson +a.m.d.g.

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Dentures return confidence to your smile, help you chew food, and provide support to facial muscles. However, they often also get so gross that you find yourself wondering how to care for dentures so that you’re willing to put them in your mouth. Proper denture care is more than an aesthetic issue. Plaque and tartar can build up on dentures, harming any remaining natural teeth. Oral bacteria and fungi also accumulate if you ignore denture care instructions, potentially causing bad breath, irritation, or infection. Dentures may be made of porcelain, acrylic resin, nylon polymer, or metal. They may attach, among other things, to natural teeth or dental implants. Always check with your dentist about the denture care instructions for your specific set. On average, dentures last five to seven years. However, their lifespan depends on how much care denture wearers provide. Read on to discover how to care for dentures to make them last as long as possible. - Tips for Taking Care of Dentures - Handle Dentures Carefully - Rinse Dentures after Eating - How to Care for Dentures: Daily Brushing - Clean Your Mouth Daily - Take Care of Dentures by Removing Them at Night - Denture Care Instructions Related to Soaking - Soak Dentures in Vinegar to Remove Tartar Build-Up - Denture Care Instructions for Denture Adhesive - Take Care of Dentures while Eating - Visit the Dentist Regularly - Denture Care Instructions for Removing Stains - How to Care for Dentures: What Not to Use Tips for Taking Care of Dentures The American College of Prosthodontists has guidelines for how to take care of dentures. Find some of their suggestions below, as well as additional tips for keeping your false teeth looking and feeling great. Handle Dentures Carefully Take care of dentures as you move around with them since they’re delicate and expensive. When you’re removing, rinsing, or brushing them, hold them over a folded-up towel or sink full of water. Make sure not to bend or otherwise damage the metal clasps or other components. It’s also a good idea to wash your hands before touching your dentures to avoid spreading bacteria and dirt. Rinse Dentures after Eating It may not be very convenient, but, to properly take care of dentures, it’s important to rinse them after every meal and cup of coffee, just as you would use a cleaner for retainers and mouthguards. Since you’ve already removed the dentures, take the opportunity to rinse your mouth as well. Run clean, warm water over the dentures to dislodge food particles. Although you may disinfect and clean your toothbrush with vinegar and boiling water, do not use this method for your dentures. Warm water is sufficient and hot water may damage the appliance. Make sure to clean between teeth, along the gumline, and on the bottom. You may also rinse them with mouthwash occasionally. How to Care for Dentures: Daily Brushing Although you might have thought you were done with brushing after losing all your teeth, it’s still an essential part of your daily denture care. The best way to clean dentures is with soap and water. However, you only need to brush them once a day, not twice. This practice removes food debris and will clean plaque off partial dentures and full dentures and helps prevent stains. You should brush your dentures daily, even if you use an ultrasonic cleaner or cleaning tablets. Wet a denture brush or very soft toothbrush with warm water. Apply mild hand soap or dishwashing liquid or an American Dental Association approved denture cleaner. Brush in a circular motion and concentrate on one section at a time. Apply the same procedure as the best way to clean a mouth guard as well. Rinse the dentures thoroughly before returning them to your mouth. Once a week, soak your denture brush in equal parts denture bleach and water, then rinse it thoroughly. Clean Your Mouth Daily Before inserting your dentures in the morning is an ideal time to clean your gums, tongue, and palate. This habit helps prevent gum disease, stimulates gum circulation, and promotes overall dental health. Use a toothbrush with soft bristles—different than the one that you use to clean your dentures. Wet the toothbrush and apply fluoridated toothpaste. If you don’t have a soft brush available, wrap a soft, wet washcloth around your finger and gently rub the gum tissue. Don’t forget to brush any remaining natural teeth and floss them if possible. Take Care of Dentures by Removing Them at Night Remove your dentures before going to bed or for six to eight hours during the day. This tip applies to both removable partial dentures and complete dentures. Among other reasons, you don’t want to damage or dislodge the dentures during the night. Removing dentures overnight also allows the antibacterial agents in saliva to access gum tissue. Leaving them in your mouth while you sleep may cause plaque build-up, gum inflammation, yeast infections, and other oral health issues. Temporarily taking the dentures off also gives your gums a chance to relax and recover. The constant pressure from dentures leads to a gradual reduction in bone volume and density. There stops being enough support for the dentures, which causes them to loosen. Denture Care Instructions Related to Soaking Immerse your dentures in liquid when you’re not wearing them to prevent them from drying out or becoming misshapen. It’s fine to use a denture cleanser soaking solution as long as your dentures have no metal attachments. If they have metal parts, soak them in warm—not hot—water. Overnight soaking is the most effective at killing germs and odor-causing bacteria on your dentures and for cleaning a night guard or retainer. Consider leaving out a bowl as a visual reminder to soak your dentures soaking before going to bed. Before returning the dentures to your mouth, rinse off the cleansing solution thoroughly. It may contain harmful chemicals. Soak Dentures in Vinegar to Remove Tartar Build-Up Ask your dentist before using a vinegar cleaning solution. Partial dentures and dentures with a soft lining generally should not be soaked in vinegar. As the ideal home remedy for cleaning dentures, and if you have heavy tartar build-up on your complete dentures, combine equal parts water and white vinegar in a bowl or container. Soak your dentures in the diluted vinegar overnight to soften the tartar. In the morning, scrub your dentures with a denture brush or soft-bristled toothbrush. Rinse the dentures well to remove stains, tartar, food debris, and the vinegar flavor. If the tartar does not come off, repeat the process. Denture Care Instructions for Denture Adhesive This product prevents dentures from slipping around and stops food particles from getting underneath them. However, it should not be a substitute for ensuring that the dentures fit correctly. You might find adhesive in gel, paste, powder, or pad form. For gel or paste adhesive, only three to four dots of adhesive should be necessary—it should not ooze out from under the denture. Follow the application instructions. You’ll need to trim pads to fit your dentures. Note that denture adhesives are only supposed to last for one use. Completely remove the glue at least once a day, including from the denture base. Storing your dentures with adhesive on them encourages bacteria build-up. Take Care of Dentures while Eating Although one of dentures’ primary functions is to help you eat more foods, you’ll need to adapt your eating behavior to avoid damaging them. Don’t bite down with your front teeth, which could displace the dentures. Instead, chew thoroughly and slowly with your back teeth and on both sides simultaneously. When you’re first starting with dentures, follow a liquid diet, including juice, milk, and smooth soup. You’ll then be able to transition to a soft diet, cutting or mashing food as required. Possible foods include mashed potatoes, soft fruit, steamed vegetables, and pasta. Once you’re more comfortable with the dentures, you may eat tougher foods like apples as long as you cut them into small pieces. However, continue to avoid hard foods like nuts, sticky foods like taffy, and foods with small particles like raspberries. Visit the Dentist Regularly Visit the dentist at least once a year for them to give your dentures a professional cleaning, check their fit, and discuss general oral health topics. Book an appointment if your dentures break or are not fitting well. Do not try to adjust dentures on your own since that risks damaging or weakening the dentures or making them uncomfortable. Your mouth naturally changes shape as it ages, making your dentures loose. Possible issues from loose dentures include difficulty chewing, mouth sores, and infection. Your dentist can help by giving your dentures a reline or adjustment to fit your mouth better. Denture Care Instructions for Removing Stains Like with natural teeth, dentures get stains from coffee, tea, cola, wine, and smoking. Grocery stores and pharmacies sell denture cleaning tablets. However, it’s possible to make your own stain remover from ingredients at home. Combine the ingredients in a large glass, soak your dentures in the cleaning solution for five minutes, then rinse them well. Other DIY solutions abound. You may make a paste from equal parts baking soda and water, then apply it with a toothbrush. It’s also effective to dip a wet toothbrush in salt or soak your dentures in salt water overnight. Alternatively, soak your dentures overnight in equal parts mouthwash and water. If nothing else works, your dentist should be able to remove the stains for you or offer advice. How to Care for Dentures: What Not to Use Do not use denture cleaner on dentures with metal parts since it may tarnish the metal. Instead, use warm water. Always avoid hot water since it may warp the dentures. It’s essential to use a soft toothbrush or denture brush. Abrasive products like stiff-bristled brushes, electric toothbrushes, and harsh toothpaste scratch false teeth, potentially causing plaque build-up. Another no-no is whitening toothpaste. The hydrogen peroxide does not work on denture teeth. This kind of toothpaste may even damage dentures since they’re designed to penetrate tooth enamel. Another ingredient to steer clear of is bleach, which may weaken dentures and alter their color. Getting dentures is a big change. There’s an adjustment period as you learn how to eat and talk with these new teeth in your mouth, and your mouth feels strange. The whole thing might feel like more trouble than it’s worth, especially as you learn about all the steps for how to care for dentures. However, know that it doesn’t take long to insert denture care into your routine and for the false teeth to start to feel normal. If you found this denture care advice helpful, please share these false teeth tips with your friends on Pinterest and Facebook.

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Using your rhythm section One of the first things you may have taken on board, as a new creative writing student, is that it’s not only poets who needs to pay attention to a beat or metre: all prose must have a rhythm – the rhythm of the words, sentences and paragraphs. During Part Three of Writing Skills, we look at speech– the spoken monologue, the interior monologue, dialogue within prose and dialogue as script. Good dialogue is vital. Handled with energy, it can turn a good story into a winning story and it is one of the best ways of creating living characters. Its generous spacing eases the reader’s eye and lends itself to a poetic shape. But getting it to work on all levels can be an overwhelming difficulty, especially at first. On pg 99 of the course materials, we suggest that… Dialogue must never be written for its own sake and should always have AT LEAST one of the following functions- - impart information - enrich the characterisation - move the plot along - develop the characters within the story - further the complexities of the plot - crank up the pace - enhance the theme or ‘core truth’ - reflect relationship changes and emotions These guidelines may feel like more than enough to think about when getting characters to speak. But it is possible to keep your focus on all those things and inject an interesting rhythm into the dialogue at the same time. Just bear in mind that you don’t have to do all of this in the first draft. This is one reason why professional writers create draft after draft. As well as proof reading, and checking continuity and accuracy, they are also looking at things like the rhythm in their prose. In music, rhythm is the consistent, a periodic beat that accompanies the melody. If you imagine the melody of your writing as the story you want to relate, then having a rhythm section below it makes more sense. Allow your rhythm section to take a solo turn by establishing a strong beat in those spoken words. The word rhythm is taken from the Ancient Greek work for ‘flow’, and an early trick is to simply bear this in mind. Good dialogue should surge forward, its inner beat encouraging the reader to keep going. The upwards and onwards surge of this flow imparts emotion into the words used. Remember the advice given on pg 99…Dialogue should sound natural. This means it can’t ever be natural. Because people speak in a rhythmic way, getting a beat established is an excellent way to get that natural feel. Rhythmic speech sounds natural because of the way we humans love metre. Dialogue naturally falls into certain metre rhythms, such as pentameter, and this can be employed to gain a natural flow to a character’s words. To find out more about this, read Liz Cashdan’s excellent recent blogpost, Rhythm and Rhyme. Possibly the most essential component of rhythm is variety. Keep changing your rhythm patterns in order to create surprising patterns in your dialogues – not to create disorder, but to constantly keep the reader’s interest piqued. Use punctuation to get this variety going. Sentences establish rhythm by their length and punctuation in almost the same way as a poem’s lines…it wouldn’t be going too far to say that a dialogue exchange can be treated in the same way as a poem. Here’s a short extract of dialogue in which I attempt to employ punctuation and sentence length to create a varied rhythm… “You do understand the principles of packing, right, Den?” “Get it in the boxes somehow?” “Fold flat. Neatly wrap against breakage. Wedge to prevent sliding. Not stuffed so full you can’t lift the package.” “Hell…all that? I haven’t left the family threshold yet and already I’m useless in the wider world.” Something that’s hard to get right at first is the rhythm of speech tags. These are the little labels that complete dialogue, explaining who is speaking, sometimes explaining how they’re speaking. More correctly, they should be called ‘identifiers’ or ‘speaker attribution’. New writers often like to be creative with their use of speech tags, and mostly this becomes a problem. Your tutor may already have told you to go easy on speech tag adverbs, and possibly have advised how to make the tags as invisible as they possibly can be by sticking to ‘said’. Too many tags jar the flow. Too much variety jars the flow. The wrong kind of repetition can jar the flow. So much advice, some of it seemingly contradictory, can be confusing. One way of getting your head around how to use tags is to remember your rhythm section. Here is a piece of dialogue which is bogged down with bad speech tabs: “Ivan,” I said, sheepishly, “This is Detective Sergeant Buckley.” My voice squeaked at the edges. “Your eleven o’clock client?” asked Ivan. “I’m afraid not,” Rey piped up. “I’m here on official business,” he barked. “Don’t you chaps usually turn up in pairs?” Ivan growled, suspiciously. Rey shook his head. “This is a straightforward, informal interview,” he said. “Informal official business,” I chuckled, trying to get a secret smile to Ivan. This needs some drastic editing. I can get rid of any tab where it’s clear who is speaking (always a bit harder when there are three characters) and I can cut out adverbs. What I’m trying to do is get a better beat into my tabs and into the flow of speech. To do this, I should read my dialogue aloud, until I’m happy with its flow: “Ivan, This is Detective Sergeant Buckley.” My voice squeaked at the edges. “Your eleven o’clock client?” “I’m afraid not,” said Rey. “I’m here on official business.” “Don’t you chaps usually turn up in pairs?” said Ivan. “This is a straightforward, informal interview.” “Informal official business,” I said, trying to get a secret smile to Ivan. Developing your characters is a crucial part of all of this. Until you know the people in your narration, you won’t be confident about how they might speak, or know their own internal speech rhythms. Once you have real sense of what drives your character you can apply that understanding to the dialogue and extrapolate the rhythm. In the next extract of dialogue, one character has recently arrived in Britain from Eastern Europe, and their speech has a jerky, non-grammatical rhythm that subverts what we expect… “We are EU in Bulgaria, now,” she said, shifting a little. “But gypsy hard to get passport.” “No wonder your wages are so low. They’re getting away with murder.” “Kizzy, she say, ‘save and go back home head high’. She say, ‘Mirela, take little risk’. I don’t like. She say, ‘Mirela, you so uncool’.” “Like I will never dip my toe.” “In case the water’s too cold?” “In case the water poison.” In the above extract, I wanted the rhythm to reinforce the pace of the conversation. Languid sentences convey a different mood to bite-sized, choppy ones. A shorter snatch of speech that comes after several longer dialogues will draw attention to itself—such sentences are often used as ‘clinchers’ to round off characters’ conversations, as in the extract above, and they have immediate impact within their rhythm. Deciding how much dialogue to have is another way to look for rhythm and balance in your work. While redrafting work, try focusing on rhythm and balance by checking these points: - Break up long narration. If you tend to have paragraphs that go on for a page, (often because you are telling, not showing), try using dialogue to cut through this. - Catch your breath after action scenes. During an action scene where no one had the chance to do more than utter “Run!” or “Help!”, take a moment to change to mood by using interior monologue or longer dialogue to slow things down again. - Develop character. Dialogue can show what the character wants to hide, or what they wish to reveal. Use dialogue to put one character under threat, or express an inner emotion. - Add atmosphere where you want via your characters speech…do they have long, flowing conversations which suggest warmth, harmony, slow development of theme, or are they curt with each other because your want a sharp, cold, fast-moving mood? As you try to weave all the various parts of dialogue together, don’t forget to read your work aloud. Reading aloud will give you an instant insight into how the narrative sounds, and how its rhythmic beat works. During Part Three, you will be asked to practise some scriptwriting. Many writers believe that the discipline of only being able to express story through dialogue can help you understand good, rhythmic dialogue. When writing a script, it’s usually clearer if dialogue is stilted or weak, and the rhythm of the lines can shine through. Do have a go at doing this; there are scriptwriting courses offered at both level one and level two, and working on this skill in Writing Skills will help with both. Script dialogue should have its own internal metre, and a constantly moving flow. Working on this element from the start will help your work later on. As you write more dialogue, you will find you are more discerning about this area of narration in your reading. You will be noticing that writers who don’t pay careful attention to rhythm are harder to read. You’ll spot good use of metre and flow, and notice how the writer has used variety to keep the rhythm interesting. Amalgamate the reading you are doing with the writing you’re producing. As you read, ask yourself how the author gains rhythm in their dialogue, and also look at the balance they’ve formed between the dialogue and the rest of the narration. At level one of the degree pathway, we are not expecting you to be able to have everything sorted all at once, but here is your chance to highlight what you learnt about using rhythm, patterns, flow and balance in your writing. When you do this, you’re demonstrating several of the criteria we ask for within the assessment process. You’re showing you understand how to handle ‘Language’. You’re working on your ‘Craft of Writing. You may be able to gain ‘Emotion’ by amalgamating rhythms into the conversations your characters have with each other, and by showing how you worked on these strategies in your final reflective commentary, you’ll be indicating ‘Contextual Knowledge’. Dialogue can be one of the most engaging parts of prose, and your ‘rhythm section’ deserves your full attention. All dialogue taken from Nina Milton’s Shaman Mystery Series. Image: OCA student Katherine Jasven

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Ruby on Rails Interview Questions and Answers Q1. In which Programming language became Ruby written? Ans: Ruby become written in C language and Ruby on Rails written in Ruby. Q2. Mention all of the naming conventions in ruby on rails. Ans: Following is a list of some naming conventions used in ruby on rails: – Variables– it is used for the assertion of variables wherein all the letters ought to be in lowercase and the phrases ought to be separated by way of underscore. Class and module– a category is declared which encapsulates each function. The magnificence or module call can be written in mixed case and no underscores are used. Every word have to begin with an uppercase letter. Database table– a table is made for storing the statistics. It is similar to the naming conventions for variables. Model– mixed case is used and feature singular with table name. Controller– names are represented in plural form. Q3. What is ORM in Rails? Ans: ORM has a tendency for Object-Relationship-Model, it manner that your Classes are mapped to desk in the database, and Objects are directly mapped to the rows inside the table. Q4. Why Ruby on Rails? Ans: There are plenty of gain of using Ruby on Rails. DRY Principal( Don’t Repeat Yourself): It is a principle of software development aimed at decreasing repetition of code. “Every piece of code ought to have a single, unambiguous illustration inside a gadget” Convention over Configuration: Most web improvement framework for .NET or Java pressure you to write pages of configuration code. If you comply with suggested naming conventions, Rails doesn’t want a lot configuration. Gems and Plugins:RubyGems is a package deal manager for the Ruby programming language that gives a fashionable layout for dispensing ruby packages and library. Plugins: A Rails plugin is either an extension or a change of the middle framework. It gives a way for builders to percentage bleeding-part thoughts without hurting the solid code base. We need to decide if our plugin will be potentially shared across distinctive Rails programs. Scaffolding: Scaffolding is a meta-programming technique of constructing database-backend software utility. It is a technique supported through MVC frameworks, wherein programmer may write a specification, that describes how the software database can be used. There are two kind of scaffolding: static: Static scaffolding takes 2 parameter i.E your controller name and model name. Dynamic: In dynamic scaffolding you need to outline controller and version one by one. Rack Support: Rake is a software venture management device. It permits you to specify obligations and describe dependencies as well as to institution obligations in a namespace. Metaprogramming: Metaprogramming techniques use applications to put in writing programs. Bundler: Bundler is a new idea brought in Rails 3, which lets you manage your gemstones for utility. After specifying gem record, you need to do a package deal deploy. Q5. Explain the functions of ruby on rails. Ans: Some of the functions of ruby on rails are indexed beneath- Meta-programming: code generation is used however for heavy lifting, it makes use of meta-programming. Active record: objects are saved to the database thru this framework. It identifies the columns in a schema and binds them in your domain object. Scaffolding: it means it has the capability of creating temporary code mechanically. Convention over configuration: tons configuration is not needed if the naming conference is observed. Three environments: testing, improvement, and production are the 3 default environments on this framework. Built-in testing: take a look at instances are used in this for writing and executing the codes. Q6. How many Types of Associations Relationships does a Model has? Ans: When you have got a couple of version in your rails utility, you would want to create connection among those fashions. You can try this via associations. Active Record helps three kinds of institutions: one-to-one : A one-to-one dating exists while one item has exactly one in all every other item. For example, a person has exactly one birthday or a dog has exactly one proprietor. One-to-many : A one-to-many relationship exists when a unmarried item can be a member of many different items. For example, one difficulty could have many books. Many-to-many : A many-to-many courting exists whilst the primary object is associated with one or extra of a second object, and the second object is related to one or among the first item. You imply these associations via including declarations for your models: has_one, has_many, belongs_to, and has_and_belongs_to_many. Q7. What is MVC? And How it Works? Ans: MVC essentially shows Model-View-Controller. And MVC used by many languages like PHP, Perl, Python and many others. Generally MVC works like this: Request first involves the controller, controller reveals and suitable view and interacts with version, model interacts together with your database and ship the response to controller then controller based totally on the reaction give the output parameter to view. Q8. What do you understand by way of rails? Ans: It is an internet software framework that's written in ruby language and is developed by using David Hansson. It is an open supply ruby framework for the development of database backend net utility. It consists of the whole lot which is wanted for creating a database pushed net application with the help of model view controller pattern. Q9. What is the Difference among Static and Dynamic Scaffolding? Ans: The Syntax of Static Scaffold is like this: ruby script/generate scaffold User Comment. Where Comment is the model and User is your controller, So all n all static scaffold takes 2 parameter i.E your controller name and model name, whereas in dynamic scaffolding you have to define controller and model separately. Q10. How many types of relationships does a Model has? Q11. What are the extraordinary filters used in ruby on rails? Ans: The strategies that are used before and after the action of the controller technique are accomplished. It guarantees that the code runs with the given action approach which is called. Three styles of filters are supported by way of rails. They are: – Before filters: those filters are performed earlier than the execution of the code in the movement controller. After filters: those filters are done after the execution of the code within the motion controller. Around filters: these are done both earlier than and after the execution of the code present in the movement controller. Q12. How you run your Rails Application with out developing database ? Ans: MYou can run software with the aid of uncomment the road in surroundings.Rb Path => rootpath conf/ environment.Rb # Skip frameworks you're no longer going to use (handiest works if the use of vendor/rails) config.Frameworks -= [ :action_web_service, :action_mailer,:active_record ]. Q13. What is Ruby Gems? Ans: Ruby Gem is a software program package deal, usually referred to as a "gem". Gem includes a packaged Ruby utility or library. The Ruby Gems software itself permits you to effortlessly down load, install and manipulate gems on your system. Q14. Explain the role of sub listing app/controllers and app/helpers. App/controllers: in this, a web request is made with the aid of the consumer which is treated through the controller. Rails make use of this controller sub directory for finding the controller elegance. App/helpers: some helper training are gift within the helper sub listing that's used for helping the view, version and the controller training found in it. Q15. What are helpers and the way to use helpers in ROR? Ans: Helpers ("view helpers") are modules that provide techniques which might be routinely usable in your view. They provide shortcuts to usually used show code and a way to be able to maintain the programming out of your perspectives. The motive of a helper is to simplify the view. It's high-quality if the view file (RHTML/RXML) is brief and candy, so that you can see the structure of the output. Q16. What is the simple distinction among GET and POST technique? Ans: GET is largely for simply getting (retrieving) the information, while POST may also used to do a couple of matters, like storing or updating records, or ordering a product, or sending E-mail and so on. Q17. What do you recognize via rails migration and what it could do? Ans: With the help of rails migration, we can make modifications in the database schema which makes it feasible to apply the version control gadget for synchronization of these matters with the real code. Rails migration can carry out the subsequent things: – It allows in developing the desk for the database. Dropping the table is possible with the assist of this. Renaming of the table is viable. We may even add columns. Renaming of the columns can be achieved. Columns can be changed too. We can cast off the columns and various other things may be completed. Q18. Mention the function of rails controller. Ans: The rails controller works as the primary logical centre of the utility. With the assist of this consumer, perspectives,and fashions can engage with every other. Routing of external requests to internal moves is viable. It can handle the URL thoroughly. It allows in regulating helper modules which extends the abilities of view templates. It also regulates the session which gives consumer an influence of an on-going interplay with any application. Q19. How do the following methods range: @my_string.Strip and @my_string.Strip! ? Ans: The strip! Approach modifies the variable at once. Calling strip (without the !) returns a duplicate of the variable with the adjustments, the unique variable isn't always altered. Q20. What is Bundler? Ans: Bundler is a new idea introduced in Rails3, which enables to you manage your gems for the application. After specifying gems on your Gemfile, you want to do a package deal set up. If the gem is to be had in the machine, bundle will use that else it's going to choose up from the rubygems.Org. Q21. Mention the variations between the observers and callbacks in ruby on rails. Ans: Following are the variations among observers and callbacks in ruby on rails: – Rails observers: these are equal as callbacks however are used while the method is not without delay associated to the existence cycle of the object. It lives for a longer duration of time and can be attached or indifferent at any time. Rails callback: the callback strategies can simplest be called at only positive factors of time inside the lifestyles cycle of an item like validation, advent, updating, deletion, and so forth. Unlike the rails observers, the rails callback lives for handiest a short time frame. Q22. What's the distinction in scope for those variables: @name and @@name? Ans: @call is an example variable and @@name is a class variable. Q23. Does Ruby guide constructors? How are they declared? Constructors are supported in Ruby. They are declared as the method initialize, proven under. The initialize method receives called robotically whilst Class.New is known as. Q24. What is the log that has to see to check for an errors in ruby rails? Rails will record mistakes from Apache in log/apache.Log and mistakes from the Ruby code in log/development.Log. If you are having a problem, do have a observe what these logs are announcing. On Unix and Mac OS X you could run tail -f log/improvement.Log in a separate terminal to reveal your application's execution. Q25. What is the usage of global variable $ in Ruby? Ans: A magnificence variable starts offevolved with an @@ signal that's right away accompanied by way of upper or lower case letter. You also can put a few call characters after the letters which stand to be a pure non-compulsory. A magnificence variable may be shared among all of the items of a class. A single replica of a category variable exists for every and every given elegance. To write a worldwide variable you start the variable with a $ signal which have to be observed with the aid of a name man or woman. Ruby defines a number of global variables which also include different punctuation characters along with $_ and $-okay. Q26. Where does the start_tabnav gets informations for tabs rendering in ruby rail? Ans: The most important Symbol permit the start_tabnav method known to look for a special MainTabnav magnificence wherein all are occurs.

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Corruption has a profoundly negative impact on the lives of youth around the globe. In some cases, its consequences are severely harmful to their physical well-being: bribes demanded by health sector officials cut youth off from obtaining proper medical care; police corruption perpetuates tensions and violence within communities, driving youth into the frontlines of armed conflict; and barriers to accessing education and employment push youth into depression, drugs and alcoholism. The impacts of corruption on the mental state and attitudes of youth are no less harmful: the embezzlement of public funds and international aid by politicians and institutions erodes their trust in public systems, and bribes offered by politicians in exchange for votes, nepotism, and lack of transparency within electoral processes seed frustrations as they undermine their ability to influence public policy and realise social change. While the deep-rooted complexities of corruption have driven some youth into a state of apathy, it has urged many others to take action. In 2009, the World Bank Institute1 launched a new initiative to establish a collaborative platform for anti-corruption youth activists from around the world, and the Global Youth Anti-Corruption Network2 was born. The profile of the activists involved is partly what would be expected from such a network: youth engaged in civil society organisations (CSOs) with anti-corruption missions. However, in collaboration with the JMI Foundation, 3 the partners have worked to involve young activists with an entirely different profile – young musicians, of all styles, but in particular young urban music artists. This report will present the partners’ rationale for identifying and prioritising young artists as important players in the fight against corruption; the online and new media strategy employed to reach out to young musicians around the globe, most notably the annual Fair Play4 music video competition; and the results and outcomes of the partners’ engagement with young musicians. Fear of police violence and state repression keeps many youth silenced and self-censored from speaking out against corruption. Others, determined to resist against this repression, are turning to music – a growing number to hip-hop and reggae – to voice their thoughts on the realities and struggles within their communities. Looking at the origins of these two musical styles – hip-hop’s roots being in the African-American communities of Harlem and the Bronx, and reggae’s roots in the ghettos of Jamaica – lends an understanding of why these two styles are particularly appealing to young “artivists” (art + activism = artivism), as they have a long history of being utilised by oppressed groups to address themes such as poverty, inequality and injustice. Additionally, the simplicity of hip-hop production, where the only instrument and equipment necessary is one’s own voice, makes it accessible for youth from underprivileged neighbourhoods to practice. Today, from Colombia to the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) to India, underground hip-hop and reggae movements are generating scores of young artists who have not only mastered the essentials of rhythm and rhyme, but whose lyrical content is insightful, inspiring and intelligent. How might these young artists be able to influence the broader anti-corruption agenda? Certainly it is not a matter of celebrity status or pull, as state control over radio and TV has systematically worked to deny “socially conscious” artists a broad audience. Rather, what the JMI Foundation and World Bank Institute see as the key strength of these artists is the role they assume within local communities – both by representing, through their music, collective opinion on various socio-political issues affecting them, and by striving to raise consciousness and incite their peers to action rather than resignation. Many citizens living within corrupt societies – particularly those who are economically disadvantaged and who therefore bear more harshly the impacts of corruption – harbour resentment towards political leaders, as their inability and/or lack of interest in establishing proper transparency and governance is perceived as a disregard for the people’s interests. In light of this reality, musicians who grew up in underprivileged communities and dare to lobby, through their art, for the rights and interests of these communities, possess a formidable potential as alternative community leaders. In utilising music to advocate, educate and motivate rather than adopting traditional activist methods, artivists take an innovative and compelling approach to influence the broader anti-corruption agenda, sounding the alarm on behalf of the most distressed and under-represented communities, and thereby asserting the urgency for change. Online and new media strategy Recognising the enormous leadership potential of young artists as both ambassadors of and lobbyists for the anti-corruption cause, the main task of the JMI Foundation and World Bank Institute was to develop a programme that would support and nurture this capacity. Towards this objective, the partners established Fair Play, an annual anti-corruption music video competition open to young artists 18-35 years from anywhere in the world. Why this approach? The competition was developed as a means to discover and establish contact with young socially conscious musicians. Much has been said about the contribution of social networks such as Myspace, Facebook and Twitter towards the democratisation of the internet and the music industry, by providing independent musicians with an affordable means to build their audience. However, the continuing dominance of those artists propped up by record labels and corporate marketing budgets still poses a major challenge for independent artists to gain significant visibility online, while it remains equally challenging for listeners to uncover interesting underground artists amidst the overabundance of content and advertising. To participate in the Fair Play competition, artists must upload their video entry and artist profile to the competition’s website. In doing so, they gain a unique opportunity to reach new listeners worldwide and to have their work promoted as part of the global Fair Play campaign. For those with an interest in socially conscious music, the Fair Play platform serves as a space for discovering underground artists from around the world, while translations of the lyrics (obligatory for participation in the competition), and the ability to vote and comment on the videos, provides listeners with the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the music and to interact directly with the artists. In creating this online platform, the partners sought not only to connect individual artists and listeners and to compile the video materials necessary to deliver a unique global anti-corruption campaign with youth appeal. They also sought to encourage further interdisciplinary campaigns to be carried out, by making the music videos – invaluable new media outreach tools – available to other anti-corruption stakeholders such as organisations, institutions and the media, for broader dissemination as part of local/national level campaigns. Results and outcomes The first edition was organised in 2009-2010, and achieved the participation of artists from Armenia, Bangladesh, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, the DRC, Germany, Kenya, Lebanon, Macedonia, Malawi, Panama, the Philippines, Portugal, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe. I-Voice (Palestine/Lebanon), Mafilika (Malawi) and Katya Emmanuel (DRC) were selected as winners of the music video competition, performed at the 1st Global Youth Anti-Corruption Network Forum in Brussels, Belgium, and recorded a new collaborative track: “Together Against Corruption”. Over 100 artists/bands participated in the second edition of Fair Play organised in 2010-2011, from Argentina, Australia, Barbados, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Colombia, Croatia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Germany, Guatemala, Indonesia, Italy, Kenya, Lebanon, Malawi, Mali, Mexico, Mongolia, Nepal, Peru, the Philippines, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sudan, Uganda and Vanuatu. Winning bands De Bruces a Mi (Colombia), Kafulu Xenson (Uganda) and Young Life (Vanuatu) participated in the 2nd Global Youth Anti-Corruption Network Forum in Nairobi, performed live at the Sarakasi Dome alongside top Kenyan artist Sauti Sol, and recorded three new collaborative tracks: “Say No to Corruption”, “Hand in Hand” and “We Are One People.” The lyrics of the submitted songs express various emotions, one of the foremost being frustration towards the perpetrators of corruption and injustice. As artist Marshall Dixon of France writes: “They have forgotten us really we are tired/ The people are starving really we are tired of your bullshit/ Your promises really we are tired/ The injustice, the violence really… the corruption and impunity in the country/ Really… tired, tired really we are tired.” 5 The frustration that stems from the perpetuation of corrupt systems over time is highlighted by artists Bafing Kul & the Apollo Band of Mali: “We had fought for democracy/ The old regime was overthrown/ New figures were elected/ But the corruption never went away, as if nothing had changed.”6 Loathing towards those involved in corruption and their disregard for the negative impact it has on others is evident in the lyrics of Croatian band St!llness, who write: “All that is left/ Are crumbs/ That remain/ After they've eaten/ They sit/ In their seats of power/ Bellies full/ With fat collaborators/ Reinventing bullshit."7 The songs also serve to expose many forms of corruption from bribery to embezzlement, fraud and extortion, citing examples from the artists’ own communities. As Nelo Chouloute of Haiti writes: "They promise a new project for Slum Lasaline/ Funds provided/ Promises to build a new highway for Slum Carrefour/ Funds provided/ We will develop Slum of Citée Soleil/ Funds provided/ However, our money stays in their pockets."8 Hip-hop artist Hustlajay of Kenya bears witness in the song “Minyororo Ya Haki”: “[Common man’s] lands together with title deeds are taken away and given to the powerful, and common man left as squatters/ Day after day we growing poor and poorer by being asked to bribe for our rights.”9 Artists Dr Sley & Da Green Soljas from Cameroon choose to highlight one of the most taboo abuses of power in their song titled “Down By the Riverside”: “I'm Mr Professor/ Every girl must sleep with me, except you want to fail. ” 10 Various artists make tributes and show respect for those engaged in the fight against corruption, emphasising the importance of speaking out against abuses of power. In the lyrics of “La Pedata di Dio”, Italian artist Zero Plastica declares: “This goes out to every life cut short by armed hands/ This goes out to those who denounce the extortion and to those who boycott mafia-controlled services/ This goes out to every victim gone missing and no longer with us/ This goes out to every man who sacrifices all to fight the Mafia.”11 One of the most important and prevalent themes of the songs submitted to Fair Play is the call to action. As Alesh of the DRC writes: "I've seen the success of their schemes and tricks/ Which my fellow countrymen have all swallowed whole/ No daring to raise their real thoughts/ The badly informed population ignores that for them the ground has already been marked out (…) Why do you continue to sleep?/ Apathetic to the death as they massacre you/ WAKE UP! ACT! LET'S MOVE!” 12 Artist Shekhar Sirin from India too calls his people, stating: "Corrupt politicians have looted our nation/ Even the morsels from poor snatched away/ You can hardly breathe in such environment (conditions)/ It’s time to wake up/ It’s time to get up/ The nation which is scattered & in pathetic shape/ Let’s build it back/ If corruption is RAVAN (synonym to devil in India)/ Then we will burn it."13 To those already engaged in the fight, words of encouragement, urging perseverance, are extended by artists such as the Koncerners from Vanuatu, who write: “You ghetto youths keep on doing good/ Keep your heads high/ Make good use of your time not/ Because you come from the ghetto/ You can make a difference, make it better.” 14 Just as the internet has in recent years affirmed its importance as a space for social protest, so too has music been proven by Fair Play and other projects to be an effective tool in raising awareness, building international solidarity, and also – importantly – refuelling the fires of artists and activists around the world who are consistently persecuted, isolated or otherwise antagonised by the mainstream in the attempt to deter them from sustaining the fight. Musicians, particularly those from marginalised neighbourhoods, have proven themselves to possess key leadership qualities: willingness to stand up and speak the truth, ability to analyse and articulate complex issues, and commitment to making a change. As hip-hop artists Desorden Social of Colombia write on the role of artists: “It’s been already 10 years recounting the cruelty (…). In 1999 two young men decided to use rap as a way to unleash their lyrics and not get choked up with what they are in living/ And now ten years later our subject has not changed/ And after hundreds of songs, the situation remains unchanged/ Because as I can remember, there's only injustice, inequality, poverty, abuses and more misery/ There are more open works and cities but serve for nothing cause still life quality descends/ 10 years and our leaders are same or worse and sold to the highest bidder.” 15 The music of Fair Play artists sheds light on the realities of youth living in corrupt societies: how the system neglects their interests, how corruption perpetuates the divides between rich and poor, and how it serves to limit the human and economic development of their communities. While ghetto youth continue to be predominantly associated with violence, gangs and brutality, the hip-hop and reggae artists engaged in Fair Play testify to another reality entirely: the multiplicity of youth voices calling for and dedicated to change. As the JMI Foundation and the World Bank Institute affirm, leaders come in all forms – they are not only the products of academic circles but also those schooled by the streets. In order to address corruption, it is crucial to diversify the stakeholders in civil society dialogue, debate, decision making and policy development; and to tap into the creative, innovative and technological capacities of youth.

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Hello its a me again! Today we will continue with Mathematical Analysis getting into Integrals! I will talk about indefinite and Riemann(definite) integrals, properties etc. I will get into Integration Techniques from the next post on to talk about 1-2 each time and explain the process more in depth. Integration is the opposite of Differentiation on so I suggest you to check out the posts about Differentiation (Derivatives and Differentiation Theorems) first. So, without further do let's get started! Definition of an Integral: Let's start off with a small recap. We said that a derivative's value for some specific point is equal to the slope of the tangent line at that point if we plot the graph of our funciton. So, the first derivative f'(x) from a function f gives the slope for all the points in the definition set (or domain) of our function. All this is a part of the Differential Calculus. In the same way think about having a function g, whose values are equal to the slope of some unknown function f. Can we get a function f so that the first derivative f'(x) of that function is equal to g? Well, the answer is yes. This whole process is part of the Integral Calculus. Think about the function g(x) = 3x^2 and that this function contains the slopes of an unknown function f. So, f'(x) = g(x), for which f? Here we can find this out really easily, because we already know that (x^3)' =3x^2. This means that f(x) = x^3. So, if for some function f there exists a function F, whose derivative is f (F' = f in a subset of R) then F is called a antiderivative, primitive function or indefinite integral. I will stick with the term integral for now. The constant of integration c: If F'(x) = 0 for all the x in a range (a, b) then F(x) = c, where c is called the constant of integration. You will see this c alot, cause there actually are more then one integral functions for a specific "slope"-derivative function given. To get the "right" one for a specific range you will have to know some specific value like f(1) = 2 so that you can eliminate the c real and put a specific real value. Think about the first example. There we could actually say that f(x) = x^3 + c, cause c' = 0 and so the functions: x^3 + 1, x^3 + 2.56, x^3 - 52.23 have all a derivative that equal g(x) and so are all an integral of 2x^2. So, when there are function derivatives in an equality F'(x) = G'(x), then these two function don't need to be equal, but F(x) = G(x) + c, where c is some real value. Suppose a subset I in R and a function f: I -> R. The set of all the antiderivatives of f in I is called an indefinite integral. So, when F is representing the antiderivative we have that: where f is the function being integrated, dx is the differential of independent x and c is the constant of integration. This giant S like thing is the way we represent integrals and you will see it alot from now on! Because, it's difficult to write it in a post I while either use some online site and make screenshots or write integral first, the same way as I did with roots. - If f, g are functions that have an indefinite integral in some subset/range I then the function af + bg, where a,b non-zero has also an indefinite integral equal to: - The same applies with more then 2 functions. With f1, f2, ..., fn being integratable in I and c1, c2, ..., cn non-zero then for c1f2 + c2f2 + ... + cnfn we have: Here you can find a list of all the integrals you will ever need in wikipedia. Check out only those that we covered with derivatives :) Let's solve some examples. Simple Integral Examples: 1. f(x) = 5x^3 + 3e^x From linearity we have: integral [f(x)] = integral [5x^3] + integral [3e^x] = 5 integral [x^3] + 3 integral [e^x]. Both are very simple integrals that give us x^4/4 and e^x respectively and so: integral [f(x)] = (5/4) x^4 + 3e^x + c (never forget c!) 2. g(x) = 4x / x^2 This is actually the case of composition f'(x)/f(x) and so: integral [g(x)] = integral [4x/x^2] = integral [2*(x^2)'/x^2] = 2*ln(x^2), where x is non-zero 3. h(x) = arctan(x) - 5 sin(x) This is a simple linearity and some "basic" integrals from our list and so: integral [h(x)] = x*arctan(x) - (1/2)*ln|1+x^2| -5*(-cos(x)) + c integral[h(x)] = x^arctan(x) - (1/2)*ln|1+x^2| + 5cos(x) + c, where c is a real number. When the integral is not in some of those forms, we will have to do something to bring it to that form. This is exactly what we will cover from next time on... Definite (or Riemann) Integral: The definite integral is used in many things, like finding the area or the volume. Riemann's sum is based on partitions in the whole closed range [a, b] where we select random points x0, x1, ..., xn so that a = x0 < x1 < ... < xn = b. Those subranges are [x0, x1], [x1, x2], ..., [xn-1, xn]. this whole set of subranges is called a partition of [a, b] and we can have an infinite amount of such partitions. The length of those subranges is symbolized as |Δxi| = [xi-1, xi]. Δx equal the max of those Δxi values. If Δx = b-a/n then we say that the partitioning is normal. whre wi is a random point in the subrange [xi-1, xi] every time. This is Riemann's sum and if you think about the graph of a function you will see that each term of this sum is actually representing the area of an small rectangle and so the sum of all those small rectangles gives us the whole area at of f in [a, b]. Suppose we let Δx go to 0 in a limit then we have: , where the real number L is the area of f in [a, b]. This exact limit is called Riemann's integral and represents an definite integral. where a is the low bound of integration and b the high bound. The following properties apply: So, the definite integral in the opposite direction has the opposite value, but the same absolute value. The integral at some point is equal to o, because the area is equal to 0. We can also have 0 if the function is on top of axis x'x for some subrange with area L and under axis x'x for some other subrange with area -L so that the whole sum gives us L - L = 0. So, after this last point you see that Riemann's integral gives us the area of f only when f is positive in this whole subrange, else we would have to split the range in more and subtract the ones that are negative to get the whole area of f! Fundamental theorem of Integral Calculus: If a function f is integratable in a range [a, b] and F is any antiderivative of f in [a, b] then: This means that we have to find the indefinite integral of f that is the function F and then simply substract the value that F gives us with x = b and x = a. Let's get back to our first example and solve it for some range. g(x) = 3x^2 and we found that f(x) = x^3 + c, where we will ignore the c part for now. So, the integral of g(x) in some range [1, 3] is: integral 1->3 [g(x)] = [x^3] 1->3 = 3^3 - 1^3 = 27 - 1 = 26. Integratable function properties: - A function f in [a, b] that is monotonic is also integratable in [a, b] - A function f in [a, b] that is continuous is also integratable in [a, b] - If a function f is integratable in range [a, b] than we can also integrate f in any subrange of [a, b] - If a function f is integratable in [a, b] and c is in (a, b) then we can split the range in two by calculating the integral of f from a to c and from c to b and summing them up. - If f, g are integratable in [a, b] then the lineariry applies the same way as with indefinite integrals - If for a function f that is integratable in [a, b] we know that f(x)>=0 then the integral in that range is also greater than or equal to zero - If f, g are integratable in [a, b] and f(x) <= g(x) then the integrals have also the same relation. - If f is integratable in some range [a, b] then the absolute value of the integral is equal to the integral of absolute f or |f(x)|. - If f is an odd function in [-a, a], with a>0 then the integral in that range is equal to zero - If f is an even function in [-a, a], with a>0 then the integral in that range is 2 times the integral of 0 to a. Mean value theorem in integrals: If f is a continuous function in [a, b] then there is some value c in [a, b] so that: The value f(c) is called the average value or mean value of f in the range [a, b]. This means that the area of f is equal to the area that x=a, x=b and x'x represent, but also equal to the area of an rectangle with b-a and f(c) length sides, for some c in [a, b]. So, L = f(c)*(b-a). And this is actually it for today and I hope that you enjoyed it! As I already said in the beginning of this post, I will from now on cover Integration Techniques, 1-2 each post, so that you get a better understanding of the process in each type. We will also get into some applications of integrals afterwars. When we are finished with all this stuff, I'm thinking of talking about some more difficult limits that contain roots and are in indeterminate form and then get into Sequences and Series.

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When you say Nordic countries they are mainly located in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. These countries are Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. While Germany is located in Central Europe, but why would other people consider this question are Germans Nordic people? Table of Contents - What is Nordic? - Nordic Countries - North Germanic peoples - North Germanic Languages - West Germanic Languages - Germany vs Nordic - What is the difference between German and Scandinavian languages? - Are Germans Nordic? - Is Germany in Scandinavia? - What language do Germans speak? - What languages did the Vikings speak? - Do Germans look the same as Nordic people? - Is German food similar to Nordic? - Is German personality the same as Nordic? - Why do Nordic always help each other? What is Nordic? The word Nordic is derived from the Latin word “nordicus” which means northern. The term Nordic is used to describe the people and cultures of the five countries located in Northern Europe or the Scandinavian Peninsula: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. These countries share many similarities including their language, history, culture, and values. There is some debate as to whether the German people are considered as part of the Nordic (or Aryan) race. The Nazis viewed Germans as being a direct descendant of the original Aryans that they believed once occupied ancient India and migrated westward into what is now Germany. Therefore, many of them classified the Germans as true descendants of the Nordic race. Others argue that the Germans are not Nordic because they do not share all of the same physical characteristics as the people from the other Nordic countries. For example, Germans are typically heavier than the other Nordics and their hair is generally darker. However, there are many Germans who do share the light hair and blue eyes typical of the Nordic people. As stated above, Nordic countries are Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. They have many similar characteristics but they do differ in some ways. These differences are most obvious when it comes to their languages. For example, most of the Nordic countries have two official languages that they use for government work: Danish in Denmark; Finnish language in Finland; Icelandic in Iceland; Norwegian in Norway; and Swedish in Sweden. However, Denmark only uses Danish as its official language. Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden all have a monarch as their head of state. The monarch has the following responsibilities: signing bills into law, appointing members to the cabinet (prime minister) just before the cabinet is sworn in, and traveling throughout the country to meet with citizens. The Nordic countries are also known for their social welfare systems. These systems provide benefits such as health care, education, unemployment insurance, and pensions to their citizens. They have been in place for many years and are considered to be some of the best in the world. They are also called Scandinavian countries because of their strong relations with each other. They cooperate closely with one another on many issues including defense, energy, and transportation. North Germanic peoples Commonly called Scandinavians, the Nordic people are a panethnicity residing in Northern Europe. The word “Scandinavian” is derived from the Old Norse word “Skandinavier”, which was used by Roman authors in the 1st century AD during the Roman empire to refer to the people of modern Scandinavia. The term Nordics is used to describe anyone living in one of the Nordic countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The North Germanic people are a subset of the Nordics who share a common language: the North Germanic languages. This group includes the Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Swedish languages. The North Germanic peoples are considered to be descended from the ancient Germanic tribes who migrated to Northern Europe in the 2nd century BC. These tribes include the Goths, the Vandals, and the Burgundians. Over time, they gradually assimilated with the indigenous peoples of Northern Europe, forming the Nordic people we know today. While the Germans share many similarities with the other Nordic countries, they are very different in many ways. The Germanic people have inhabited the central and southern parts of Europe for thousands of years; they did not migrate to Northern Europe until late in history. The Germans and other Germans speak a West Germanic language, while the Scandinavian languages belong to the North Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. The Germanic languages are English, Dutch, and German. The North Germanic languages include Danish, Faeroese, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish. The Nordic countries and Germany also share the same values: the Nordic people tend to be more liberal than most other Europeans. A poll of nearly 20,000 people from 10 different European countries showed that the Nordic people are the most tolerant of immigrants and other cultures, while the Germans were one of the least tolerant. While there is some debate as to whether Germans are considered Nordic or not, it is clear that they share many similarities with the other Nordic countries. They have a common language, culture, and values. The Germans also share many physical features with the Scandinavian people. However, some physical traits are more common to Germans than they are to other Scandinavians. There is also evidence of migrations from ancient Germany into Scandinavia. The Germanic tribes migrated southward around 100 BC and may have settled in parts of modern-day Norway as early as 100 AD. See related articles: Sprechen Sie Deutsch?: Meaning, Definition & Pronunciation North Germanic Languages These are used in parts of Scandinavia, the North Atlantic Islands, and Germany. The language is divided into two branches: East Scandinavian, which includes Danish and Swedish; and West Scandinavian, which includes Icelandic and Faroese. There are also some mutual intelligibility issues between these languages. In Northern Germany, this language is used in the northwest and is called Plattdeutsch by North Germanic speakers. It is closely related to English, Dutch, and Frisian. In the Netherlands, this language is also used, but it has a lower status than Dutch. West Germanic Languages The largest branch of the West Germanic languages, includes English, Dutch, and German. These languages share many similarities, including grammar, syntax, and vocabulary. They also share a common ancestor: Proto-Germanic. This language is used in Germany, Austria, and other parts of Central Europe. It is also used in Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and Hungary. This language is divided into three dialects: Alemannic (German-Swiss), Bavarian, and Franconian. This language has the most speakers of any Germanic language besides English. It is spoken by approximately 100 million people around the world. See related articles: Why Do We Call Germany Germany? Germany vs Nordic There are many differences between the Germanic people and the Nordic people. The most obvious difference is that Germans, as well as other Germans, speak a West Germanic language while Scandinavians speak a North Germanic language. In addition to different languages, there are also many cultural differences between Germany and the rest of the Nordic countries. For example, Germany has a much more liberal view of immigration than Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. In a poll conducted by the European Commission on the new member states of the EU in 2004, Germany was one of the least tolerant countries towards immigrants from other cultures. In general, German culture is similar to that of many other Northern European countries. However, there are some aspects that are considered typically German. First, Germans tend to be less trusting of strangers than people from other cultures. Second, Germanic food is very similar to the cuisine of surrounding countries, but there are some specialties that are more common in Germany than they are elsewhere. Finally, there have been many migrations into Scandinavia by Germanic people throughout history. In fact, the Germanic tribes migrated southward around 100 BC and may have settled in parts of modern-day Norway as early as 100 AD. There is really no definite answer to this debate, but generally speaking, Germans are not Nordic because Germany is in Central Europe and modern Germany uses the Standard German Language. But on the other hand regarding their ancestry and the influence of the Scandinavian language on their language somehow you can they are a little Nordic. The Germanic and North Germanic languages are related, but they are not the same. The Germanic languages include English, Dutch, and German. The North Germanic languages include Danish, Faeroese, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish. They share a common ancestor: Proto-Germanic. The Scandinavian languages are more closely related to each other than they are to the Germanic languages. Are Germans Nordic? There is no definitive answer to this question, but most experts would say that Germans are not Nordic because Germany is in Central Europe and uses the Standard German language. However, there are some similarities between the Germans and the other Nordic countries, including a shared language, culture, and values. No, Germany is not in Scandinavia. However, there is evidence of migrations during the Germanic Iron Age from Ancient Germany to parts of modern-day Norway as early as 100 AD. What language do Germans speak? The official language of Germany is Standard German and it is also called “High German”. What languages did the Vikings speak? The people who lived in Southern Scandinavia during the Viking Age spoke various dialects of what we call Old Norse, which is closely related to modern Icelandic and Scandinavian languages. The language also spread to Scotland and other parts of Britain, which adopted it as their main language, and it became the ancestor of the English language. Do Germans look the same as Nordic people? No, Germans do not look the same as Nordic peoples. However, there are some similarities in terms of their physical appearance and shared values. Is German food similar to Nordic? No, German food is not similar to Nordic food. However, there are some similarities in terms of their cuisine, including a focus on meat and potatoes. Is German personality the same as Nordic? No, German personality is not the same as Nordic. Some researchers believe that there are clear differences in how people from different countries behave and feel about themselves. However, other experts say that modern ways of thinking have erased many of the traditional stereotypes among the Northern European cultures. Why do Nordic always help each other? For many years, there were close ties between the Nordic countries of Scandinavia. Many Norwegians moved to Southern Sweden and vice versa, which led to an exchange of ideas and values. This added to the similarity in terms of personality. Use Skyscanner to book the cheapest flight possible. 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Why is it so important to recognize signs and symptoms of prediabetes and diabetes? - More than 1 in 3 American adults have prediabetes. - More than 1 in 8 American adults have diabetes. - Noticing signs and symptoms of prediabetes or diabetes can motivate you to take steps to control blood sugar and prevent further health concerns. Diabetes is among the most common chronic conditions in the U.S. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report that 34.1 million American adults have diabetes, including14.3 million adults 65 or older. Another 88 million adults have prediabetes and are at high risk for developing diabetes if they do not take measures to lower blood sugar. The good news is that you can lower your risk for diabetes if you have prediabetes, and lower your risk for diabetes complications if you have it. 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High Blood Sugar without Symptoms in Prediabetes or Diabetes Not everyone with high blood sugar has signs or symptoms. If you have diabetes, you may not have signs or symptoms if your blood sugar is well controlled or if your diabetes has not been present for long. If you have prediabetes, you are unlikely to have symptoms. That is because blood sugar is not yet high enough to cause the classic symptoms of diabetes. A minority of people with prediabetes may develop one or two symptoms. - Acanthosis nigricans, in which patches of skin become darker and velvety. This can happen in the armpits, behind the elbows, or at the back of the neck. - Blurry vision or vision changes. This can happen due to early stages of diabetes retinopathy. If you do not have symptoms, but you have risk factors for prediabetes or diabetes, it is important to get your blood sugar tested and to begin treatment. 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The thirst results from too much sugar in your blood, similar to excessive thirst when you eat salty foods, and the extra urination comes from the need to excrete that extra water and sugar. - Fatigue, which results from your cells literally being low on energy because they are unable to get the glucose, or sugar, that they need due to insulin resistance. - Weight loss and hunger, again as the result of insulin resistance. Instead of extra sugar from carbs in your food being converted to and stored as fat, it gets excreted from your body. These can be signs of imbalances that can be dangerous, so it is important to consult a doctor if you have them. Diabetes Signs and Symptoms in Men vs. Women The way type 2 diabetes develops in men versus women is the same, with insulin resistance gradually developing and blood sugar levels eventually rising. However, men have higher rates of diabetes, according to the CDC. 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You can lower your risk of type 2 diabetes by losing extra pounds, eating a nutritious diet, getting regular exercise, and managing health conditions such as high cholesterol or blood pressure. Managing diabetes also depends on choices you make every day. If you have prediabetes, your healthcare provider may cover Lark DPP. If you have diabetes, your insurance may cover Lark for Diabetes. Lark offers an entirely-digital program that is convenient and easy to follow. What Is Diabetes and When Do Symptoms Occur? Normally, blood glucose (or blood sugar) levels rise after a meal as your body processes the carbohydrates and other nutrients in it. The increase in blood sugar triggers the pancreas to release a hormone called insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin helps lowerblood sugar levels back down by allowing the extra glucose to get into the cells of your body that need it for energy, and storing the rest as fat. How Diabetes Develops Diabetes is a condition that develops when blood glucose levels are higher than normal. It can happen when: - Your pancreas do not produce insulin (type 1 diabetes). - The cells of your body are resistant to the effects of insulin (type 2 diabetes). - Your body does not produce enough insulin to keep up with your body’s demand (type 2 diabetes). Gestational diabetes is diabetes that occurs during pregnancy, when cells can become more insulin resistant than normal. Prediabetes is a condition that develops before type 2 diabetes as insulin resistance develops and progresses. With prediabetes, blood sugar is higher than normal, but lower than it is in diabetes. When Symptoms of Diabetes Develop Prediabetes rarely comes with symptoms, but it can cause acanthosis nigricans or changes in vision. Diabetes symptoms, or signs of high blood sugar, are more likely when diabetes has been present for a while or blood sugar is uncontrolled. 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6 edition of Number Theory found in the catalog. January 8, 2004 Written in English |Contributions||David Chudnovsky (Editor), Gregory Chudnovsky (Editor), Melvyn Nathanson (Editor)| |The Physical Object| |Number of Pages||272| Algebraic number theory is a branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their sunshinesteaming.com-theoretic questions are expressed in terms of properties of algebraic objects such as algebraic number fields and their rings of integers, finite fields, and function sunshinesteaming.com properties, such as whether a ring admits. Intermediate Number Theory pdf Fourth Edition last edited December 29th, first two chapters added. Art of Proofs (pdf) Divisibility (pdf) Olympiad Number Theory Through Challenging Problems (pdf) Third Edition published December 18th, with the story behind the text. An page introductory Olympiad Number Theory book I wrote for anyone with a passion for number theory. It’s hard to know what is meant by “elementary”. A good undergrad-level textbook is Stein’s “Elementary Number Theory”, but there are many options with the same title that are excellent as well (by Rosen, Dudley, Kraft and others.) If you can hand. Jul 11, · Number Theory is a beautiful branch of Mathematics. The purpose of this book is to present a collection of interesting problems in elementary Number Theory. Many of the problems are mathematical competition problems from all over the world like IMO, APMO, APMC. He wrote a very influential book on algebraic number theory in , which gave the first systematic account of the theory. Some of his famous problems were on number theory, and have also been influential. TAKAGI (–). He proved the fundamental theorems of abelian class field theory, as. Number theory is a vast and sprawling subject, and over the years this book has acquired many new chapters. In order to keep the length of this edition to a reasonable size, Chapters 47–50 have been removed from the printed version of the book. These omitted chapters are freely available by clicking the following link: Chapters 47– Physical chemistry for physicians and biologists Correlations between organ weights, brain damage, and blood chemistry in a group of aged rats with histories of epilepsy The Anabasis of Xenophon, book V. history of science, technology and philosophy in the 16th & 17th centuries Human/Technology Interaction in Complex Systems, Volume 9 (Human/technology Interaction in Complex Systems) South Africa in the American mind Export potential of Indian plantation sector Organization and operation of the Small Business Administration Principles of dance and movement notation Diagnostic spelling test endowed charities of Fulham Interior design and furnishings procedures manual Nov 03, · Elementary Number Theory (Dudley) provides a very readable introduction including practice problems with answers in the back Number Theory book the book. It is also published by Dover which means it is going to be very cheap (right now it is $ on Amazon). It'. The book covers the basics of number theory well, but it is the chapters on partitions that make this text stand out. It covers the Rogers-Ramanujan identities as well as the Jacobi triple product identity. It is rare in the mathematical community that an expert in a subject also writes a ground-level introductory text - but that's what you Cited by: Another interesting book: A Pathway Into Number Theory - Burn [B.B] The book is composed entirely of exercises leading the reader through all the elementary theorems of number theory. Can be tedious (you get to verify, say, Fermat's little theorem for maybe $5$ different sets of numbers) but a good way to really work through the beginnings of. For example, here are some problems in number theory that remain unsolved. (Recall that a prime number is an integer greater than 1 whose only positive factors are 1 and the number itself.) Note that these problems are simple to state — just because a topic is accessibile does not mean that it is easy. Number Theory: Books. 1 - 20 of results An excellent introduction to feedback control system design, this book offers a theoretical approach that captures the essential issues and can be applied to a wide range of practical problems. Its explorations of recent developments in the field emphasize the. Discover the best Number Theory in Best Sellers. Find the top most popular items in Amazon Books Best Sellers. “It is shown that the golden ratio plays a prominent role in the dimensions of all objects which exhibit five-fold symmetry. It is also showed that among the irrational numbers, the golden ratio is the most irrational and, as a result, has unique applications in number theory, search algorithms, the minimization of functions, network theory, the atomic structure of certain materials and the. This is a book about prime numbers, congruences, secret messages, and elliptic curves that you can read cover to cover. It grew out of undergrad-uate courses that the author taught at Harvard, UC San Diego, and the University of Washington. The systematic study of. Number theory (or arithmetic or higher arithmetic in older usage) is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers and integer-valued sunshinesteaming.com mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss (–) said, "Mathematics is the queen of the sciences—and number theory is the queen of mathematics.". Although mathematics majors are usually conversant with number theory by the time they have completed a course in abstract algebra, other undergraduates, especially those in education and the liberal arts, often need a more basic introduction to the topic. In this book the author solves the problem of maintaining the interest of students at both levels by offering a combinatorial approach to 3/5(4). This book covers an elementary introduction to Number Theory, with an emphasis on presenting and proving a large number of theorems. No attempts will be made to derive number theory from set theory and no knowledge of Calculus will be assumed. This book is written for the student in mathematics. Its goal is to give a view of the theory of numbers, of the problems with which this theory deals, and of the methods that are used. We have avoided that style which gives a systematic development of the apparatus and have used instead a freer style, in which the problems and the methods of solution are closely interwoven.5/5(1). "Elementary Linear Algebra" by Keith Matthews. Lecture notes and solutions from in PDF or PostScript. through the Theory of Numbers. Some Typical Number Theoretic Questions The main goal of number theory is to discover interesting and unexpected rela-tionships between different sorts of numbers and to prove that these relationships are true. In this section we. Although mathematics majors are usually conversant with number theory by the time they have completed a course in abstract algebra, other undergraduates, especially those in education and the liberal arts, often need a more basic introduction to the topic.4/5. E-Book Review and Description: “Vital Uncover: The digital model of this book is missing a number of of the images found inside the bodily model.” Elementary Number Theory, Seventh Model, is written for the one-semester undergraduate amount idea course taken by math majors, secondary education majors, and laptop science school college students. Apr 04, · George E. Andrews Number Theory W.B. Saunders Company Acrobat 7 Pdf Mb. Scanned by artmisa using Canon DRC + flatbed option. Number theory - Number theory - Euclid: By contrast, Euclid presented number theory without the flourishes. He began Book VII of his Elements by defining a number as “a multitude composed of units.” The plural here excluded 1; for Euclid, 2 was the smallest “number.”. analysis, measure theory and abstract algebra is required. The exercises are care-fully chosen to broaden the understanding of the concepts. Moreover, these notes shed light on analytic number theory, a subject that is rarely seen or approached by undergraduate students. One of the unique characteristics of these notes is the. the rest of the book. Divisibility is an extremely fundamental concept in number theory, and has applications including puzzles, encrypting messages, computer se-curity, and many algorithms. An example is checking whether Universal Product Codes (UPC) or International Standard Book Number (ISBN) codes are legiti-mate. Mar 14, · Number theory is an ancient field of mathematics, with origins in Euclid's Elements, written around BCE. Describing number theory in the book's preface, Weissman writes, "The problems in this book are about numbers and their relations to each other.Number Theory is more than a comprehensive treatment of the subject. It is an introduction to topics in higher level mathematics, and unique in its scope; topics from analysis, modern algebra, and discrete mathematics are all included. The book is divided into two parts. Part A covers key.The fascinating Smarandache's universe is halfway between the recreational mathematics and the number theory. This book presents new Smarandache functions, conjectures, solved and unsolved problems, new type sequences and new notions in number theory. ( views) Pluckings from the tree of Smarandache: Sequences and functions.

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MEASLES IN LARUT, MATANG AND SELAMA: ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF CLINICAL CASE DEFINITIONS FOR 2015-2019 An accurate system of identifying measles cases is critical for the measles surveillance system. The objectives were: 1) To determine the incidence rate of measles in Larut, Matang and Selama district in Perak from 2015 to 2019 2) To evaluate the measles clinical case definition by comparing the performance of the measles clinical case definition in predicting laboratory-confirmed measles case. A cross-sectional analysis was carried out looking at all suspected and laboratory-confirmed measles cases in Larut, Matang and Selama District registered on the online measles surveillance reporting system between 2015 to 2019. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the clinical case definition as confirmed by the laboratory result were calculated. The incidence rate for suspected measles showed an increasing trend from 3.96 per 100,000 population in 2015 to 28.82 per 100,000 population in 2019. For laboratory-confirmed measles cases, the incidence rate showed more variation with an increase to 36.11 per million population in 2017 from 5.67 per million population in 2015. The incidence rate later decreased to 10.99 per million population in 2018 and increased again to 24.47 per million population in 2019. The sensitivity of the clinical case definition in confirming measles was 86.67% (95% CI: 69.28%, 96.24%) , specificity 47.52% (95% CI: 41.56%, 53.52%), positive predictive value 14.95% (95% CI 12.81%, 17.36%) and negative predictive value 97.10% (93.03%, 98.83%). Measles incidence is increasing in trend. The clinical case definition is an effective tool to rule out measles in cases that failed to meet the criteria due to the high negative predictive value of the definition. However, for cases that meet the clinical case definition, laboratory confirmation or epidemiological link to a confirmed case is needed. Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's : Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Vol. 1. Elsevier Health Sciences 2014: 200-204. World Health Organization. Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals: Measles. January 2020 [cited 2020 February 06]. Available from: https://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/measles/en/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Measles (Rubeola), for Healthcare Professionals. 2018 February 5 [Cited 2020 February 06]; Section: [Clinical Features]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/measles/hcp/index.html Samb B, Aaby P, Whittle H, et al. Decline in Measles Case Fatality Ratio after the Introduction of Measles Immunization in Rural Senegal. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1997;145(1):51-57. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009031. Cairns KL, Nandy R, Grais RF. Challenges in Measuring Measles Case Fatality Ratios in Settings without Vital Registration. Emerging Themes in Epidemiology. 2010;7(1):4. Okamoto Y, Vricella LA, Moss WJ, et al. Immature CD4+ CD8+ Thymocytes are Preferentially Infected by Measles Virus in Human Thymic Organ Cultures. PloS One. 2012;7(9):e45999. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045999. Rosen JB, Arciuolo RJ, Khawja AM, et al. Public Health Consequences of a 2013 Measles Outbreak in New York City. JAMA Pediatrics. 2018;172(9):811-817. Perry RT, Gacic-Dobo M, Dabbagh A, et al. Progress Toward Regional Measles Elimination—Worldwide, 2000–2013. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2014;63(45):1034. Cheong AT, Tong SF, Khoo EM. How Useful is a History of Rubella Vaccination for Determination of Disease Susceptibility? A Cross-Sectional Study at a Public Funded Health Clinic in Malaysia. BMC Family Practice. 2013;14(1):19. doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-14-1. Saraswathy T, Zahrin HN, Norhashmimi H, et al. Impact of a Measles Elimination Strategy on Measles Incidence in Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2009;40(4):742. Sniadack DH, Mendoza-Aldana J, Jee Y, et al. Progress and Challenges for Measles Elimination by 2012 in the Western Pacific Region. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2011;204(suppl_1):S439-S446. Hagan JE, Kriss JL, Takashima Y, et al. Progress Toward Measles Elimination—Western Pacific Region, 2013–2017. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2018;67(17):491. World Health Organization (Western Pacific Region). Measles-Rubella Bulletin. Manila: WHO. 2019; 13 (1): 1-10. Abidin ZBZ. Factors Associated With Adherence Towards Different Vaccines OF Childhood Immunization of under Five Children among Mothers Attending Klinik Kesihatan Seremban [Master's Thesis]. Serdang (Selangor): Universiti Putra Malaysia; 2017. World Health Organization. Eliminating measles and rubella and preventing congenital rubella infection: WHO European Region strategic plan 2005-2010. Denmark: WHO Regional Office Europe; 2005. Ministry of Health Malaysia. Case Definitions for Infectious Diseases in Malaysia. 3rd Edition. Putrajaya: Disease Control Division; 2017. Nsubuga F, Ampaire I, Kasasa S, et al. Positive Predictive Value and Effectiveness of Measles Case-Based Surveillance in Uganda, 2012-2015. PLOS ONE. 2017;12(9):e0184549. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184549. Hutchins SS, Papania MJ, Amler R, et al. Evaluation of the Measles Clinical Case Definition. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2004 May 1;189 Suppl 1:S153-9. doi: 10.1086/379652. Data.gov.my [internet]. Putrajaya: Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia; [cited 2020 February 06]. Available from http://www.data.gov.my/data/ms_MY/dataset/keluasan-malaysia/resource/f9c7dc6f-dd9d-4ea3-8eb3-f722e75d1de0 Kerajaan Negeri Perak. Basic Data Negeri Perak Darul Ridzuan 2016. Ipoh; Setiausaha Kerajaan Negeri Perak; 2016. Government of Malaysia. Undang-Undang Malaysia: Akta Pencegahan dan Kawalan Penyakit Berjangkit 1988 (Act 342). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 1988. Liyanatul Najwa Z, Nadiatul Ima Z, Wan M, et al. The Concept of District Health Management in Malaysia. International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences 2016;3(1):1-16. Schluter WW, Xiaojun W, Mendoza-Aldana J, et al. Progress toward Measles Elimination—Western Pacific Region, 2009–2012. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2013;62(22):443. World Health Organization. Public health Laboratories for Alert and Response: a WHO Guidance Document. Manila: WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific; 2012. MEDCALC. Easy to use Statistical Software. Version 19.1.7. Ostend (Belgium): MedCalc Software Ltd; 2020. Bujang MA, Adnan TH. Requirements for Minimum Sample Size for Sensitivity and Specificity Analysis. Journal of Clinical Diagnostic Res. 2016;10(10):YE01-YE06. Muscat MJT. Who Gets Measles in Europe?. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2011;204(suppl_1):S353-S365. Principi N, Esposito S. Early Vaccination: a Provisional Measure to Prevent Measles in Infants. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2019;19(11):1157-1158. doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30520-1. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Surveillance Report: measles and Rubella Surveillance 2017. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2018. Guerra FM, Crowcroft NS, Friedman L, et al. Waning of Measles Maternal Antibody in Infants in Measles Elimination Settings–A Systematic Literature Review. Vaccine. 2018;36(10):1248-1255. Hughes SL, Bolotin S, Khan S, et al. The Effect of Time since Measles Vaccination and Age at First Dose on Measles Vaccine Effectiveness–A Systematic Review. Vaccine. 2020; 38 (3):460-469. Cáceres VM, Strebel PM, Sutter RW. Factors Determining Prevalence of Maternal Antibody to Measles Virus Throughout Infancy: A Review. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2000;31(1):110-119. Orenstein WA, Cairns L, Hinman A, et al. Measles and Rubella Global Strategic Plan 2012–2020 Midterm Review Report: Background and Summary. Vaccine. 2018;36:A35-A42. World Health Organization. Measles vaccines: WHO position paper, April 2017–Recommendations. Vaccine. 2019;37(2):219-222. Poletti P, Parlamento S, Fayyisaa T, et al. The Hidden Burden of Measles in Ethiopia: How Distance to Hospital Shapes the Disease Mortality Rate. BMC Medicine. 2018;16(1). doi: 10.1186/s12916-018-1171-y. Figueiras A, Lado E, Fernández S, et al. Influence of Physicians' Attitudes on Under-Notifying Infectious Diseases: A Longitudinal Study. Public Health. 2004;118(7):521-526. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2003.12.015. Mansuri FA, Kalar M. Factors Responsible for Under Reporting of Notifiable Infectious Diseases by General Practitioners: A Veiled Reality. Biomedica. 2014;30(2):126-129. Bernard H, Werber D, Höhle M. Estimating the Under-Reporting of Norovirus Illness in Germany Utilizing Enhanced Awareness of Diarrhoea During a Large Outbreak of Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli O104: H4 in 2011–A Time Series Analysis. BMC infectious diseases. 2014;14(1):116. Akobeng AK. Understanding diagnostic tests: Sensitivity, Specificity and Predictive Values. Acta Paediatrica. 2007;96(3):338-341. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2006.00180.x. Romaguera RA, German RR, Klaucke DJP, et al. Evaluating Public Health Surveillance. Principles and Practise of Public Health Surveillance. 2000;2:176-93. Dabbagh A, Patel MK, Dumolard L, et al. Progress Toward Regional Measles Elimination—Worldwide, 2000–2016. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2017;66(42):1148. Clemmons NS, Wallace GS, Patel M, et al. Incidence of Measles in the United States, 2001-2015. JAMA. 2017;318(13):1279-1281. liveira SAD, Camacho LAB, Pereira ACDM, et al. Assessment of the Performance of a Definition of a Suspected Measles Case: Implications for Measles Surveillance. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública. 2006;19(4):229-235. doi: 10.1590/s1020-49892006000400002. World Health Organization. Epidemiological Update Measles: Situation Summary. Washington: Pan American Health Organization; 2019.

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Almost all reputable historians believe that Jesus did exist. Why they believe this I will explain below. To be absolutely clear, when we say Jesus did live, we are not saying that everything or even most of the things said about him in the Bible is true. Even ignoring the supernatural elements, the gospels contain internal contradictions, so we are absolutely sure they are not 100% reliable. What we say is that the myth of Jesus originated from real historical person. Kind of like the myth of Santa Claus originated with a real person, the bishop Nicolaus of Smyrna which was later sactified as Sct. Nicolaus. Compare this this to say Jupiter which we consider a purely mythological figure. The outlandish claims regarding Jesus (walked on water, resurrected the dead etc.) cannot be taken as evidence that he is fictional. If we take Alexander the Great, multiple legends grew up around him - he was the son of Zeus, his sister was a mermaid etc. This just shows that when a figure becomes revered, legends will form. No historians in their right mind would deny that Alexander was historical. Stripping away all the legends around Alexander there is still a historical core which is more likely to be true than to be made up. I'm going to explain why historians consider the same to be the case for Jesus. So what evidence is there for Jesus as a historical person? We have no first-hand or contemporary sources to the life of Jesus and we have no archaeological remains to prove his existence. And this is not surprising - this is the case for the vast majority of pre-modern historical figures, including people who was much more famous in their own time than Jesus. Take someone Alexander the Great again, one of the most important figures in History. We have no first-hand sources and no remains. The best sources we have are written hundreds of years after his death. Even then, given the available historical evidence we assume Alexander existed, since a lot history is impossible to explain otherwise (and his invention would have required a vast conspiracy among historians in antiquity). There are a few references to Jesus by historians independent of the Bible, but they are not first-hand accounts, and basically just states what the Christians of the time believed. The most important is the Jewish-Roman historian Josephus which have two passages mentioning Jesus, although one of them is generally agreed to be a fabrication inserted by later Christian scribes. The other passage (which is generally assumed to be authentic) states: [...] so he assembled the sanhedrin of judges, and brought before them the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James, and some others; and when he had formed an accusation against them as breakers of the law, he delivered them to be stoned [...] So the only mention of Jesus is really talking about his brother. And it doesn't give us any information about Jesus, except that somebody thought he was the Christ (ie. the promised Messiah), which we already knew. Nonetheless, given this paucity of non-biblical sources, almost every reputable historian believe the Jesus did live. Why? Because of the evidence in the Gospels. It might seem bizarre that the gospels can be taken by historians as evidence for anything, since they are clearly religious and not historical writing. But this is actually the case for almost every source we have from antiquity. You explicitly ask for non-christian sources. I'll asume you do this based on the assumptions that the Christian sources (i.e. the Gospels) are inherently more unreliable than other sources. Sure, the Bible is biased and makes outrageous claims about the miracles and divinity of Jesus - but be aware that all ancient sources are unashamedly biased and filled with with outrageous claims by modern standards. Take Josephus. He is considered a serious historian, but starts out his history book with: In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. But when the earth did not come into sight, but was covered with thick darkness, and a wind moved upon its surface, God commanded that there should be light: and when that was made, he considered the whole mass, and separated the light and the darkness; (Chapter 1) ...he goes on to describe Adam and Eve, the ark of Noah and so on. Even then Josephus is considered one of the most important and reliable historical sources. We just have to read it all with a critical mind. Or take Tacitus, considered "the pinnacle of Roman historical writing". He writes about Christianity: "Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judæa, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their centre and become Clearly he is at least as biased as the Christians, just with the opposite bent! He treats Saturn, Jupiter and Isis as real in his Histories, and about Vespasians siege of Jerusalem he writes: Prodigies had occurred, which this nation, prone to superstition, but hating all religious rites, did not deem it lawful to expiate by offering and sacrifice. There had been seen hosts joining battle in the skies, the fiery gleam of arms, the temple illuminated by a sudden radiance from the clouds. The doors of the inner shrine were suddenly thrown open, and a voice of more than mortal tone was heard to cry that the Gods were departing. At the same instant there was a mighty stir as of departure. Some few put a fearful meaning on these events, but in most there was a firm persuasion, that in the ancient records of their priests was contained a prediction of how at this very time the East was to grow powerful, and rulers, coming from Judaea, were to acquire universal empire. These mysterious prophecies had pointed to Vespasian and Titus, but the common people, with the usual blindness of ambition, had interpreted these mighty destinies of themselves, and could not be brought even by disasters to believe the truth. (Histories 18) Here Tacitus mentions a number of supernatural occurrences just as amazing as what is described in the gospels AND basically claims that Vespasian (the roman emperor) is really the messiah, and anybody who cannot see this is an idiot! And despite passages like this he is still considered one of the most reliable ancient historians... Bottom line: Any ancient text should be read with a heavy dose of source-criticism. The gospels are actually relatively strong sources because we have four semi-independent account. The inconsistencies between the gospels have been a source of embarrassment for the church, but for the historian they are a godsend: They allow us to through textual analysis determine the age of various parts of the narrative and then estimate how it developed over time. The gospels taken together are actually pretty good source material compared to what we have about most other pre-modern figures, including kings and emperors, believe it or not. Now if we take the gospels and strip away anything slightly supernatural, we are left with a pretty plausible narrative. A Jewish guy walks around in Galilee and Judea and talks in parables and preaches about the coming Kingdom of God. He gains a bunch of followers (a cult would we probably say today) and is rumored to be the long awaited Messiah. The Romans consider this cult a threat, and execute the leader. Not only is this pretty plausible, it actually happened more or less like this several times. The historian Josephus describes several such "mad prophets" and even a similar episode where a guy claiming to be the messiah gets a bunch of followers, leads them into the desert where he claims to want to part the Jordan river (like Moses parted the Red Sea) ... but before he gets that far is slaughtered by Roman soldiers along with his followers. Whats more, the Romans actually acted rationally (if cynically) by killing anybody claiming to be the messiah before the cult became to strong, For example the bloody Bar Kokbha revolt was instigated by a rebel-leader claiming to be the Messiah. (Though reading the gospels critically it is not totally clear if Jesus considered himself the Messiah, but what is clear is that some of his followers did, which was enough that the Romans considered him dangerous.) The only really unique thing about Jesus compared to these other prophets and cult-leaders, is that his cult survived his death and turned into a major religion in the Roman Empire. But this seems to be more due to Paul, which transformed an obscure Jewish sect into a religion acceptable to non-Jews and started missioning among the polytheists in the Roman empire, at at time that were ripe for Monotheism. Now lets examine the alternative hypothesis, that Jesus is a purely fictional or mythological figure. Even if that is the case, someone wrote (or composed, since it was initially an oral tradition) the sermon on the mount, the parables and so on, and created the narrative of his ministry, followers, crucifixion etc. This theory is really hard to believe, since the story about Jesus simply do not make sense as constructed fiction. There are some urban legends circulating in dark corners of the internet about parallels between Jesus and the Horus myth or the Bacchus myth or some other myths which is supposed to the be "true origin" of the Jesus myth. Forget about this. Sure, there a few parallels across religion (ie. resurrection is a recurring theme, miracles surrounding the birth of demigods etc), but the vast majority or the religious content of the gospels are very specific Jewish culture. There are numerous references to mosaic law and the OT prophets, discussions about interpretations of the laws and tradition, references to temple cult, references to groups like Pharisees and Sadukees and references to the roman occupation. If Jesus is fictional, the author was without a doubt a first century Jew. However if we look at it as a work of fiction it has some strange strange choices. If the purpose of the narrative is to show that Jesus was the Messiah / the Son of God, then why invent the story that he was crucified? Why don't say that he killed a thousand Romans with a flaming sword and then was lifted into the heavens by the hand of God or something like that? This is the criterion of embarrassment. It states that if some account in the gospels is embarrassing to the Christians, they probably didn't make it up themselves! The crucifixion is the clearest example of this principle because this was absolutely not supposed to happen, and it did in no way help the Christians convince others that Jesus was the Messiah. (Note that the Messiah at this time was supposed to literally be a triumphant king beating the enemies and restoring the kingdom to its former glory. It was only after Christianity re-interpreted the prophecies we got the idea of the "spiritual messiah".) If we examine the gospels chronologically we have in the oldest version, Mark: At noon, darkness came over the whole land until three in the afternoon. And at three in the afternoon Jesus cried out in a loud voice, “Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachthani?” (which means “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?”). When some of those standing near heard this, they said, “Listen, he’s calling Elijah.” Someone ran, filled a sponge with wine vinegar, put it on a staff, and offered it to Jesus to drink. “Now leave him alone. Let’s see if Elijah comes to take him down,” he said. With a loud cry, Jesus breathed his last. This is extremely embarrassing. In the last moment he looses faith, thinks God has abandoned him, and dies with a whimper. Even Jim Jones or David Koresh did not lose faith like this! And people around him does not understand what he is saying and are making fun of him. Now consider the later account in Luke: It was now about noon, and darkness came over the whole land until three in the afternoon, for the sun stopped shining. And the curtain of the temple was torn in two. Jesus called out with a loud voice, “Father, into your hands I commit my spirit.” When he had said this, he breathed his last. Luke 20 Now the story is less embarrassing. No crying or loosing faith. Instead Jesus bravely accepts his fate. Now see the latest version in John: Later, knowing that everything had now been finished, and so that Scripture would be fulfilled, Jesus said, “I am thirsty.” A jar of wine vinegar was there, so they soaked a sponge in it, put the sponge on a stalk of the hyssop plant, and lifted it to Jesus’ lips. When he had received the drink, Jesus said, “It is finished.” With that, he bowed his head and gave up his spirit. John 19 Now, not only does Jesus bravely accept his fate, it actually turns out it was part of the big plan all along! And the sponge-guy is not taunting Jesus anymore, but rather offering the sponge as an act of grace. The whole scene is just so much more dignified and meaningful. It is quite easy to see how the narrative could have developed like this. First the crucifixion and the pitiful death of Jesus is an embarrassing fact. But over the following decades (it is assumed to be about 40 years between Mark and John) it is re-interpreted (or spun as we would say today) to actually becoming a meaningful event which shows the greatness of Jesus, and was planned all along. Now consider if it was a fictional account. it makes no sense to make up such an embarrassing end for Jesus (which the Christians later had to spin heavily), if the point of the story was to convince people that this guy was God! The case for the purely fictional Jesus simply does not make sense. Tl;dr: Jesus most likely were a real person. Bart D. Ehrman; Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth is one book which draws the same conclusion (but in more detail), but what I'm stating is not controversial. The Historicity of Jesus page states: There is "near universal consensus" among scholars that Jesus existed And provides numerous references. The "Jesus was a myth"-theory is basically a fringe theory at this point. What is still controversial is exactly how much of the gospels actually happened and how much is later legends. This is an ongoing discussion, and a far more complex question.

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When we talk about Mexican food in the US, the conversation inevitably turns to tacos. Yes, they are delicious, perfect little crunchy packages of savory fillings that offer up hits of cheese and spiky salsa, but Mexican cuisine is so much more than just tacos. There are seven distinct regions in Mexico that contribute to the overall concept of Mexican cuisine, each with their own history and story to tell. The foods of Mexico, a country that is home to over 125 million people, are as unique as the people that live there. Looking more deeply into Mexican cuisine, we find characteristics that make each of these seven regions special. And while there are differences between the regions, Mexican food across the country generally places an emphasis on fresh, natural ingredients that are locally sourced. Chiles are plentiful, whether the tortillas are corn or wheat, you’ll often find them hand-made, and the food exudes the sort of warmth and welcome that tastes like an abuelita's love. Known as El Norte in Spanish, The North is the largest culinary region in Mexico. It stretches for 2,000 miles, from Baja California’s Pacific coast to the Gulf of Mexico, just below Texas’s southernmost tip. This is ranch country, so the food is centered around ranch life, and grilled beef is a favorite dish in El Norte. Because of the predominance of cattle ranching, you can also find a strong dairy culture in The North that produces popular cheeses like the feta-esque farmer’s cheese queso fresco or tangy, salty, ricotta-like requesón. Wheat burritos are popular in The North, and despite popular opinion that burritos come from Texas, they were created in Sonora, the Mexican state that sits directly below Arizona. Baja California, at the western edge of El Norte, is home to Mexico’s oldest wineries, and produces classic varietals like Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, and Malbec. The North Pacific Coast The North Pacific region is also known as the breadbasket of Mexico, since much of the country's produce comes from this region. You’ll find an abundance of grain, fruits, vegetables, of course, chiles. With roughly 900 miles of coastline that stretches down from the southern end of the Bay of Cortez, seafood is an incredibly important food from this region. The Mexican state Jalisco, with its motto “Jalisco is Mexico”, has tremendous culinary impact on this region. Not only is Jalisco home to several classic Mexican dishes, it is also the region from which tequila comes. This legally protected beverage can only be produced in select regions around Jalisco, roughly 40 miles north of Guadalajara. The capital city, Guadalajara, is the gastronomic center of the North Pacific region. Some of the most popular foods include fish tacos, aguachile—a sort of ceviche marinated with chiles—and menudo. The most famous dish of the region is Birria, a hearty, simmered stew that is made with beef or pork and plenty of chiles and spices. Birria gave rise to Quesabirria Tacos, a hearty and fun taco that made its way from Jalisco to Tijuana, in El Norte, before coming across to the US. The Bahio stretches from a small, Pacific coastal border to a central, inland plateau surrounded by mountains. This was one of the first regions that the Spaniards colonized, since they liked the geography and felt that it resembled their homeland. This region sees plenty of Spanish influence in its foods, as the Spaniards were the ones who introduced things like pork and rice to Mexican cuisine. Michoacan is the state in the Bahio that meets the coast, and it grows upwards to 92% of the entire country’s crop of avocados. Cotija cheese, a crumbly, salty finishing cheese from the town of Cotija, is Mexico’s version of parmesan and adds an unmistakable, briny tang. You’ll find a popular alcoholic drink called charanada, which is made from fermented corn. This region is especially popular for sweets and desserts like cajeta, Mexico’s answer to dulce de leche, a caramel made with goat's milk. Some of the most popular foods include the sausage and rice dish, morisquestas, and delicious fried pork carnitas. Arroz con leche, or rice pudding, is a Bahio specialty. This region is often credited with the origin of Pozole Rojo, a pork and hominy stew that dates back to the Aztecs. The South Pacific Coast The South Pacific Coast of Mexico is riddled with complexity. This region runs for roughly 900 miles along the Pacific Ocean and is home to popular resort towns like Acapulco, but builds eastward into a rugged and sparsely populated mountain region, which retains and protects many of its indigenous traditions and foods. Oaxaca has been called “The Land of the Seven Moles”, and there is evidence that these thick sauces have been a part of the South Pacific Coast culinary scene since the Aztecs. Oaxacan cheese is a mild, stretchy cheese that’s been compared to mozzarella. Blandas, large corn tortillas, are found in this region, and serve as the traditional base for Tlayudas, a pizza-like dish made with black beans and Pasilla de Oaxaca chiles. Some of the most popular foods include enfrijoladas, or enchiladas covered in black bean sauce, and Tamales, which have been a part of the Mexican culinary landscape since the Mayan civilization which first came into being in 2000 B.C. You can also find Mayan Hot Chocolate there and enjoy it with, or without, the alcohol spike. This region sets itself apart from the rest of Mexican cuisine because of its tendency to fuse Mexican and Caribbean ingredients. Foods from the South often incorporate something sweet and tart, like orange or tamarind, with savory elements like roasted or grilled meats and smoke. Annatto, or Achiote seeds are used in abundance in this region, giving food a beautiful red color and mild, peppery flavor. The south is also famous for the salsas that it produces; you’ll find chiltomate, a cooked salsa made with tomatoes and habaneros, everywhere in the South. Some of the most popular foods include poc-chuc, a simple grilled pork that’s been marinated in citrus, and coconut shrimp. Enjoy the spicy, Caribbean-fusion sweetness of Pineapple-Habanero Salsa. Pibil, a slow-roasted dish made with pork or chicken, is arguably the South’s most famous dish. The Gulf region of Mexico is made up of two states, Veracruz and Tabasco and yes, Tabasco is the birthplace of that famous, spicy sauce. Cuisine from the states that border the Gulf of Mexico is a terrific blend of Mexican, Caribbean, and African influences. Chile peppers can be found working in harmony with plantains, yucca, or sweet potatoes. Vanilla, a notoriously temperamental orchid to grow, is indigenous to this region. Since it’s adjacent to the Gulf of Mexico, seafood is also popular here and huachinanga a la Veracruzana, or red snapper in a spicy, tomato-ey Veracruz-style salsa, is a definitive dish of this area. Some of the most popular foods include garnachas, or thick corn patties topped with beans, cabbage, and cheese, and arroz a la tumbada, a dish made from fresh seafood and rice. Afro-fusion can be enjoyed with Red Chile Steak with Plantains, and get a taste of Veracruzana style with a vegetarian version of this classic dish. Central Mexico is home to Mexico City and as a result, showcases an array of traditional, regional dishes, influences from around the world, and an ever-changing landscape of street food. Tortas are a type of sandwich filled with refried beans, chicken, pork, or just about anything else you’d like. The Mexican street corn, elote, is dressed with butter or mayonnaise, cheese, and a special seasoning, and can be found as a cob you can carry and eat or as a salad in a to-go cup. Mole poblano, from nearby Puebla, is widely considered to be Mexico’s national dish. This is named for its use of the poblano chile, a locally grown pepper that’s also famously stuffed and fried for Chile Rellenos. When it is fresh this chile is called the poblano, but when it is ripened until it turns red and then dried, it is called an Ancho. When it’s allowed to continue to ripen to full, dark brown maturity, it's called a Mulato. Some of the most popular foods include Barbacoa, which comes from the central highlands but can be found all over Central Mexico, and the internationally beloved Mole Poblano. Elotes and tacos can be found at food trucks and restaurants, or try the long-simmering Puebla specialty, Chicken Tinga. Mexico has an enormous array of foods that embody the history and vibrancy of the regions in that country. While we can always make room for tacos and they’re always welcome on the table, there’s also plenty of space for something unexpected, new to you, regionally interesting, and wholly, deliciously Mexican.

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The Southern Netherlands, also called the Catholic Netherlands, was the part of the Low Countries largely controlled by Spain (1556–1714), later Austria (1714–94), and occupied then annexed by France (1794–1814). The region also included a number of smaller states that were never ruled by Spain or Austria: the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, the Imperial Abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy, the County of Bouillon, the County of Horne and the Princely Abbey of Thorn. The Southern Netherlands were part of the Holy Roman Empire until the whole area was annexed by Revolutionary France. The Southern Netherlands comprised most of modern-day Belgium and Luxembourg, some parts of the Netherlands and Germany (the region of Upper-Gueldres, now divided between Germany and the modern Dutch Province of Limburg and in 1713 largely ceded to Prussia and the Bitburg area in Germany, then part of Luxembourg) as well as, until 1678, most of the present Nord-Pas-de-Calais region and the Longwy area in northern France. Place in the broader Netherlands As they were very wealthy, the Netherlands in general were an important territory of the Habsburg crown which also ruled Spain and Austria among other places. But unlike the other Habsburg dominions, they were led by a merchant class. It was the merchant economy which made them wealthy, and the Habsburg attempts at increasing taxation to finance their wars was a major factor in their defence of their privileges. This, together with resistance to penal laws enforced by the Habsburg monarchy that made heresy a capital crime, led to a general rebellion of the Netherlands against Habsburg rule in the 1570s. Although the northern seven provinces, led by Holland and Zeeland, established their independence as the United Provinces after 1581, the ten southern Netherlands were reconquered by the Spanish general Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma. Liège, Stavelot-Malmédy and Bouillon maintained their independence. The Habsburg Netherlands, passed to the Austrian Habsburgs after the War of the Spanish Succession in 1714. Under Austrian rule, the ten provinces' defence of their privileges proved as troublesome to the reforming Emperor Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor as it had to his ancestor Philip II two centuries before, leading to a major rebellion in 1789–1790. The Austrian Netherlands were ultimately lost to the French Revolutionary armies, and annexed to France in 1794. Following the war, Austria's loss of the territories was confirmed, and they were joined with the northern Netherlands as a single kingdom under the House of Orange at the 1815 Congress of Vienna. The southeastern third of Luxembourg Province was made into the autonomous Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, because it was claimed by both the Netherlands and Prussia. In 1830 the predominantly Roman Catholic southern half became independent as the Kingdom of Belgium (the northern half being predominantly Calvinist). In 1839 the final border between the kingdom of the Netherlands and Belgium was determined and the eastern part of Limburg returned to the Netherlands as the province of Limburg. The autonomy of Luxembourg was recognised in 1839, but an instrument to that effect was not signed until 1867. The King of the Netherlands was Grand Duke of Luxembourg until 1890, when William III was succeeded by his daughter, Wilhelmina of the Netherlands – but Luxembourg still followed the Salic law at the time, which forbade a woman to rule in her own right, so the union of the Dutch and Luxembourger crowns then ended. The northwestern two-thirds of the original Luxembourg remains a province of Belgium. The Spanish Netherlands (Dutch: Spaanse Nederlanden, Spanish: Países Bajos españoles) was a portion of the Low Countries controlled by Spain from 1556 to 1714, inherited from the Dukes of Burgundy. Although the territory of the Duchy of Burgundy itself remained in the hands of France, the Habsburgs remained in control of the title of Duke of Burgundy and the other parts of the Burgundian inheritance, notably the Low Countries and the Free County of Burgundy in the Holy Roman Empire. They often used the term Burgundy to refer to it (e.g. in the name of the Imperial Circle it was grouped into), until 1794, when the Austrian Netherlands were lost to the French Republic. When part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule and became the United Provinces in 1581 the remainder of the area became known as the Spanish Netherlands and remained under Spanish control. This region comprised modern Belgium, Luxembourg as well as part of northern France. The Spanish Netherlands originally consisted of: - County of Flanders, including Lilloise Flanders - County of Artois - City of Tournai - Cambrai (roughly the département Nord and the northern half of Pas-de-Calais in modern France) - Duchy of Luxembourg - Duchy of Limburg - County of Hainaut - County of Namur - Lordship of Mechelen (officially a county since 1490) - Duchy of Brabant, including the Margraviate of Antwerp - the Upper Quarter (Bovenkwartier) of the duchy of Guelders (around Venlo and Roermond, in the present province of Dutch Limburg, and the town of Geldern in the present German district Kleve) The capital, Brussels, was in Brabant. In the early 17th century, there was a flourishing court at Brussels, which was under the government of King Philip III's half-sister Archduchess Isabella and her husband, Archduke Albert of Austria. Among the artists who emerged from the court of the "Archdukes", as they were known, was Peter Paul Rubens. Under the Archdukes, the Spanish Netherlands actually had formal independence from Spain, but always remained unofficially within the Spanish sphere of influence, and with Albert's death in 1621 they returned to formal Spanish control, although the childless Isabella remained on as Governor until her death in 1633. The failing wars intended to regain the 'heretical' northern Netherlands meant significant loss of (still mainly Catholic) territories in the north, which was consolidated in 1648 in the Peace of Westphalia, and given the peculiar, inferior status of Generality Lands (jointly ruled by the United Republic, not admitted as member provinces): Zeeuws-Vlaanderen (south of the river Scheldt), the present Dutch province of Noord-Brabant and Maastricht (in the present Dutch province of Limburg). As Spanish power waned in the latter decades of the 17th century, the territory of the Spanish Netherlands was repeatedly invaded by the French and an increasing portion of the territory came under French control in successive wars. By the Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659 the French annexed Artois and Cambrai, and Dunkirk was ceded to the English. By the Treaties of Aix-la-Chapelle (ending the War of Devolution in 1668) and Nijmegen (ending the Franco-Dutch War in 1678), further territory up to the current Franco-Belgian border was ceded, including Lilloise Flanders (around the city of Lille), as well as half of the county of Hainaut (including Valenciennes). Later, in the War of the Reunions and the Nine Years' War, France annexed other parts of the region. Under the Treaty of Rastatt (1714), following the War of the Spanish Succession, what was left of the Spanish Netherlands was ceded to Austria and thus became known as the Austrian Netherlands or Belgium Austriacum. However, the Austrians themselves generally had little interest in the region (aside from a short-lived attempt by Emperor Charles VI to compete with British and Dutch trade through the Ostend Company), and the fortresses along the border (the Barrier Fortresses) were, by treaty, garrisoned with Dutch troops. The area had, in fact, been given to Austria largely at British and Dutch insistence, as these powers feared potential French domination of the region. Throughout the latter part of the eighteenth century, the principal foreign policy goal of the Habsburg rulers was to exchange the Austrian Netherlands for Bavaria, which would round out Habsburg possessions in southern Germany. In the 1757 Treaty of Versailles, Austria agreed to the creation of an independent state in the Southern Netherlands ruled by Philip, Duke of Parma and garrisoned by French troops in exchange for French help in recovering Silesia. However the agreement was unimplemented and revoked by the Third Treaty of Versailles (1785) and Austrian rule continued. In 1784 its ruler Emperor Joseph II did take up the long-standing grudge of Antwerp, whose once-flourishing trade was destroyed by the permanent closing of the Scheldt, and demanded that the Dutch Republic open the river to navigation. However, the Emperor's stance was far from militant, and he called off hostilities after the so-called Kettle War, known by that name because its only "casualty" was a kettle. Though Joseph did secure in the 1785 Treaty of Fontainebleau that the territory's rulers would be compensated by the Dutch Republic for the continued closing the Scheldt, this failed to gain him much popularity. The people of the Austrian Netherlands rebelled against Austria in 1788 as a result of Joseph II's centralizing policies. The different provinces established the United States of Belgium (January 1790). However, waylaying Joseph's intended concessions to the Belgians to restore the height of their autonomy and privileges, Austrian imperial power was restored by Joseph's brother and successor, Leopold II by the end of 1790. In the course of the French Revolution, the entire region (including territories that were never under Habsburg rule, like the Bishopric of Liège) was overrun by France in 1794 then annexed to the Republic (October 1, 1795). Only a minority of the population - mostly the local Jacobins and other members of "Societies of Friends of Liberty and Equality" in urban areas - supported the annexation. The majority were hostile to the French regime, above all because of the imposition of the assignat, wholesale conscription, and the ferocious antireligious policies of the French revolutionaries. The opposition was first led by the Catholic clergy, which became an irreducible enemy of the French Republic after it dissolved convents and monasteries and confiscated ecclesiastical properties, ordered the separation of Church and State, shut down the University of Louvain and other Catholic educational institutions, regulated church attendance and introduced divorce. In 1797, nearly 8000 priests refused to swear the newly introduced Oath of Hatred of Kings ("serment de haine à la royauté"), and went into hiding to escape arrest and deportation. The situation, particularly in the religious field, eased with the rise to power of Bonaparte in 1799, but soon, the intensification of conscription, the police state and the Continental System, which brought ruin to Ostend and Antwerp, reignited opposition to French rule. During that period Belgium was divided into ten départements: Deux-Nèthes, Dyle, Escaut, Forêts, Jemmape, Lys, Meuse-Inférieure, Ourthe, Roer and Sambre-et-Meuse. In anticipation of Napoleon's defeat in 1814, it was hotly debated inside Austrian ruling circles whether Austria should get the Southern Netherlands back or, in view of the experience gained after the War of the Spanish Succession about the difficulty of defending non contiguous possessions, whether she should not instead obtain contiguous territorial compensations in Northern Italy. This viewpoint won and the Congress of Vienna allotted the Southern Netherlands to the new United Kingdom of the Netherlands. After the Belgian Revolution of 1830, the region separated to become the independent Kingdom of Belgium. - History of Belgium - List of Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands - List of plenipotentiaries of Austrian Netherlands - Seventeen Provinces - Spanish Armada - Union of Atrecht (Including map, 1579) - (Dutch: Zuidelijke Nederlanden, Spanish: Países Bajos del Sur, French: Pays-Bas méridionaux) - The example of these expensive wars which is best known to English-speaking people is that of the Spanish Armada. However, that came in 1588, a little after the Dutch had become exasperated to the extent of signing the Union of Utrecht in 1579. - A seignory comes closest to the concept of a heerlijkheid; there is no equivalent in English for the Dutch-language term. In its earliest history, Mechelen was a heerlijkheid of the Bishopric (later Prince-Bishopric) of Liège that exercised its rights through the Chapter of Saint Rumbold though at the same time the Lords of Berthout and later the Dukes of Brabant also exercised or claimed separate feudal rights. - Bitsch, Marie-Thérèse (1992), Histoire de la Belgique (in French), Hatier, pp. 73–75 - Kann, Robert A. (1974), A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526-1918, University of California Press, pp. 229–230 |Wikimedia Commons has media related to Southern Netherlands.| - Blom, J. C. H. and E. Lamberts, eds. History of the Low Countries (2006) 504pp excerpt and text search; also complete edition online - Cammaerts, Émile. A History of Belgium from the Roman Invasion to the Present Day (1921) 357 pages; complete text online - Cook, Bernard A. Belgium: a history, 3rd ed. New York, 2004 ISBN 0-8204-5824-4 - Kossmann, E. H. The Low Countries 1780-1940 (1978) excerpt and text search

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Katniss wakes up on the morning of the reaping to find that her little sister, Prim, has moved to their mother’s bed in the middle of the night. Prim’s ugly cat, Buttercup, stands guard over her while she sleeps. Katniss recalls how she tried to drown the kitten years ago, when Prim first brought him home, because she didn’t want another mouth to feed. But Prim begged, and Katniss gave in—now Katniss is glad she kept Buttercup alive for the comfort the cat offers to Prim. Katniss’s feelings towards Buttercup demonstrate both how much she loves Prim and how dire their family’s financial circumstances are. Katniss clearly struggles enough to support the human members of the family without the addition of a pet. However, she’s finally willing to include Buttercup for Prim’s sake. Katniss rises from bed and gets dressed. She grabs her forage bag and retrieves a piece of goat cheese that Prim has left for her under a bowl, and then Katniss steps outside. Katniss’s family lives in the part of District 12 known as the Seam. It’s usually swarming with people heading to work in the morning—however, today is reaping day, and the reaping itself doesn’t take place until two, so the streets are empty. It’s already clear that Katniss’s family struggles to have enough to eat—so the fact that Prim saves a piece of goat cheese for Katniss shows how close they are. Both sisters are considerate of the other and care about the other’s happiness. Katniss’s home is almost at the edge of the Seam, and she heads towards the fence that surrounds District 12, separating the district from the woods outside. In theory, the fence is electrified 24/7 in order to deter predators, but because District 12 is lucky to have electricity even two to three hours a day, the fence is usually safe to touch. Katniss still listens for a telltale electric hum, however, before she crawls beneath a gap in the fence. The fence is the first hint of the Capitol’s effort to keep the districts divided. In theory, it prevents people (and animals) from coming in and out. However, the electricity almost never works—another sign of the economic difficulties in District 12—so Katniss is able to crawl under. In the woods, Katniss retrieves a bow and a sheath of arrows from their hiding spot in a log. The weapons serve as protection from the predators in the woods, but they also allow those who know how to hunt to find food. Katniss’s father taught her how to use a bow before he died in a mining accident five years ago, when Katniss was eleven. She still has nightmares about her father’s death, however, and wakes up screaming for him to run. The woods appear dangerous at first—and they are—but to those who know how to take a second look, they also present an opportunity for food. Surface appearances don’t reveal everything. Similarly, Katniss usually acts tough and stoic, but her nightmares about her father reveal how emotionally vulnerable she can be. Trespassing in the woods is illegal, and poaching is punishable by death, but most of the Peacekeepers turn a blind eye because they enjoy the fresh meat that comes out of hunting. More people would venture in the woods if they had proper weapons, but most have only a knife. Katniss’s father crafted her bow and arrows. The Peacekeepers in District 12 are hypocritical—they’re willing to bend the rules if it benefits them. Katniss recalls that when she was younger, she would blurt out criticisms of the government, frightening her mother. As she grew older, however, Katniss learned that this would only cause more trouble, so now she avoids engaging in anything other than small talk. She even avoids discussing her opinions at home, where Prim might hear her and start repeating her words. As Katniss grows older, she begins to understand the importance of keeping up appearances for the sake of protecting herself—a lesson that will come in handy during the Hunger Games. Her concern also stems from her care for Prim. Katniss might be more reckless with her words if she didn’t have people she loved who could get hurt. The only person Katniss feels that she can truly be free with is her hunting partner, Gale. Gale refers to her as Catnip because when the two first met, Katniss whispered her name so quietly that Gale had thought she said “Catnip.” Soon afterwards, a lynx had started following her, looking for handouts, and the nickname stuck. As the chapter progresses, it becomes clear that Katniss—tough as she is—has formed bonds with many people in District 12. Her relationship with Gale, especially, is something of a slap in the face to the Capitol, since they met outside of legal bounds while hunting—a criminal activity. Gale has brought a loaf of real bakery bread to share on the morning of reaping day, and he and Katniss make a meal out of the bread, goat cheese, and blackberries from surrounding bushes. They mimic Effie Trinket’s affected Capitol accent and the catchphrase of the Hunger Games: “May the odds be ever in your favor!” They joke because the alternative is to be terrified about the possibility of being chosen for the Hunger Games on reaping day. By giving their outing the appearance of a celebration, Gale and Katniss are protecting themselves from the reality that two people in District 12 will be sent to their probable deaths later that day. Their joke about Effie’s accent also demonstrates how separate the Capitol is from the districts. Even their manner of speaking is so different that it’s laughable. And yet their laughter is also the only rebellion they have against a Capitol that controls their fate. As Katniss watches Gale, she notes that their features are so similar, they might be related. Almost everyone in the Seam has straight black hair, olive skin, and gray eyes. Katniss’s mother and Prim, however, are exceptions, with light hair and blue eyes. This is because Katniss’s mother’s parents were part of a small merchant class that catered to officials and Peacekeepers, selling healing herbs at an apothecary shop. Even within the district, different social classes are divided, and it seems that the classes are divided by ethnicity. Katniss’s mother’s lighter features belong to the higher merchant class, while the coal miners all have the same darker features. These divisions keep District 12 weak, ensuring it will never rebel against the Capitol. Katniss’s father would sometimes bring herbs that he had foraged in the woods to sell to the apothecary, and that’s how Katniss’s parents met. Katniss tries to remember that her mother must have really loved her father to leave her home to move to the Seam, but she still feels angry about the way her mother became unresponsive after the mining accident that killed Katniss’s father. Katniss’s mother made a financial sacrifice when she decided to marry Katniss’s father—another sign that the classes are unequal even within the district. Katniss understands that her mother loved her father, and this love humanizes her mother somewhat—it’s the only way Katniss can view her mother’s absence after her father's death as anything but a betrayal. Gale prepares the food they’ve brought, and they sit back to enjoy the morning and the food, which would be a perfect combination if it weren’t for that fact that their holiday is a result of reaping day. Gale suddenly suggests that they run away to live in the woods, but quickly dismisses the idea when he remembers all their “kids.” By kids he means their younger siblings and mothers, who rely on the food Gale and Katniss bring home from their outings. Gale demonstrates warring desires. He wants to run away and save himself from the possibility of being chosen on reaping day, but he can’t because he’s loyal to those who rely on him in District 12. His decision to stay and support his family instead of trying to save himself is a less dramatic version of Katniss’s later impulse to sacrifice herself for Prim. Katniss is confused by Gale’s outburst—there’s never been anything romantic between them. They met in the woods when Katniss was twelve and Gale was fourteen, and it took a long time before they trusted each other enough to start working as a team. Gale suggests that they fish at the lake and leave their poles while they gather greens and strawberries in the woods. The dinner after the reaping is supposed to be celebratory for everyone except the families of those whose children have been selected for the reaping. Families in the districts are forced to act as if reaping day is a cause for celebration. The Capitol asserts its power by controlling even the appearance of a horrible ritual and making it seem commemorative. By the end of the morning, Gale and Katniss have a dozen fish, a bag of greens, and a gallon of strawberries. On the way home, they swing by the Hob, the black market that operates in an abandoned warehouse in the Seam. They trade some of their fish for bread and salt, and then they bring some strawberries to the mayor, who has a special fondness for them and can afford the price. The mayor’s daughter, Madge, opens the door, dressed in an expensive white dress. Gale comments on the dress, and Madge responds that she wants to look her best in case she gets picked at the reaping, and Gale reacts poorly, scoffing at Madge’s worries. The reaping system is unfair, biased against the poor. Technically, the lottery is random, but after the age of twelve, children can opt to have their names entered into the lottery multiple times in exchange for tesserae, which can be used to purchase more grain and oil. As a result, the children of poor families tend to have more entries in the lottery than do the children of wealthier families who can survive without tesserae. Katniss now has twenty entries in the reaping, and Gale, who has been single-handedly feeding a family of five for seven years, has forty-two entries, which is why he scoffs at Madge’s fears—she likely only has four or five entries. The lottery system is a prime example of social inequality. Even though it’s random, poor children are far more likely to get picked because of the tesserae system. This inequality also breeds resentment between classes, as Gale demonstrates—and this resentment is just one more way the Capitol keeps its people divided so that they won’t unite together and rebel. Gale and Katniss split up the food they’ve gathered and head to their respective homes. When Katniss arrives at her house, she finds that her mother and Prim are already ready, with Prim wearing Katniss’s first reaping outfit, a skirt and ruffled blouse. Katniss bathes and then puts on what her mother has laid out for her, which turns out to be one of her mother’s own dresses from her past—much nicer than anything Katniss herself owns. Her mother also braids Katniss’s hair on top of her head, and when she’s finished, Katniss can barely recognize herself. Katniss’s mother still has some of her dresses from her days as part of the merchant class, and Katniss’s hesitation when putting on the dress shows just how rare it is to see such fine material in the Seam—another sign of social inequality. Katniss doesn’t recognize herself after she dresses up because she doesn’t usually do so. It’s to her advantage to appear tougher when she lives in the Seam. Katniss attempts to comfort Prim, who is attending her first reaping. Even though the odds are in Prim’s favor, she’s still terrified, and Katniss feels powerless to protect her as she usually does. They decide to save everything Katniss has brought home for dinner, and for lunch, the family eats rough bread made from tessera grain and drinks milk from Prim’s goat. At one o’clock, everyone heads to the square—attendance is mandatory for the reaping. Twelve- through eighteen-year-olds are roped off, and family members stand off to the sides. Everyone focuses on the temporary stage in front of the Justice Building. It holds three chairs, a podium, and two large glass balls filled with names, one for girls and one for boys. Two of the three chairs are filled with Madge’s dad, Mayor Undersee, and Effie Trinket, District 12’s escort from the Capitol. In the square, children are roped off from their families, another division that would make it harder for a district to rise up and rebel during a reaping. The fact that the reaping takes place in front of the Justice Building is hypocritical, since the Hunger Games are anything but just—they favor wealthier districts and demonstrate how much control the Capitol has over the districts. As the clock strikes two, the mayor steps up to the podium and begins to read about the history of Panem, the country that rose out of the ashes of what once was North America. For a while, there was peace and prosperity for Panem, which consisted of a shining Capitol and thirteen surrounding districts. Afterwards, however, the districts rebelled against the Capitol, and twelve of the districts were defeated and one obliterated. The Hunger Games serve as a yearly reminder that the districts must never rebel again. The Capitol maintains control by divvying up the country into twelve districts—and ensuring their dependence upon the government. Each of the districts specializes in producing only particular goods and are therefore not self-sufficient and must rely on centralized distribution in order to survive. The rules of the Hunger Games are that each of the twelve districts must provide one girl and one boy, called tributes, to participate. The twenty-four tributes will be trapped in a large outdoor arena that can hold anything from desert to rainforest while they fight to the death over a period of several weeks. The last tribute standing wins. The competition is the Capitol’s method of reminding the districts that they are completely at the Capitol’s mercy. The districts are also forced to treat the Games as a festivity. The winner receives a life of ease back home, and their district is showered with prizes, largely consisting of food. The Hunger Games is one of the best methods that the Capitol has for ensuring that the districts remain divided. Tributes from different districts are pitted against each other for survival. When one wins, the entire district is showered with food and luxuries like sugar, further emphasizing the inequalities between different districts and different classes. In the past seventy-four years, District 12 has only had two victors, only one of which is still alive. As the mayor reads his name, Haymitch Abernathy drunkenly stumbles onto the stage and gives Effie an unwelcome hug. The mayor quickly wraps up his speech and introduces Effie, whose pink wig is slightly off-center after her encounter with Haymitch. Effie gives a short speech before it’s time to read the names. She begins with the girls’ names, and Katniss prays that she won’t be called. As it turns out, her name isn’t the one called—instead, it’s her sister, Prim. One of the reasons that District 12 has only had two victors in the history of the Hunger Games is that it’s one of the poorer districts. Tributes aren’t as well fed and receive no training for the Games, so they’re unlikely to win. The disadvantages of being underprivileged follow them into the Hunger Games arena.

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Governor. Doug Ducey aims to leave a legacy of water security for Arizona’s drought-stricken residents. His most ambitious endeavor in this quest could be in Mexico. In his last state of the state speech in January, he proposed an investment of $1.16 billion over the next three years to make the state “more resilient to drought, secure a sustainable water future and allow for continued growth.” The goal, he said, is to “secure Arizona’s water future for the next 100 years.” The governor’s office shared a plan with lawmakers late last month to create a new statewide water authority tasked with boosting water supplies by developing and supporting innovative water augmentation efforts. The agency could also develop desalination plants for Mexico, which would produce freshwater from saltwater. Arizona and other Lower Basin states would take some of Mexico’s shares of Colorado River water in exchange for the water they financed desalinating south of the border, according to Arizona Department of Water Resources Director Tom Buschatzke. “We’re trying to stay ahead of the curve and make sure that we have resilient water supplies, for the growing economy, for the people, for the environment and for the lifestyle that Arizona people are used to seeing,” said Butschatske. Historic Threshold Gives Urgency to Water Woes It is becoming increasingly difficult in Southwest to stay ahead of this curve. The water level in Lake Powell, which is the country’s second-largest reservoir, fell to such an extent last week that it threatened Glen Canyon Dam’s ability to generate electricity for 6 million people who depend on it. This was the first time it had fallen below this level since it was filled 50 year ago. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation announced on Wednesday that the reservoir in the Upper Colorado River Basin had fallen below the 3,525-foot target elevation that provides a 35-foot buffer before declining water levels reach the minimum required to spin the dam’s turbines. Although the water level will recover by May, its supply of water will be at risk. Lake Powell isn’t the only important, low-quality reservoir in the Southwest. In August, the Bureau of Reclamation declared the first ever water shortage in Lake Mead. It is the largest reservoir in the United States and is formed by Hoover Dam in Lower Colorado River Basin. Colorado River water is a result of the snowpack of the southern Rocky Mountains. It flows 1,450 m southwest to Mexico and California. It traverses seven states and two countries, providing water for more than 40,000,000 people and approximately 5 million acres worth of farmland. However, the West has been experiencing a drought that has lasted over two decades. This has led to a decrease in snowpacks and precipitation, as well as an increase in temperatures due to climate change. This has created a threat for water security throughout the Southwest. “This year the Colorado River Basin has experienced extremely variable conditions with a record high snowpack one month, followed by weeks without snow,” said Reclamation Acting Commissioner David Palumbo in the announcement. “This variable hydrology and a warmer, drier West have drastically impacted our operations and we are faced with the urgent need to manage in the moment. The river’s flow has declined at least 20 percent since 2000 and is expected to decline more than 9 percent for every degree Celsius of warming, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. The region is experiencing rapid population growth, particularly in Arizona, which was third in terms of population growth and migration gains between 2020 and 2021 after Texas and Florida. A Fraction of the Need is met by a Pricey Solution The most ambitious proposal to slake the region’s growing thirst as its most critical reservoirs decline is to build two desalination plants in Puerto Penasco, a Mexican city more than 60 miles south of the U.S.-Mexico border. Seawater would be drawn from the Gulf of California (also known as the Sea of Cortez), between the peninsula of Baja California in Mexico and the Mexican mainland to the plants located in the state of Sonora. After the salt is removed, water would be delivered at the Morelos Dam on the U.S.-Mexico frontier, where Colorado River water can be distributed south of the border. With the freshwater satisfying U.S. commitments from the Colorado River to Mexico, more of the river’s flow could be held back for use in Arizona. Experts say the high cost of desalination, its energy requirements, and the difficulty of disposing brine, a salt-concentrated byproduct seawater desalination process, are all reasons to be concerned. And the projects will only make up for a fraction of the Southwest’s water shortfall. According to a 2020 binational analysis involving Mexico and Lower Colorado River Basin States, the plants would produce more than 200,000 acre-feet each year of desalinated waters for a price of approximately $2,000 an acre-foot. This would account for less that a fifth of the projected water deficit Mexico and Lower Basin will experience by 2030. The study estimated that the capital required to set up the plants would exceed $3 billion. Annual operating costs could be as high as $119million. “In almost all cases, desalination would be the most expensive way to produce water, and the reason it would be the most expensive way to produce water is because it requires a lot of energy,” Treavor Boyer, an associate professor of environmental engineering at Arizona State University who researches water sustainability. Desalination results in concentrated waste that is several times saltier than ocean water. It is often necessary to dispose of it slowly, further out than the area where the water to desalinate was being pulled. This is the recommended method according to the binational study. Mexico’s National Commission of Water and Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources proposed that any concentrated salinity discharge into the waters of Mexico not exceed the ambient salinity concentration by more than 15 percent at a distance of 328 feet from the discharge point. “You usually can’t just sort of put it right back in the immediate vicinity of where you would through the seawater because that salinity would be much higher than what the aquatic plants and animals are used to and it would be very detrimental to them,” said Boyer. According to Boyer, the primary technology for desalination that was recommended by the study was reverse osmosis. This leaves some salt in water, and requires less energy than if plants were producing potable. Butchatske said that Mexico has yet to determine the details of how the plants will be powered and how the brine will be managed. A Drought-Proof Supply Although the potential for environmental damage and costs are significant, experts in water policy are open to the idea. They are however closely monitoring energy and waste issues. Many emphasize the importance diversifying state water resources. There is only so much water that can be distributed to the growing population. Each method of increasing the supply comes with environmental disadvantages. “It’s a more drought-proof water source than some others, and so we think it has a place in our overall picture of the water supply along with others that are less expensive,” said Sharon Megdal, director of the University of Arizona Water Resources Research Center. Although not opposed to this idea, some argue that groundwater regulation should be prioritized above desalination. “While it’s great that they are interested in investing lots of dollars, we think that it needs to be paired with the right policy,” said Haley Paul, Policy Director for Audubon Southwest. She is among the water policy specialists and lawmakers pushing for groundwater regulation in the State. Arizona is the only state in Colorado River Basin that doesn’t regulate all its groundwater. There are no limits on how much water can pumped from aquifers located in rural areas of the state. This has led to overdrafts which are drastically reducing water levels. From 1957 until now, Arizona’s water use has declined slightly, Buschatzke said, “even though our population has gone up almost seven times and our economic output has gone up about 20 times.” Keep Environmental Journalism Alive ICN provides award winning climate coverage without charge or advertising. We are dependent on donations from readers like yours to continue our work. You will be redirected to ICN’s donation partner. He attributed the decline to conservation efforts that have reduced usage. He said that much of the land that was once farmland in Arizona’s central and southern regions is now home to homes that use significantly less water. Proponents of the project are calling for long-term solutions such as desalination because of growing demand and drought-dried resources. “We want to make sure that investors in the community know that their investment is going to be protected if they come to our state,” said Butschatzke. “We want people who buy houses to know that they’re protected, that they’re going to have water for their houses today into the future.” It could take up to a decade to get the desalination plant up and running. Buschatzke said that the two countries have not yet reached an agreement and are looking into further studies to determine the details of their projects. The new water authority may also be able to support rural groundwater management, as well as technologies for conserving and reusing water. Policymakers understand that addressing water security in the region is complex and calls for a “suite of options,” said Megdal. “There aren’t necessarily quick fixes,” she said. “There aren’t necessarily cheap fixes.” Source: Inside Climate News

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Strategies for Patient Recruitment: Promoting Equitable Inclusion of African Americans in Clinical Trials New patient recruitment strategies are necessary to engage the African American community in clinical trials, as socioeconomic barriers, investigator bias, inadequate healthcare resources and literacy,1 and experiences resulting in clinical mistrust2,3,4,5 are all challenges to recruiting this population. African Americans make up 13.4% of the U.S. population but only 5% of cancer trial participation.6 This is especially unequitable, as African Americans have the highest death rate and shortest survival rate in the U.S. for most cancer diagnoses.7 Similarly, African Americans are dying of COVID-19 at a 1.4 times greater rate than White Americans,8 but are not equitably included in COVID-19 clinical trials. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has illustrated the importance for implementation of patient recruitment and engagement strategies to overcome challenges in recruiting this population in clinical trials. The Importance for New Patient Recruitment Strategies Although among the most vulnerable populations to contract SARS-CoV-2 and experience severe COVID-19 illness, African Americans remain underrepresented in COVID-19 clinical trials. While the COVID-19 trials enroll diverse populations, their participant ratio is inequitable because it is not reflective of the racial distribution within the affected populations. For example, in the placebo-controlled Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial (ACTT-1) of 1063 patients,9 the race distribution was as follows: White – 53.3%, Black – 21.3%, Asian – 12.7%, Hispanic or Latinx – 23.5% and participants designated as other or not reported – 12.7%.10 Even though most participants were White, greater mortality rates caused by COVID-19 infection are reported in African Americans, American Indian or Alaskan Natives, Hispanic or Latinx, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders.8 Equitable inclusion in clinical trials is important because racial groups have genetic traits and predispositions to comorbidities that may be inadequately assessed in relation to the study drug when trials are not equitably inclusive. Specific to African Americans and COVID-19, the equitable inclusivity of this population would better observe COVID-19 associated rash on darker skin,11,12 and/or the effects of the study drug in relation to sickle cell anemia or trait, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, asthma, and sarcoidosis, as these traits and comorbidities are common in this population. Unlike recent COVID-19 clinical trials, in a study with limited patient diversity, ideally the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) would require subgroup analyses13 or post approval studies14 to ensure efficacy and safety outcomes apply specific to race, after the drug is approved. Additional analyses may be reduced by implementing vigorous patient recruitment methods that promote equitable inclusion which will improve study drug generalizability. Equitable inclusion of most affected populations in clinical studies may minimize concerns for efficacy specific to race once the study drug is provided to the greater population. When the study is federally funded and the pharmaceutical company is the sponsor, racially targeted patient recruitment strategies should be applied to comply with the Public Health Service Act sec. 492B, 42 U.S.C. sec. 289a-2,15 National Institute of Health (NIH) policy NOT-OD-18-01416 and the Revitalization Act 1993.17 Strategies to Overcome Challenges of Recruiting African Americans in Clinical Trials To address strategies to improve African American population recruitment and retention in clinical trials, companies should evaluate clinical trial feasibility to ensure recruitment and retention measures yield and maintain an equitably diverse participant sample that supports generalizability of study outcomes. Recruitment Initiatives: In TRI’s experience, adopting a strategic recruitment system or contracting a skilled recruiter to target diverse populations will improve participant diversity. The strategic recruitment system should include a step-by-step manual with guidance, tips, sample messages, newsletters, media templates, and an image library for recruitment materials that are specific to the target racial or ethnic demographic. Recruiters contracted to improve enrollment diversity should be aware of social media trends and vernacular within the African American community to create meaningful recruitment materials. Additionally, the recruiter should have innovative ideas to overcome enrollment challenges manifested by the historical clinical trial distrust among this population. Contracting a recruiter that is an expert in increasing African American participation will help ensure the recruitment initiatives yield desired outcomes. Clinical Site Selection: It is important to ensure clinical sites are geographically located in relation to the target demographic. In a multisite trial, to improve trial visibility by African Americans, a sufficient number of clinical sites should be positioned in communities that have a relatively large African American population. Specifically, HBCUs are usually located in African American communities. Including clinical sites at HBCU medical schools, such as Morehouse College of Medicine, Howard University School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College or Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science will increase visibility of clinical trial enrollment. Additionally, trial visibility may be increased by partnering with community clinics in African American communities. When selecting sites that are not HBCUs or community clinics, companies can track geographical distribution of the patients most affected by the disease under observation using zip codes. In doing so, sites may be selected that are located near or within zip codes with the most affected or target population. How to Target the African American Population for Patient Recruitment: Recruitment materials should include graphics that are reflective of African Americans of affected ages, gender, economic, sociocultural, and ethnic demographics with other races, as applicable. In doing so, African Americans can identify a connection with the study, which will lead to volunteering or agreeing to participate. Representation of other races in graphics may also reduce skepticism around participating. Focus groups should be convened to create sample messages to promote trial enrollment that are specifically targeted at this community. Sample messages should be shared with or targeted to African American religious leaders, community organizations, community clinics, Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), professional associations, and the National Pan-Hellenic Council Sororities and Fraternities. Overall trial visibility will be increased, as professional associations and the National Pan-Hellenic Council Sororities and Fraternities have national networks. HBCUs are geographically located in African American communities, as well as have robust alumni organizations that may assist in trial visibility and information dissemination. Collaborating with or using these entities as resources for information distribution will target the African American community directly. Also, social media platforms (i.e., Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, Twitter, etc.) can be used to extend trial visibility and directly target the intended demographic. This can be accomplished by creating an advertisement within the media platform and selecting appropriate user settings (i.e., ad objective, target audience, ad format, etc.) to solicit a specific demographic. How to Reduce Participation Costs for the African American Population: As participants arrange the rigorous requirements of clinical studies into their daily schedules, reducing burdens associated with participation may improve retention. Mitigating travel costs when sites are not geographically relative to African American communities and providing meal vouchers to participants will reduce financial burdens associated with clinical trial participation. In some cases when transportation reimbursement is provided, it is often not immediate. This forces participants to pay out of pocket in the moment to meet study demands, which can be an obstacle to participate in a trial. Partnering with travel services (i.e., Uber, Lyft, etc.) to facilitate transportation will eliminate this concern, as the study can pay for travel services directly. An additional avenue to eliminate travel costs and improve retention is incorporating home nurse visits to conduct simple assessments (i.e., vital signs, drug compliance, etc.) for participants without stable transportation, reliable childcare, or other personal requirements that might prevent the ability to attend an in-person visit. Retention Initiatives: Creating avenues for communicating with the study site electronically will help minimize participant perceived barriers. Although some in-person visits are necessary to assess safety and efficacy of the study drug, the number of in-person visits may be reduced by implementing electronic communication mechanisms. This will allow for real-time reporting of non-serious adverse events electronically, which will streamline the reporting process and may promote active participation by reducing loss to follow-up. Implementing a mobile app, text message or email system will allow participants and the study site to interact without constraints of scheduling an in-person appointment or calling the facility. These systems are also useful for communicating appointment reminders and study updates. In instances where patient safety will not be compromised, implementing phone calls in place of in-person visits may improve retention. In addition, creating an online portal for participants to submit safety and/or efficacy data may also support the effectiveness of phone call visits. To accommodate participants of lower socioeconomic status or who are resource-limited, providing a smartphone or tablet will improve their ability to interact with the study team electronically, participate in phone call visits, submit safety and/or efficacy data via online portal, and receive automated reminders and/or updates. Innovative communication avenues for participants to interact with study staff outside of the clinical setting will contribute to dismantling the “guinea pig” perception of clinical trial participation and improve patient agency, as well as alleviate external constraints for participation and increase retention. In studies where electronic communication cannot be implemented due to budget, planning, or staffing constraints, selecting clinical sites relative to the location of the African American population will also contribute to participant retention. This will minimize possible inconveniences associated with transportation, which will improve participant adherence to follow-up appointments and other in-person requirements. Implementing a participant and/or caregivers survey at the end of each trial will inform the study team of participants opinions regarding the demands of the study. The study team can use this information to incorporate retention initiatives specific to participant concerns and/or apply the data to patient recruitment and retention initiatives for a developing study. About the Author Destini Garrison is a Science Communications Specialist at TRI. She earned an M.S. in Biomedical Science Policy and Advocacy from Georgetown University and a B.S. in Biology from Virginia Wesleyan University. Yates I., Byrne J., Donahue S., McCarty L., Mathews A. Representation in clinical trials: a review on reaching underrepresented populations in research. Clinical Researcher 2020; 34(7). Retrieved from: Ojanuga D. The medical ethics of the ‘father of gynaecology’, Dr J Marion Sims. J Med Ethics 1993; 19(1): 28-31. Retrieved from: Henrietta Lacks: science must right a historical wrong. Nature 2020; 585:7. Retrieved from: Nuriddin A, Mooney G, White A. Reckoning with histories of medical racism and violence in the USA. The Lancet 2020; 396(10256): 949-951. Retrieved from: Kaelber L, et al. Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American States [Conference Presentation]. Social Science Association 2012. Retrieved from: Diversifying clinical trials. National Medicine 2018; (24)1779. Retrieved from: American Cancer Society. (2019-2021). Cancer Facts & Figures for African Americans. Retrieved from: The COVID Racial Data Tracker. (2021). Retrieved from: Chastain D., Osae SP., Henao-Martines AF., et al. Racial disproportionality in covid clinical trials. N Engl Med 2020; 383: e59. Retrieved from: Beigel JH. et al. Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19- Final Report. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:1813-1826. Retrieved from: McFarling UL. Dermatology faces a reckoning: Lack of darker skin in textbooks and journals harms care for patients of color. STAT 2020. Retrieved from: Lipper GM. COVID-19-related skin changes: the hidden racism in documentation. Medscape 2020. Retrieved from: FDA Report Collection, Analysis, and Availability of Demographic Subgroup Data for FDA-Approved Medical Products 2013. Retrieved from: Postmarketing Studies and Clinical Trials- Implementation of Section 505(o)(3) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act Guidance for Industry 2019; Revision 1. Retrieved from: United States Code. (1993). 289a–2. Inclusion of women and minorities in clinical research. Retrieved from: National Institutes of Health. (2017). Amendment: NIH Policy and Guidelines on the Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research. Retrieved from: National Institutes of Health. (2001). NIH Policy and Guidelines on The Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research. Retrieved from:

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|Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Central and Southern China| |Part of the Chinese Civil War| National Revolutionary Army People's Liberation Army |Commanders and leaders| various KMT leaders and guerrilla commanders Lin Biao, Liu Bocheng, He Long, Deng Xiaoping |Casualties and losses| Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Central and Southern China (中南剿匪) was a counter-guerrilla / counterinsurgency campaign the communists fought against the nationalist guerrilla that was mostly consisted of anti-government guerrillas and nationalist regular troops left behind after the nationalist government withdrew from mainland China. The campaign was fought during the Chinese Civil War in the post-World War II era in the following six Chinese provinces: Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangdong and Guangxi, and resulted in communist victory. Like other nationalist futile attempts to fight guerrilla and insurgency warfare against the communists after being driven off from mainland China, the strategic miscalculation made by the retreating nationalist government contributed at least equally if not greater than the enemy's political and military pressure to the nationalist defeat in this campaign. The very first strategic miscalculation made by the retreating nationalist government was identical to the earlier one the nationalist government had made immediately after World War II when it had neither the sufficient troops nor enough transportation assets to be deployed into the Japanese-occupied regions of China, and unwilling to let these regions falling into communist hands, the nationalist government ordered the Japanese and their turncoat Chinese puppet government not to surrender to the communists and allowed them to keep their fighting capabilities to "maintain order" in the Japanese-occupied regions by fighting off the communists. This miscalculation resulted in further alienation and resentment to the nationalist government by the local population, which had already blamed the nationalists for losing the regions to the Japanese invaders during the war. Half a decade later when the nationalists were driven from mainland China, they had made the similar miscalculation once again in their desperation, this time by enlisting the help of local guerrillas to fight the communists, and ordering the nationalist troops left behind to join these fighters in the struggle against communism. However, the bandits were deeply feared and hated by the local populace they plagued for so long, and nationalist troops left behind joining the bandits certainly did not help them win the support of the general population. In fact, it served the exact opposite, strengthening the popular support of their communist enemy. The second strategic miscalculation made by the retreating nationalist government was also similar to the one the nationalist government had made immediately after World War II when it attempted to simultaneously solve the warlord problem that had plagued China for so long with the problem of the exterminating communists together: Those warlords allied with Chiang Kai-shek's nationalist government were only interested in keeping their own power and defected to the Japanese side when Japanese invaders offered to let them keep their power in exchange for their collaborations. After World War II, these forces of former Japanese puppet governments once again returned to the nationalist camp for the same reason they defected to the Japanese invaders. Obviously, it was difficult for Chiang to immediately get rid of these warlords for good as soon as they surrendered to Chiang and rejoined nationalists, because such move would alienate other factions within the nationalist ranks, and those former Japanese puppet government's warlords could still help the nationalists to by holding on to what was under their control and fighting off communists, and they and the communists would both be weakened. Similarly, the bandits the nationalist governments had failed to exterminate were obviously not good candidates for evacuation to Taiwan half a decade later, and using them to fight communists appeared to be the only logical alternative. If the communists were great weakened by the bandits, then it would the nationalists would have easier time in their counterattacks to retake China. If the bandits were defeated, then the nationalists would have easier job to eradicate them later after retaking China. However, just like those warlords, these bandits were only interested in keeping their own power also, and thus did not put any real efforts to fight the communists like some of the nationalists who were dedicated to their political cause. The eradication of bandits by the communist government only strengthened its popular support since previous governments dating back from Qing Dynasty had failed to do so. The third strategic miscalculation made by the retreating nationalist government was similar to the second one, but this one was about its own troops left behind. The nationalist government face a dilemma: the highly disciplined troops were in desperate need to defend Taiwan, the last nationalist island sanctuary. The less disciplined second rate and undisciplined third rate troops were definitely not suited to be withdrawn to defend the last stand nationalists had made, and they were not given the top priority for evacuation. Instead, they were left behind to fight the communists behind the enemy line, but such move had alienated many of the troops left behind, and it was impossible to expect them to fight their communist enemy with the same kind of dedication like those nationalist agents who believed in their political cause. Compounding the problem, due to the need of bandits’ knowledge of local area, they were often rewarded with higher ranks than the nationalist troops left behind. As a result, the former-nationalist troops turned guerrilla fighters lacked any willingness to work together with the bandits they once attempted to exterminate, especially when many of the bandits had killed their comrades-in-arms earlier in the battles of eradications / pacifications. Many loyal nationalists were enraged by the fact that they had to serve under the former-enemy they once fought. Similarly, the bandits lacked the similar willingness and attempted to expend those nationalist troops whenever they could in order to save their own skin. The fourth strategic miscalculation made by the retreating nationalist government was financial / economical: due to the lack of money, those bandits turned guerrillas were mostly provided with arms, but not sufficient supplies and money. The bandits turned guerrilla had no problem of looting the local population to get what they need, as they had done for decades, which inevitably drove the general popular support further into the communist side. The little financial support provided by the nationalist government was simply not enough to support such guerrilla and insurgency warfare on such a large scale. Another unexpected but disastrous result of the insufficient financial support was that it had greatly eroded the support of the nationalist government within its own ranks. The wealthy landowners and businessmen were the strong supporters of nationalist government and as their properties were confiscated by the communists and redistributed to the poor, their hatred toward the communist government was enough to cause many of them to stay behind voluntarily to fight behind the enemy line. However, the landowners and businessmen were also longtime victims of bandits due to their wealth, and suffered even more than the general populace. As these former landowners and businessmen turned guerrilla fighters were ordered to join their former bandits who once threatened, looted, kidnapped and even killed them and their relatives, it was obvious that such cooperation was in name only and cannot produce any actual benefits, and the alienation and discontent toward the nationalist government harbored by these once ardent nationalists would only grow greater. Another problem for the nationalists was the strong disagreement among themselves over how to fight the war against their communist enemy. Military professionals preferred to fight a total war, incapacitate the enemy’s ability to fight, but this inevitably conflicted with the interest of another faction of strong supporters of the nationalist government: the landowners and businessmen, who joined bandits to oppose such tactic. The reason was that landowners and businessmen supporting and joining the nationalist guerrilla firmly believed that the nationalists would be able to retake mainland China within several years and they would be able to regain their lost lands, businesses, and other properties that were confiscated and redistributed to the poor by the communists. As the nationalist military professionals in the guerrilla suggested and destroyed the production facilities and businesses as part of the total war, the landowners and businessmen would not be able to regain any valuable properties after the return of the nationalist government because those properties had been destroyed. The bandits agreed with the businessmen and landowners to oppose the idea of total war for a different reason: when the properties were destroyed and productivity dropped, they would not be able to loot enough supply to survive. As a result, despite the animosities between the bandits and landowners and businessmen, they were united together in the opposition to the military professional faction of the nationalists. Communist Party strategy In comparison to the nationalist, the communist goal was much simpler and focused: to exterminate all bandits, which was much easier to achieve than the conflicting strategic goal of nationalists. The communists also enjoyed another advantage in that their command was unified so that they could fight much more effectively in comparison to their nationalist adversary who was unified in name only, but fought independently, despite their impressive number totaled more than 1,160,000. Communists were also much better armed than their nationalist adversaries because due to the rapid retreat from mainland, nationalist government did not have enough time to train and equip the guerrillas left behind, and as a result, only roughly half of the guerrillas were armed with modern weaponry. Communists mobilized 63 divisions totaling over 41,000 troops and an additional 60,000 militia in the Central and Southern China Military Region to fight the local bandits in the regions including western Henan, western Hubei, southern Jiangxi, northeastern Jiangxi, western Hunan, southern Hunan, western Guangdong, northern Guangdong, Pearl River Delta, western Guangxi, southeastern Guangxi and the border region between Hubei, Anhui and Henan. The campaign in the central and southern China was actually consisted of several smaller campaigns including Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Dabieshan, Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Guangxi, Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Western Hunan, and Campaign to Suppress Bandits in the Border Region of Hunan-Hubei-Sichuan. The communists planned their campaign in three stages, with the first lasting from May 1949 thru November 1949. Communist Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangxi and Guangdong Military Districts mobilized available regular and militia forces launched waves of offensive against bandits and by the end of the year, over 334,600 bandits were annihilated. After a brief relatively dormant period, the bandit guerrilla counterattacked in the spring of 1950. The communist high command of Central and Southern (China) Military Region held a conference in March 1950 to discuss the next step and decided to use three months to eradicate the bandits. Over forty thousand troop of Hunan Military District to eradicate bandits in western Hunan, Taifu (太浮) Mountains in Changde and Dragon Mountain in Shaoyang, and by the end of June 1950, over forty thousand bandits were killed. An equal number of bandits were killed in the same period of time in Pearl River Delta, and on coastal islands in Guangdong. Meanwhile, eight communist regiments of Guangxi Military District managed to kill over thirty thousand bandits in southeastern Guangxi. In July 1950, the bandit guerrillas became overly confident due to the outbreak of Korean War, believing that the communist regime would collapse because it was not match to the mighty USA, and it was time for massive offensive. The communist high command of Central and Southern (China) Military Region held a second conference according and decided to reinforce Guangxi, and in Guangdong, concentrating on western and northern Guangdong. In western Hunan, two commands in the north and south would be formed to better coordinate the battles aimed to eradicate bandits in the border region of Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou and Guangxi provinces. By the end of May 1951, over half a million bandits were eradicated. This marked the end of conventional warfare which the bandit guerrilla could no longer launch and bandit guerrillas could no longer mass sufficient strength to launch any strikes that posed real danger to the communist regime. By the beginning of June 1950, the campaign turned into purely counter guerrilla warfare. Communists strengthened their success by sending over thirty thousand cadres to the country side to support the land reform, and managed to won the support of most peasantry class. Communist further changed their tactics by forming over three thousand counter guerrilla teams and fought the bandit guerrilla with guerrilla warfare, and after a year, over seventy six thousand bandits were further eradicated. On June 1, 1952, communists adjusted their tactic once more due to the progress made earlier, and the concentration turned into counterinsurgency warfare, with the responsibility transferred to police force. However, the Chinese police force at the time, the Public Security Army (Gong An Jun, 公安军) was a branch of regular army. By April 1953, another seventeen thousand bandits were eradicated and finally, in June 1953, all tasks were transferred to police force when communists declared that the campaign ended with the eradication over 1.16 million bandits in Central and Southern China. Although sharing the common anti-communist goal, the nationalist guerrilla and insurgency warfare was largely handicapped by the enlistment of bandits, many of whom had fought and killed nationalist troops earlier in the eradication / pacification campaign, and compounded by the additional differences within the nationalist guerrilla, the nationalist guerrilla and insurgency warfare against its communist enemy failed. For the communists, in addition to the complete eradication of the bandits, another benefit of the campaign was obtaining a valuable source of tough soldiers: most bandits were captured and surrendered with a significant portion of them later joined People's Volunteer Army to fight in the Korean War, and facing the overwhelming superior firepower of UN, their performance was considered “heroic” and “brave” by the communists. However, due to obvious political reasons, their banditry past was carefully left out in the communist propaganda and it was not until in the late 1990s was the truth finally allowed to be publicized. - List of Battles of Chinese Civil War - National Revolutionary Army - History of the People's Liberation Army - Chinese Civil War - Zhu, Zongzhen and Wang, Chaoguang, Liberation War History, 1st Edition, Social Scientific Literary Publishing House in Beijing, 2000, ISBN 7-80149-207-2 (set) - Zhang, Ping, History of the Liberation War, 1st Edition, Chinese Youth Publishing House in Beijing, 1987, ISBN 7-5006-0081-X (pbk.) - Jie, Lifu, Records of the Liberation War: The Decisive Battle of Two Kinds of Fates, 1st Edition, Hebei People's Publishing House in Shijiazhuang, 1990, ISBN 7-202-00733-9 (set) - Literary and Historical Research Committee of the Anhui Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Liberation War, 1st Edition, Anhui People's Publishing House in Hefei, 1987, ISBN 7-212-00007-8 - Li, Zuomin, Heroic Division and Iron Horse: Records of the Liberation War, 1st Edition, Chinese Communist Party History Publishing House in Beijing, 2004, ISBN 7-80199-029-3 - Wang, Xingsheng, and Zhang, Jingshan, Chinese Liberation War, 1st Edition, People's Liberation Army Literature and Art Publishing House in Beijing, 2001, ISBN 7-5033-1351-X (set) - Huang, Youlan, History of the Chinese People's Liberation War, 1st Edition, Archives Publishing House in Beijing, 1992, ISBN 7-80019-338-1 - Liu Wusheng, From Yan'an to Beijing: A Collection of Military Records and Research Publications of Important Campaigns in the Liberation War, 1st Edition, Central Literary Publishing House in Beijing, 1993, ISBN 7-5073-0074-9 - Tang, Yilu and Bi, Jianzhong, History of Chinese People's Liberation Army in Chinese Liberation War, 1st Edition, Military Scientific Publishing House in Beijing, 1993 – 1997, ISBN 7-80021-719-1 (Volume 1), 7800219615 (Volume 2), 7800219631 (Volum 3), 7801370937 (Volum 4), and 7801370953 (Volum 5) |This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|

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(Please note- under construction) The Marietta Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad The route of the Byesville Scenic Railway was originally built as the "Marietta & Pittsburgh" Railway during 1871-1873. The main purpose for the building of the rail line was to haul coal from the once numerous deep mines south of Cambridge. The original line was 103 miles long, originating in Marietta. Moving northward, the line passed through the cities of Caldwell, Byesville, Cambridge, Newcomerstown, and Dover, which was the end of line. In the late 1800's the line was eventually reorganized as the Cleveland & Marietta Railway. The line eventually became part of the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR), which already owned a rail line from Dover north to Bayard, and another rail line from Bayard north to Cleveland. Under PRR ownership, the line was an integral part of the direct link between Cleveland and Marietta. Despite the fact the road did join its namesake cities, it eventually would simply become known as the "Marietta Branch” of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Coal Mining and the Marietta Branch At one time dozens of deep coal mines existed south of Cambridge, employing thousands of miners. In the early part of the 1900’s, these mines generated hundreds of carloads everyday for the Marietta Branch. There were a total of twelve deep mines located along the 3.5 mile route you are traveling today. Along the way you can still see several roadbeds of the tracks that once switched away from the mainline and went to the now abandoned mines. Busy times on the Marietta Branch The Marietta Branch was in its heyday during the early 1900's. The majority of traffic on the line consisted of trainloads of coal moving north to the great lakes (and an equal amount of empty hoppers moving south for reloading at the mines). At one time the line was so busy that a northbound coal train would leave Cambridge every 20 minutes. Until the early 1930’s, a daily passenger train also operated over the line round trip between Cleveland and Marietta. The Route of Today’s Excursion Train The 3.5 mile long portion of the Marietta Branch of which the train operates today is from milepost 52.8 in downtown Byesville to milepost 49.3 in Derwent (these mileposts are measured in miles from Marietta as you would travel north on the railroad). Today, the mileposts you see along the way (mileposts 5, 6, 7, & 8) reflect the 1970's "re-numbering" of the milepost as measured in miles from near Union Station in Cambridge. The Longest Straight Stretch on the Marietta Branch The 2 ½ mile long section of track you will travel from south of Byesville to Derwent was the longest straight stretch of track on the Marietta Branch. It is said that back in the early 1900’s, this is where trains running behind schedule would make up lost time by exceeding speeds of more than 60 mph. Points of interest along this stretch of the track include the two bridges that will carry the excursion train over Wills Creek: Number 5 bridge (built in 1898) and Number 4 bridge (built in 1907). The NMP&T Street Car Line A streetcar line ran directly side-by-side along the 2 ½ mile segment from Byesville to Derwent. This was the "New Midland Power & Traction Company" which ran from Cambridge to Byesville, Derwent, and Pleasant City. The NMP&T was abandoned in the late 1920's, but the roadbed of this line is quite visible to this day. Where the streetcar line crossed Wills Creek, the foundations of the trestle bents are visible when water levels are sufficiently low. Crossing the B&O at "N Cabin" (or "C&M Crossing") A once very busy place along the Marietta Branch was a site called "N Cabin", which is located half-way between Derwent and Pleasant City. Although the excursion train does not operate all the way to N Cabin at this time, it is hoped that this segment of the line will be opened for excursion service by early next year. N Cabin is where the Marietta Branch crossed the B&O Railroad's "Eastern Ohio Branch". A telegraph operator was situated there in a small one story structure to hand up orders to trains crossing the "diamond". An interesting note is that this crossover was called different names by the PRR and the B&O. The crossing was referred to as "N cabin" by the PRR, but it was called "C&M Crossing" or “Albin” by the B&O (Albin was the name of the family which owned the land prior to the arrival of the railroads). The Slow Decline of the Marietta Branch The amount of coal (and general freight) traffic on the line began to decrease starting in the 1920's and would fall significantly up through the 1970's. It was during this period that the nation's railroads were losing more and more business to the trucking industry. The invention of the automobile also had an adverse effect on the line. It was not long after mass production of the automobile began in the early 1900's that ridership on the Marietta Branch began to decrease. The revenue lost was significant enough that the PRR finally discontinued the daily passenger train between Cleveland and Marietta in 1933. Although freight service continued on, by the 1970’s trains no longer operated south through Byesville on a daily basis, but rather on a weekly basis. The B&O Starts Running Through Byesville 1966 In 1966, the B&O abandoned it’s Eastern Ohio Branch from C&M Crossing eastward to Buffalo, Senecaville, and Lore City. The track west of C&M crossing to Blue Bell and Cumberland was left intact so that rail service could be maintained with Central Ohio Coal, who was still a significant customer at the time. In order for B&O trains to access the line from C&M Crossing to Cumberland, the B&O obtained trackage rights over the Marietta Branch from Cambridge to Byesville, Derwent and N Cabin. The Abandonment of the Marietta Branch 1976 In 1968 the Pennsylvania Railroad merged with long-time rival New York Central to form the Penn Central Railroad. As it would happen, the merger was a failure and within just a few years the Penn Central was bankrupt. In 1976, the Penn Central, along with several other struggling railroads in the eastern U.S. became part of Consolidated Rail Corp. (Conrail), which was created to transform the nation's troubled railroad network into a profitable business. One immediate impact of the Conrail merger was the abandonment of thousands of miles of "low revenue" branch lines. Unfortunately, the Marietta Branch was determined to be among the branch lines eligible for abandonment. In May 1976 the last train would operate over the line from Marietta to Dover. After the last train, almost the entire line was abandoned. The only portion of track left intact was from just east of Cambridge Union Station, south to Byesville, Derwent, and N Cabin (milepost 57.8 to 48.6). This section of track was then sold to the B&O / Chessie System. From that point forward, the rail line through Byesville was just considered as part of the B&O Railroad’s “Eastern Ohio Branch”. B&O Trains Continue to Run Through Byesville 1976-1986 After Conrail abandoned, B&O trains continued to operate over the line from Cambridge to Cumberland via Byesville. The trains primarily consisted of carloads of ammonium nitrate (an explosive used in mining) for Central Ohio Coal. During this time, 2-3 trains per week on the line were common. One significant event in the early 1980’s was the rebuilding of the track from south of Cambridge, through Byesville, south to N cabin. New ties and ballast were put down, and the old jointed rail was replaced with continuous welded rail. Because the continuous welded rail has no joints, you do not hear the “clickety-clack” of the wheels while riding on the train. The End of Rail Service to Cumberland 1986-1993 In 1986, regular rail service to Cumberland ended when bulk transfer silos were built at Woodlawn Avenue in Cambridge. Here the ammonium nitrate was unloaded from train and transferred by truck to Central Ohio Coal. This meant the end of regular rail service to Cumberland via Byesville. From that point forward, rail service to Cumberland via Byesville was infrequent and rail movements over the line were considered as “extras”. During this time weeks or months would pass before another train would travel the line. These infrequent movements usually consisted of oversized equipment for Central Ohio Coal. On several occasions trains of ballast or leased cars/locomotives for the Muskingum Electric Railway were moved over the line. Also during this time, the Chessie System Railroad merged with the Seaboard System, forming CSX. As CSX grew, low-revenue branch lines such as the line from Cambridge to Cumberland became less important. Maintenance of the track was deferred, and the line began to deteriorate. The last train to Cumberland via Byesville was a small diesel switcher engine for Muskingum Electric Railway in October 1993. A handful of trains to Derwent via Byesville 1994-1998 Although no more trains would run to Cumberland, a handful of trains operated through Byesville to Derwent during the period from 1993 to 1998. In Derwent, BSI manufactured and shipped by rail several large pressure vessels that were too large to move by truck. These shipments would be the last on the rail line before the flood of 1998, which devastated the track south of Byesville. The flood completely washed away the roadbed from under the track in many spots, moving the track out of alignment and leaving it dangling several feet in the air. It would take hundreds of thousands of dollars to rebuild the line before it would be ready for rail service. The CIC takes over 1999-2000 Due to the considerable cost of rebuilding the line, CSX petitioned to completely abandon the track from Byesville to Cumberland in 1999. In order to maintain rail service with BSI in Derwent, the Cambridge-Guernsey Community Improvement Corp. (CIC) stepped in and purchased the line from Main Street in Byesville south to Derwent in 2000. Reconstruction of the line from Byesville to Derwent began in the Winter of 2001 and the track was once again ready for service by the end of the year. Trains return to Byesville in 2003 2003 was an exciting year for the village of Byesville. Throughout the winter and spring of that year, local leaders negotiated with the Buckeye Central Scenic Railroad to loan their train for use in Byesville. That June the BCSR excursion train arrived in Byesville just in time for the Jonathon Bye Days festival. It had been 70 years since a passenger train has last operated through Byesville, and hundreds of people came to ride the train. The Byesville Scenic Railway In 2006 the Byesville Scenic Railway was formed to resume operations of the Byesville excursion train. The mission of the Byesville Scenic Railway is as follows: To preserve, restore, maintain and operate historic and vintage railway equipment and to provide scenic train rides featuring a living history of the local coal mines. To promote, create and maintain a railroad and coal mining museum and display site for the education and entertainment of the general public, to assist in the economic development of the area and to operate same as a non-profit organization. In June of 2006 the Byesville Scenic Railway acquired its own GE 80 tonner locomotive and two passenger cars for exclusive use in Byesville. Since then, thousands of riders have enjoyed our 1 hour round trip excursions. We have hosted many tour groups and school charters and have featured many special events and excursions such as: Coal Miners Festival and Steam Weekend with Ohio Central steam locomotive No.1293 Wine Tasting Excursions Veterans Day Excursions Spirit of Christmas Excursions Since 2006 we have also made many improvements to our rail infrastructure. We have installed thousands of crossties to ensure a safe and smooth, enjoyable ride. In the Fall of 2007, we built a siding for our train at our station in Byesville, allowing for switching of cars and passage of potential freight movements over the line. As of November 2009, we have expanded our original excursion route by 1.5 miles. We now travel beyond the State Route 821 crossing to our "Milepost 10", near old "Banner Mine" (NW of Pleasant City, OH) over refurbished rails of the old B&O Eastern Ohio Branch. The future of the Byesville Scenic Railway The Byesville Scenic Railway is now working to re-open the remaining 7 1/2 miles of the old B&O Eastern Ohio Branch from the milepost 10 (near Pleasant City) southwest to Cumberland. Once this section of track is re-opened, the route of our passenger excursion will be 25 miles round trip. After our expansion to Cumberland, someday our excursion train could possibly operate a few miles further southwest near the huge wild animal preserve known as The Wilds to enjoy one of their safari tour adventures. We would like to thank you for your interest in the Byesville Scenic Railway. We hope you will come ride with us soon! Copyright © 2006-2010 Byesville Scenic Railway

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Astronomy is a fascinating thing. The more you learn about the universe, the more you realize there is to know. Discoveries often throw up more questions than they do answers. But the great secrets of outer space are not all hidden in black holes and far-off galaxies. Some of them are a lot closer to Earth than you might imagine. From the ice dunes of Pluto to Jupiter’s luminous moon, the solar system is home to all kinds of elusive and mind-boggling phenomena. This list looks at some astonishing secrets of the solar system that scientists are in the process of unraveling. 10 Strange Things Dwell in the Clouds of Venus The skies of Venus are teeming with strange and elusive things. Scientists say we can learn a lot from the clouds that swarm over our neighboring planet. Astronomers reckon Venus was once a lot like Earth. Its surface was covered in great lakes and oceans. But toxic gases and environmental warming scorched the planet, turning the wetlands of Venus into the arid landscapes we see today. But perhaps, scientists wonder, was there once life on the nearby planet? And, if so, could that life have survived by ascending into the clouds? Around thirty miles (fifty kilometers) above the surface of Venus, the temperature and pressure are said to resemble those here on Earth. Entrepreneur Peter Beck is obsessed with Venus. In 2023, his company Rocket Lab plans to send a robot to search the clouds of Venus for signs of extra-terrestrial life. The Californian spacecraft firm hopes to find living beings floating miles above the barren ground. “We’re going to learn a lot on the way there, and we’re going to have a crack at seeing if we can discover what’s in that atmospheric zone,” Beck explained. “And who knows? You may hit the jackpot.” 9 Space Hurricane Looms over Earth In 2014, scientists noticed a strange vortex swirling high above the North Pole. The unusual spiral of auroral light measured over 600 miles wide, dazzling the skies for eight hours before fading into the night. But, until recently, researchers struggled to explain what the giant patch of light was and why it was there. Now, physicists at Shandong University in China have managed to shed some light on the situation. Using satellite data collected during the Cold War, Qing-He Zhang explained that the mysterious ‘space hurricane’ was a large spiral of electrically charged gas. Celestial whirlpools like the one seen in 2014 are created by showers of electrons ejected from the sun. The minuscule particles cascade through the Earth’s magnetic field, crashing into gas atoms in the upper atmosphere and releasing bright flashes of light. Zhang and his team reckon space hurricanes may have occurred before 2014, but this is the first time scientists have identified one. 8 Methane Points to Life on Mars Is there life on Mars? David Bowie famously sang about the prospect of aliens dwelling on the Red Planet. Now, we have evidence that there may be creatures up there. Astronomers have detected methane on Mars several times. The presence of the gas has led some scientists to speculate that life could exist on the Red Planet. On Earth, living organisms are the most common producers of methane. It would follow that it could be the case on other planets too. Every time new scientists find new evidence of Martian methane, they come one step closer to discovering if anything lives on our neighboring planet. In 2019, NASA’s Curiosity vehicle uncovered a surge of methane gas in Mars’ atmosphere. The record-high spike was detected inside Gale—a 154km-wide (96 mi) crater that the rover has been scoping out since it landed in 2012. This is not the first time Curiosity has come across spikes of methane. The exploration rover detected gas twice from 2013-14, but these were significantly lower than the latest measurements. The remarkable discovery hints at extraterrestrial life, but it is not definite proof of Martian microbes. Methane is also produced through geological processes, like certain rock minerals reacting with water. Astronomers need to gather more evidence before they can identify the source of the gas. 7 Ice Dunes Spotted on Pluto The surface is Pluto is a strange and mysterious place. Scientists used to believe that the dwarf planet was soulless and barren. They reckoned the atmosphere was nowhere near thick enough for dynamic features to form. However, recent footage from NASA’s New Horizons mission has proved otherwise. The photographs reveal that Pluto is teeming with fascinating geographical oddities. Dunes of frozen methane billow across the Sputnik Planitia plains. A vast range of mountains of water ice stretches alongside them, each jutting out around 5km (3mi) high. The mounds are formed from tiny crystals of methane—around the same size as a grain of sand—that have been whipped up by glacial winds from the nearby mountains. The dunes are also thought to contain frosted nitrogen crystals. Pluto is the latest addition to a growing list of celestial bodies on which astronomers have spotted dunes, which includes Venus, Titan, and the comet 67P. 6 Mysterious Hum Detected on Mars When NASA launched its InSight lander to study Mars in 2018, nobody expected it to find the planet humming. But that is precisely what the spacecraft detected. According to InSight’s readings, the Red Planet is emitting an endless hum punctuated by quakes and tremors. And nobody can figure out why. The craft is equipped with a high-precision seismometer and a range of detectors. Researchers say that data from InSight has already revealed an enormous amount about the planet’s structure and magnetic field. Since it landed, the lander has recorded over 450 cases of seismic activity – or, as some experts call them, ‘marsquakes.’ Unlike Earth, Mars has no tectonic plates, which means scientists are still trying to work out exactly how the quakes are caused. But the most surprising of InSight’s discoveries is the mysterious Martian hum. The seismic signal buzzes away at 2.4 Hz and seems to grow louder when the planet quakes. Researchers are unsure about the origins of the unexpected throb, although they have ruled out the wind. 5 Methane Rain on Saturn’s Largest Moon Titan, the largest of Saturn’s moons, has several unusual weather patterns. Apart from Earth, it is the only known body in the solar system where liquid rain falls on a solid surface. However, unlike Earth, the rainfall on Titan is infrequent. According to NASA’s Cassini orbiter, there are areas of Titan that only receive rainfall around once every thousand years—and instead of water, it rains methane. It might not rain often on Titan, but when it does it pours. Meters of rainfall can come cascading down in one shower. This severe battering etches deep river channels into the surface of the moon. Astronomers have even discovered vast lakes and seas of liquid methane. One of the mysteries puzzling scientists is the lack of cloud cover around the North Pole. During a study of sunbeams on the moon, scientists recently observed rainfall during Titan’s summer for the first time. However, they were stumped why they had not spotted any clouds. Cracking this conundrum could expand our understanding of weather patterns in general. But for now, it remains unknown. 4 Europa, Jupiter’s Icy Moon, Might Glow in the Dark A new study suggests that one of Jupiter’s moons might glow in the dark. Researchers reckon that Europa could emit a greenish glow caused by the intense radiation from Jupiter’s magnetic field. Europa is known for being coated in a thick layer of ice. The frosted moon faces an endless barrage of electrons. When the charged particles slam into Europa’s icy surface, they transfer some of their energy to the molecules in the ice. The energized molecules then release that energy as light, which scientists say could give the moon an eerie shimmer. 3 Strange Mass Hiding Under the Surface of the Moon Beneath the largest crater in the solar system lies a giant hunk of metal and no one is sure what it is doing there. The elusive mass is thought to be around five times the size of the Island of Hawai’i, nestled under the South Pole-Aitken basin on the far side of the moon. The crater is roughly oval-shaped, over 1,200 miles wide, and many miles deep. Astronomers reckon it was created four billion years ago. But the mass itself lies hundreds of miles underground. Scientists discovered the metal anomaly during a study of the moon’s surface and gravitational field. Scientists are keen to discover the origins of this puzzling underground lump. One theory states it could have come from the asteroid that blasted the crater into the moon’s surface. The core of a meteorite is often made of iron-nickel alloy. Computer simulations have shown that this metallic core could have become lodged in the moon’s mantle. Another suggestion is that the mass is related to oceans of liquid magma cooling down and solidifying. 2 The Mystery of Rust on the Moon As you are surely aware, iron starts to rust after long periods around oxygen and water. So you can imagine the surprise when astronomers discovered rust on the moon. Using data from India’s Chandrayaan-1 mission, Hawai’ian researcher Shuai Li showed clear signs of iron oxide or, as it is more commonly known, rust on the lunar surface. At first, scientists were flummoxed by Li’s findings. How does rust form in a place without any oxygen? On top of that, solar winds subject the moon to an onslaught of hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen is known to give away its electrons, making it even more difficult for iron to oxidize. Rust on the moon should be impossible, and yet the evidence was beyond dispute. Then came the breakthrough. Astronomers discovered that the answer lies in the shape of the Earth’s magnetic field. Earth is also constantly whipped by solar winds, which squash and distort the planet’s magnetic field. This causes the part of the field furthest from the sun to stretch backward, like a tail. This magnetotail extends 240,000 miles (385,000 kilometers) into space. During its orbit of the Earth, the moon dips briefly inside the magnetotail. At this point, the Earth shields the moon from its usual bombardment of hydrogen. The magnetic field also deposits small amounts of oxygen on the surface of the moon. For just a moment, the conditions are right for rust to form. 1 ʻOumuamua, the Solar System’s first known Visitor In 2017, a giant cigar-shaped structure became the first known interstellar object to visit the solar system. The strange visitor left scientists scratching their heads as it hurtled around the sun at 196,000 miles per hour. Astronomers know that ʻOumuamua – whose name means “a messenger from afar arriving first” in Hawai’ian – sped into the solar system from somewhere else in space. They reckon it measures around half a mile (800 meters) in length and a tenth of that in width. They predict that the cosmic traveler should tumble through the sun’s orbit for a while before shooting off again. Other than that, little is understood about the elusive wandering object. According to NASA, scientists have no real idea what ʻOumuamua looks like, what it is made from, or from where it came. There a currently an array of telescopes around the world and in space trailing the mysterious visitor.

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Energy shortages in Pakistan are worsening overtime and the nation faces a two-fold challenge. On the one hand, the country is struggling to meet the present energy shortfall. On the other hand, it faces the daunting task of figuring out how to support the future economic growth. Meanwhile, the economy is stagnating from the energy scarcity and the worsening law and order situation. According to a World Bank estimate, widespread load shedding and the economic impact of energy shortages are estimated at upward of 2 percent of GDP. The State Bank of Pakistan claims that by year 2016, the country will face an acute gas shortfall of 3.021 bcfd (billion cubic feet per day). After years of delay, the country is working on a number of energy projects and trade approaches simultaneously, with special emphasis on regionalism. Nonetheless, lack of political consensus, including domestic and regional instability, has hindered exploiting of both the internal and external energy resources. The list of projects include the Iran-Pakistan (IP) gas pipeline project, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India (TAPI) pipeline project, and Central Asia-South Asia (CASA) 1000, Daimler Basha dam. As the trade and economic relations between Pakistan and India improve, regional rival India has recently offered to export liquefied gas and electricity to Pakistan. One of the recent successes came in the form of approval from the Word Bank for $1.1 billion worth of Hydropower and Agro projects. Pakistan is also actively engaged in exploring energy and trade relations with China, Russia, Kuwait and Qatar. However, none of these approaches and projects will resolve the nations immediate energy and economic crisis. The success of these initiatives is dependent upon stable FATA, Balochistan, and Afghanistan. Moreover, success would require good relations with India and US, and easing of international tensions over Iran’s nuclear program that ultimately is linked to the ties between Russia, China and US. IP Project Is Still Viable Despite strong American opposition and the decision of a Chinese bank to withdraw from funding the project, Pakistan’s Foreign Minister Hina Rabbani Khar recently stated that the IP gas-pipeline is still viable. She added that there are multiple funding sources for the initiative and to complete it by 2014. For example, Russia has taken progressively more interest in the plan and its energy giant Gazprom has shown interest in building the required infrastructure for the gas pipeline. Sweden has been added to the list that not only opposes the IP project but also the proposed US backed pipeline, the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI). Meanwhile, in February Iran approved a project that will provide 1000 megawatts of electricity to Balochistan through the Zahedan-Quetta transmission line. The Iranian Consul General Seyad Hussan Yahyavi stated that Iran is willing to deepen cooperation with Pakistan and help the country meet its energy needs. He added that Iran is already providing electricity to the villages along the border, but the perilous security situation of Pakistan has been a challenge. Commenting on the Pakistan-Iran gas pipeline project, he informed that Tehran has completed work on its side with the help of a German firm, while Pakistan has shown lack of interest. He attributed this to pressure from other countries to cease the project. TAPI And CASA 1000 At the recently held quadrilateral meeting in Dushanbe, President Zardari gave assurances to Iran and other regional countries that it remains committed to the IP and TAPI projects, despite pressure from the US and the risk of sanctions. Pakistan, Afghanistan and Tajikistan especially welcomed Russia’s interest in a gas pipeline project and the leaders of the four countries called for accelerated construction of the CASA-1000 power project. Last year, President Medvedev had stated that Russia was ready to invest “hundreds of millions of dollars” into the CASA-1000 project, and to send power from Tajikistan to Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan and Pakistan. “But for it to happen, necessary organizational decisions should be taken first, we have to be invited,” Medvedev told reporters. Pakistan-India Regional Trade And Energy Cooperation The relations between India and Pakistan have thawed since Pakistan agreed to grant India the Most Favored Nation (MFN) status. Prime Minister Yusuf Raza Gilani and his Indian counterpart Manmohan Singh met on the sidelines of the Nuclear Security Summit in Seoul in March and expressed a desire towards intensifying the dialogue process. The two leaders had earlier met in Maldives where they had vowed to turn a new page in their bilateral ties. President Zardari also met Manmohan Singh during a visit to India on April 8th. However, Pakistan is facing resistance from the religious and nationalistic elements. The critics have argued that without resolution of the longstanding issues and security concerns, trade ties with India should not be promoted. Moreover, the opponents believe the larger industries of India are likely to benefit more from these economic ties. Caught in the midst of these opposing schools of thought, Pakistan has decided to move ahead with bettering economic ties, and India seems to be reciprocating. Liquid Natural Gas From India As economic and trade ties between India and Pakistan warm up, India’s state-owned oil and gas company GAIL wants to provide Pakistan liquefied natural gas (LNG). This would be done through an extension of gas pipeline to Lahore. The company has plans of bringing gas to Gujrat, and then will transit this gas through the Dahej-Vijaipu-Dadri-Bawana-Nangal-Bhatinda pipeline to Indian Punjab, and onwards to Pakistan. As opposed to building an LNG terminal that takes longer time, supplying gas through extension of pipelines is thought to be more feasible for this venture. Electricity From India Pakistan is also discussing importing electricity from India. Lahore Electric Supply Company (LESCO) recently announced it has agreed to import 500 megawatts of electricity from India through the Kasur border. The project is expected to be completed in six months, with the construction of 45 kilometers-220 kilovolt transmission line, and is likely to resolve the energy crisis in Lahore. India looking to Import Iron Ore From Afghanistan Via Pakistan On the other hand, India is also exploring a Pakistani route for the transport of iron ore from Afghanistan. The project worth $11 billion and involves a consortium of 7 states and many private firms. The companies in the consortium include state-run miner NMDC Ltd, steelmaker Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd (RINL), private sector steelmakers JSW Steel Ltd, JSW Ispat Steel Ltd, Jindal Steel & Power Ltd, and Monnet Ispat & Energy Ltd. Chairman of the Steel Authority of India, CS Verma recently commented that Hajigak mines and a 6 million-tons steel plant are being developed for this purpose. The Hajigak deposits contain about 1.8 billion tons of ore, with an exceptionally high iron concentration ranging from 61 percent to 64 percent. The contract, to be signed in about two months, will be the biggest capital-intensive investment in Afghanistan, outweighing China’s $4.4 billion investment in Aynak Copper mine. Mining work is expected to begin in 2014 as the Afghan forces take over the security responsibility of the country. However, there are concerns whether Afghans will be able to provide the needed security. As compared to using the longer Iranian route via Charbhar, Verma elaborated that India would prefer Pakistan for transporting the ore out and for building a slurry pipeline. While Pakistan recently approved the trade and transit treaty that allows Afghanistan to send goods to India, it has remained concerned about losing influence in Afghanistan as Indian economic clout increases there. “Pakistan has been very clear that its red lines are security issues, things like training of forces etc,” an Indian diplomat stated in New Delhi. “On other fronts, there is less of resistance. They are allowing goods from Afghanistan to go through, it’s a start.” Foreign Direct Investment, New Border Crossing, Business Visas During the border post inauguration ceremony on April 13, India’s trade minister informed that India has decided to allow foreign direct investment from Pakistan. Liberalizing heavily restricted trade and investment flows is now central to the peace efforts. The border opening has a capacity to handle 600 trucks a day, which will increase trade between the two countries exponentially. According to a report published by the Industry Chamber of India ASSOCHAM, the new border crossing will raise the trade from the present $2.6 billion to $8billion annually. “India has taken an in-principle decision, as a part of the process to deepen our economic engagement, to allow foreign direct investments from Pakistan in India,” said Trade Minister Anand Sharma at a news conference accompanied by his Pakistani counterpart Amin Fahim. Sharma added that an agreement to relax restrictions on visas for Pakistani businessmen was almost ready. Some 600 Pakistani businessmen recently attended a fair trade in India to promote their products in Indian markets. Energy Cooperation With Middle East Pakistan has also solicited support and cooperation from the Gulf countries in fulfilling its energy needs. Kuwait Providing $40 Million For Neelum-Jhelum Hydropower Project Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED) is to provide a loan of $40 million to Pakistan for the construction of Neelum-Jhelum Hydropower Project. The preliminary signing ceremony has already taken place between the Government of Pakistan and Kuwait Fund. Subsequently, agreement was also signed with Neelum Jhelum Hydropower Project Company (NJHPC), which is a subsidiary of Water & Power Development Authority (WAPDA). The project is located at Muzaffarabad district of AJK. The other donors include Exim Bank of China, UAE, and the Saudi Fund for Development. The project aims at developing national power generation system and indigenous renewable energy resources. Liquid Natural Gas From Qatar During his visit to Qatar in February, PM Gilani explored joint development of hydropower energy with his counterpart. The discussion also included identification of sources for financing, exploration of investment opportunities, rehabilitation of existing hydropower plants and infrastructure development. To resolve the energy shortages of Pakistan, Gilani expressed interest in importing 500 million cubic feet of LNG per day from Qatar. World Bank Approves $1.1b Worth Of Hydropower And Agro Projects The World Bank approved a $1.1 billion loan for two projects in Pakistan last month. The Tarbela IV Extension Hydropower Project will add power generation capacity of 1,410 megawatts. The World Bank Country Director for Pakistan Rachid Benmassoud commented, “The Tarbela IV Hydropower Project will enhance Pakistan’s energy security by adding low-carbon, least-cost and renewable hydel power to its energy portfolio”. He also said the new project does not require any land acquisition and will utilize the existing infrastructure. On the other hand, The Punjab Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project is geared toward maximizing water use efficiency for increased yield per unit of water. The $250 million Punjab Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Improvement Program Project is aimed at getting maximum productivity by introducing modern methods like drip and sprinkler irrigation systems, which will also encourage crop diversification. US May Support $12 Daimer Bhasha Dam The US is considering financially supporting Daimer Basha, a $12bn dam in Pakistan. The aid is an attempt to improve US’s image in the country. Despite being Pakistan’s largest international donor, it is seen in an unfavorable light by many in Pakistan. American officials hope the dam would help to improve relations. US aid would also be crucial in garnering support from other international agencies such as the Asian Development Bank. The dam, on the Indus River, would provide 4,500MW of cheap, green energy helping to relieve Pakistan’s electricity shortages and could also prevent devastating damages in flood season. It will take about eight years to complete. India is likely to object to the US support for the dam, as it is located in the disputed Kashmir region. Moreover, US support for the dame is likely going to be linked to Pakistan assistance in the war against terror. Pakistan-China Energy Cooperation During a visit to China in August last year, Zardari was keen in presenting Pakistan as an energy corridor for China. Pakistan can be a gateway for supplying crude oil and gas flows into China and offers a number of avenues for funneling energy. The country has supported road-rail-air networks connecting Pakistan’s northern areas with Xinjiang and energy (oil and gas pipelines) and communication (fiber optic) corridors between Pakistan and China. The aim is to connect Shanghai to Gwadar via Urumqi, and ultimately to the Strait of Hormuz. “These new economic arteries will transform the destiny of the region and usher in a new period of peace and stability”, Zardari stated during the visit. While Pakistan is geo-strategically located for the supply of China’s energy resources, regional security issues and internal instability of Pakistan have restricted realization of this potential. Nonetheless, the country has made clear to China that it presents a viable option. This will, however, necessitate greater investment by China in Pakistan’s infrastructure, and in regional security issues, to provide a stable platform for delivery of energy. Pakistan and China have a mutual interest in stability of the region, particularly as Xinjiang province is plagued by a low-level insurgency from elements of its Muslim Uyghur population. China has repeated accusations that militants linked to the Uyghur insurgency have trained in camps located in FATA. Pakistan-Russian Energy Cooperation During President Zardari’s visit to Russia in May last year, both countries agreed to boost investment and trade and to undertake joint projects, especially in the areas of energy, agriculture, infrastructure development and metal industry. In a joint statement issued following the meeting between Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and Asif Ali Zardari in Kremlin, the two leaders agreed that improved collaboration would help foster strong bilateral ties based on common interests and respect. Both sides hailed the signing of the deal between Moscow and Islamabad on Air Transport. A Memorandum of Understanding was also signed between the Russian Ministry of Energy and the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources of Pakistan towards enhancing cooperation in energy and agriculture sectors. Moreover, the Russian Premier told reporters last year that Pakistan was an important economic and trade partner for Russia and also announced his country’s support for Pakistan’s proposed trade and energy projects. “Pakistan is not only an important trade and economic partner but also a key Russian partner in South Asia and the Islamic world,” Putin was quoted as saying by ITAR-TASS news agency. Russia will also provide partial funding and technical assistance for CASA-1000, expansion of Pakistan Steel Mill ($500m Grant), Guddu and Muzaffargarh power plants, and Thar coal project. During, Hina Rabbani Khar’s visit to Russia in February, both countries discussed and updated each other on the status of the above listed project.

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What is a pressure transmitter? A pressure transmitter is a mechanical device that measures the expansive force of a liquid or gaseous sample. Also known as a pressure transducer, this type of sensor is typically composed of a pressure sensitive surface area made of steel, silicon, or other materials depending upon the analyte’s composition. Behind these surfaces are electronic components capable of converting the applied force of the sample upon the pressure sensor into an electrical signal. Pressure is generally measured as a quantity of force per unit of surface area, and is expressed as the value required to stop a liquid, gas, or vapor from expanding. Various derived units are used to quantify pressure, including: As a proportion of / relation to a pascal (Pa), or a single newton per square meter (1 N/m2); A value of pounds per square inch (psi). Pressure sensitive environments such as the gas, petrochemical, laboratory, and pharmaceutical industries often require pressure transmitters to monitor the applied force of liquids and gasses as a value of either Pa or psi. This necessitates the precise integration of pressure transmitters into rapid electrical conversion equipment, to ensure results are accurate and delivered in real-time. More often however, industrial professionals rely on comprehensive gauge systems with incorporated pressure transmitters to maintain optimal pressure levels for gas, oils, and high temperature liquids. Gauge Pressure Transmitters Gauge pressure transmitters are equipped for absolute pressure measurements with industry-specific considerations to support severe process monitoring. Steel diaphragms fitted to pressure vessels or pipework can register minute deformations relating to applied force, which is in turn swiftly translated into an electrical signal by a pressure sensor within the gauge transmitter. This can be measured remotely, or monitored through intuitive, user-friendly displays at the site of measurement. Applications of Pressure Transmitters Pressure transmitters are routinely used in a wide range of industrial sectors. Offshore drilling and oil exploration commonly utilize pressure sensors to measure differential values between the interior and exterior of pressure sensitive equipment. Distinct parameters must be maintained to ensure drilling and acquisition processes are carried out to an ethical and efficient standard. This is also true of on-shore petrochemical, gas, and chemical facilities. Numerous industries use pressure-sensitive transportation and storage devices to maintain optimal product conditions, which must be accurately monitored to ensure safe delivery and eventual application. Laboratories also use pressure sensors to measure the relative pressure of vacuum chambers to the atmosphere, supporting a limitless range of emerging studies. Pressure Transmitters from ABB ABB is a leading developer of measurement instrumentation for industrial and research applications, with an established range of pressure sensors suitable to everyday and cutting-edge applications. With All-Welded technologies, automatic on-board configuration, and enhanced plug and play graphical interfaces, measuring pressure can be a safe and seamless process. Pressure Sensor Types: Piezoresistive Sensors & Pressure Measuring Methods Whether you are new to the technology or have worked with pressure sensors for years, how confident are you with some of the terminology involved in pressure sensor selection? Today I will provide a refresher on the common terminology you will be exposed to during your quest to spec the best pressure sensor for your application. With a growing pressure sensor market and an increase in applications for the technology, as an engineer you are bound to work with pressure sensors if you haven’t already. A recently published Zion Research report on the market estimates the global demand for pressure sensors to reach USD 9.5 billion by 2020, up from USD 6.5 billion in 2014. The key markets for pressure sensors are automotive, consumer electronics, industrial, medical, and oil & gas, though the application of this technology is ever-expanding. As pressure sensors become increasingly prevalent, it is important for engineers to know the basic terminology for product selection. Let’s review some of the common terms and questions related to selecting a pressure sensor. How Does a Pressure Sensor Work? Piezoresistive Sensors The most common type of pressure sensor for general purpose detection uses a diaphragm made of silicon or stainless steel (for harsher applications) as a strain gauge, meaning a flexible material designed to deflect in proportion to the amount of applied pressure. That deflection is a measured value that is converted into an electrical signal the sensor can interpret. When taking a deeper technical dive into how the sensing element works, you may hear reference to piezoresistive type pressure sensors. Piezo comes from the Greek word “piezein,” which means “squeeze” or “apply some pressure.” The piezoresistive effect is the change in electrical resistance of a semiconductor material due to mechanical stress across the piezo material, or diaphragm. Piezoresistive sensors convert the mechanical energy from the deflected diaphragm into proportionate levels of resistance, unlike their cousin the piezoelectric sensor, who converts the stimulus to a charge or voltage. Piezoresistive sensors are typically available in a wider variety of packaging options and specify abilities greater than 10 mV/V. An example of a piezoresistive pressure sensor is the 33A-015D from TE Connectivity. Pressure Transducers and Water Pipe Pressure Measurement Water pressure transducers also called a water pressure sensor, are pressure transmitters that can measure water pipe pressure. For the water level/water depth measurement, in the tank, or in the well, we can use electrical transmitters, stainless steel body, IP65-IP6, 4-20ma output. Sino-Inst applies application expertise to design and manufacture pressure sensors and transducers for the water industry. Various factors impact the selection and long term use of water pressure sensors and transducers, in residential, commercial, and irrigation systems. Sino manufactures various products with design features, to offer excellent accuracy and long term stability. Below is some basic information to review, before making a decision on the type of pressure sensor technology, as well as the electrical and mechanical features required. A pressure sensing element will come in contact with varying pH levels, depending on the type of water, chemicals added, and the quality of the water purification process. Sino packages pressure sensors using silicon strain gages, mounted onto a one-piece, 316L stainless steel sensing element. 316L SS offers excellent media compatibility for residential, and commercial water applications and is an NSF61 compliant material. Rain, ice, dust, and pressure washers can cause water to seep into sensor housings, and cause the electronics to short. Sino offers sealed gauge reference pressure sensors to protect the electronics from these conditions. Improper grounding and lightning strikes can cause electrical failures of pressure sensors, as a result of isolation failure. Sino can include custom electronics and a sensing element to withstand 500VDC isolation to work in extreme electrical conditions. The use of a 4-20mA output signal for transmission lengths greater than 15 feet in environments with electrical noise, will help prevent signal loss or noisy signal conditions. Sanitary Sensors that Deliver Accurate Data in Food and Pharma Industries Having access to accurate pressure and temperature readings at all times is essential in hygienic processing environments such as the food and pharmaceutical industries. Regulatory requirements demand 24/7 product monitoring as well as extensive documentation of quality control processes. Accomplishing this task means having accurate, reliable pressure, temperature and level measurement instruments in your production facilities, and setting up network infrastructure to support, and distribute and retain the data. WIKA offers a complete line of accurate and reliable sanitary sensors, including a variety of pressure and level transmitters and a range of electrical thermometer and temperature transmitters that have been designed exclusively for hygienic applications and meet 3A and EHEDG approvals. Sanitary Sensors for Pressure and Level Measurement WIKA Models IPT-10 and IPT-11 WIKA model IPT-10 and IPT-11 sanitary sensors are designed for use in the pharmaceutical, and food and beverage sectors. Available with a standard hygienic fitting or a flush diaphragm, these sanitary pressure sensors can be ordered with metallic or ceramic measuring cells in seven different housing variants. The transmitters are configured with a Device Type Manager (DTM) as a Field Device Tool (FDT). WIKA Models UPT-20 and UPT-21 WIKA model UPT 20 and 21 sanitary sensors are commonly used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, beverage and food industries. This type of pressure transmitter can be easily converted to meet hygienic standards by adding an applicable industry standard sanitary diaphragm seal. These sanitary sensors feature a large, rotatable multi-functional display, and easy, intuitive menu navigation. WIKA Model SA-11 WIKA SA-11 sanitary sensors are certified to meet all 3A and EHEDG standards for pressure and level measurement in the food, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and cosmetic industries. These devices are designed for temperatures up to 300°F and are available in 1.5" and 2" Tri-Clamp® process connections, while offering 0.25% accuracy. The applied technology allows a full scale measuring span down to 100 inches of water column. WIKA Model S-10-3A The model S-10-3A sanitary pressure transmitter is designed for use in the food and beverage, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic sectors. This sanitary sensor is 3A compliant and is available with a 3/4", 1.5" or 2.0" Tri-Clamp® process connection. An integral cooling extension element can also be added for high or low temperature applications. WIKA Model DPT-10 WIKA’s DPT-10 provides differential pressure measurement for applications in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and food and beverage industries. This highly accurate pressure sensor features scalable measuring ranges, seven different housing variants, and meets or exceeds a variety of standards for use in hazardous areas. These differential pressure transmitters are configurable using a Device Type Manager (DTM) as a Field Device Tool (FDT). The modeling and characterization of capacitive elements with tissue as the dielectric material, representing the core building block of a capacitive link for wireless power transfer to neural implants. Each capacitive element consists of two parallel plates that are aligned around the tissue layer and incorporate a grounded, guarded, capacitive pad to mitigate the adverse effect of stray capacitances and shield the plates from external interfering electric fields. The plates are also coated with a biocompatible, insulating, coating layer on the inner side of each plate in contact with the tissue. A comprehensive circuit model is presented that accounts for the effect of the coating layers and is validated by measurements of the equivalent capacitance as well as impedance magnitude/phase of the parallel plates over a wide frequency range of 1 kHz-10 MHz. Using insulating coating layers of Parylene-C at a thickness of 7.5 µm and Parylene-N at a thickness of 1 µm deposited on two sets of parallel plates with different sizes and shapes of the guarded pad, our modeling and characterization results accurately capture the effect of the thickness and electrical properties of the coating layers on the behavior of the capacitive elements over frequency and with different tissues.

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Volume 12, Number 7—July 2006 Human Hantavirus Infection, Brazilian Amazon To the Editor: Since hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) caused by Sin Nombre virus (SNV) was identified in the southwestern United States in 1993, cases have been diagnosed in many Latin American countries, and an increasing number of hantaviruses and their rodent reservoirs have been reported (1). The first evidence of hantavirus circulation in the western Brazilian Amazon region was documented in 1991 (2). Vasconcelos et al., by using antigens from the Old World hantavirus, found evidence of hantavirus antibodies in 45.2% of serum samples acquired from contacts of patients who died with undiagnosed hemorrhagic fever in Manaus. The first human cases of symptomatic infection by hantaviruses were reported from Brazil in 1993, in Juquitiba (São Paulo State). HPS developed in 3 young brothers, who lived in a forested region along the Atlantic Coast, after they had cleared trees on their land, and 2 of them died. These patients were living in poor conditions, without appropriate storage spaces for human food or for animal feed, and their dwelling was constantly invaded by wild rodents who were looking for food (3). Since then, many other HPS cases have been reported, especially from the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil where agricultural activities are prominent; the mean case-fatality ratio is 48% (3). In the Brazilian Amazon, HPS has been frequently reported in Mato Grosso and sporadically in Maranhão and Pará states, which indicates an endemic circulation of hantaviruses (4,5) We report here the first human cases of HPS in the state of Amazonas in the western part of the Brazilian Amazon. All 4 patients belonged to the same family cluster and came from a rural area near the town of Itacoatiara, on the edge of an important industrial waterway for soybean transport (the Itacoatiara soybean terminal). This family (patients 1, 2, and 3) had cleared a forested area on their farm and killed many rodents found in the bases of trees and near the house from May 25 to June 5, 2004. They also reported that wild rodents were inside their house. All serologic tests were performed in the Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fever Department, at the Evandro Chagas Institute (Pará, Brazil), with antigens provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA, USA). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed by using cellular fluid and Laguna Negra virus antigens for immunoglobulin M (IgM) detection (MAC-ELISA), and recombinant SNV antigens for IgG detection. Samples were considered positive with an optical density >0.2 in 1:100 (IgM) and 1:400 (IgG) dilutions (6,7). Viral isolation or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for hantavirus were not attempted in human or rodent samples. In the index patient, symptoms developed 15 days after she had killed 20 rodents with hot water during the tree-clearing process on the farm. She was a 25-year-old woman who sought treatment with an acute syndrome of high fever, dry cough, and dyspnea. She was admitted to the Itacoatiara general hospital; her condition was diagnosed as bacterial pneumonia and treated with intravenous penicillin. She died within 5 days because of respiratory failure; since no laboratory tests were conducted, she does not fulfill the case definition criteria for HPS. This was the only case in this series not confirmed with laboratory tests. The second case was in the first patient's 31-year-old husband. Symptoms developed 2 weeks after the wife's death, starting with a 5-day febrile syndrome, which progressed to a dry cough and then respiratory distress, with a petechial rash, hemoconcentration, and thrombocytopenia (53,000 platelets/μL) over the next 2 days. He exhibited a diffuse, alveolar infiltrate on chest radiograph and a mild cardiomyopathy on echocardiogram. He was admitted to an intensive care unit and required mechanical ventilation for 10 days; he made a gradual recovery. Results of his laboratory tests ruled out malaria, dengue fever, and leptospirosis. Three consecutive blood culture samples were negative for bacterial growth. The IgG and IgM ELISA results for hantavirus were positive in both acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples. The third case was in the second patient's brother, a 43-year-old man, who exhibited a self-limited, acute febrile syndrome 1 month after the index patient. He did not live on the same farm but visited there often and had actively participated in removing the trees on his brother's farm. He had no respiratory complaints, and results of his chest radiographs were normal, but the complete blood count showed hemoconcentration and mild thrombocytopenia (130,000 platelets/μL). He was hospitalized for 3 days and recovered completely. An IgM ELISA result was positive for hantavirus in 2 consecutive blood samples, and an IgG ELISA result was positive in convalescent-phase serum. The fourth patient was a 67-year-old farmer, the uncle of the last 2 patients. He visited his nephew's farm regularly and was present during the deforestation process. He presented for medical assistance after a 15-day febrile syndrome, with a dry cough and mild dyspnea, 5 weeks after the index patient. He was hospitalized for 3 days and also had an uneventful recovery. The IgM ELISA result in this patient was also positive for hantavirus in 2 consecutive blood samples as was the IgG ELISA result for convalescent-phase serum. Shortly after the report of the first 3 cases, the Brazilian Health Surveillance Secretary (Ministry of Health) performed an epidemiologic field study to seek the probable site of infection, collect sylvatic rodents, and conduct a serologic survey of human contacts. No areas for soybean cultivation or seed storage were found, but local farmers commonly store dry corn for feeding their domestic fowl. Eighty-two blood samples were collected from asymptomatic persons and were all negative for hantavirus IgG antibodies by ELISA. Eleven sylvatic rodents were captured in 3 days of trapping (270 traps/night) on the farm, on neighboring farms, and in the nearby forest. Two species were identified, Proechimys sp. (2 animals) and Oligoryzomys microtis (9 animals). This finding is very similar to reports of rodents in other regions of Brazil (8). Four Oligoryzomys microtis had positive IgG results for hantavirus (9). Identification of human and rodent hantavirus infection in the Amazonas State adds this emergent disease to our differential diagnoses of febrile tropical diseases and to our syndromic surveillance approach for febrile respiratory diseases. Further research is needed to identify the viral genotype that circulates in this area and to determine the real prevalence of human infection and the epidemiologic scenario of HPS in the western Brazilian Amazon region. - Ferreira MS. Hantaviruses. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2003;36:81–96. - Vasconcelos PFC, Travassos da Rosa ES, Travassos da Rosa APA, Travassos da Rosa JFS. Evidence of circulating hantaviruses in Brazilian Amazonia through high prevalence of antibodies in residents of Manaus, Brazil. Journal of the Brazilian Association for the Advancement of Science. 1992;44:162–3. - Figueiredo LT, Campos GM, Rodrigues FB. Hantavirus pulmonary and cardiovascular syndrome: epidemiology, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis and treatment. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2001;34:13–23. - Mendes WS, Aragao NJ, Santos HJ, Raposo L, Vasconcelos PF, Rosa ES, Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Anajatuba, Maranhão, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2001;43:237–40. - Rosa ES, Mills JN, Padula PJ, Elkhoury MR, Ksiazek TG, Mendes WS, Newly recognized hantaviruses associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in northern Brazil: partial genetic characterization of viruses and serologic implication of likely reservoirs. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2005;5:11–9. - Padula PJ, Rossi CM, Della Valle MO, Martinez PV, Colavecchia SB, Edelstein A, Development and evaluation of a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay based on Andes hantavirus recombinant nucleoprotein. J Med Microbiol. 2000;49:149–55. - Feldmann H, Sanchez A, Morzunov S, Spiropoulou CF, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Utilization of autopsy RNA for the synthesis of the nucleocapsid antigen of a newly recognized virus associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Virus Res. 1993;30:351–67. - Suzuki A, Bisordi I, Levis S, Garcia J, Pereira LE, Souza RP, Identifying rodent hantavirus reservoirs, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:2127–34. - Investigation report on hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome cases at Itacoatiara municipality, Amazonas State. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2004.

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THE IMPORTANCE OF LITTLE THINGS by Dr. Jack Hyles (1926-2001) (Chapter 3 from Dr. Hyle's excellent book, Blue Denim and Lace) Sometime notice in your Bible the many little things that were of great significance: the little gift of the widow, the water pots in which Jesus performed His first miracle, Shamgar's ox goad, Moses' rod, etc. There is no doubt but that one of the great differences between success and failure is the importance placed on little things. There has to be a reason why men of equal talent do not have equal success, and oftentimes, men of less talent have greater success than many- talented ones. Often a successful person will be called a perfectionist. He will even be criticized because of his overemphasis on seemingly "trivial matters." It might be wise, however, for less successful people to examine the methods of those who are successful, and in so doing, not criticize the differences but rather pattern after them. The differences between people is composed of their differences. Our differences cause our difference. Hence, it might be wise for one to emulate rather than criticize a so-called perfectionist. 1. The only way to excel is to do the little things. Everyone does the big things. They are the things that challenge each of us. Consequently, the difference between us must be our attention toward little things. I have noticed very carefully successful people from every walk of life. The so-called trivials mean something to them. The nonessentials seem to be essentials. Everything seems to be big. They have found that "little drops of water and little grains of sand make the mighty ocean and the pleasant land." 2. The one who cares for little things will be misunderstood by those who care not. "He is too particular." "He is hard to work for." Similar statements are often made about those who care for details and to whom punctuality, neatness, and thoroughness are important. Hence, when one comes to the place where everything is important and there are no such things as trivials, he is oftentimes misunderstood by his contemporaries. 3. The big is the little. We have found in our generation that the most powerful force is the splitting of the smallest thing. In the splitting of the atom a succession of explosions can be set off to cause the biggest explosion the world has ever known. This has taught us that the power is not in the big but in the little. The spoil lies to the person who counts the little as big. Oftentimes I have said to my staff. "If a task is worth doing, it is worth doing right,. If it is not worth doing well, it is not worth doing." If something needs to be done, it is big. If we have a job to do, it is big. If it is worthy of our attention, it is worthy of our best. 4. When one does the little thing well, he will automatically do the big thing well. Someone has said that a preacher should preach to the back row. If the folks on the back row can hear him, certainly he will be understood by those on the front row. When a person does a little job well, he will certainly do a big job well. Truthfully, who among us is able to discern between the big and the little? So often we come to the conclusion of a task only to find that it was one of the biggest tasks we had ever attempted. None of us can be sure about the size of a task. It should behoove us to do every task well, thereby insuring ourselves of always doing a good job on the big tasks. 5. The little often becomes the big. Someone has said, "Be nice to your paperboy; you may try to borrow some money from his bank some day." Someone else has said, "Be kind to the boy who plays in your yard. You may be on trial in his court some day." The safest thing to do is be nice to the little man, do well each little task, preach your best to the little crowds, prepare well for the little jobs, and you will certainly corral the big ones. Remember, the little often becomes the big and the big is often the little. Who is able to judge the difference? 6. Do not measure a task by its size. Just do what there is to do. The other day I was parked in front of a big business. I was not surprised when I saw the owner of the business sweeping off the sidewalk. This is the way he got to be a big man. He was a good little man. The way he got to do the big tasks was by doing the little tasks well. Greatness is often wrapped in simplicity. A person who is unwilling to do the little will not have the opportunity to do the big. The person who is not challenged by the little will not be presented the challenge to do the big. A person who has not done well the little is not prepared or qualified to do the big. Do not weigh a task. If it is before you, do it and do it well. Even if it is unworthy of you, you, nevertheless, are setting principles by which you will live a life. One who is not diligent in little tasks will not develop the diligence necessary to do the big tasks. Even if the task is not worthy of you, diligence is; and even if what you do is not big, the way you do it can be big. Someone will see how you do it and realize that you are qualified to do something bigger. Then too, in doing the small task diligently one is preparing himself with the methods necessary to succeed in a big task. 7. Always make a check list of little things. Never trust your memory. You will remember to do the big, but you must remind yourself to do the little. If possible, the little should be done immediately. Fix little things when they break. Most houses become run- down because of the neglect of repairing little things. Many cars lose their value because the little things are not attended to. Make a check list of things to do that are little. This article is being dictated on a jet plane between Chicago and Seattle, Washington. There I will board another jet for a speaking engagement in Tokyo, Japan. Just a moment ago a little thing was called to my attention. I made a note of it, put the note in my pocket, and will be reminded to do the task and do it well. 8. In doing the little things one becomes Christlike. You must remember that Jesus never pastored a large church. He was never a president, governor or mayor. He took time for little children. he told simple stories. He spoke of a flower, a bird, a gardener, a husbandman, a lost coin, and a boy who ran way from home. His Father and our Father takes note of a bird that falls. He clothes the lilies of the field. He is even interested in each hair on our heads. Hence, if we would be Christlike, we must notice the little things and do them well. 9. The degree of unhappiness you have with yourself over not doing the little things well will determine the amount of growth you experience. For one to improve himself he must realize his inefficiencies and weaknesses. Usually the big things will be accomplished. When one has accomplished the big things, he may then think that he has arrived. The growth he experiences in the future will be determined by how dissatisfied he is in the present. Hence, he must find unhappiness over the failure to do well the little things. This is true in every field. The baseball player who is in a hitting slump may find he is jerking his head at the wrong time. The football player may find that he is not charging low enough as he blocks. The track star may find that his failures are caused by holding his arms too far from his body or standing too erect when he starts to race. In every walk of life this is the case. Once one has become successful in a field, his continued improvement is dependent upon his mastering, not of the big, but of the little. Remember nothing is unimportant. No task should be taken lightly. Every job is a big job. Every day is a big day. Every sermon is a big sermon. When I was in college, I took a course called Pastoral Theology. It was taught by the president of the college and was attended by the preacher boys. Each Monday we were asked to give a report of our weekend activities. On this particular Monday I was so happy to give my report. You see, I had just accepted my first pastorate the day before. It was one hundred miles from our college town. Mrs. Hyles and I drove there each weekend in our old Dodge. I was the first preacher asked to give his report on this particular Monday morning. I stood and said, "Dr. Bruce, I would like to report that I had a wonderful weekend. I was called as Pastor of a little church in the country . . ." Dr. Bruce interrupted me and said, "Sit down, Mr. Hyles." I could not for the life of me understand why he told me to sit down. Every other young preacher gave his report, and there was not another single reprimand given by Dr. Bruce. Finally when the reports were all given, I raised my hand and asked, "Dr. Bruce, what did I say that was wrong?" Dr. Bruce replied with an answer I shall never forget, "You said, Mr. Hyles, that you had been called to pastor a little . . . church . . .Mr. Hyles, there are . . .no . . .little churches!" I then stood to my feet and said, "Dr. Bruce, I would like to give my report. Yesterday I was called to pastor a big church up in the country with nineteen members at a salary of $7.50 a week." The class roared with laughter, but I had been taught a lesson I shall never forget. There are no little churches. There are no little preachers. There are no little people. There are no little tasks! NEXT | PREVIOUS | TABLE OF CONTENTS More Life Changing Sermons by Dr. Jack Hyles: Printed | Audio Do you know for sure that if you died today, you would go to Heaven? You can know! Click Here to find out how! “I am an old-fashioned preacher of the old-time religion, that has warmed this cold world's heart for two thousand years.” —Billy SUNDAY

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As silicon manufacturing process nodes keep shrinking and transistors get smaller, System-on-Chip (SoC) are increasingly subject to failures due to changing external conditions such as temperature, EMI, power surges, Hot Plug events, etc. The transition to PCIe 4.0 and 5.0 with increasing PCIe signaling speeds (16GT/s and 32GT/s) also augments the risk of errors due to tightening timing budgets inside the SoC and electrical issues outside the SoC (e.g. crosstalk, line attenuation, jitter, etc.). Furthermore, the ever growing number of PCIe components and systems designed to different revisions of the Specification increases the risk for interoperability issues. As a result, chip designers who use PCIe as the main communication interface in their SoCs are looking for ways to bulletproof their designs by implementing advanced Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability (i.e. RAS) mechanisms that go above and beyond those included in the PCI Express Base Specification. We start this article by defining “RAS” in the context of PCIe interfacing and looking at the provisions for RAS mechanisms in the PCIe Specification. We then explore some potential PCIe hazards SoC designers can face and the RAS mechanisms that can be implemented to detect, recover, or prevent these hazards. We conclude with recommendations for choosing a PCIe silicon IP solution that helps mitigate these risks. 2. RAS in the context of PCIe In the context of a SoC’s PCI Express interface, the 3 components of RAS can be defined as follows: - Reliability: the PCIe interface should never cause the SoC or system to fail. As such, any mechanism that allows the PCIe interface to be more tolerant to changing external or internal conditions is considered a Reliability feature. - Availability: the PCIe interface should remain operational in case of failure of the SoC or system. As such, any mechanism that allows the PCIe interface to continue to operate in case of component failure is considered an Availability feature. - Serviceability: the PCIe interface should enable quick fixing of PCIe related issues. As such, any mechanism that allows quick and easy identification of PCIe runtime issues or design bugs is considered a Serviceability feature. 3. RAS features in PCIe protocol The PCIe Base Specification defines a set of mechanisms primarily intended for link-level reliability. These include: - LCRC, ACK/NAK, Replay: ensure that packets sent are received correctly across a link; if not received correctly (LCRC error), a packet is NAKed and Replayed (i.e. resent). - ACK/NAK timeouts: ensures that the link partner is alive and forces a link retraining if a ACK or NAK is not received within the specified time. - ECRC: end-to-end CRC generation/check that ensures packets are not corrupted in their journey between a requester and a completer (possibly when going through other components such as switches). - Timeout counters and LTSSM failsafe mechanisms: ensure that Link Training and Status State Machine always reinitializes in case of timeout, with link partners returning to known state. - Advanced Error Reporting (AER): an optional PCIe capability (ECN) that provides advanced error signaling and logging. These mechanisms provide basic protection against PCIe link level hazards however prove insufficient for mission-critical deployments in markets such as automotive, HPC/Cloud computing, and enterprise storage/networking. Here are a few examples of potentially hazardous conditions that require more advanced RAS mechanisms to be detected, reported and/or corrected: - The device issues intermittent retries, due to link instability or credit starvation: the system may still be functional however performance is degraded. - Link partner’s Flow Control updates (ACK, NAK, UpdateFC, …) are received slightly after timeout due to high system latency. Here again the system may still be functional but with intermittent retries or transitions to the Recovery state. - Link does not reach the L0 state due to non-compliant TSx sequence, Receiver Detect error, etc.: system does not link up. 4. Best practices for enhanced reliability To improve the reliability of PCIe communications, PCIe designs have integrated a set of best practice mechanisms that are not part of the PCIe Base Specification. These include: - Parity: adding one or more parity bits along the PCIe data path. 1 bit of parity per byte of data is considered good coverage; other options such as 1 bit of parity for 16-bit or 32-bit of data offer lesser coverage but have a lower cost. Parity however does not protect against multi-bit errors. - ECC (Error Correcting Code): implementing ECC logic for PCIe data at rest, in particular for receive and transmit buffers. ECC is typically designed for 2-bit error detection and 1-bit correction which provides a good tradeoff between coverage and cost; 8-bit ECC code per 64-bit of data is the common usage. The combination of Parity and ECC do a good job at protecting PCIe payload in flight and at rest, however mission-critical applications demand for more advanced RAS mechanisms, which we discuss in the following section. 5. Proposed advanced RAS mechanisms In this section we describe some PCIe related issues observed in production environments that could quickly be detected, reported and/or corrected using advanced RAS mechanisms. We propose a specific solution to each problem and a generalization of the solution in term of a Reliability, Availability, and/or Serviceability mechanism to be implemented inside and/or around the PCIe interface logic. The terminology used throughout this chapter is illustrated in Figure 1. 5.1. Non-compliant component The following examples illustrate issues observed due to non compliance of either link partner. 5.1.1. Equalization timeout due to PHY specific FOM timing In this scenario, link should initialize at 16GT/s (Gen4) speed as both link partners support this line rate but instead initializes at 2.5GT/s (Gen1) speed, without triggering any errors. This is due to the time required by the SoC’s PHY Rx circuitry to compute a Figure Of Merit (FOM) for a given preset in Equalization Phase 2, which exceeds the Preset timer for EQ Phase 2 of the SoC’s PCIe controller, in turn preventing the next preset to be tested (possibly to obtain a better Bit Error Rate - BER) and forcing the link in some cases to fall back to Gen1 speed. The problem can be detected by monitoring the appropriate timeout condition, and can be resolved by increasing the EQ Phase 2 timeout counter (up to 50% as allowed by the PCIe Specification) to allow for multiple presets to be tested and achieve optimal BER. The EQ timeout counters can be further increased beyond PCIe Specification recommendations for even greater margin. The solution can be generalized with a Reliability mechanism that includes: - exposing every LTSSM ‘timeout expired’ condition to the SoC’s application logic for detecting the issue (i.e. observability), - extending the range of every LTSSM timeout counter by 50% minimum and allowing these counters to be dynamically programmed by the SoC’s application logic. 5.1.2. Excessive replays due to link partner’s ACK latency In this scenario, the SoC is able to transmit write packets and read requests however the throughput observed is lower than what is expected based on the link speed and active lanes. This is due to the link partner’s ACK latency that exceeds the recommended maximum latency defined in the PCIe Specification, resulting in transmission replays and affecting performance. The problem can be detected by monitoring the number of Replays initiated, and can be resolved by increasing the ACK timeout counter to accommodate the extra latency. The solution can be generalized with the Reliability mechanism proposed in the previous section. It should be noted however that the size of the Replay Buffer may limit the amount by which the ACK timeout can be increased, in order to avoid buffer overflow. 5.2. Tolerance to errors and error injection In this scenario, a deadlock is observed after a few days of normal operation with packets no longer being transmitted on the link due to insufficient Tx credit available to the SoC’s application logic. This is due to malformed TLPs transmitted on the link by the PCIe controller, possibly the result of an uncorrectable ECC or parity error at the Transmit Buffer level. The malformed TLP is discarded by the link partner’s receiver and associated credits are lost. Deadlock occurs as a consequence of this credit leakage when Tx credits are no longer available, which can occur over the course of several days depending on the frequency of the errors. The credit leakage can be identified with an indication from the PCIe controller of the number of malformed TLP transmitted, and can be corrected by ensuring that the PCIe controller does not update the associated credits. A generalization of the solution involves the implementation of a Reliability mechanism in which the PCIe interface logic is able to transmit errored TLPs on the PCIe link without incurring side effects such as credit leakage. This allows testing of the system hardware and system software response to errors. Similarly for the receive path, the ability for the PCIe interface to generate errored packets on the user interface without side effects allows testing the application logic and SoC’s response to errors. The mechanism typically requires a dedicated set of registers and interface to the PCIe interface logic allowing for: - Controlling the number, type, and frequency of errors - Defining hardware triggers for the error injection - Logging and reporting errors - Allowing register access by SoC firmware and/or host software The number of injectable errors is such that it is ultimately a tradeoff between gate count, implementation complexity, and likeliness of occurence. Common errors that may be supported include LCRC Error, Sequence # Errors, Nullified TLP, Malformed Packet Errors, Block DLLPs (e.g. ACK/NAK), Force DLLPs (e.g. NAKs), Symbol/Framing errors, Flow control errors (e.g. nonsensical values, blocked updates). 5.3. Layer-based monitoring and troubleshooting In one instance, the PCIe link does not link up and LTSSM does not progress past the Detect state possibly due to a problem during the Receiver Detect sequence. In another instance, the link is unstable with LTSSM frequently transitioning to the Recovery state. This issue could have multiple causes, originating from either the SoC’s PCIe interface or the link partner’s PCIe interface, including a problem at PHY/MAC level during the training (TSx) sequence, or a problem at Transaction level such as the reception of an Unsupported TLP. These issues can be detected by probing relevant signals and events at the various layers of the PCIe interface. Bringing out the PIPE interface out on the application layer interface can help with PHY/MAC layer issues. It should be noted that PIPE receive data (RxData) should go through 128B/130B unscrambling (for PCIe Gen3 and Gen4) to be readable. This mechanism can further be extended to the PCIe interface’s Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS), Data Link Layer (DLL) and Transaction Layer (TL) whereas relevant signals and events are brought out on the application layer’s interface for easy monitoring and troubleshooting. These signals/events may include: - PHY/PCS Layer: Elasticity Buffer SKP Add/Delete, Speed change/Link width change, Entry to Recovery state, Lane state changes - Data Link Layer: Tx/Rx Ack DLLP, Tx/Rx Update FC DLLP, Tx/Rx Nullified TLP, Rx Duplicate TLP - Transaction layer: Tx/Rx packet types, FC credit exhaustion 6. Closing statement As PCI Express is being further deployed into mission critical applications in the Automotive, AI, and Enterprise markets, the need for higher level of reliability, availability, and serviceability is increasing. Whether they are using a homegrown PCIe interface solution or licensing a PCIe IP solution, SoC designers are looking for mechanisms that provide better visibility into the PCIe interface behavior and better control over its operation. Implementing programmable timers and timeouts inside the PCIe interface logic as well as mechanisms for generating errors without side effects improve the reliability of the system; having dedicated monitoring, status, and control interfaces for each of the PCIe interface’s functional layer (PHY, PCS, MAC, DLL, TL) allow SoC designers to flag specific events and errors, and improve the overall serviceability and availability of the system. PLDA is working closely with customers to offer a comprehensive set of RAS mechanisms in its line of PCIe controller IP, such as those described in this article, allowing customers to confidently deploy their SoCs and systems in mission-critical applications in AI, HPC, Automotive, and Enterprise applications. For more information, please visit us online at www.plda.com.

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Dear Medical College of Georgia Friends, Dr. Stu Thompson awarded new NIH grant to study common bacterium Campylobacter jejuni As you are taking a dip in the lake to cool off and then grilling some chicken to ward off the hunger swimming often brings, Dr. Stu Thompson microbiologist, and postdoc Dr. Claudia Cox want you to also be thinking about Campylobacter jejuni. While Salmonella is likely more familiar to most of us, the bacterium Campylobacter is the number one cause of bacterial diarrheal illness in our country and the number one intestinal disease diagnosed in travelers returning to the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention tells us. Undercooked poultry is a common cause and so is taking a big gulp of untreated lake water. While Dr. Thompson has a calm, happy exterior, he has been a fierce foe of Campylobacter jejuni for years, trying to figure out how best to stop this bacterium that is so skilled at getting into our intestinal cells and making us sick. The bacterium’s natural anatomy is definitely on its side since it has these long, flexible but sticky arms called flagella that enable it to get where it wants to go, then literally grab onto and maneuver its way into our intestinal cells. As if that wasn’t bad enough, the bacterium also can make a biofilm to protect itself if it gets in trouble, like if there is not enough food or oxygen for a period. And it’s resourceful: Drs. Thompson and Cox have even seen the bacterium make a biofilm out of the starch in the culture medium it was sitting in. Dr. Thompson and postdoc Dr. Claudia Cox want to clip the wings of this mobile virus Dr. Thompson just received another grant from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, this one a two-year $423,500 grant, that is enabling their innovative studies of an enzyme, CbrR, that enables Campylobacter to be so skilled at assessing and adjusting to whatever is happening around it, as well as the cyclic-di-GMP which CbrR produces and uses to make those adjustments. Very interesting and gross at the same time. Often infected people will be miserable but recover without taking antibiotics but worldwide more than 30,000 people, primarily children under age five, die from this infection annually. Drs. Thompson and Cox are thinking a good solution might be a molecule that could be given at the first signs of infection that target this bacterium’s remarkable mobility. More to come soon on our MCG home page and elsewhere and you can check out this snapshot of their work featured on a recent Medical Minute, starring MCG research as told with the melodic tone of Dr. Joseph Hobbs, 1974 MCG alum and chair emeritus of family medicine, every weekend on 18 public radio stations in Georgia. Stay tuned. Student Eszter Toth selected for yearlong NIH Medical Research Scholars Program Next month one of our students, third-year Eszter (Estie) Toth, will soon be immersing herself as well in infectious diseases as part of the National Institutes of Health’s Medical Research Scholars Program. This is a neat program where medical, dental and veterinary medicine students who think they want to be physician scientists, spend a year in Bethesda focused on science. Estie, from Gainesville, Georgia, who spent her junior year living and learning at our Northwest Campus based in Rome, wants to be an infectious disease physician. She was inspired by her undergraduate studies at the University of Georgia with Dr. Balázs Rada, whose studies include our immune response to respiratory problems like influenza and pneumococcus. When she starts the NIH program next month, she will be studying with Dr. Steven M. Holland, an MD who is director of the Division of Intramural Research at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Dr. Holland’s research interests include chronic granulomatous disease, a genetic disorder which leaves people unable to fight off certain bacteria and fungi. What a great opportunity for Estie, and we are proud of her. I think these last couple of years have solidified for all of us the impact of infectious diseases. Estie will come back to us for one more year after she finishes up her scholars’ program. Dr. Gossage, and HHT Center of Excellence at MCG and AU Health honored While all of us who are privileged to work at the Medical College of Georgia don’t see patients, pretty much everything we do at Georgia’s public medical school is ultimately to benefit patients and families. Those of us directly involved in helping take care of patients get so much back from them. It is truly an honor to have an individual and the people who love them trust you with their wellbeing. And sometimes, those patients and families also give back in very concrete ways. I have a patient who sweetly (pun intended) regularly brings me cakes and cookies. It’s hard to put into words what that means to me. Dr. Jim Gossage, pulmonologist and director of Pulmonary Vascular Diseases and HHT, or hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, has no doubt had many kinds of thank yous in his career that started here in 1994. HHT is a rare genetic condition that puts people at increased risk for arteriovenous malformations, or AVMs, where arteries feed directly into veins rather than into smaller and smaller blood vessels first. Dr. Gossage has served as medical director of the international foundation Cure HHT and currently serves as vice chair of its Center of Excellence Executive Committee. He has led studies to identify new treatments for HHT, including a study that started last year funded by the Department of Defense looking at a chemotherapy drug used to treat kidney cancer that may help inhibit the growth of these abnormal blood vessels that can cause a myriad of health problems from nosebleeds to stroke to heart failure. MCG and our Health System are one of 26 HHT Treatment Centers of Excellence in North America and we have some very distinguished colleagues in that small group. The subspecialized expertise of Dr. Gossage and at these other centers is another big part of what academic medical centers like us should do and I am very glad he is one of us. Bradley and Anne Blevins establish fund to help ensure a healthy future for the center and families who need it The Blevins Family knows too well about HHT and the expertise required to provide optimal care and find even better care. Bradley Blevins, his wife Anne and their daughter live in Marco Island in the Gulf of Mexico just off the beautiful tip of Florida’s coast, and travel nearly 600 miles to Augusta and Dr. Gossage when needed. Our center presently is the closest one to the Blevins family and they want to help ensure its continuation for others who also need it. So they recently established the Blevins Fund for our HHT Center of Excellence to honor Dr. Gossage. This sort of amazing philanthropy also runs in the Blevins family. Brad’s mother, the late Mary Jenkins Blevins, gave generously as well to the HHT Center at Yale University, and now her son has done the same for us. Again, patients and families putting their trust in us is a tremendous gift itself. For them to also choose to provide philanthropic support to our physicians, our medical school and Health System, as well as other patients and families, also leaves me, a man who usually loves to talk, again searching for words. Thank you Dr. Gossage for being the individual and physician that you are, and thank you Blevins family for your selfless support. Dr. Leonard Reeves, associate dean for Northwest Campus, retires; Dr. Dixon Freeman is the campus’ new assistant dean Finally today, families can be defined in many different ways and MCG is losing one of its longtime family members at the end of this month. Dr. Leonard Reeves was our inaugural assistant dean when we started the Northwest Campus based in Rome back in 2010. The family medicine physician who hails from up that way was serving as assistant director of the Floyd Medical Center’s Family Medicine Residency Program — Floyd, now Atrium Health Floyd, is also now one of our affiliated teaching hospitals. His deep, steady voice is a natural for the radio work he has done and he has also been a high school teacher. Dr. Reeves was named associate dean about six years ago, and the Northwest Campus he has led was the first to start the longitudinal integrated curriculum, which enables students like Estie to follow patients along the course of their care longer, more like they will do as practicing physicians and an approach now being adopted by the Southeast and Southwest campuses. And he does love our/his students. He and Vicki Wiles, clinical rotation coordinator, make sure that all the students get a nice black and white portrait taken which gets hung in campus hallways at Georgia Highlands College (where the campus is located), kind of like the hall of deans here in our dean’s suite. And, they stay in close touch with the students even after they have completed their training. Dr. Reeves also helped initiate our educational growth in beautiful Dalton, Georgia area and he has served his specialty on the Board of Directors of the American Academy of Family Physicians. Dr. Elizabeth Gray, associate dean for curriculum at our Southeast Campus, is chairing a national search to find a new associate dean. And, we recently named Dr. Dixon Freeman, an OB/GYN in Rome, campus assistant dean responsible for academic oversight at the campus, including working to identify new clinical teaching sites up that way. Dr. Freeman has served as OB/GYN clerkship director since the campus opened. He is an honored medical educator who has served our country in the Air Force and has been on loan to the Navy, and has been honored multiple times for his service, including with the Meritorious Service Medal. Dr. Freeman also happens to be a founding member of the Atlanta Curling Club. Curling is an Olympic and Paralympic sport where teams take turns sliding granite stones toward a target and it is a lot of fun to watch. Thank you so much Dr. Reeves for your distinctive service to medicine and to MCG and welcome aboard Dr. Freeman. All my very best to you, June 17 – MCG Faculty Senate Meeting, noon, Natalie and Lansing B. Lee Jr. Auditorium Nov 11 – Annual Body Donor Memorial Service, 1 p.m., Natalie and Lansing B. Lee Jr. Auditorium

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We are searching data for your request: Last year the birds ate every blossom on our pear tree. The blossoms are ready to burst into bloom. What can I do to save them this year? David G. It is frustrating when birds damage the fruit on our trees, but especially frustrating when they eat the flowers long before they become fruit. However, the same tactics used to protect fruit may be employed to protect the flowers. WATCH RELATED VIDEO: BEST Bird Deterrent - Fruit Trees - FAST, EASY u0026 CHEAP (Homemade)Content: - Issue: March 16, 2002 - How To Keep Birds Away From Fruit Trees - Bird Netting - Fruit Tree - BLACK - 10 Smart Ways to Keep Birds Away From Fruit Trees - Bird Netting - Extruded - Bird B Gone Blog - Bird Repellent Overall effectiveness category Likely to be beneficial. Various non-lethal alternatives have been suggested to prevent bats from accessing fruit in orchards to reduce human-wildlife conflict. These include using fixed nets that prevent entanglement , netting individual trees or branches, planting decoy crops, picking fruit before peak ripeness and deterring bats with light, noise or unpleasant smells and tastes see Aziz et al. Aziz S. Pages — in : Voigt C. Springer International Publishing, Cham. Read more. Read less. Two studies evaluated the effects of using non-lethal measures to prevent bats from accessing fruit in orchards to reduce human-wildlife conflict. The studies were in Madagascar and Mauritius. Studies are not directly comparable or of equal value. When making decisions based on this evidence, you should consider factors such as study size, study design, reported metrics and relevance of the study to your situation, rather than simply counting the number of studies that support a particular interpretation. A replicated, randomized, controlled study in — at two lychee Litchi chinensis growing sites in Madagascar Raharimihaja et al found that using an organic deterrent or plastic flags reduced lychee damage caused by Madagascan flying foxes Pteropus rufus , and ringing bells caused most bats to fly away. Three deterrents were tested at two sites in andBright pink plastic flags 1 x 0. On three occasions, six bells cm diameter were hung in two lychee trees for four consecutive nights. Bells were rung using a string between and h when flying foxes attempted to feed on lychees. Lychee damage caused by flying foxes identified from teeth marks was monitored daily until lychees were collected by farmers. A replicated, controlled study in — of 18 lychee Litchi chinensis trees in three towns in central Mauritius Tollington et al found that covering individual branches with nylon net bags reduced damage to lychees, mostly caused by Mauritius fruit bats Pteropus niger. Damage by bats was identified from bite marks or discarded seeds. Berthinussen, A. Conservation Evidence Series Synopses. University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. List of journals searched by synopsis. All the journals searched for all synopses. Use non-lethal measures to prevent bats from accessing fruit in orchards to reduce human-wildlife conflict. Thank you for considering submitting additional evidence about this intervention. Ideally we would like all submitted evidence to have been published in peer-reviewed literature. However, we do welcome evidence of any nature. Please be aware that given the volume of work we have we cannot guarantee a response to every submission. This score is based on the direction and size of the effects reported in each study. There is some variation between actions, e. The effectiveness score does not consider the quantity or quality of studies; a single, poorly designed study could generate a high effectiveness score. How certain can we be that the effectiveness score applies to all targets of the intervention e. This score is based on the number, quality and coverage species, habitats, geographical locations of studies. Actions with high scores are supported by lots of well-designed studies with a broad coverage relative to the scope of the intervention. However, the definition of "lots" and "well-designed" will vary between interventions and synopses depending on the breadth of the subject. The overall effectiveness category is determined using effectiveness, certainty and harms scores generated by a structured assessment process with multiple rounds of anonymous scoring and commenting a modified Delphi method. In this assessment, independent subject experts listed for each synopsis interpret the summarized evidence using standardised instructions. What Works in Conservation provides expert assessments of the effectiveness of actions, based on summarised evidence, in synopses. Subjects covered so far include amphibians, birds, mammals, forests, peatland and control of freshwater invasive species. More are in progress. More about What Works in Conservation. An online, free to publish in, open-access journal publishing results from research and projects that test the effectiveness of conservation actions. Our blog contains the latest news and updates from the Conservation Evidence team, the Conservation Evidence Journal, and our global partners in evidence-based conservation. Calculating overall effectiveness category Expert assessment panel. Study locations. Key messages Two studies evaluated the effects of using non-lethal measures to prevent bats from accessing fruit in orchards to reduce human-wildlife conflict. One of the studies found that ringing bells in lychee trees deterred most Madagascan flying foxes. About key messages Key messages provide a descriptive index to studies we have found that test this intervention. Supporting evidence from individual studies A replicated, randomized, controlled study in — at two lychee Litchi chinensis growing sites in Madagascar Raharimihaja et al found that using an organic deterrent or plastic flags reduced lychee damage caused by Madagascan flying foxes Pteropus rufus , and ringing bells caused most bats to fly away. Study and other actions tested Referenced paper Raharimihaja T. Journal of Threatened Taxa , 8,Referenced paper Tollington S. Please cite as: Berthinussen, A. Where has this evidence come from? List of journals searched by synopsis All the journals searched for all synopses This Action forms part of the Action Synopsis: Bat Conservation. Related Actions Actions Effectiveness Studies Category Prevent culling of bats around fruit orchards Action Link No evidence found no assessment 0 Synopsis Link Introduce certification for bat-friendly crop harvesting regimes Action Link No evidence found no assessment 0 Synopsis Link Use non-lethal measures to prevent bats from accessing fruit in orchards to reduce human-wildlife conflict Action Link Likely to be beneficial 2 Synopsis Link All related actions. All synopses About synopses Synopsis protocols Synopsis advisory board. Please select your preferred method below. Text full Text references only RIS. Attach files You may submit up to three additional files. File 1. File 2. File 3. Verification Code. What Works in Conservation What Works in Conservation provides expert assessments of the effectiveness of actions, based on summarised evidence, in synopses. The Conservation Evidence Journal An online, free to publish in, open-access journal publishing results from research and projects that test the effectiveness of conservation actions. Read the latest volume: VolumeTweets by ConservEvidence. Discover more on our blog Our blog contains the latest news and updates from the Conservation Evidence team, the Conservation Evidence Journal, and our global partners in evidence-based conservation. Go to the Conservation Evidence blog. Who uses Conservation Evidence? Meet some of the evidence champions. For a full list of, and information about, our champions: All Evidence Champions. About our champions, why and how to become one: Become an Evidence Champion. Likely to be beneficial. Call Us Today! Home Blog How to repel birds bird Repellent. How to Repel Birds: Bird Repellent and Deterrent Options Feb 14, by Victoria Moore coyote coyote-deterrent coyote-repellent livestock predator-control predator-deterrent lights predator-guard predator-lights predator-protection predators urban-predators. Learn how to repel birds with different bird deterrent and repellent options. Birds are beautiful creatures. China Bird Netting Heavy Duty Garden Netting to Protect Plants and Fruit Trees, Bird netting is a very effective form of bird deterrent for a variety of. Fruits in your home orchard look just as appetizing to birds as they do to you. Without bird control measures, birds could eat and destroy your crop before you get a chance to pick a single fruit. Birds get used to control methods, making a single control method only effective for a short while, so the best option is to incorporate several methods to keep the birds at bay. Cover the fruit tree canopy with fine-mesh bird netting. Drape the netting over the top of the tree, gather the bottom of the netting around the tree trunk and tie in place with plant ties. Ensure that fruit is tucked inside the net and not directly against the net because birds can eat the fruit through the holes in the net. Alternatively, you can build a frame around the tree and drape the netting over the frame. Tie long strips of flash tape to the branches to act as streamers to keep birds away. One of our friendly, experienced staff members will be happy to help with your pest control enquiry. Bug Busters provide a full range of Bird Control services including arranging cleaning and damage repair, no matter how small or how large the problem is. From licensed baiting to bird netting and physical barriers, we can tailor the most efficient means of control for your site. Bug Busters offers cost effective bird proofing to solar panels around Perth. Give our team a call on 08 to discuss pricing. The Fruit Saver Fruit Tree Net, is a fitted box-shaped net providing natural protection for fruit trees, against birds, bats, possums, and insects, including fruit fly and codling moth. Environmentally friendly, it avoids wasting money on harmful chemical sprays, bird scarers, ultrasonic devices or baits. At the park, on a walking trail, and even in your yard, birdwatching is a fascinating hobby. They can literally ruin the fruits of your labors. Bird deterrents prevent these backyard visitors from eating the ripe fruits and seeds in the garden, with various types on the market. Check out this guide to learn about these types and explore some of the best bird deterrent options available. Three main types of bird deterrents are most commonly used to shoo birds away from gardens and other property areas, including spikes, rods, and fake owls. Each kind of deterrent has pros and cons. Disclaimer: Some links found on this page might be affiliate links. If you click an affiliate link and make a purchase, I might earn a commission. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Growing fruit trees in your yard can be a great experience. Many of the fruit trees that people plant in their yards are incredibly beautiful. Sometimes you might have issues with the fruit getting messed up by local birds. The birds are naturally going to see the tree as a potential source of food. You want to be able to harvest the fruit yourself, though, and this means that the birds are getting in the way of your plans. Birds can also become pests, eating the fruit in the trees, creating nests, and in some cases Decoys are a popular bird deterrent used around the world. The city of Toronto is home to a lot of wonderful things: arts, culture, and — if you know where to look -fresh fruit! While we adore and respect both of these animals on one hand, they can be a nuisance and disappoint many of our tree registrants year after year by getting to fruit before it can be picked. Squirrels or raccoons eating young, premature fruits is one thing, but they can ravage ripe harvests too! This is not an exhaustive list or a guarantee of any kind but we recommend trying out a combination of these tactics when your tree is getting ripe, for a good chance at preventing or avoiding squirrel and raccoon activity, without hurting the animals.RELATED VIDEO: Keep Birds Away From FRUIT TREES And Gardens With 4 Simple Tricks Every year backyard fruit trees are robbed of their bounty, frustrating gardeners. Here are five tips for protecting your trees. Prune trees about 6 feet away from buildings and fences. This might not be possible in smaller lots where trees are planted alongside structures, but do what you can and take that into account the next time you plant trees. When delicious fruit is the reward, even poor climbers can find the motivation to scale a tree trunk and get to it. There are several humane ways to keep squirrels and birds from stealing the apples from your apple tree — the fruits of your labour, like scarecrows, metal collars and baffles around the trunk of your tree, bird netting, noise makers and hot pepper. Before getting into the different methods of keeping squirrels away from ripening apples, start by limiting their access points to the trunk of the tree only. Items 1 - 12 ofOne simple bird repellent solution to protect your trees and plants is our UV-resistant polypropylene bird netting. These lightweight and durable nets can be draped over shrubs, fruit trees, crops, and other plants to stop hungry birds in their tracks.

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Sustainable and inclusive rice in Vietnam Sustainable and inclusive rice in Vietnam In Vietnam, rice has long been a strategic crop for national food security. For decades, the government actively supported increases in rice productivity, first for the domestic market, then for export markets. Since 1993, Vietnam has become a significant net exporter of rice, and in 2015, rice production reached 28 million tons. The country’s past growth track was based on high production of low quality rice and export at low price based on government-to-government contracts to Asian, African, and Middle Eastern markets. Coupled with low production costs, the strategy made Vietnam one of the top five rice exporting economies in the world. Vietnam is a country with exceptional comparative advantages in rice production. At present, the rice sector plays an important role in Vietnam’s social and economic development, and rice lands account for 82% of the country’s arable land, according to IRRI, the International Rice Research Institute. About 52% of Vietnam’s rice is produced in the Mekong River Delta and another 18% in the Red River Delta. Over 15 million smallholder farmers derive their livelihoods from rice in the Red River and Mekong deltas but the number of smallholders who can make a living from rice is declining. In An Giang province, in the Mekong delta, an average family only earns 100 USD a month from cultivating rice, about a fifth of what coffee-growers earn in Vietnam’s Central Highlands (Oxfam cited in The Economist, 2014). Challenges in the Vietnamese rice sector Smallholder farmers struggle to meet the increasing quality demands of quality rice markets. In Vietnam as in other countries in the Mekong region, the trend of increasing land use intensification goes hand in hand with a drastic increase in pesticide use. Smallholder farmers often lack the necessary know-how to produce quality rice. Furthermore, Vietnamese rice strains tend to be of low or middling quality compared to that of competitors that have specialised in fragrant rice. Unorganised smallholder farmers have limited access to markets. While rice plots should ideally cover 2-3 ha, the average cultivation plot of the Vietnamese rice farmers is about one acre (0.5 ha). Farmers’ small farm size and lack of organisation undermines their standing as potential business partners, making them vulnerable actors in the value chain. Farmers that organize themselves into farmer groups have a better chance of earning a decent income from rice. However, even farmer organisations are struggling to satisfy the demands of quality rice markets due to poor linkage with private actors, lack of information about the market, and lack of professionalism in the organisations’ management. A shift towards business farmer organisations would help improve farmers’ access to markets. Rice farmers are increasingly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. In 2016, an estimated 1.29 million tonnes of Vietnam's rice were lost to the country’s biggest drought in 90 years. At least 221,000 hectares of rice paddies were hit by the drought and related saltwater intrusion and the livelihoods of nearly 2 million smallholder farmers and poor households were affected, particularly in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam’s “rice bowl”. Current rice production practices in Vietnam remain input-intensive to the detriment of the environment and people. Vietnamese soils in rice-growing regions are very poor in nutrients making it impossible to immediately use them for other crops such as maize. Rice paddies are a major producer of methane, a greenhouse gas which contributes to climate change. Environment-friendly technologies and practices are available but still limited despite a recent push towards more sustainability in the sector as illustrated by the 3-/3+ and 1m5R policies. Rice products from Vietnam have very limited traceability. Rice enterprises have heavily relied on collection systems to supply their paddy which makes traceability difficult and undermines the quality of rice products. Many rice millers and exporters have established direct supply contracts with farmer organisations, especially for high-quality rice for both domestic and export markets. However, these contracts mainly benefit millers and exporters. More inclusive business practices would ensure win-win and fairer relationships between farmer organizations and rice enterprises. Vietnam’s export consists mainly of white rice at the lower end of the market. The quality of Vietnamese rice sold in export markets is lower compared to other Mekong Countries, and therefore cheaper. This market niche occupied by Vietnam – low quality and cheap price – enables the country to easily export to and penetrate lower income countries globally. However, Vietnam’s reputation for providing low quality rice and the absence of an appealing national brand contribute to keeping low prices for farmers. Opportunities for a more sustainable & inclusive rice sector Together with the challenges above, numerous opportunities have appeared in recent years to improve the sustainability of Vietnam’s rice sector: At the national level, there is a growing demand for better quality rice as income levels increase and consumer food preferences change. This trend creates an opportunity for smallholder farmers to improve the quality of the rice that they produce and to make a better income out of it. This transition would require the implementation of quality standards and certifications that are accessible to small-scale farmers. Recently, the Vietnamese government launched a policy strategy for restructuring the rice sector which shifts the government’s focus from quantity to quality, from food security to food safety, and from a supply-driven sector to a market-driven one. The Sustainable Rice Platform, an initiative of the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) made up of over 80 institutional members recently adopted a standard for sustainable rice production. However, this standard does not yet come with a recommended quality assurance system to verify farmers’ compliance and progress towards the standard. At Rikolto, we believe that third party certifications are not the only solution to certify the quality and safety of rice, and that reliable and more affordable alternatives exist to ensure their accessibility to smallholder farmers. The overall objective of our rice programme is to mainstream inclusive business practices for sustainable rice across the Vietnamese rice subsector. All our programme activities belong to one of the five intervention categories listed below: Strengthening farmer organisations to improve their capacity to engage in inclusive business relationships with rice companies and supermarkets. We do so by providing trainings on marketing, business negotiation, production planning, and business planning; Improving the sustainability, gender-sensitiveness and youth inclusiveness of rice value chains; Testing the feasibility of using Participatory Guarantee Systems as a quality assurance mechanism for rice produced according to the SRP standard. Building on our experience of setting up & supporting Participatory Guarantee Systems for safe & organic vegetables, we are adapting the methodology and trainings to the Vietnamese rice context. Facilitating the development of long-term inclusive business relationships between companies and FOs. Rikolto uses different approaches to help smallholder farmers and companies work better together. Among them are the LINK methodology developed by CIAT and Sensemaker’s Inclusive Business Scan. Scaling out and up inclusive and sustainable practices for rice value chains. We therefore closely document our approaches and pilot experiences to support evidence-based advocacy towards policy-makers, the private sector and other actors, nationally and internationally, through Rikolto’s International Rice Cluster. Rikolto's rice programme Rikolto works within rice value chains in 9 countries: Indonesia, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali and Vietnam. Through pilot projects with farmer organisations, Rikolto tests innovative practices and builds evidence, alongside research and finance institutes, private companies, and other actors to help answer crucial questions in the rice sector. The rice programme puts 3 main issues on the forefront: - Sustainably produced rice - Quality rice for consumers - Inclusive business relations in the value chain To contribute to this vision, the rice programme will build a vibrant collaborative environment by bringing members, partners and stakeholders together to exchange knowledge and information, to build common evidence to be shared at the continental and global level, and to design and implement common programmes to help set the agenda and nurture the international debate on sustainable rice. The Sustainable Rice Platform is an important forum for the rice programme as an entry point to major players on the global rice scene. Rikolto has been a member of the platform since May 2015. Intervention Framework Review Workshop & Updates on 2019 Action Plan On February 19, our rice programme team and Dong Thap Department of Rural Development co-organized a workshop to review our Intervention Framework for the Mekong Delta region and our implementing partners make corresponding changes to their 2019 action plans . The workshop welcomed participants from 5 farmer organizations, Dong Thap Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, An Giang Farmers’ Union, and consultants from Kien Giang University. During the event, everyone shared their achievements in 2018, discussed the difficulties that both farmers and companies were facing and proposed solutions to entering a more inclusive business relationship. New project combines rice and fish farming to protect the environment and create business opportunities Last week, we officially launched a new project to develop an integrated rice-fish farming model in Tan Tuyen commune, An Giang province. At the moment, the majority of farms produce 3 rice crops per year which exert a lot of pressure on the natural environment through increases in pest and diseases, and a high use of chemicals to fight them. By allowing the river to naturally flood the fields, we can replace one of the 3 rice crops by one fish farming season. The river will then flush away pest and diseases and deposit much-needed natural sediments on the fields to increase their fertility. The model also includes the adoption of smart irrigation practices that reduce the emission of greenhouse gases during the rice production process. Ultimately, we aim to develop new economic activities for women and the youth in the commune through aquaculture. The project is kindly supported by the Canada Fund for Local Initiatives and the Belgian Development Cooperation. Update from the field: launching PGS and SRP in An Giang and Phu Tho province SRP training and farmer survey in An Giang Last December, Rikolto in Vietnam launched its first activities on the piloting of the Sustainable Rice Platform’s Standard for Sustainable Rice Cultivation in An Giang province. After receiving training, our partner An Giang Farmer Union conducted a survey on farmers’ adoption of sustainable production practices using the digital tool Kobotoolbox to collect data. This data will help us assess farmers’ progress towards meeting the standard. Furthermore, over 30 rice farmers from Tan Thuan and Tan Tien cooperatives were trained on accounting and rice planting. In the next few weeks, our work will focus on finalizing SRP training materials and intensifying trainings for partner farmers. Training on Participatory Guarantee Systems Between 10-12 January, we organised a training on the use of Participatory Guarantee Systems in the rice sector. Participants included representatives of 6 rice companies, 2 rice cooperatives, An Giang Farmer Union, Phu Tho’s Plant Protection Department and Tuyen Quang’s Agriculture Department. Each organisation will now test PGS in their province and provide feedback for the improvement of the PGS curriculum for rice. Supported farmers and cooperatives By 2021, Rikolto in Vietnam has supported approximately 1,700 farmers in 13 farmer cooperatives in Dong Thap and Kien Giang provinces, and two farmer groups in An Giang province. The total SRP-compliant area is 5000 ha. All the farmer cooperatives have been provided technical services, inputs, exploring market opportunities for the members of cooperatives, and contributing to environmental protection in the area. The budget for Rikolto's rice programme in Vietnam for the period 2017-2021 amount to 347,500 EUR. We are constantly looking to expand and diversify our sources of funding. If you wish to support us, please reach out to Mr. Nguyen The Manh: manh.nguyen [at] rikolto.org As an international NGO, we are only allowed to receive funds from outside of Vietnam. What did we expect to achieve by 2021? We expected that by the end of 2021: - Our partner rice farmer organisations will have developed the required business and management capacities to access quality rice markets, including the ability to implement regularly updated business and production plans, and access up to date market information systems; - Approximately 5,000 supported farmers are able to meet high value rice markets’ requirements in terms of quality, variety and quantity, and can make a better income out of the sale of rice; - Supported rice value chains have become more gender-sensitive and create more income-generating activities for the youth; - Rice produced by our partner farmers complies with national and/or international quality standards such as the Sustainable Rice Platform standard, and is grown using environmentally-friendly and climate-smart practices; - Local Participatory Guarantee Systems for rice produced according to the Sustainable Rice Platform standard are fully operational, able to function independently from Rikolto, and engage a wide range of stakeholders (local authorities, rice buyers, farmers, consumer associations and civil society); - Vietnamese consumers have better access to affordable quality rice produced in a sustainable way; - Innovative inclusive business models and tools are developed together by the private sector, farmers and Rikolto; - Farmers’ views are better reflected in contracts with rice companies and they are able to trade rice under good conditions in terms of price, quantity and contract duration; - A strong evidence base is built by Rikolto and its partners to convince policy-makers to improve the enabling environment for more sustainable and inclusive business in the rice sector; - The international debate on rice sustainability is nurtured by experiences from Vietnam, especially by Rikolto’s partners; - Participatory Guarantee Systems is recognised as a valid quality assurance mechanism for rice produced according to the SRP standard by the Sustainable Rice Platform. Contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals Rikolto in Vietnam’s rice programme will specifically contribute to the following Sustainable Development Goals: SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere - Target 1.1. By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day - Target 1.2. By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions - Target 1.7. Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture - Target 2.1. By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round - Target 2.3. By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment - Target 2.4. By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality SDG 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls - Target 5.5: Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life SDG 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. - Target 8.4: Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, with developed countries taking the lead. Target 8.5: By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value ** SDG 10: Reduce income inequality within and among countries** Target 10.1: By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average SDG 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns - Target 12.1. Implement the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production (10YFP), all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries - Target 12.3. By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses - Target 12.4: By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment SDG 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts - Target 13.1: Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries. SDG 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development - Target 17.7: Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships What did we gain? By the end of 2021, 1,700 direct beneficiaries, including about 1000 farmers applied SRP in rice production with an area of 2,500 ha were supported. Rikolto promoted the (SRP) standards in the rice programme from 2017 to 2021 through training for farmers and encouraged the adoption of these standards. Rikolto conducted an SRP baseline survey, concerning not only sustainable production but also environmental and social aspects, such as the public awareness of environmental protection, the local situation of natural resources and waste management before developing the programme interventions. Based on the survey results, the team accompanied some FOs, and local authorities to pilot specific SRP models. Technicians of the district department of agriculture and rural development and staff members of the FOs were working alongside farmers to train, coach, and assure their compliance with SRP standards. Rikolto monitored the results and identified areas for improvement in every season. As the result, over 90% of farmers got an 80+ score in SRP standards with the increased sustainability indexes, i.e., climate change (from 1.27 in 2017 to 2.65 in 2021), resource management (from 1.40 in 2017 to 2.37 in 2021), water management (from 2.07 in 2017 to 2.23 in 2021), and soil conversation (from 1.60 in 2017 to 1.99 in 2021). By adopting SRP, the production costs were reduced by about 2,9 million VND/ha (equivalent to ~120USD/ha), thanks to the cut of fertilizers and pesticides use. Rikolto also researched some climate-smart rice techniques for rice production such as an integrated rice-fish farming system and modelling of biochar production to contribute to reducing the carbon footprint in rice production and developing the ecosystem.

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November 15th, 2020 HILL Message (from Academic Director Rick Kunc): Feedback. Touch a hot stove element. Feels hot. Finger gets a burn. That is feedback that, in theory, should correct our behaviour and make us better. Some may call it negative feedback, others may call it positive feedback. Because it changes behaviour, I would call it effective feedback. And we need effective feedback to grow and be our best selves. In our HILL ideals it is how we can reach our Highest Level of Achievement. WELL DONE! Makes us feel good. But how do you grow from that. NICE PASS! Feeds our ego, but really doesn’t prepare me to make a better pass or reflect on what I could have done instead of pass. Neither creates the conditions to get better. If we read “Well done, you are able to accurately describe the difference between ecosystems, but you haven’t shown me that you understand how different ecosystems interact” then we have the opportunity to get better. If our coach says “Nice pass, and next time I want you to take two more steps to draw the defender even closer and then pass” allows us the opportunity to grow as a player. So here is the rub. Effective feedback gives us the opportunity to get better, but we still must do something with it. Those 2 examples of feedback give us the opportunity to use that feedback to get better, but that decision is in our hands. Report cards were recently sent out to students. And each report card is simply a collection of feedback for our students. Each suggested some strategies, actions, skills that you as the student could work on to improve. Depending on your personal lens, you may see that as a negative, or you may see it as effective feedback that gives you the opportunity to improve. Improvement is very personal and requires a personal commitment. It requires you to be ok getting feedback that identifies an area for growth. If you accept the report card feedback for what it is, you have the opportunity to work with your teachers and make some changes that will help you to grow to reach the highest level of achievement in the classroom that you can. And this month we are walking the walk. In this week’s newsletter there is a link to our 2020 Parent Survey. This is an in-depth dive into all aspects of our program. We deliver a premier program for student-athletes. And if we rest on that, then we won’t be the best for long. To get better we need your feedback. We are starting with parents, but we intend to survey alumni, students and others to gather feedback that will give us the opportunity to develop a strategic plan that will make us even better. Thank you in advance to all of our parents who take the time to complete the survey and give us the opportunity to get better. Quote of the Week: "Average players want to be left alone. Good players want to be coached. Great players want to be told the truth.” Doc Rivers- NBA all-star and current coach of the Philadelphia 76ers ________________________________________________________________________ Other Notes and Important Information: Monday Morning Assembly: There is a Monday morning assembly tomorrow. Secondary students will tune in by clicking the Zoom link below at 8:30am: Monday Morning Assembly OUAC/Ontario Universities Grade 12 /PG students who plan to apply for an Ontario University should note that applications are due to the OUAC by January 15th, 2021. Students can collect their OUAC login information from Kyle Kallay or by emailing email@example.com Guidance Website Feel free to visit The Hill Academy Guidance website HERE. We will continue to add resources as the year goes on. Health and Safety at The Hill Academy The Joint Health and Safety Committee at The Hill Academy would like to extend a welcome to any member of our community (family, student, staff) to contact us with any health and safety concerns. Questions and/or concerns can be emailed to firstname.lastname@example.org Graduation, Athletic Banquet and Alumni Night The Hill Academy typically celebrates the return of our alumni on the weekend of the American Thanksgiving, and this year the intention was to include our returning graduates in that weekend to celebrate their graduation ceremony. The restrictions around COVID-19 in Ontario have continued and we have made the decision to postpone all celebrations until the Spring of 2021. We regret that this will affect our 2020 graduates, but we will continue to monitor the situation in our area and will provide updates as they become available. Masks A continued reminder to both parents and students; masks are mandatory in our facilities and it is the student's responsibility to come every day with well-fitting, clean masks. If a student is seen wearing an ill-fitting mask, we will provide a Hill Academy mask and will send an invoice home for reimbursement. Introducing: Jennifer Bell (Athletic Therapist) Jennifer is a graduate from Laurentian University Human Kinetics specializing in Health Promotions. Upon graduation Jennifer attended the Athletic Therapy program at York University and has been a Certified Athletic Therapist for the past 15 years. Jennifer has numerous continuing education courses that she implements in her practice and is currently pursuing her Masters in Human Kinetics. On top of her work as an Athletic Therapist, Jennifer also sits on several committees both Provincially and Nationally. Prior to starting at The Hill Academy, Jennifer was the Head Athletic Therapist at Humber College for 14 years. She has also had the honour of working with our National U19 Lacrosse programs, including winning the World Championship in 2015, and our National Artistic Swimming program. Away from work, Jennifer is a busy Mom to three young children who enjoy participating in sports and activities themselves. Jennifer's role at The Hill Academy will not only include treatment and care of our students' injuries but guiding our Covid-19 management and protocols and the health and wellness of our school population. The Hill Academy Masks For Sale A reminder that our Hill Academy masks are available for sale through our online store. Students can select the "Pick-Up At School" option under the shipping tab. Masks can be picked up from the from the main office on Tuesdays and Thursdays. https://www.thehillacademy.com/shop Parent Survey Calling all parents, we need your feedback. We have embarked on a challenge to collect your experiences, beliefs and opinions of your Hill Academy experience. We want to hear from you, gather some evidence and chart a course to being even better. Please tell us what we are doing well and tell us where we can get better. We can't do this without you so we look forward to hearing from you. Parent Survey If you have any questions please contact the Director of Academics, Rick Kunc at email@example.com. HILL Athletics (From Athletic Director Brodie Merrill) Often times when bad things happen, we hear the line “things happen for a reason.” I've grown to resent that line, as there are some things in life I struggle to find any reason or silver lining to. Recently, my best friend from college Andy Corno, without warning discovered his 2 year old daughter Cameron was diagnosed with a brain tumour. She has since gone through chemo/radiation, several brain surgeries all during a global pandemic. Andy and his wife Stewi, have had to endure a lot in Cameron’s road to recovery. Andy was a three time All American face-off specialist at Georgetown. We used to call Andy “dad” amongst our peer group, because he was always mature beyond his years and would often make “dad- like" decisions. He is someone you would want behind the steering wheel in life. His wife Stewi, National Champion field hockey player at UNC, one of the most positive, upbeat, energetic people you will ever meet. Several times throughout this ordeal I heard them reference messages learned in sport. Sport can prepare you for some of life’s biggest struggles and adversity. There are few platforms like sport that can teach you life lessons in such a profound way. In sports, you could be doing everything right, but outcomes are not guaranteed. A referee makes a bad call, you get a bad bounce, an injury happens, sometimes you are simply, inexplicably on the wrong side of the breaks of the game. The message in this week’s morning assembly was “just move forward.” Find ways, regardless of circumstances to forge ahead, keep gaining ground, keep striving for a better day, with joy and optimism. Even in the darkest moments, search for hope and gratitude. I can’t think of better examples of this than Andy, Stewi, and their little daughter Cameron, who continue to battle and inspire with their strength and positivity. Andy and Stewi welcomed their second daughter Kaitlin this past Wednesday. I’d say Andy, Stewi, Cameron, and Kaitlin are a young family that can take on anything. This Week's Lacrosse Schedule: Monday: Remote Non-Athletic Day (no practices) Tuesday: Grade 9,10, 11 Boys Lacrosse: 8:10- 9:10am Practice @ The Hill Academy Grade 12, PG Boys Lacrosse: 9:30am- 10:30am Practice @ The Hill Academy Girls Lacrosse: 12:25pm- 1:25pm Practice @ The Hill Academy Wednesday: Grade 9,10, 11 Boys Lacrosse: 8:10- 9:10am Practice @ The Hill Academy Grade 12, PG Boys Lacrosse: 9:30am- 10:30am Practice @ The Hill Academy Girls Lacrosse: 12:25pm- 1:25pm Practice @ The Hill Academy Thursday: Grade 9,10, 11 Boys Lacrosse: 8:10- 9:10am Practice @ The Hill Academy Grade 12, PG Boys Lacrosse: 9:30am- 10:30am Practice @ The Hill Academy Girls Lacrosse: 12:25pm- 1:25pm Practice @ The Hill Academy Friday: Grade 9,10, 11 Boys Lacrosse: 8:10- 9:10am Practice @ The Hill Academy Grade 12, PG Boys Lacrosse: 9:30am- 10:30am Practice @ The Hill Academy Girls Lacrosse: 12:25pm- 1:25pm Practice @ The Hill Academy This Week's Hockey Schedule: Monday: Remote Non-Athletic Day (no practices) Prep Hockey: Please check Google Classroom for individual meeting times and link. Tuesday: Senior Varsity @ Teen Ranch Arena 8:15- 9:15am Prep Hockey: 8:15am- 9:15am Practice @ Alder Arena Wednesday: All Junior & Senior Varsity Goalie Session @ Teen Ranch Arena 8:15 - 9:15am Senior Varsity Skaters: 8:30am- 9:30am Practice @ Alder Arena Prep Hockey: 8:15am- 9:15am Individual Skill Development/ Goalie Training @ Alder Arena Thursday: Varsity Hockey: 8:15am- 9:15am Practice @ Teen Ranch Prep Hockey: 8:15am- 9:15am Positional Play/ Goalie Training @ Alder Arena Friday: Varsity Hockey: 8:15am- 9:15am Team Session @ The Hill Academy Prep Hockey: 8:15am- 9:15am Practice @ Alder Arena **Please note that parents are NOT permitted inside the arenas during practice time.**

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The constitution prohibits discrimination based on religion; provides for freedom of belief, religion, and worship; and states no one “shall be obligated by coercive measures to declare his or her ideology or beliefs.” The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) reported “serious human rights violations in the context of social protests in Nicaragua” surrounding demonstrations opposing social security reforms in April, which resulted in “excessive and arbitrary use of police force,” stigmatization campaigns, and other human rights abuses. Amnesty International reported that in October the state had implemented a strategy of repression. On July 13, police killed two students and injured at least 10 others in a 15-hour attack on a Roman Catholic Church in Managua providing refuge to student protesters from a nearby university campus. Catholic leaders reported physical attacks and verbal insults, death threats, and intimidation campaigns by progovernment groups and ruling party (Sandinista National Liberation Front, or FSLN) activists associated with President Daniel Ortega and Vice President and spouse Rosario Murillo. Media reported Deputy Chief of Police Ramon Avellan physically assaulted Father Edwin Roman in Masaya on September 9, after the priest asked government supporters to turn down ruling-party propaganda music playing outside the church during a funeral service. Observers said Bishop Silvio Baez was a frequent target of government harassment because he condemned its human rights abuses. According to religious leaders and media, there were many incidents of vandalism and the desecration of sacred items in Catholic churches throughout the country. Progovernment supporters frequently disrupted religious services by playing loud music through speakers positioned outside of churches. Many religious leaders said the government politicized religion in the context of what the IACHR and other international bodies characterized as an ongoing political crisis and social conflict in the country. Religious leaders said the government retaliated against clergy perceived as critical of the government. According to religious leaders, Catholic and evangelical Protestant leaders who provided shelter and medical assistance and defended human rights of peaceful protesters were routinely victims of government retribution, including slander, arbitrary investigations by government agencies on unfounded charges, withholding tax exemptions, reducing budget appropriations, and denying religious services for political prisoners. Catholic leaders said the government continued to use religious festivities, symbolism, and language in its laws and policies to promote its political agenda, a practice that Catholic leaders said undermined the Church’s religious integrity. According to media, on December 5, a Russian national woman threw sulfuric acid at a priest at the Managua Metropolitan Cathedral during confession. By year’s end, the priest was still at a local hospital with burns over his entire body and a serious infection. While some civil society leaders familiar with the case stated they believed the government sent her to the church, there was no evidence linking the attack to government officials. A Jewish leader said his group’s interfaith director met regularly with Christian and Muslim counterparts as part of relationship-building efforts. The Vice President of the United States repeatedly called on the government to cease violence and attacks on the Catholic Church and expressed the U.S. government’s support for faith communities in their fight for human rights, democracy, and freedom. U.S. embassy officials met with Ministry of Foreign Affairs officials to raise concerns over religious freedom in light of the country’s sociopolitical crisis. Senior U.S. government leaders and the embassy used social media to express concern over attacks on the Catholic Church and other religious groups. Additionally, embassy officials engaged like-minded members of the diplomatic corps to address concerns over religious freedom in the country. Embassy representatives met regularly with a wide variety of religious groups, including Catholics, evangelical Protestants, Moravian Lutherans, Muslims, and the Jewish community, to discuss the groups’ concerns about politicization of religion and governmental retaliation against politically active religious groups. Section II. Status of Government Respect for Religious Freedom The IACHR reported “serious human rights violations in the context of social protests in Nicaragua” surrounding social security reform protests that broke out in April, resulting in “excessive and arbitrary use of police force,” stigmatization campaigns, and other human rights violations. Many religious leaders said the government politicized religion in the context of what the IACHR, the United Nations, and other international organizations called the country’s ongoing political crisis and social conflict. On July 13, police led a 15-hour attack, using high-caliber ammunition, against the Divine Mercy Church in Managua, which had provided refuge to approximately 200 students trapped in the siege and medical assistance to injured students who had protested at a nearby public university campus. Media reported informal armed groups, also known as “parapolice,” allied with the FSLN and working in coordination with police, killed two students and injured at least 10 others in the attack. The Catholic Church spoke out against the violence through clergy homilies and pastoral letters, calling for respect of human rights, investigation, and prosecution of crimes, reparation for victims, the end of excessive use of police force, and the disarmament of parapolice. By year’s end, the government had not investigated the deaths but prosecuted students for the incident and verbally accused the Catholic Church of a “terrorist and criminal mind.” In June progovernment armed groups shot live ammunition at clergy and student protesters during the rite of confession conducted in a partially open space during active protests and violent suppression in Managua, according to Catholic clergy. In July government supporters and FSLN activists physically assaulted senior Catholic Church leadership, including the papal nuncio, while they were attempting to assist persons sheltered in St. Sebastian Basilica in Diriamba. On September 9, media reported Deputy Chief of Police Ramon Avellan grabbed and insulted Father Edwin Roman in Masaya after the priest asked government supporters to turn down ruling-party propaganda music playing outside the church during a funeral service. In July media reported government supporters attacked the vehicle of Catholic Church spokesperson Bishop Juan Abelardo Mata, breaking the windows and slashing its tires. FSLN supporters surrounded the bishop and prevented him from leaving until civic leaders negotiated a truce with the National Police to facilitate his release. Bishop Silvio Baez, who observers said was one of the most outspoken of members of Catholic Church leadership on human rights abuses and in calling for a secular state, was a frequent target of government harassment. On October 23, the San Pablo Apostol community, a Catholic-based denomination that does not recognize the Nicaragua Bishops’ Conference or Vatican leadership and publicly pledged its support for the government, called a press conference for official media and announced it had an audio recording of Baez conspiring with opposition activists to overthrow the government. The religious community and FSLN followers demanded Baez leave the country and return to the Vatican, “where he never should have left.” Laureano Ortega, son of President Ortega, called the bishop a “murderer and coup monger” on social media. Online sources said sound technicians investigated the audio recording and found someone had edited it and concluded it was not an original recording. Following the accusations, media reported a heavy presence of parapolice and armed FSLN supporters around Baez’s home. According to media reports, in an apparent reference to the Baez case, government officials, including a Supreme Court justice, stated bishops did not have immunity and could be prosecuted and convicted for their political activism and alleged attempts to overthrow the government. Catholic leaders reported attacks on clergy, provoked by what they said was the government’s stigmatization and slander, which they said had led to a reduction in ecclesiastical travel by approximately 90 percent. The leaders reported three priests had to go into exile due to threats from government supporters; death threats and assaults by government supporters and FSLN activists against the Catholic Church internally displaced two others. According to media sources, some government officials forced workers to sign petitions denouncing Catholic Church leadership. Government officials stated there was nothing governmental or societal preventing freedom of religion or expression in the country. They stated violence against religious leaders was isolated, not systematic, and stated some religious leaders had encouraged violent actions among their followers. Religious groups said the government politicized religious beliefs, language, and traditions, including by coopting religion for its own political purposes. Religious groups also said that, as a form of retaliation stemming from the country’s sociopolitical crisis that began in April, the government infringed on religious leaders’ rights to practice faith-based activities, including providing safe spaces in churches to students and others fleeing violence. Catholic clergy and media reported cases of government officials, including President Ortega, slandering, stigmatizing, and urging supporters to retaliate against houses of worship and clergy for providing shelter, medical assistance, and mediation attempts to stop violent action by government security forces against peaceful protesters. Government leadership, including the president and vice president, referred to Catholic Church leadership as “terrorists,” “coup mongers,” and “diabolic.” In some speeches, government officials differentiated between the “good” Catholics and the “bad” bishops, the latter who they said were more outspoken and active in the political crisis. The government specifically targeted clergy that called on President Ortega to cease repression, said the president lacked political will to resolve the crisis, and placed responsibility with President Ortega for the repression that resulted in hundreds killed or injured and thousands detained. The IACHR reported several “aggressions and acts of harassment committed against members of the Catholic Church in Nicaragua” due to the Church’s role in the country’s sociopolitical crisis. The IACHR stated members of the Catholic Church were victims of a government stigmatization campaign due to their efforts to protect the human rights and integrity of peaceful protesters, as part of their faith-based beliefs. Amnesty International documented and reported “serious human rights violations committed or permitted” by the government, including attacks on bishops of the Catholic Church throughout the sociopolitical crisis. Catholic and evangelical Protestant leaders reported financial retaliation against groups deemed critical of the FSLN. Religious leaders said the government provided or withheld tax exemptions for individual churches based on the political affiliation of a church’s leadership. The government also cut national budget appropriations for individual Catholic and evangelical Protestant churches that amounted to a 42-percent reduction from $1.3 million to $740,000, following antigovernment demonstrations. Government officials said the cuts were part of an overall budget decrease, while media investigations reported the reduction in appropriations specifically targeted churches that provided support to wounded and endangered protesters. Religious leaders said the appropriation cuts particularly affected those groups active in the sociopolitical crisis and favored churches perceived to be friendly to the government. Both Catholic and Protestant leaders said there were investigations of their organizations by the government anti-money-laundering body, the Financial Analysis Unit (UAF), primarily for financial transactions the government said were tied to the protests. Human rights organizations reported government authorities used the UAF to prosecute opposition members on questionable and unfounded terrorism charges. Evangelical Protestants also said the government’s use of the UAF and other government retaliation mechanisms against NGOs might result in a church losing its legal registration as a form of government retaliation over the pastor’s political preference or his faith-based work. Evangelical Protestant leaders said the legal registration requirements categorizing churches as NGOs put evangelical Protestant churches at a disadvantage, leaving them particularly vulnerable to government actions against them. Clergy and media reported government supporters and FSLN party activists committed acts of vandalism, including desecration of sacred items such as the holy sacrament, altars, tombs, and statues; thefts; and attacks on churches in Carazo, Masaya, Managua, Granada, Matagalpa, Esteli, and Jinotega, in some cases with police support. Prominent churches had FSLN slogans painted on their walls, along with such labels as “coup mongers,” “terrorist,” and “murderer,” terms which local human rights organizations said the government regularly used against those it perceived as enemies. Similar to media reporting, religious leaders said government supporters and FSLN activists routinely interrupted Catholic services in Managua, Masaya, and Granada by loudly playing partisan music in front of churches, and in some cases, interrupting services with political propaganda and verbally harassing clergy and the congregation members. During a September 8 progovernment march in Granada, government supporters entered a Catholic church during Mass, waving red and black FSLN party flags and chanting “terrorists,” “murderers,” and “coup mongers,” among other epithets. After clergy in Catarina, located in Masaya Department, announced the church would hold a somber Mass to commemorate its patron saint instead of its usual festivities, on December 26, progovernment militants entered the church and shouted ruling party chants, verbally assaulted clergy and congregation, and attempted to extract the church’s patron saint. At demonstrations of government supporters, participants mocked Catholic Church leadership. Clergy reported authorities expelled one student from a public university after they questioned him about a picture posted on social media in which the student appeared with a priest whom police and parapolice had attacked on several occasions. Catholic and evangelical Protestant officials reported the government celebrated religious festivities for political and partisan purposes, saying these actions greatly diminished the ability of the churches to conduct their own celebrations. They said that, while these government actions had occurred for years, they had become more prevalent and carried stronger messaging in the context of the country’s sociopolitical crisis. One example, cited by religious authorities and reported by media, was the Catholic celebration of Saint Geronimo in Masaya, a traditional weeklong event. Clergy cancelled the traditional patron saint festivities to respect the mourning of families who lost loved ones during protests and announced they would instead mark the occasion with a Mass. FSLN municipal government officials, in tandem with local police, disregarded the local clergy’s decision and held a parade with a replica of the original patron saint statue. They played at high volume a mix of religious and partisan music outside the church during the Mass in commemoration of the patron saint. Referring to another event, an evangelical leader said he had requested the government not to participate in a religious celebration; however, in spite of the request, a government official came to the event, and state media insisted the religious leader give an interview. Catholic clergy and congregation volunteers reported barriers to their faith-based volunteer work in prisons, primarily restricting Catholic clergy critical of the government access to political prisoners. Evangelical Protestant volunteers did not report barriers to carry out their faith-based activities in prisons. Official media, however, reported prisoners were attending Catholic and evangelical Protestant celebrations. Several Catholic leaders said that, starting in July, prison wardens also denied Catholic clergy perceived as critical of the government access to male political prisoners, preventing them from offering religious sacraments such as communion and confession to the detainees. Ministry of Education policy for public school curricula continued to require “Christian-based” education through civics classes and participation in state-sponsored religious events. Religious leaders called on the government to respect the constitution’s mandate for a secular state; however, schools required students to participate in processions to commemorate Catholic religious events and festivals. Municipal governments and the central government continued to hold celebrations of Purisima, in which Catholics commemorate the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, conflicting with the Church’s official celebrations and despite the Church’s call to respect the sacredness of its festivities. Government employees reported participation in these religious celebrations was mandatory; they risked losing their jobs if they did not attend. National budget appropriations continued to fund state-led religious celebrations, with funding assigned to the different government agencies responsible for aspects of the events. Catholic leadership said government manipulation of religious festivities for partisan purposes undermined their religious integrity. Government officials also stated that, while there was no state religion, government officials sometimes spoke about religious issues and participated in religious events based on their personal beliefs. The officials said the state performed only administrative functions for religious events and festivities and was involved with these events for cultural, economic, and security reasons. Catholic and evangelical Protestant leaders said the government continued to restrict travel selectively for some visa applicants intending to travel to the country for religious purposes based on the perceived political affiliation of the applicant’s local sponsor. Representatives of both groups stated visiting religious leaders received additional scrutiny and faced selective application of laws if the government believed they or their local sponsor posed a political threat or had not pledged their support to the FSLN. Muslim community leaders reported no limitations in government approval of entry visas and temporary residence permits for Muslim leaders. They said a spiritual leader sponsored by the Egyptian government and a teacher sponsored by the Saudi Arabian government both obtained legal status according to national law. Section III. Status of Societal Respect for Religious Freedom On December 5, media reported a Russian national woman attacked a priest at the Managua Metropolitan Cathedral by throwing sulfuric acid at him during confession. At year’s end, the priest was still at a local hospital with burns over his entire body and a serious infection. Official media portrayed the woman as a feminist; however, local feminist organizations denounced the attack and clarified they had no affiliation with her. The Church refrained from making assumptions. Some civil society leaders familiar with the case stated they believed the government sent her; however, there was no evidence linking the attack to government officials. A Jewish leader reported that his group’s interfaith director met regularly with Christian and Muslim counterparts as part of relationship-building efforts.

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|Location||70 Canuck Avenue| Toronto, Ontario, Canada |Area||2.4 km2 (0.93 sq mi)| |Governing body||Canada Lands Company| Downsview Park is a large urban park located in the Downsview neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The park's name is officially bilingual due to it being federally owned and managed, and was first home to de Havilland Canada, an aircraft manufacturer, and later was a Canadian Forces base. The park still contains Downsview Airport. In 1999, the Government of Canada declared it as "Canada's first urban national park." However, unlike the Rouge National Urban Park in eastern Toronto, Downsview Park is managed by the federal Crown corporation Canada Lands Company rather than Parks Canada. As of 2017[update], little development has taken place, and the park remains mostly untouched. Before the establishment of the aircraft plant and airfield the site was farmland that emerged after John Perkins Bull settled nearby in 1842. Aircraft manufacturing and base The area was first used in 1929 by de Havilland Canada, where it housed the company's Canadian operations. The manufacturing plant was used to make aircraft during World War II. After the war, the Department of National Defence (Canada) needed space to station Royal Canadian Air Force squadrons in the area. In 1947, the federal government acquired and consolidated 270 properties in Downsview surrounding the manufacturing plant. In 1999, the federal government announced, to great fanfare, that the park would become "Canada's first urban national park." Downsview Park announced an International Design Competition. In 2000, Bruce Mau and Rem Koolhaas submitted the winning design scheme, known as "Tree City." In the years that followed, little development took place, and the plans fell into dormancy. Instead of creating a park made up of almost entirely green space as called for in the "Tree City" plan, Parc Downsview Park Inc., the crown corporation then in control of the park, approved constructing commercial and residential developments across the north, east and southwest ends of the park. The initial phase of the construction of Downsview Park began in 2005. The first step was to regenerate the soil, which had been compacted by more than 50 years of military base use, so that it will again support the lush vegetation that is planned for a very significant portion of the site. A major feature of this initial work was the development of the Canada Forest, which was started with a partnership with Natural Resources Canada and its 2020 Fast Forest initiative. Several residential developers expressed interest in Stanley Greene. Urbancorp was chosen as the first residential developer by Parc Downsview Park after an extensive due diligence process. The first residential development phase at Downsview Park will comprise over 1000 homes. Urbancorp is the largest landowner and developer of residential communities in King West Village and the Queen Street West Triangle area in downtown Toronto. Construction of the new community "Neighbourhood of Downsview Park" is expected to begin in Autumn of 2012.[needs update] In 2013, Mattamy Homes, Canada's largest homebuilder, entered into a joint partnership with Urbancorp, a real estate developer to begin construction on the first residential community in the park. Local councillor Maria Augimeri said that the development was unlikely to appease angry residents who had expected a park to be developed on the land. In 2014, the City of Toronto once again attempted to acquire control of the park. The federal government rejected the proposal, saying it would not consider transferring responsibility over the park to the city. The Toronto Star obtained a memo that indicating that the government did not want to consider transferring the park because of its immense value. The property has been the site of several high-profile events, including two Papal visits by Pope John Paul II, in 1984 (while still an active military base) and 2002 (World Youth Day), as well as the Molson Canadian Rocks for Toronto concert in 2003 featuring The Rolling Stones, AC/DC, and many others. The Canadian music festival Edgefest has also called Downsview Park home for the last two years[when?] with Linkin Park, Stone Temple Pilots, The Sam Roberts Band, Billy Talent, AFI, Alexisonfire and Metric performing. Edgefest returned to the park in 2011 and will be a featured event again in 2012. Since 2012 the Veld Music Festival has been held at the park. The Tragically Hip performed to a crowd of approximately 30,000 on Canada Day 2011. On 16 June 2012, a temporary stage collapsed an hour before gates opened for a scheduled Radiohead concert, killing one person and injuring three others. In 2012, the Junior Caribana festival was moved to the park. Downsview Park consists of 231.5 hectares (572 acres) of land in the northwest portion of the City of Toronto and the geographic centre of the Greater Toronto Area. These lands were originally home to de Havilland Aircraft of Canada (1929–1947) and then as the RCAF Station/air force base CFB Downsview from 1947 until April 1, 1996, when the base closed. It was also announced that the lands were to be held in perpetuity and in trust as a "unique urban recreational green space for the enjoyment of future generations." The mandate to create the urban recreational green space was given to Parc Downsview Park Inc. (PDP) in 1996 and the title to 231.5 hectares (572 acres) of the Downsview Lands was transferred to PDP in 2006 in order to facilitate the development of Downsview Park. The Department of National Defence (DND) retained 29 hectares (72 acres) of the land to accommodate ongoing military needs. Approximately 150 hectares (370 acres) of the land adjacent to the Downsview Lands (including Toronto’s oldest operational airport) is under the jurisdiction of Bombardier Aerospace. A rail line that is used mostly by GO Transit trains runs through the centre of the Park. As the mandate for the park requires that it be developed on a self-financing basis, approximately 102 hectares (250 acres) are dedicated to opportunities that provide a revenue stream to finance the construction, development and management of Downsview Park as an integrated, sustainable community. The park features a large man-made pond on the Keele Street side. Although it is an artificial body of water, the water from it flows out to the Downsview Dells ravines and eventually into Black Creek. Public transport access From 1996 to 2017, the closest Toronto subway station to Downsview Park was Downsview station, which served as a terminal station of Line 1 Yonge–University. Situated near the eastern edge of the park across from Downsview Airport, the station was renamed Sheppard West in advance of a northern extension of Line 1, which opened on December 17, 2017. Since 2008, bus route 101 operated by the Toronto Transit Commission (which also operates the subway) serves the grounds of Downsview Park directly, with daily service between Sheppard West station and the Aerospace Museum on Carl Hall Road. Downsview Park station opened on December 17, 2017, as part of the Line 1 subway extension into Vaughan. This station is located at the park's north end and is an intermodal interchange with the Barrie line, part of GO Transit's commuter rail services, whose station opened on December 30, 2017. The Downsview Park Sports Centre is a 45,000-square-metre (485,000-square-feet) multi-purpose facility, formerly an aircraft hangar for the de Havilland Aircraft Company and later the Canadian Forces. Downsview Park's most regular attraction is The Hangar, an indoor recreational facility within the Downsview Park Sports Centre, which accommodates approximately 600,000 visitors per year to its soccer, ball hockey and beach volleyball facilities alone. Winter 2011 saw the welcome addition of a domed field, expanding winter field availability. During the summer of 2009, Toronto Roller Derby started playing their home games at Downsview, using a space in the Downsview Park Sports Centre's west end. In the summer of 2011, Toronto Roller Derby moved to another space in the Park known as The Bunker, and hosted the inaugural Roller Derby World Cup in that space in early December 2011. The Downsview Park Sports Centre also accommodates Grand Prix Kartways indoor electric go-karting (aka green go-karting), the HoopDome basketball facility, The Rail Skatepark skateboard destination, True North Climbing indoor rock climbing gym and Blyth Academy Downsview Park School for Elite Athletes. The National Squash Academy, operated by former World #1 player Jonathon Power is a recent addition to the Sports Centre. In October 2013 an ice hockey arena was opened, and was renamed in February 2015 to Scotiabank Pond. In March 2011, Downsview Park was selected as the site of Toronto FC's new state-of-the-art Academy and Training Facility. Construction began on the KIA Training Ground in May 2011, and the facility opened in June 2012. It includes three grass fields, one domed turf field and a field house. Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment (MLSE), owner of Toronto FC, spent more than $21 million building the facility and pays rent for the land, with an aim to becoming the epicentre of soccer development in Canada. In July 2014 it was announced that MLSE would expand the training grounds at a cost of $2 million to house a temporary practice facility for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League, which would rent the facility from MLSE and practice on a nearby city owned field. The team moved in that September, but later moved their practice facility to Lamport Stadium in 2018. In 2018, BMO acquired the naming rights to the training ground, renaming it to the BMO Training Ground & Academy. With their drop to the division 3 USL League One for the 2019 season, Toronto FC II moved their home games to BMO Training Ground. Volleyball Canada made the Downsview Park Sports Centre their new headquarters and training facility in 2011. A new four-pad ice complex will be another welcome amenity scheduled to open in 2013. Operations at the Downsview Park Sports Centre generate funds to help build Downsview Park. Ryerson Rams soccer teams have been using the outdoor soccer field as their home field. Downsview Park is also home to the Toronto Wildlife Centre, the Downsview Park Film and Television Studios and the Downsview Park Arts Alliance, all of which not only pay rent to assist PDP in meeting its self-financing requirements, but also help to animate the site with a variety of programs and activities, many of which are run in partnership with PDP. - Mendelson, Rachel (23 April 2014). "Feds say no to giving Downsview Park to Toronto". Toronto Star. Retrieved 9 September 2014. - Hume, Christopher (22 March 2013). "Federal takeover of Downsview Park sends plan back to drawing board: Hume". Toronto Star. Retrieved 9 September 2014. - "Historic Downsview building slated for demolition". Canadian Press. CBC News. 29 October 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2014. - Grewal, San (May 25, 2010). "What's going on with 10 major projects around the GTA". The Star. Toronto. - Pigg, Susan (26 November 2013). "Mattamy to partner on Downsview Park redevelopment". Toronto Star. Retrieved 9 September 2014. - "Veld Music Festival". Retrieved 14 February 2017. - "Toronto stage collapse kills 1 before scheduled Radiohead concert". Msnbc. 16 June 2012. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. - "1 dead as Radiohead stage collapses ahead of Toronto concert". CBC.ca. 16 June 2012. - "Caribbean Carnival: Toronto's Junior Carnival". The Toronto Star. 9 July 2012. - "Downsview Park: Green Asset and the Keeley's Great Amenity | UrbanToronto". - "ToRD - Venue". About. Toronto Roller Derby. Archived from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011. - Casey, Liam (2 December 2011). "Canadian women send French flying 224-17 at Roller Derby World Cup". Toronto Star. Retrieved 20 January 2012. - "BUCKINGHAM SPORTS PROPERTIES COMPANY ANNOUNCES NEW STATE-OF-THE ART FOUR-PAD ARENA". Retrieved 14 February 2014. - "Scotiabank Pond Unveiled as Part of Scotiabank Hockey Day in Canada". Retrieved 14 February 2014. - Girard, Daniel (2011-10-12). "Video: TFC building permanent training facility at Downsview Park". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2014-01-03. - "About the facility". Toronto FC. Archived from the original on 2014-02-09. Retrieved 2014-01-01. - "Argos partner with MLSE to build new practice facility". Toronto Argonauts. 2014-07-24. Archived from the original on 2014-07-30. Retrieved 2014-07-24. - "Argos Practice Facility". The Aquila Group. Archived from the original on 2019-06-02. Retrieved 2019-06-02. - Rubin, Josh (2014-07-25). "Argonauts, MLSE partner on new practice facility". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2014-07-25. - Zicarelli, Frank (2014-09-09). "New practice facility gives Argonauts some stability". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 2014-09-09. - Scianitti, Matthew (2014-09-04). "Argos' players, staff grow frustrated over work conditions". TSN. Retrieved 2014-09-10. - "Argonauts to relocate football-operations staff". The Sports Network. 2018-06-01. Retrieved 2018-06-01. - "BMO acquires naming rights to Toronto FC's Training Grounds, becomes Official Partner of Toronto FC Academy". Toronto FC. 2018-01-22. Archived from the original on 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2018-02-27. - "Toronto FC II 2019 USL League One Regular Season Schedule Announced". Toronto FC. 2018-12-10. Retrieved 2019-01-06. - https://www.imdb.com/search/title?locations=Downsview%20Park%20Studios,%2040%20Carl%20Hall%20Road,%20Toronto,%20Ontario,%20Canada&ref_=ttloc_loc_3[user-generated source]

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Every one of us had blisters for one reason or another. They are annoying and painful, fluid filled sacs that appear on your skin due to friction. Mostly, these blisters are caused by wearing uncomfortable shoes, hiking without wearing gloves, from the bite of an insect or from a burn. When you get the blister you want to get rid of it as soon as possible. If you don’t know how to heal a blister faster, and how long does it take for a blister to heal, then you’ve come to the right place. We are going to explain some really easy ways to heal it faster. Also, when you are outdoors a blister proves to be more annoying and you just want it to disappear in a blink. We are going to tell you the useful and effective ways of taking care of a blister when you are outdoors and ways to make the blister much faster than it would without doing nothing about it. The time it takes for a blister to heal depends on the type of it. If it’s a small one, then it will heal quickly, but if the size of the blister is big, then it will take more time. Maybe longer than you were expecting. To know how to treat them, first you need to know the types of them. Types of Blisters Sunburn blisters, as the name indicates, are caused by sunburn. They are mostly small and filled with fluid. They usually happen due to exposure of the skin to the sun. These kinds of blisters usually take a few days to heal. Friction blisters are also filled with fluid and they are caused by constant irritation and pressure on the skin. This usually happens if you wear something uncomfortable and the constant friction results in blisters. Most of the time, they heal quickly, without leaving a scar, but a severe blister can take a few weeks to heal. To prevent blisters caused by new footwear, see our article on how to break-in your hiking boots for more information. Cold sores, also known as fever blisters, usually appear on the lips and they are caused by skin contact. They cause redness and itching at the affected area and are painful. Cold sores usually heal in 8 to 10 days. Insect bites blister Blisters caused by insect bites are small and produce redness and itchiness. It will cause a sudden and sharp pain and then cause redness and swelling. These kinds of blisters can take days or even weeks to heal, depending on the insect that had bitten you. Prevent bites by reading our article on DIY homemade insect repellents which are safe and made from natural ingredients. What Can Cause the Delay of Healing Process? There are a few factors that may cause the delay in the healing process. Exceptions are always there, so if you need to know why your blister isn’t healing fast enough, following the reason of it might help. Here are a few of the most common factors that might slow down the healing process. - Affected Area: If the blister is on a sensitive part of the skin, it will take more time to heal. Especially the areas that move with the blister on them, then it will take more time to heal because you are not giving it enough rest and the healing requires rest. - Infection: If the blister pops, then there is a risk of an infection and the wound might even get worse because the blister actually protects the inner skin and lets it heal. In case that blister breaks, its fluid should be drained using a sterilized needle so that there is no risk of infection. - Impaired immunity diseases and diabetes: Diabetes can also slow down the healing process because of the nerve and circulation issues. And, people with impaired immunity diseases have bigger chances of getting an infection, so that can be a cause of a slow healing too. The weak immune system means more chances of getting an infection. - Medicine: There are few drugs that can slow down the healing process of a blister too. You need to watch out for these drugs and take something only after you are sure it will do no harm. - Alcohol or Smoking: Numerous researches show that if a person smokes, the healing time is longer. Alcohol consumption affects the healing process as well. 10 Ways to Heal a Blister Faster To heal a blister faster there are some natural and effective ways that have proved to be very helpful. Following are the 10 ways to heal a blister faster. They are easy to follow and effective, even if you’re outdoors. - Let it breathe: The first thing that you need to do is to let it breathe and give it air. The air exposure is really good for the healing process. If you are putting a bandage over it, then make sure it’s loose enough that It doesn’t break the skin over it, and allows the air flow. The process of healing surely depends on the state of the wound. If it’s torn open, then the chance of infection is bigger and that can delay the healing. If it’s intact, you need to carefully clean it without tearing it open and try to leave the skin in its place. It will hurt less this way and will heal faster. - Put a bandage on the blister: To keep the blister clean, in the case it broke, and to avoid infection, you need to put a bandage on it. This will cover your wound from any kind of infection, and will keep it covered so that it doesn’t get dirty. Before putting the bandage, clean the wound with a sterilized gauze pad and try to get as much fluid out as you can, gently. After that, put an ointment on it and then cover it with a bandage. Like we just mentioned above, make sure that the bandage is loose. - Topical ointment: Putting an ointment on your blister really helps to speed up the healing. Clean the dirt off of your blister and put an antibacterial ointment on it. It can be a gel or a tube, whichever you prefer. Some gels even offer cooling effects that help with the pain. Make sure that you clean the area before putting the cream on it. To avoid any infection, you can wipe the area with an antiseptic before putting the cream on it. Tree tea oil is known to be effective to speed up the healing of the blister after it’s drained. - Elevating: If the blister is on your foot or your heel area, then elevation will help with the inflammation and reduce the pressure and that will in turn help with the pain and irritation. If the blister is not in the area that will be affected when you walk, you should leave the blister after cleaning it to heal on its own. Additionally, you should elevate your foot to waist level. This elevation will lessen the pressure and will help with the draining of fluid,` and will speed up the healing process. - Draining the fluid: If you have a blister that is extremely painful and irritating, you need to break it and drain the fluid. To prevent infection, wipe it with antiseptic and water and use a sterilized needle to drain the fluid. Try not to remove the top skin because it provides protection against the bacteria. The best way to drain a blister, is to wash your hands with a sanitizer or soap. Then, you need to clean the blister using an antiseptic. After that, take a sterilized needle and break the blister with it. Let the fluid out, don’t try to squeeze it out. Try to leave the top skin intact so that it can protect against infections. Now, you need to apply an antibiotic cream or gel and put a bandage on it. This will speed up the healing process. If you feel like there is an infection, then you should consult a doctor. - Padding: This depends on the area where the blister is. If the blister is on your heel area, then a bit cushioning may help with the healing and the pain. To do this, you can take the sheets of foamy pads and use them according to your required shape and fit, to cushion the blister. In case that you are outdoors and you are not in a clean environment, you must cover it up with a clean bandage to avoid any kind of infection. And, to avoid this in the future, you can put a bandage on the chaffed areas or you can wear padded athletic socks to prevent the rubbing which causes the blister. - Softening the Blister: Softening a blister, if it’s drained, also helps with faster healing. To soften the area, you need to soak the area in a saline solution a few times a day. This will speed up the healing, and will rub away the extra skin. Softening a blister is recommended before breaking it, but if you have an extremely painful blister, to lessen the pain, you can break it. Softening the blister in a clean saline solution before breaking it, will help to prevent infection. Additionally, soaking it in warm and clean water after draining the fluid will speed up the healing and will lessen the pressure and ease the pain. - Preventing Infection: If you want your blister to heal faster, it is important for you to take precautionary measures to prevent the infection. First of all, if a blister breaks, you need to make sure that you clean it with an antiseptic, and cover it loosely with a bandage. The precautions need to be taken more seriously if you are outdoors. If the swelling isn’t going away, even after it’s drained, then you should see a doctor immediately. If you just leave a blister to heal on its own, chances of infection to happen are bigger. Also, if you keep squeezing or rubbing it, it will lead to infection or blister rupture. If the blister gets an infection, it will take more time to heal and it can even cause a skin infection. Furthermore, if it’s not healing and you are not doing anything about it, bacterial infection can happen too, so, you need to be extra careful. - Moisturizing the affected area: Moisturizing of the affected area can speed up the healing and Aloe Vera works as a great moisturizer for blisters. Just apply the Aloe Vera on the blister after cleaning it, and give it time to dry. After that, you can cover it. It will prevent the swelling and Aloe Vera will give the cooling effect too. To avoid blisters in future, if you are prone to blisters, you need to take safety measures. For starters, you need to wear comfortable shoes that you can run and walk in with convenience. The socks you are wearing, need to be of a soft and comfortable material that gives way to air so that the moisture doesn’t cause itching. If you are working out and your shoes get wet due to sweating, you should let them dry off first and then wear them again. - Patience, patience, and more patience: No matter how small a blister is, it’s going to take the time to heal. A few days, is the minimum time a blister takes to heal, so, if you think that it’s going to heal overnight, it’s probably not going to happen. The best you can do is to take proper care of it. Keep it clean and let it take its course to heal. You can try to leave it open in clean air for faster healing. Natural Remedies to make a blister heal faster There are a few natural remedies that you can try to make it heal faster. They are very easy to do and will also help with the pain. Epsom salt is one of the most effective ways to heal a blister faster. These salts work very well to dry out the blister, if it is not popped yet. The salt contains magnesium that helps with the inflammation and reduces the pain. - Take 1 or 2 tablespoons of it and put it in warm water and mix it well - Now soak the injured area in that water for a while - After that, dry the blister and put some vitamin E on it. - Doing this, even once a day, is enough to speed up the healing. Green tea is also a very effective natural remedy to speed up the healing of a blister. It is very effective for the swelling and pain. It reduces the swelling because of the vitamins and antioxidants present in it which promote the healing. - Put a green tea bag in warm water and let it soak - Then put it out and leave it to cool off for a few minutes - Then put that tea bag on the blister for a while - Repeat this process 4 or 5 times a day till the blister heals - Drinking green tea 2 or 3 times a day helps with the healing too Apple Cider Vinegar Apple cider vinegar helps to prevent the infection and lessens the swelling as well. It acts as an antibacterial to prevent the infection and really helps in case of a fever blister. To apply it you need to: - Dip cotton wool in vinegar - Then apply that cotton on the blister for about 3 to 4 times a day for approximately 3 days If you start applying this as soon as the blister appear to make the healing faster. Also, you need to know that it might sting a little at the start, particularly if the blister is drained. You can avoid this by tempering the water. Another way to use apple cider vinegar is to mix it the apple and cider vinegar with onion paste, and apply that paste to the affected area. Let it dry and rinse it off using warm water. Repeat this 2 times a day. Taking a proper amount of food and nutrition is very important for healing. If you are not eating well then that can affect the healing as well. Food that contains vitamins A, C and bioflavonoids really helps with the healing and also prevents infections to happen. The vegetables are really good source for this and for proteins, eggs, fish and nuts are a good choice. Another thing that you should know is to try to avoid the dairy products, for example, white flour or sugar, as they can slow down the healing. Wrapping it up Blisters can prove to be very painful and irritating if you don’t take care of them. Leaving them as it is, will make the healing slower and will maximize the risk of an infection. So, by following the above safety measures, you can get rid of them conveniently and faster than it would take on its own. When you are outdoors, you should take the first aid kit with you, just in case of any kind of an emergency situation. Read our piece featuring a list of medical essentials for your first aid kit to help you. Keeping a bandage and antiseptic surely comes handy during situations like this. Give the blister it’s time to heal properly, and you are all good. In case that it’s not healing and is causing extra pain, then you should immediately consult with a doctor. To give you more confidence on how to care for blisters, see our useful article on the topic. We hope that our article was helpful and that you found it useful. If you think that we missed to mention something important on this topic, feel free to leave a comment in the comments section below.

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Europe’s cartographic experiments in Africa remain one of the most indelible physical scars of colonialism. This exercise, which started in 1884, makes Africa the most fragmented continent in the world, with about 165 demarcated boundaries patching together 53 countries.(2) The horrors of this partitioning is reflected in the various fratricidal border battles between and among African states, bloody xenophobic attacks and disintegration moves within African states. The confounding irony is that while the African political elite unequivocally acknowledge this historical anomaly, they still cling to the artificial colonial construct called states, either as a bargaining chip or as an outright obstacle to remedying the glaring defect. The attachment to statehood has, however, not prevented efforts to achieve political and economic integration at the continental and sub-regional levels. From the 1960s, the continent has witnessed several attempts to forge regional integration. There are numerous regional economic communities (RECs) in Africa, but the African Union (AU) only regards the following eight regional groupings as the building blocks towards continental integration: the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU); the Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CEN-SAD); the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the East African Community (EAC), the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS); the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS); the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD); and the Southern African Development Community (SADC).(3) At the continental level, the transmutation of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) to the AU also brought about an intensification of efforts to deepen unity, especially through the establishment of institutions such the New Partnership for Africa’s Development, the Pan-African Parliament (PAP), and the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM). At the heart of this paper is the concern about the stunted progression of continental integration. In spite of the elaborate frameworks for achieving unity, the state of regional integration leaves much room for desire. In this respect, this paper intends to illuminate the issues that will determine the viability of continental integration in Africa. It begins with a look at the different theoretical perspectives on the modus of continental integration. This is followed by the discussion on the importance of hinging continental integration to shared norms and values. It concludes by exploring the key fundamentals of continental integration. Africa must unite: One goal, different methodologies The importance of political and economic integration at the continental and/or sub-regional levels remain one of the most articulated topics of discourse in Africa. Politicians, heads of state, academics and civil society have all expressed, and still express, the importance of regional integration and the process of achieving such goal. The plethora of contribution in this regard can be neatly classified into what Tiyanjana Maluwa refers to as the ‘absolute integrationists’ and the ‘minimal integrationists.’(4) At the core of the ‘absolute integrationist’ ideology is the immediate establishment of a single administration or federal Government for Africa (United States of Africa), akin to the United States of America model. According to one of its foremost proponents, Kwame Nkrumah, a ‘United States of Africa’ should pursue three core objectives - continental economic planning, unified military and defence strategy, and a unified foreign policy.(5) He further proposed that such a Union should be led by a President, elected from the ranks of the Assembly of Heads of State, a number of Vice-Presidents, a Council of Ministers and a two-chamber legislature.(6) At a practical level, Kwame Nkrumah, together with Sekou Toure (Guinea) and Modibo Keita (Mali), formed the Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union in 1961.(7) The idea was that this Union would be the nucleus of a larger federation of African states.(8) Kwame Nkrumah’s thesis continues to shape the debate on the process of establishing a ‘Union Government’ for Africa. The likes of Muammar Gaddafi (Libya) and Abdoulaye Wade (Senegal) are latter day advocates of this idea. While the ‘minimal integrationists’ accept the ultimate goal of a ‘United States of Africa,’ they differ with the ‘absolute integrationists’ on the modus operandi. In this vein, ‘minimal integrationists’ argue for an incremental, bottom-up process, which places emphasis on national sovereignty and the development of sub-regional groupings as the building blocks of continental integration. The minimalist framework of continental integration in over four decades points to the triumph of the ‘minimalist integrationist’ ideology.(9) This is reflected in the mere intergovernmental, rather than supranational nature of continental institutions such as the OAU and the AU. This implies that only member states hold the decision-making powers, with continental institutions providing the platform for inter-state interaction and coordination of activities. Unity without shared norms: A recipe for failure Underlining the quest for African unity is a pan-Africanist narrative, which prioritises the racial and geographic oneness of Africans.(10) The racial consciousness of being an African was largely shaped by colonialism and the experience of racial prejudice both on the African continent and in the Diaspora. As Julius Nyerere puts it, ‘the Africans looked at themselves and knew vis-a-vis the Europeans, they were one.’(11) The geographic element is much wider than the racial consciousness in the sense that it incorporates the Arab/North Africans as part of the pan-Africanist discourse.(12) It is this realisation of ‘we are all Africans’ that continues to inform and influence the plethora of initiatives aimed at cementing the connectedness amongst African nations. It thus begs the question, is a pan-Africanist narrative or the consciousness of being an African sufficient as a foundation for advancing regional integration? In other words, to what extent can the maxim of ‘we are all Africans’ translate to meaningful and qualitative realisation of regional integration goals? It is important to note that there is nothing wrong in the idea of linking the quest for unity to the consciousness of pan-Africanism. However, it is worrying when this is seen as a sole determinant. Stated differently, it is counter-productive when such consciousness is not rooted in substance or hinged to the formulation and adherence to shared norms. While the legal framework of the AU and other RECs provide for a number of principles that can be collectively referred to as ‘shared norms,’ practise shows more breach than adherence. The routine disregard of these principles - through unconstitutional change of Government, electoral irregularities, and the violation of human rights and transnational directives - point to the levity attached to the so-called shared norms. It is of the essence that member states agree on and adhere to a set of shared norms. This guarantees the uniform understanding and application of transnational directives and regulations. The success of regional integration derives from the commitment of member states to ensure that salient matters agreed upon at the transnational level are given full and unqualified attention at the national level. It is thus imperative that nuanced attention is directed towards the understanding of shared norms. The first step in this process is the provision of a set of guidelines, underlined by traditional African values. In this regard, norms such as good governance, human rights and democracy, should be explained within the context of African values such as ‘Ubuntu,’ which emphasises the respect for the individual and society. The aim of this is to show that such norms are not necessarily alien to Africa; rather they are expressions of values that define African societies. The consensus on the meaning and application of shared norms is a key prerequisite of a successful regional integration process. It provides an effective framework for the attainment of integration goals and objectives. To integrate or not: The fundamentals of quality-oriented continental integration The imperative of continental integration is beyond question; however, it is of utmost importance to tackle the factors that will add gravitas to this. Referring to European integration, Jean Monnet once affirmed that ‘we are not bringing together states, we are uniting people,’(13) The importance of including the people in the integration process cannot be over-emphasised. If transnational programmes are designed to make meaningful impact on the lives of citizens, then it is equally essential that such citizens are allowed to (in)directly participate in the process of shaping transnational policies. In this sense, it is critical that the architects of continental integration devise measures of increasing the awareness and involvement of the African populace in transnational matters. Consultation mechanisms such as grassroots sensitisation campaigns, national referendums on integration issues, encouragement of transnational associations and the direct elections of transnational legislators are necessary. The involvement of civil society organisations (CSOs) in the formulation and implementation of integration policies is also essential. The legitimacy, and broad-based acceptance, of continental integration in Africa will largely be measured by the extent to which African citizens take ownership of the process. Another factor that will determine the viability of continental integration is the feasibility of compliance with transnational directives and regulations. The legitimacy, and to a large extent the effective functioning, of transnational institutions depend on the extent to which member states comply with its rules.(14) Thus, the task before the architects of continental integration should be on how to enhance the compliance with institutional rules. The current climate of continued disregard of transnational directives across the continent should serve as an instructive guide. Since no transnational organisation can boast of 100% compliance rate,(15) it becomes imperative to explore measures of minimising the factors that encourage the incidence of non-compliance. As pointed out above, the lack of consensus on the importance of shared norms and values provides the justification for ‘cherry-picking’ which standards to comply with or in extreme cases, the total disregard of directives. Thus, the task is to ensure that participation in the integration process is conditioned to the unqualified acceptance of shared norms and principles. Member states that are not prepared to subscribe to or continue to flout minimum standards should be temporarily excluded from the decision-making process and the benefits to be derived from such integration initiatives. Regional hegemons have a significant role to play in ensuring the attainment of quality-oriented continental integration. The political and economic prowess of regional hegemons such as South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya and Egypt can be channelled into building a virile foundation for achieving continental integration. The onus is on these regional powers to lead by example through the strengthening of national democratic institutions and best economic practises. These measures are important to the extent that they provide regional hegemons the legitimacy, and wherewithal, to champion the realisation of integration goals and objectives. In this respect, regional powerhouses can contribute significantly to helping develop the capacity of fellow member states to adhere to integration goals and also monitor the implementation of such objectives.(16) Another important point of consideration is the need to design the process of continental integration within the context of the peculiarities of Africa. While the European integration process provides an instructive referential framework, it cannot be adopted verbatim, since it is rooted in different historical and social contexts. Africa and Europe are faced with different socio-political and economic challenges, a factor that should inform the policy frameworks of continental integration. The peculiar challenges facing Africa, such as poverty, lack of infrastructure, democratic deficit, endemic corruption and weak economic structures should shape the deliberations on and the design of transnational policies. This is not to say that Africa should ignore instructive lessons, both positive and negative from other climes, rather Africa should in the words of Ali Mazrui ‘stand ready to selectively borrow, adapt and creatively formulate its strategies for planned development.’(17) Lastly, it is crucial to ensure that real powers are transferred to continental institutions. In this regard, the AU, which is the primary continental body and its institutions, should be empowered to take authoritative decisions on issues affecting continental integration. A major reason why continental integration remains stunted is due to the fact that over the years, member states have refused to allow transnational institutions to exercise real power. The 2009 decision by African Heads of State to transform the AU is a step in the right direction, though its efficacy depends on the seriousness attached to its implementation. ‘Africa must unite’ and ‘we are all Africans’ are some of the aphorisms that have over the years defined the quest for continental integration. The road to achieving continental integration is by no means a smooth one. The perceived benefits, both political and economic, continue to influence the widespread desire for a unified Africa. If continental integration is seen as a useful tool for unlocking Africa’s potential and enhancing its relevance on the global stage, then it is imperative to start considering nuanced methods of achieving this objective. The foregoing discussion illuminates the essential points that are necessary for a viable continental integration process. The issues considered above are not exhaustive; rather they are aimed at stimulating further thinking on the appropriate strategies for a qualitative continental integration process. (1) Contact Babatunde Fagbayibo through Consultancy Africa Intelligence's Africa Watch Unit (firstname.lastname@example.org). (2) Akonnor, K. 2007, ‘Stuffing Old Wine in New Bottles: The Case of the African Union’. In A. Mazama, ed. Africa in the 21st Century: Toward a New Future, London: Routledge, p 200. (3) African Union Website - http://www.africa-union.org. (4) Maluwa, T. 2004. ‘Fast-tracking African unity or making haste slowly? A note on the amendments to the Constitutive Act of the African Union’, Netherlands International Law Review. 51(2), p 201. (5) Nkrumah K, 1963, Africa must unite. New York: Praeger, pp163-164. (6) Nkrumah K, 1973, Revolutionary path. London: PANAF, pp 295-296, 309. (7) Nkrumah K, 1963, Africa must unite. New York: Praeger (8) Nweke, G. 1987. ‘The Organisation of African Unity and intra-African functionalism’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 489, p135. (9) Lecoutre, D. 2008, ‘Reflections on the 2007 Accra grand debate on a Union Government for Africa’ in T. Murithi, ed. Towards a Union Government for Africa: Challenges and opportunities. Institute of Security Studies Monograph Series 140, pp 45-59. (10) Mazrui, A. 1963. ‘On the concept of “We are all Africans”. The American Political Science Review, 57(1), pp 88-97. (11) Bolaji Akinyemi, ‘Kwame Nkrumah and pan-Africanism’, This Day, 15 October 2008, http://allafrica.com. (12) Mazrui, A. 1963. ‘On the concept of “We are all Africans”. The American Political Science Review, 57(1), pp 88-97. (13) Fontaine P, 2006, Europe in 12 lessons, Brussels: European Commission, p 43. (14) Chayes, A & Chayes, H. 1993.‘On compliance, International Organisation.47/2, pp 175-205. (15) Neyer, J & Zurn, M. 2005. ‘Conclusions – the conditions of compliance’ in C Joerges & M Zurn eds. Law and governance in postnational Europe: Compliance beyond the nation-state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p 185. (16) Babatunde Fagbayibo, ‘Democratic development in Africa: A tale of one step forward, two steps backward’, Consultancy Africa Intelligence, 16 December 2010, http://www.consultancyafrica.com. (17) Ali Mazrui, ‘Africa must not just remain a learner’, The Monitor, 30 September 2008, http://allafrica.com. Written by Babatunde Fagbayibo (1)

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Achilles tendon ruptures are the most common tendon ruptures of the lower extremity. They can occur at any age, but are most common in the third to fifth decade. There is a significant male preponderance. The classic description is the "weekend warrior" athlete. The Achilles tendon is the common tendon of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles and provides their attachment to the calcaneus. The soleus muscle arises from the posterior tibia while the gastrocnemius arises from the posterior distal femur. This allows the the gastrocnemius to be effective with an extended knee and the soleus to be more effective with a flexed knee. The tendons from both muscles coalesce just distal to the musculotendinous junction to form the Achilles tendon. The tendon has a relative avascular portion 2-6 centimeter above the insertion. The tendon also rotates approximately 90 degrees during during its course, with the gastrocnemius fibers being more lateral. The tendon inserts upon the posterior calcaneus primarily along the posterior tuberosity with slightly more medial than lateral extension (Chao F&A 1997, Lohrer CORR 2008). A relatively hypovascular area exists approximately 2-6 cm above the insertion into the calcaneus. This hypovascularity has been implicated in disorders of the tendon. Age-dependent changes in collagen cross-linking result in increased stiffness and loss of viscoelasticity, which may predispose the tendon to rupture. Mechanisms associated with ruptures include sudden forced dorsiflexion of the ankle (eccentric contraction of the gastrocnemius and soleus), pushing off with the weight-bearing forefoot while extending the knee, and laceration or direct blow to the contracted tendon. Achilles tendon ruptures are partial or complete. Ruptures can also be divided into acute traumatic ruptures, chronic ruptures, or chronic attritional ruptures. However, ruptures are often due to a combination of age-related attrition and an acute traumatic incident. Patient History and Physical Findings The patient with Achilles tendon rupture presents with pain in the area of the Achilles tendon. The pain of an acute rupture is often described as an intense burning sensation or sharp stabbing pain. Patients may hear an audible pop after an eccentric muscle contraction or pushing off; they usually describe a feeling of being kicked, hit, or shot in the heel. A small percentage of patients will have prodromal symptoms. In the presence of a complete tear, patients will experience significant ankle plantar flexion weakness. However, many patients continue to be able to actively plantarflex the ankle using accessory muscles. This may confound some examiners and result in a missed diagnosis. Physical findings include a visible soft-tissue depression in the posterior ankle on observation. The tendon defect can often be palpated along the posterior leg and ankle. Patients may be unable to walk or walk only with a limp secondary to weak or absent pushoff. Absence of active plantarflexion is often expected, but many patients effectively recruit other muscles to plantarflex against manual testing. However, they are rarely able to perform a single leg heel raise. With the patient in the prone position and the knees flexed, the Thompson squeeze test is executed by squeezing the calf muscle and observing the presence or absence of resultant ankle plantarflexion and comparing with the contralateral side. Another helpful test is to observe the resting position of the ankle compared to the unaffected side with the patient prone and the knees flexed to 90 degrees. Imaging and Diagnostic Studies Radiographs are rarely diagnostic. They may be warranted in cases of extremely distal ruptures when avulsion of part of the calcaneus needs to be ruled out. Ultrasound and MRI can accurately demonstrate ruptures, but are rarely necessary with classic clinical findings. These studies may be helpful when the diagnosis is unclear. Treatment for acute Achilles tendon ruptures can be operative or non-operative and much controversy exists. Historically, the pendulum swung towards operative treatment (especially of younger, healthier patients) because of the much lower reported re-rupture rate (2% for surgical and 11-30% for non-surgical), accepting the trade-off of potential wound complications. Recent investigations have reported much better results with non-operative treatment, often using aggressive functional rehabilitation protocols. The AAOS and AOFAS have issued a clinical practice guideline and evidence report regarding Achilles tendon ruptures. It can be viewed at http://www.aaos.org/Research/guidelines/atrguideline.asp Conservative treatment varies and classically involved casting in a long leg cast with knee flexed and ankle in equinus (2-3 weeks), then short leg casting (8 weeks). Non-weight-bearing was typically recommended initially (the first 6 weeks). More recent approaches include functional bracing with immediate weight-bearing. These more aggressive protocols describe immediate full weight-bearing in a functional brace or pre-fabricated boot. Patients are started with with the ankle in up to 45 degrees of plantarflexion, which is gradually decreased to neutral over 6 to 12 weeks. They often perform active plantarflexion exercises with restricted dorsiflexion during that time then graduate to more aggressive strengthening protocols. Operative treatment has evolved to include open, limited open, and percutaneous techniques. The classic open approach involves a longitudinal incision approximately 1 cm medial to the tendon to avoid irritation by footwear. The incision should be carried straight through the skin and subcutaneous tissue to the tendon sheath (paratenon) to minimize postoperative wound complications. Careful preservation of the paratenon is important for later closure and gliding of the tendon. The ends of the tendon are gently debrided and then re-approximated with a large nonabsorbable suture. This may vary from 2-, 4-, or 6-strand repairs (4 being the most common), and Bunnell and Krackow techniques have been reported. There is some controversy about the benefit of an epi-tenon stitch. Special attention should be directed to the tension of the repair and it should be matched as close as possible to the contralateral side. The plantaris is often available for local supplementation if the Achilles tissue is poor. More significant disruption, and especially chronic tears, could require tendon transfer utilizing the flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, or peroneals. Percutaneous techniques have become more popular. Several devices (Integra Achillon, Teno-lig) have been promoted to minimize the risk of entrapment of the sural nerve that is the major complication associated with percutaneous repairs. Typically, a small (1 cm) incision is made at the rupture site (either transverse or longitudinal), allowing visualization of the rupture. The proximal tendon is grasped with a clamp and then sutures are passed percutaneously through the tendon more proximally and pulled into the tendon sheath and out the small incision. The process is repeated for the distal portion and then these suture are tied together. The theoretical benefits include less disruption of the tendon sheath (and therefore less disruption of the blood supply and better tendon gliding) and less risk of wound complications. The drawbacks can include poor purchase of tendon ends and a small risk of sural nerve injury (more likely in percutaneous technique). The incidence of sural nerve injury ranges from 0 to 10.5% in the literature(Rouvillian 2010, Jung FAI 2008, Haji 2004, Lansdaal 2007 and others). Limited open techniques use hybrid elements of open and percutaneous techniques to minimize tissue disruption. The principles of stable fixation, appropriate tendon length, careful soft tissue handling, and protection of nervous structures must be kept in mind with any approach. Repair of neglected Achilles ruptures typically involves removing intervening scar tissue, lengthening the proximal portion of the tendon, and supplementation with soft-tissue advancement and/or tendon transfer. This is further described elsewhere. Pearls and Pitfalls - Restore the tension in the gastrosoleus musculotendinous unit following surgical repair. Both legs may be included in the surgical field so that the tension in the uninjured side can be compared with the one that is being repaired to avoid problems with a tendon that is too long or too short. - In an open repair, minimize retraction of the skin edges to avoid wound edge necrosis. - For an acute repair, tourniquet control is rarely necessary. - Always be aware of the location of the sural nerve, just lateral to the Achilles tendon. After surgery, patients are commonly splinted for 2 weeks in equinus and remain non-weight-bearing. At 2 weeks, treatment can differ substantially among surgeons. Some may cast for an additional 4-6 weeks and then transition to shoe-wear with a heel lift. Others may progress from the splint to an Achilles-type cam boot that can hold the ankle in varying degrees of equinus. Patients are allowed to weight-bear and gradually adjust the cam boot to a neutral position by 6-8 weeks postop. Patient are then transitioned to shoes with a heel lift and physically therapy is intensified. Athletes may require 6 months to return to adequate playing strength, and studies suggest full strength may take 1-2 years to achieve and may never equal the pre-rupture strength. Outcomes are typically quite good, although some patients may never regain full strength. As mentioned earlier, surgical re-ruptures rates are around 2%, while non-operative treatment has historical re-ruptures rates up to 35%. Current functional non-operative protocols appear to have a much lower re-rupture rate. - Rerupture (~2%) - Skin complications (~5%) - Deep infection(~1%) - Thickened tendon in repair area h5 Non-operative Treatment - Rerupture (10-30%) - Decreased strength Red Flags and Controversies - Controversy exists regarding operative versus non-operative treatment. Many advocate non-operative treatment due to similar strength, power, range of motion, and functional level results obtained with conservative and operative treatments. Others have recommended surgical repair in athletic patients due to a lower re-rupture rate (2-3% for surgical treatment versus 10-30% for non-surgical treatment). - Carden et al (1987) reported non-operative results comparable to operative results when ruptures were casted in the first 48 hours. - Studies suggest wound complications and re-rupture are higher with open techniques but sural nerve entrapment is a problem with percutaneous techniques. See Percutaneous Achilles Repair. As mentioned, controversy exists, but it is generally thought that surgical treatment results in good return of strength, endurance, and power with a low re-rupture rate. Aktas S, Kocaoglu B. Open versus minimal invasive repair with Achillon device. Foot Ankle Int. 2009 May;30(5):391-7. PubMed PMID: 19439137. Carden DG, Noble J, Chalmers J, Lunn P, Ellis J, 1987. "Rupture of the calcaneal tendon. The early and late management." J Bone Joint Surg Br 69 (3): 416-20. PubMed PMID: 3294839. Chiodo CP, Glazebrook M, Bluman EM, Cohen BE, Femino JE, Giza E. The diagnosis and treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture. Guideline and evidence report. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2009. Haji A, Sahai A, Symes A, Vyas JK. Percutaneous versus open tendo achilles repair. Foot Ankle Int. 2004 Apr;25(4):215-8. PubMed PMID: 15132928. Jung H, Lee K, Cho S, Yoon T. Outcome of Achilles Tendon Ruptures Treated by a Limited Open Technique. Foot & Ankle International, 2008 Aug; 29(8):803-7. Lansdaal JR, Goslings JC, Reichart M, Govaert GA, van Scherpenzeel KM, Haverlag R, Ponsen KJ. The results of 163 Achilles tendon ruptures treated by a minimally invasive surgical technique and functional aftertreatment. Injury. 2007 Jul;38(7):839-44. Epub 2007 Feb 20. PubMed PMID: 17316642. Metz R, Verleisdonk EJ, van der Heijden GJ, Clevers GJ, Hammacher ER, Verhofstad MH, van der Werken C. Acute Achilles tendon rupture: minimally invasive surgery versus nonoperative treatment with immediate full weightbearing--a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2008 Sep;36(9):1688-94. Epub 2008 Jul 21. PubMed PMID: 18645042. Molloy A, Wood EV. Complications of the treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures. Foot Ankle Clin. 2009 Dec;14(4):745-59. Review. PubMed PMID: 19857846. Neumayer F, Mouhsine E, Arlettaz Y, Gremion G, Wettstein M, Crevoisier X. A new conservative-dynamic treatment for the acute ruptured Achilles tendon. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2010 Mar;130(3):363-8. Epub 2009 Apr 2. PubMed PMID: Rouvillain JL, Navarre T, Labrada-Blanco O, Garron E, Daoud W. Percutaneous suture of acute Achilles tendon rupture. A study of 60 cases. Acta Orthop Belg. 2010 Apr;76(2):237-42. PubMed PMID: 20503951. Suchak AA, Bostick GP, Beaupré LA, Durand DC, Jomha NM. The influence of early weight-bearing compared with non-weight-bearing after surgical repair of the Achilles tendon. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 Sep;90(9):1876-83. PubMed PMID: 18762647. Willits K, Amendola A, Bryant D, et al. Operative versus Nonoperative Treatment of Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures: A Multicenter Randomized Trial Using Accelerated Functional Rehabilitation. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., Dec 2010; 92: 2767 - 2775.

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Urgent global intervention is needed to stop the unregulated dumping and reduce health and climate risks A global study by New Delhi-based think-tank Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) has lifted the lid on the dark underbelly of a large-scale global trade in old and used vehicles from high income to low and middle income countries of Africa and South Asia. The trade is causing massive environmental dumping and toxic pollution, shows the study, Clunkered: Combating Dumping of Used Vehicles -- A roadmap for Africa and South Asia. Every year, out of the staggering global vehicle stock of two billion, more than 40 million vehicles approach end-of-life, i.e. become old and decrepit. Instead of getting scrapped within domestic markets, a large number of these are sold in low and middle income countries, that do not have the capacity to manage their emissions. “Cheaper price, weak environmental regulations in poorer economies, lure of a rich variety of vehicle models and stronger emissions regulations in high income exporting countries are inciting this unregulated global trade in clunkers (as these old vehicles are called). In high income exporting countries it is more lucrative and cost-effective to export used vehicles than scrap them,” says Anumita Roychowdhury, Executive Director, Research and Advocacy, CSE. “If this continues unchecked, without the exporting countries sharing the responsibility of addressing this problem, the poorer countries will not be able to meet their clean air and climate mitigation goals,” she adds. See a discussion on Facebook live with AnumitaRoychowdhury today (July 23, 2018 IST 4.00 PM). CSE researchers point out that the State of Global Air, 2018 report has shown that North Africa has the highest concentration of population-weighted annual average particulate matter, with Nigeria at the top. Many cities in Africa are violating the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines by several times. South Asian cities are no better – they have some of the worst air pollution episodes. The burden of diseases triggered by air pollution like lung diseases, cancers, respiratory diseases, heart ailments and strokes are increasing rapidly. Vehicles are responsible for this exposure to toxic pollution. Roychowdhury says, “The global community which has, time and again, expressed its deep concern about the deteriorating air quality in the southern world, cannot look away from this problem of dumping anymore.” Africa is motorising on used vehicle import Nearly the entire motorisation in Africa is taking place based on imported vehicles. Data on international trade in new and old vehicles shows that Africa importsvehicles from nearly 17 countries, with Japan, Germany, the US and South Korea dominating the trade. While most cars come from these countries, two-wheelers are predominantly from India and China. Cars and commercial vehicles have a higher share of the used vehicle imports. According to the Deloitte Africa Automotive Report, 2016 about 85 per cent of the vehicles in Ethiopia, 80 per cent in Kenya and 90 per cent in Nigeria are second-hand. While the vehicle ownership rate in Africa is lower than the world average, the growth rate has increased. Countries with lower per capita GDP have higher average age of vehicles Poorer the country, higher is the average age of vehicles due to the predominance of old vehicles on their roads. The average age of light-duty vehicles in the high income and high per capita gross domestic product (GDP) countries like UK, Japan, Germany and France, is less than eight years. But in countries of Africa and South Asia, with lower per capita GDP, the average age is 12-17 years or more. This is due to the high import dependence on old and used vehicles. Weak environmental regulations in importing countries Emissions regulations for vehicles and fuel quality in most vehicle-importing countries are very weak. Even though South and East African countries have adopted 50 ppm sulphur fuels, they have not yet opted for commensurate Euro-IV emissions standards for vehicles due to consumer pressure for cheaper used vehicles. The rest of Africa uses very high sulphur diesel (in the range of 1,000-10,000 ppm): This does not allow the use of advanced emissions control systems. Stronger emissions regulations in high income countries speed-up replacement, creating redundant used fleet for dumping To combat pollution and climate change, high income countries have adopted expensive vehicle inspection, scrapping-related and end-of-life regulations, phase-out plans for diesel cars, and low emissions zone programmes to discourage old and polluting vehicles in cities. This has created a large pool of used vehicles in these countries, which are conveniently imported to poorer markets. Even though all used vehicles from high income countries are not old and still have some economic life remaining in them, there is no global mechanism for screening to ascertain the minimum useful economic life of vehicles that can be allowed to be traded. Vehicle-importing countries, finds the CSE study, are enforcing age restrictions, higher taxes on imports of older vehicles, and linking import incentives with emissions levelsand engine sizes. Egypt, Morocco, South Africa and Sudanin Africa, and Bhutan and Nepal in South Asia, have completely banned the import of used vehicles. But there are lessons from these initiatives that must shape the future roadmap, says Roychowdhury. Given the affordability levels, an outright ban on used vehicle import may not be immediately possible in many importing countries. Putting an age restriction along with higher taxes on older vehicles is needed to eliminate the dirty stream. Currently, age caps vary between 15 to three years. In Kenya, a combination of age restriction of eight years and incremental tax has increasedthe prices of imported vehicles and reduced the demand. But the age cap needs to be more stringent – not more than four-five years. If simultaneously, Euro-IV emissions standards (at the least) for vehicles are adopted across countries, they can take advantage of the improved technologies from exporting countries. Effective fiscal measures need, age cap Although several countries have increased taxes on older vehicles, these are seen more as a revenue source than a deterrent for imports. Despite higher taxes, the cost of old and used vehicles remainscomparatively cheap and lucrative. For instance, in Uganda, an environment levy favours import of less than five-year-old vehicles; taxes are higher on older vehicles. But this has not discouraged old and used vehicle imports. In South Asia, Sri Lanka has used import taxes more effectively discourage diesel cars and move the market towards cleaner options like gasoline and hybrids. Importing countries have little capability to take steps like emissions-based taxation in the absence of harmonised global emissions regulations and authentic emissions records of vehicles: Mauritius had taken the lead to levy a CO2emissions-based rebate system for vehicle imports,and fixed the age for import at four years. But the move could not be sustained as there was a technical difficulty in comparing international CO2emissions standards. In fact, the scheme ended up encouraging more used vehicle imports over new vehicles (even though the new vehicles got a higher tax rebate), as old vehicles came with certificates making dubious claims of low CO2 emissions that could not be verified! The scheme had to be replaced with more transparent engine size-based taxes in 2017-- bigger enginesattract higher taxes to reduce oil consumption and CO2 emissions. Tighter import measures Nigeria has developed its own industrial policy to build vehicle manufacturing and assembly industry to improve energy security. It has raised import duties on vehicles substantially and is giving tax incentives to fully and semi-knocked down kits for vehicle assembly. As a result, over the last three years, car imports have reduced:the drop has been especially significant between 2015 and 2016. Nigeria has also banned two-stroke engines and is in the process of notifying 50 ppm sulphur fuel. Ethiopia is also framing its import policy and establishing its own assembly and manufacturing. In South Asia India, which is a vehicle producing country, does not allow import of used vehicles or any vehicle that does not meet its emissions standards. Some countries are establishing explicit sustainability principles for vehicle import: Ethiopia’s import policy prioritises public transport vehicles over personal transport– therefore, taxes on cars are higher. Several countries have increasedtaxes on bigger engine capacityto discourage fuel guzzling engines and reduce CO2 emissions. Côte d'Ivoirehas introduced a contributory fee for road safety and pollution and congestion. Plug loopholes to stop the grey market Most countries have porous borders leading to a grey market that undercuts efforts to control used vehicle imports. Often, rules related to transit vehicles become the loopholesthat this grey market uses. For instance, Ghana is facing the problem of a grey marketdue to the special provision of the Economic Community of East African States (ECOWAS), which allows importedused vehicles to operate for 90 days after which they are either returned to the country of origin or have to pay a customs duty to stay on. Vehicle market of South Asia more geographically confined, which is helping the region to take quicker action: The vehicle trade in South Asia is largely dominated by India and Japan. Quicker upward harmonisation of emissions regulations is possible in this region with vehicle-producing countries advancing their standards.Also,more strident steps are being taken by importing countries. Bhutan and Nepal have banned import of used vehicles and have imposed taxes according to the engine size; Nepal has adopted Euro-III emissions standards. Bangladesh has restricted age to five years and has adopted Euro-II emissions standards. Pakistan has gone for an age cap of three to five years. Sri Lanka has used stratified import taxes and an age cap of five years to successfully discourage old and polluting vehicles and diesel vehicles; it has also promoted hybrids, electric and gasoline vehicles, and banned two-stroke engines. The WHO has branded diesel emissions as class 1 carcinogen for their strong links with lung cancer. As European countries phase out diesel cars, there are serious fears about their dumping in Africa which neither has clean diesel nor the capacity to monitor emissions from vehicles. Nigeria has been able to stop dieselisation because of its good practice of pricing diesel fuel higher than gasoline. Mauritius has also succeeded as its fuel price gap is very narrow and the tax on bigger engines is high -- but other countries are vulnerable. Need harmonised emissions regulations and in-use emissions management and compliance: Full benefits of newer vehicles from high income countries are possible only if improved emissions standards and fuel quality are adopted across Africa and South Asia. Three- to five-year-old vehicles from advanced markets can be much cleaner, but their emissions control systems are stripped off as they cannot work with high sulphur fuels in the importing regions. Countries like Uganda,Mauritius etc have introduced pre-export verification of conformity,standards for safety and performance characteristics of vehicles and inspection testing and roadworthiness. This strategy will have to be strengthened. Vehicle exporting countries must share responsibility High incomevehicle exporting countries do not have a full proof formal mechanism to screen and filter vehicles that have nearly exhausted useful economic life, or vehicles that are damaged in accidents, or have been recalled for manufacturing defects. They need to ensure that their end-of-life and recycling policies effectively destroyall clunkers within the domestic market. This will also require multilateral and bilateral policies for oversight, guidance and monitoring of the global supply chain to establish accountability and responsibility of the exporting countries and companies. Enable scrappage and end-of-life regulations in importing countries As a substantial part of the life of vehicles produced and used in high income countries is spent later in poorer countries, contributing to the emissions load, a global mechanism is needed to reinvent the concept of ‘Extended Producer Responsibility’. This concept requires manufacturers to take responsibility of take-back, recycling and final disposal of their vehicles within the domestic economy, for the global supply chain. Vehicles in developing countries will require infrastructure for the final burial and recycling of material. Trade forums like the World Trade Organization, regional trade blocks, multilateral forums like the UNFCCC, and country blocks for international cooperation including G8, G20, BASIC etc need to develop a common framework for disposal of used vehicles. We are a voice to you; you have been a support to us. Together we build journalism that is independent, credible and fearless. You can further help us by making a donation. This will mean a lot for our ability to bring you news, perspectives and analysis from the ground so that we can make change together. India Environment Portal Resources : Comments are moderated and will be published only after the site moderator’s approval. Please use a genuine email ID and provide your name. Selected comments may also be used in the ‘Letters’ section of the Down To Earth print edition.

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Master AP Calculus AB & BC Part I. AP CALCULUS AB & BC BASICS CHAPTER 1. All About the AP Calculus AB & BC Tests • Frequently asked questions about the AP calculus tests • Summing it up Your goal and vision in any Advanced Placement class should be to take the AP test, pass it with a sufficiently high score, jump up and down like a lunatic when you receive your score, and attain credit for the class in the college or university of your choice. All AP tests are graded on a scale from 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest possible grade. Most colleges will accept a score of 3 or above and assign credit to you for the corresponding course. Some, however, require higher scores, so it’s important to know the policies of the schools to which you are applying or have been accepted. An AP course is a little different from a college course. In a college course, you need only pass the class to receive credit. In an AP course, you must score high enough on the corresponding AP test, which is administered worldwide in the month of May. So, it’s essential to know that all-important AP test inside and out. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT THE AP CALCULUS TESTS Below are common questions that students pose about the AP Calculus tests. For now, this test is your foe, the only thing standing in your way to glorious (and inexpensive) college credit. Spend some time understanding the enemy’s battle plans so that you are prepared once you go to war. What topics are included on the test? The list of topics changes a little bit every couple of years. The College Board Web site (www.collegeboard.com/ap/calculus) always has the current course description. As your academic year draws to a close, use it as a checklist to make sure you understand everything. What’s the difference between Calculus AB and BC? The Calculus BC curriculum contains significantly more material than the AB curriculum. Completing Calculus BC is equivalent to completing college Calculus I and Calculus II courses, whereas AB covers all of college Calculus I and about half of Calculus II. The AB and BC curricula cover the same material with the same amount of rigor; BC simply covers additional topics. However, if you take the BC test, you will get both an AB and BC score (the AB score excludes all BC questions from the test). Of the topics on the course description, which actually appear the most on the AP test? This will vary, of course, but I asked my students to list the topics they saw the most. This is the list of topics they generated (BC topics are denoted with an asterisk): relative extrema (maximums and minimums), the relationships between derivatives of a function, the difference quotient, basic integration, integral functions with variables as limits of integration, volumes of solids with known cross-sections, motion (position, velocity, and acceleration functions), differential equations, area between curves, power series*, elementary series* (ex, cos x, sin x), Taylor polynomials*, radius of convergence*, and integration by parts*. How is the test designed? The test is split into two sections, each of which has a calculator-active and a calculator- inactive portion. Section I has 45 multiple-choice questions and lasts 105 minutes. Of that time, 55 minutes are spent on 28 non-calculator questions, and 50 minutes are dedicated to 17 calculator active questions. Section II has 6 free-response questions and lasts 90 minutes. Three of the free-response questions allow the use of a calculator, while 3 do not. Should I guess on the multiple-choice questions? You lose a fraction of a point for every multiple-choice question you answer incorrectly; this penalizes random guessing. If you can eliminate even one choice in a question, the odds are in your favor if you guess. If you cannot eliminate any choices, it is best to omit the question. Should I have the unit circle memorized? Oh, yes. The unit circle never dies—it lives to haunt your life. Should my calculator be in degrees or radians mode? Unless specifically instructed by the question, set your calculator for radians mode. I have heard that the AP Calculus test is written by scientists living in the African rainforest, and that many tests are lost each year as couriers are attacked and infected by virulent monkeys. Is this true? How many questions do I have to get right to get a 3? There is no set answer to this, as the number varies every year based on student achievement. Unofficially, answering approximately 50 percent of the questions correctly usually results in a 3. Why is the test so hard? Many students are shocked that a 50 percent is “passing” on the AP test, but the exam is constructed to be a “super test” that tests not only your knowledge but also your ability to apply your knowledge under extreme pressure and in very difficult circumstances. No one expects you to get them all right. You’re shooting for better than 50 percent, so don’t panic. How will I feel when the test is over? Hopefully, you will still be able to function. Most students are completely exhausted and drained at the end of the ordeal. Students who are well prepared (like those who buy my book) experience less depression than others. In general, students have a vague positive feeling when they exit the test if they dedicated themselves to studying all year long. I have found that the way you feel when exiting the test is independent of how you will actually perform on the test. Feeling bad in no way implies that you will score badly. Are there any Web sites on the Internet that could help me prepare for the AP test? There are a few good sites on the Web that are free. Among them, one stands clearly above the rest. It offers a new AB and BC problem each week, timed to coordinate with a year-long curriculum to help you prepare for the test. Furthermore, each problem is solved in detail the following week. Every problem ever posted is listed in an archive, so it’s a very valuable studying tool for practicing specific skills and reviewing for tests throughout the year. To top it off, the site is funny, and the author is extremely talented. The site? Kelley’s AP Calculus Web Page, written and shamefully advertised here by yours truly. You can log on at www.calculus-help.com. Enjoy the same hickory-smoked flavor of this book on line for free each and every week. Another good problem of the week site is the Alvirne Problems of the Week (www.seresc.kl2.nh.us/www/alvirne.html). ALERT! Tie World Wide Web is constantly in a state of flux. Web sites come and go, and their addresses change all the time. All of these links were active at publication time. How are the free-response questions graded? Each free-response question is worth up to nine points. Free response questions usually have multiple parts, typically two or three, and the available points are dispersed among them. Many points are awarded for knowing how to set up a problem; points are not only given for correct answers. It is best to show all of the setup and steps in your solution in an orderly fashion to get the maximum amount of credit you can. The College Board has examples of excellent, good, and poor free response answers given by actual test takers on their Web site (www.collegeboard.com/ap/calculus). In addition, they have the most recent free-response questions with their grading rubrics. You should try these problems, grade yourself according to the rubrics, and see how you stack up to the national averages. Are free-response questions the same as essays? No. Free-response questions are most similar to questions you have on a typical classroom quiz or test. They require you to solve a problem logically, with supporting work shown. There’s no guessing possible like on the multiple-choice questions. There’s really no need to write an essay—it just slows you down, and you need every last second on the free response—it’s really quite meaty. TIP. The past free-response questions, course outline, and grade rubrics are all available free of charge on line. The College Board Web site is updated far more frequently than printed material. Check there for breaking news and policies. Should I show my work? Yes, indeedy. The AP graders (called readers) cannot assign you partial credit if you don’t give them the opportunity. On the other hand, if you have no idea what the problem is asking, don’t write a detailed explanation of what you would do, and don’t write equations all over the paper. Pick a method and stick to it—the readers can definitely tell if you are trying to bluff your way through a problem you don’t understand, so don’t pull a Copperfield and try to work magic through smoke and mirrors. Also, keep in mind that any work erased or crossed off is not graded, even if it is completely right. What if the problem has numerous parts and I can’t get the first part? You should do your best to answer the first part anyway. You may not get any points at all, but it is still worth it. If the second part requires the correct completion of the first, your incorrect answer will not be penalized again. If you complete the correct sequence of steps on an incorrect solution from a previous answer, you can still receive full credit for the subsequent parts. This means you are not doomed, so don’t give up. TIP. Cross out any of your errant work instead of erasing it. Erasing takes more time, and time is money on the AP test. Is it true that a genetically engineered chicken once scored a 4 on the AB test, but the government covered it up to avoid scandal? I am not allowed to comment on that for national security reasons. However, I can say that free-range poultry typically score better on free-response questions. Should I simplify my answers to lowest terms? Actually, no! The AP readers will accept an answer of 39/3 as readily as an answer of 13. Some free-response questions can get a little messy, and you’re not expected to make the answers pretty and presentable. However, you still need to be able to simplify for the multiple-choice questions. For example, if you reach a solution of ln 1/3 but that is not listed among the choices, you should be able to recognize that —ln 3 has the same value, if you apply logarithmic properties. NOTE. according to the log property that states How accurate should my answers be? Unless specified otherwise, the answer must be correct to at least three decimal places. You may truncate (cut off) the decimal there or round the decimal there. For example, a solution of x = 4.5376219 maybe recorded as 4.537 (truncated) or 4.538 (rounded). If you want to write the entire decimal, that is okay, too, but remember that time is money. Should I include units in my answer? If the problem indicates units, you need to include the appropriate units in your final answer. For example, if the problem involves the motion of a boat and phrases the question in terms of feet and minutes, velocity is in ft/min, and the acceleration will be in ft/min2. TIP. Never, never, never round a number in a problem unless you are giving the answer. If you get a value of 3.5812399862 midway through a problem, use the entire decimal as you complete the problem. Rounding or truncating during calculations almost always results in inaccurate final answers. When can I use the calculator to answer questions? You may use the calculator only on calculator-active questions, but you probably figured that out, Mr. or Ms. Smarty Pants. Occasionally, you may use a calculator to completely answer a question and show no work at all. You can do this only in the following circumstances: graphing a function, calculating a numerical derivative, calculating a definite integral, or finding an x-intercept. In fact, your calculator is expected to have these capabilities, and you are expected to know how to use them. Therefore, in these four cases, you need only show the setup of the problem and jump right to the solution. For example, you may write without actually integrating by hand at all or showing any work. In all other circumstances, you must show supporting work for your solutions. How should I write an answer if I used my calculator? As in the above example is all you should write; the readers understood and expected you to use your calculator. Never write “from the calculator” as a justification to an answer. Also, never write calculator language in your answer. For example, a free-response answer of cannot get a point for the correct setup, though it may get points for the correct answer. TIP. Because you can use your calculator to find x-intercepts, you can also use it to solve any equation without explaining how. See the Technology section in Chapter 2 for a more detailed explanation. What calculators can I use on the AP test? The most current list of calculators can be found on the College Board Web site. Most favored among the calculators are the Texas Instruments 83 and 83 + (and probably the TI 89 before too long). It’s a matter of preference. Some people live and die by HP calculators and will jump down your throat in the blink of an eye if you suggest that the TI calculators are better. Calculators like the TI-92 cannot be used because they have QWERTY keyboards. Make sure to check the Web site to see if your calculator is acceptable. I recently made a calculator out of tinfoil, cat food, and toenail clippings. Are you telling me I can’t use it on the AP test? Sorry, but you can’t. By the way, I shudder to think about how the toenail clippings were put to use. Can I have programs stored in my calculator’s memory? Yes. Programs are not cleared from the calculator’s memory before the test begins. Many of my students have stored various programs, but I don’t think a single student has ever used a program on the test. The test writers are very careful to construct the calculator portions of the test so that no calculator has an advantage over another. It’s really not worth your time to load up your calculator. NOTE. Only in the four listed circumstances can you use the calculators reach an answer. For instance, most calculators can find the maximum or minimum value of a function based on the graph, but you cannot use a calculator as your justification on a problem such as this. If I can store programs in the calculator memory, can’t I store formulas and notes? Why do I need to memorize formulas? Technically, you can enter formulas in the calculator as programs, but the test writers also know you can do this, so it is highly unlikely that such a practice could ever be useful to you. Remember that more than half of the testis now calculator inactive! Don’t become so calculator dependent that you can’t do basic things without it. NOTE. A QWERTY keyboard, for those not in the know, has keys in the order of those on a computer keyboard. SUMMING IT UP • All AP tests are graded on a scale from 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest possible grade. Most colleges will accept a score of 3 or above and assign credit to you for the corresponding course (see the Appendix at the back of this book). • Completing Calculus BC is equivalent to completing college Calculus I and Calculus II courses. AB covers all of college Calculus I and about half of Calculus II. • The test is in two sections: Section I has 45 multiple-choice questions and lasts 105 minutes; Section II has 6 ftee-response questions and lasts 90 minutes. • The most current list of calculators can be found on the College Board Web site.

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The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is commonly issued in the present days, not only for the military purpose but also for the commercial and domestic ones. A quad-copter is one of the UAV, and it is lifted and propelled by the four rotors. According to this project, we strategize at building the PID quad-copter controller that is capable of balancing it while flying in the attitude of unpredictable environment situation. Thus quad-copter is made-up of the control system (transmitter-receiver). The will finalize with PID controllers for a quad-copter that will be able to regulate the four basic movements: roll, pitch, yaw angles, and altitude. The quad-copter stabilization is made from the simplified algorithm which makes it easier for the implementation of the controllers. The project will also show the full range of yaw angle and altitude as well as the roll and pitch angles. The objective of the project is to have a stable quad-copter flying in under unpredictable environments and weather. Keywords: Quadcopter, control systems, PID controllers, UAV Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION Innovation in the aviation industry has made a tremendous development with the designing and manufacturing of the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) together with the micro flying vehicle (MAV). They are ground breaking technology since the application of UAV and MAV has made life easy in the various areas of military, farming filmmaking, and many others. Quad-copter or Quad-rotor aircraft is among the UAV that is mainly concentrated in the dynamic explores in this decade. Comparing its physically adaptable robot that often believed to limit the model to kinematics, quad-copter obliged flow to record for gravity effect and flight enhanced forces. Quad copter operated by the power or push created by four rotors associated with its body. It is made up of four inputs, output states or six yields (x, y, z, th, ps, o). Also, it is an under-activated context because this empowers quad-copter needs to carry more weight. He Quad-copter is a flying vehicle that uses rapidly swinging rotors that forcefully push air in downwards direction, accordingly creating a push power that keeps the helicopter on high. Standard helicopters have two rotors. These can be orchestrated as two coplanar rotors both providing an upwards power and push, though handing over reverse headings (remembering the true objective to change the torques connected to the array of the helicopter). The two rotors can also be organized with one essential rotor giving the push and a smaller side rotor arranged on a level plane and checking the torque conveyed by the essential rotor. Then again, these outlines require entangled equipment to control the heading of development; a swashplate is used to change the slant on the standard rotors. With a specific ultimate objective to convey a torque, the slant is balanced by the territory of each rotor in every stroke, to such an extent that more push gave on one side of the rotor plane compared to the other. The obfuscated setup of the rotor and swash plate framework demonstrates a couple of issues, for example, growing development costs moreover plot capriciousness. A quad-rotor helicopter is a kid of helicopter which has four similarly spread out rotors, normally placed at the edges of a square body. The component of the swash plate can be reduced due to the four free rotors. The swash plate part is required to allow the helicopter to utilize more degrees of chance. Notwithstanding, a similar level of control can be accomplished by utilizing two more rotors. The principal issue with the safe handling of vehicles that have wingspan less than one meter is solid stabilization, the power to eccentric changes in the surrounding, and adaptability to hysterical information from little sensor frameworks. The self-directed task of flying vehicles depends upon on-load up trajectory and stabilization tracking capacities, and noteworthy exertion must be carried on to ensure that these frameworks can accomplish stable flight. These issues are intensified at the smaller scale, because as the vehicle is more helpless to surrounding impacts (temperature, wind, and so forth.). Besides, the small-scale suggests that noisier and lower quality reduced Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) sensors are utilized as the essential sensor. The small-scale likewise leads to harder MEMS sensors to be disconnected from the vibrations that are normal in these flight stages. The idea that the number and unpredictability of utilization for such frameworks develops every day, the control systems included should likewise enhance keeping in mind the end goal to give better execution and expanded adaptability. Indeed, simplistic linear control methods were utilized for computational simplicity and steady drift flight; although, with a suitable modeling system and quicker on-board computational abilities, far-reaching nonlinear strategies to keep running on continuous have turned into an attainable goal. Nonlinear methodologies guarantee to quickly build the exhibitions for these frameworks and make them more powerful. This work exhibits a few ways to deal with the programmed control of a quad-rotor. The framework elements outline chosen linear and nonlinear control techniques. The project aims to design a controller to stabilize quad-copter's attitude and orientation in specific situation such as unpredictable environment and variables. Designing a controller to stabilize quad-copter's attitude and orientation in the specific situation Discussing the concept of performance and robust, acquiring knowledge on many control methods as well as the construction of attitude control structure through these is another motivation. Evaluating the reliability of the adaptation in control strategy Analysing the likelihood of strength adjustments to such adaptation process. Chapter 2 -LITERATURE REVIEW In regards to the academic researchers, quad-copters have opened a new stage being a trending topic in this decade. Furthermore, the elements indicated in the previous section, the trail f challenges may range from the conception of low-speed aerodynamics, evaluation of a firm flight, utilization of the lightweight and electronic/sensor equipment, together with the incorporation of computational models in practical conducts. Various literature has conducted in-depth research regarding the navigation condition as well as the state estimation for quad-copters. Particularly the efforts of quad-copters were commented around the world. Such works accentuate the impact of the planned utilization of on-board sensors, for example, IMU and GPS with the vision-helped route on situational mindfulness. Like the use of real-time movement capture structure in the film including, VICON, a digitally optical motion capture structure, has as of late been extensively utilized by givers at MIT's ACL, UPenn's GRASP Lab and ETH's Flight Machine Arena for trials of indoor flight route and participation. As said previously, an early endeavor to accomplish this point was the presentation of visual feedback by double cameras for the adjustment and the estimation of the full position. 2.2 What are drones? Drone, also referred to as unmanned ariel vehicle (UAV) or Remotely Piloted Aerial Systems (RPAS). It is an aircraft that operates without any human being on board (Goldie et,al, 2013). The drone is made up of the component of the unmanned aircraft system (UAS) that comprise o the UAV, system of communication and the ground base controller. The flight of UAVs can function with many degrees of the autonomy; either autonomously by the on-board computers or controlled by the human operator on the ground. In comparison to the manned aircraft, the UAVs were initially applied in the mission too "dull, dirty or dangerous" for human presence (Basta, 2012). The drone was previously used for the military purpose, but presently, its used is tremendously growing into scientific, commercial, agriculture, recreation as well as their purpose like peacekeeping, policing, drone racing and smuggling. 2.2.1 What is Quad-copter? An integration comprising of drones was invented during the era of the present generation that represents the multi-copter in which Quad-copter represents an example among them (Ahmed, 2015). Quad-copter refers to the small-sized Aerial type of vehicle that is not manned with a vertical type of take-off and landing (VTOL) type of system. The features appear the same to the helicopter except its system of operation. In the case of the classic type of helicopter, it does its operations through the use of a single major rotor for raising the job and another auxiliary tail type rotor that facilitates the adjustment of the altitude where the helicopter flies. Often, it is very easy and affordable for the Quad-copter to fly despite its simple mechanism in comparison to the classic type of helicopter (Norris, 2014). Added to the same, a quad-copter is the typical type of design meant for enhancing manoeuvrability, advancement in the electronic system for controlling flights and low expenses that lead to the decrement in the manufacturing costs, maintenance, and the operations. Also, the same include the decrement in the size of the big UAV where the civilian-based market has interests in so much. Several missions are in place for the quad-copter within the civilian-based applications such as the real estate, response towards disasters, systems of education, mapping, engineering, and surveillance (Juniper, 2015). For example, quad-copter may be applicable in cases of emergency that include seeking for survivors within the mountain fire and dropping of the first aid tool where it is needed plus also the transmission of data that leads to the location of survivors by the rescue team. Further to this, the quad-copter's structure has the connection with a chassis that serves the function of holding the elements constituting the four rotors. As a result, it gives it the opportunity for the generation of propulsion, electronic board that comprises of flight system of control and a battery that serves as the source of supplying p... Cite this page Free Essay on the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. (2022, Mar 14). Retrieved from https://speedypaper.com/essays/free-essay-on-the-unmanned-aerial-vehicles If you are the original author of this essay and no longer wish to have it published on the SpeedyPaper website, please click below to request its removal: - Discretionary Action Research Paper Example for Free - Project Management Free Essay: Gantt Chart Example - Technology Essay Sample on Full Body Scanners - The Implementation of a Health Monitoring System, Essay Example - Education Essay Sample: Users Motivation and the Effect of Incentives in Coursera - Free Essay Sample on Cracking Passwords - Essay Sample: A Complaint on Cleanness Levels of Your Resort

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The biophysicist Jeremy England made waves in 2013 with a new theory that cast the origin of life as an inevitable outcome of thermodynamics. His equations suggested that under certain conditions, groups of atoms will naturally restructure themselves so as to burn more and more energy, facilitating the incessant dispersal of energy and the rise of “entropy” or disorder in the universe. England said this restructuring effect, which he calls dissipation-driven adaptation, fosters the growth of complex structures, including living things. The existence of life is no mystery or lucky break, he told Quanta in 2014, but rather follows from general physical principles and “should be as unsurprising as rocks rolling downhill.” Since then, England, a 35-year-old associate professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has been testing aspects of his idea in computer simulations. The two most significant of these studies were published this month — the more striking result in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) and the other in Physical Review Letters (PRL). The outcomes of both computer experiments appear to back England’s general thesis about dissipation-driven adaptation, though the implications for real life remain speculative. “This is obviously a pioneering study,” Michael Lässig, a statistical physicist and quantitative biologist at the University of Cologne in Germany, said of the PNAS paper written by England and an MIT postdoctoral fellow, Jordan Horowitz. It’s “a case study about a given set of rules on a relatively small system, so it’s maybe a bit early to say whether it generalizes,” Lässig said. “But the obvious interest is to ask what this means for life.” The paper strips away the nitty-gritty details of cells and biology and describes a simpler, simulated system of chemicals in which it is nonetheless possible for exceptional structure to spontaneously arise — the phenomenon that England sees as the driving force behind the origin of life. “That doesn’t mean you’re guaranteed to acquire that structure,” England explained. The dynamics of the system are too complicated and nonlinear to predict what will happen. The simulation involved a soup of 25 chemicals that react with one another in myriad ways. Energy sources in the soup’s environment facilitate or “force” some of these chemical reactions, just as sunlight triggers the production of ozone in the atmosphere and the chemical fuel ATP drives processes in the cell. Starting with random initial chemical concentrations, reaction rates and “forcing landscapes” — rules that dictate which reactions get a boost from outside forces and by how much — the simulated chemical reaction network evolves until it reaches its final, steady state, or “fixed point.” Often, the system settles into an equilibrium state, where it has a balanced concentration of chemicals and reactions that just as often go one way as the reverse. This tendency to equilibrate, like a cup of coffee cooling to room temperature, is the most familiar outcome of the second law of thermodynamics, which says that energy constantly spreads and the entropy of the universe always increases. (The second law is true because there are more ways for energy to be spread out among particles than to be concentrated, so as particles move around and interact, the odds favor their energy becoming increasingly shared.) But for some initial settings, the chemical reaction network in the simulation goes in a wildly different direction: In these cases, it evolves to fixed points far from equilibrium, where it vigorously cycles through reactions by harvesting the maximum energy possible from the environment. These cases “might be recognized as examples of apparent fine-tuning” between the system and its environment, Horowitz and England write, in which the system finds “rare states of extremal thermodynamic forcing.” Living creatures also maintain steady states of extreme forcing: We are super-consumers who burn through enormous amounts of chemical energy, degrading it and increasing the entropy of the universe, as we power the reactions in our cells. The simulation emulates this steady-state behavior in a simpler, more abstract chemical system and shows that it can arise “basically right away, without enormous wait times,” Lässig said — indicating that such fixed points can be easily reached in practice. Many biophysicists think something like what England is suggesting may well be at least part of life’s story. But whether England has identified the most crucial step in the origin of life depends to some extent on the question: What’s the essence of life? Opinions differ. Form and Function England, a prodigy by many accounts who spent time at Harvard, Oxford, Stanford and Princeton universities before landing on the faculty at MIT at 29, sees the essence of living things as the exceptional arrangement of their component atoms. “If I imagine randomly rearranging the atoms of the bacterium — so I just take them, I label them all, I permute them in space — I’m presumably going to get something that is garbage,” he said earlier this month. “Most arrangements [of atomic building blocks] are not going to be the metabolic powerhouses that a bacterium is.” It’s not easy for a group of atoms to unlock and burn chemical energy. To perform this function, the atoms must be arranged in a highly unusual form. According to England, the very existence of a form-function relationship “implies that there’s a challenge presented by the environment that we see the structure of the system as meeting.” But how and why do atoms acquire the particular form and function of a bacterium, with its optimal configuration for consuming chemical energy? England hypothesizes that it’s a natural outcome of thermodynamics in far-from-equilibrium systems. The Nobel-Prize-winning physical chemist Ilya Prigogine pursued similar ideas in the 1960s, but his methods were limited. Traditional thermodynamic equations work well only for studying near-equilibrium systems like a gas that is slowly being heated or cooled. Systems driven by powerful external energy sources have much more complicated dynamics and are far harder to study. The situation changed in the late 1990s, when the physicists Gavin Crooks and Chris Jarzynski derived “fluctuation theorems” that can be used to quantify how much more often certain physical processes happen than reverse processes. These theorems allow researchers to study how systems evolve — even far from equilibrium. England’s “novel angle,” said Sara Walker, a theoretical physicist and origins-of-life specialist at Arizona State University, has been to apply the fluctuation theorems “to problems relevant to the origins of life. I think he’s probably the only person doing that in any kind of rigorous way.”Coffee cools down because nothing is heating it up, but England’s calculations suggested that groups of atoms that are driven by external energy sources can behave differently: They tend to start tapping into those energy sources, aligning and rearranging so as to better absorb the energy and dissipate it as heat. He further showed that this statistical tendency to dissipate energy might foster self-replication. (As he explained it in 2014, “A great way of dissipating more is to make more copies of yourself.”) England sees life, and its extraordinary confluence of form and function, as the ultimate outcome of dissipation-driven adaptation and self-replication. However, even with the fluctuation theorems in hand, the conditions on early Earth or inside a cell are far too complex to predict from first principles. That’s why the ideas have to be tested in simplified, computer-simulated environments that aim to capture the flavor of reality. In the PRL paper, England and his coauthors Tal Kachman and Jeremy Owen of MIT simulated a system of interacting particles. They found that the system increases its energy absorption over time by forming and breaking bonds in order to better resonate with a driving frequency. “This is in some sense a little bit more basic as a result” than the PNAS findings involving the chemical reaction network, England said.Crucially, in the latter work, he and Horowitz created a challenging environment where special configurations would be required to tap into the available energy sources, just as the special atomic arrangement of a bacterium enables it to metabolize energy. In the simulated environment, external energy sources boosted (or “forced”) certain chemical reactions in the reaction network. The extent of this forcing depended on the concentrations of the different chemical species. As the reactions progressed and the concentrations evolved, the amount of forcing would change abruptly. Such a rugged forcing landscape made it difficult for the system “to find combinations of reactions which are capable of extracting free energy optimally,” explained Jeremy Gunawardena, a mathematician and systems biologist at Harvard Medical School. Yet when the researchers let the chemical reaction networks play out in such an environment, the networks seemed to become fine-tuned to the landscape. A randomized set of starting points went on to achieve rare states of vigorous chemical activity and extreme forcing four times more often than would be expected. And when these outcomes happened, they happened dramatically: These chemical networks ended up in the 99th percentile in terms of how much forcing they experienced compared with all possible outcomes. As these systems churned through reaction cycles and dissipated energy in the process, the basic form-function relationship that England sees as essential to life set in. Information ProcessorsExperts said an important next step for England and his collaborators would be to scale up their chemical reaction network and to see if it still dynamically evolves to rare fixed points of extreme forcing. They might also try to make the simulation less abstract by basing the chemical concentrations, reaction rates and forcing landscapes on conditions that might have existed in tidal pools or near volcanic vents in early Earth’s primordial soup (but replicating the conditions that actually gave rise to life is guesswork). Rahul Sarpeshkar, a professor of engineering, physics and microbiology at Dartmouth College, said, “It would be nice to have some concrete physical instantiation of these abstract constructs.” He hopes to see the simulations re-created in real experiments, perhaps using biologically relevant chemicals and energy sources such as glucose. But even if the fine-tuned fixed points can be observed in settings that are increasingly evocative of life and its putative beginnings, some researchers see England’s overarching thesis as “necessary but not sufficient” to explain life, as Walker put it, because it cannot account for what many see as the true hallmark of biological systems: their information-processing capacity. From simple chemotaxis (the ability of bacteria to move toward nutrient concentrations or away from poisons) to human communication, life-forms take in and respond to information about their environment. To Walker’s mind, this distinguishes us from other systems that fall under the umbrella of England’s dissipation-driven adaptation theory, such as Jupiter’s Great Red Spot. “That’s a highly non-equilibrium dissipative structure that’s existed for at least 300 years, and it’s quite different from the non-equilibrium dissipative structures that are existing on Earth right now that have been evolving for billions of years,” she said. Understanding what distinguishes life, she added, “requires some explicit notion of information that takes it beyond the non-equilibrium dissipative structures-type process.” In her view, the ability to respond to information is key: “We need chemical reaction networks that can get up and walk away from the environment where they originated.” Gunawardena noted that aside from the thermodynamic properties and information-processing abilities of life-forms, they also store and pass down genetic information about themselves to their progeny. The origin of life, Gunawardena said, “is not just emergence of structure, it’s the emergence of a particular kind of dynamics, which is Darwinian. It’s the emergence of structures that reproduce. And the ability for the properties of those objects to influence their reproductive rates. Once you have those two conditions, you’re basically in a situation where Darwinian evolution kicks in, and to biologists, that’s what it’s all about.” Eugene Shakhnovich, a professor of chemistry and chemical biology at Harvard who supervised England’s undergraduate research, sharply emphasized the divide between his former student’s work and questions in biology. “He started his scientific career in my lab and I really know how capable he is,” Shakhnovich said, but “Jeremy’s work represents potentially interesting exercises in non-equilibrium statistical mechanics of simple abstract systems.” Any claims that it has to do with biology or the origins of life, he added, are “pure and shameless speculations.”Even if England is on the right track about the physics, biologists want more particulars — such as a theory of what the primitive “protocells” were that evolved into the first living cells, and how the genetic code arose. England completely agrees that his findings are mute on such topics. “In the short term, I’m not saying this tells me a lot about what’s going in a biological system, nor even claiming that this is necessarily telling us where life as we know it came from,” he said. Both questions are “a fraught mess” based on “fragmentary evidence,” that, he said, “I am inclined to steer clear of for now.” He is rather suggesting that in the tool kit of the first life- or proto-life-forms, “maybe there’s more that you can get for free, and then you can optimize it using the Darwinian mechanism.” Sarpeshkar seemed to see dissipation-driven adaptation as the opening act of life’s origin story. “What Jeremy is showing is that as long as you can harvest energy from your environment, order will spontaneously arise and self-tune,” he said. Living things have gone on to do a lot more than England and Horowitz’s chemical reaction network does, he noted. “But this is about how did life first arise, perhaps — how do you get order from nothing.” This article was reprinted on Wired.com.

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a traumatic event or ordeal. A traumatic event is usually something shocking, frightening, or violent that leaves individuals feeling helpless or traumatized. Traumatic experiences can include: car accidents, natural disasters, witnessing violence, physical or sexual assault, being in a war zone, and terrorist attacks. Many people who experience trauma do not develop PTSD; however, for those who do develop the condition symptoms can be debilitating. If you are struggling with PTSD or symptoms of PTSD it is important to seek professional help. There are many effective treatments for PTSD including trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). There are differences between trauma therapy and trauma counseling. Consultants intend to help people solve uncomplicated problems. Trauma therapy aims to treat complex trauma processes with clinical tools. In this context, information about trauma therapy and post-traumatic stress disorder will be given and diagnostic and trauma therapy methods will be referred. Is PTSD a curable disorder? There is still a lot to learn about the ways that PTSD develops and may be treated, but research suggests that there are two related schools of treatment. The first is psychotherapy with specific attention to the individual’s traumatic experience and how it may be connected with their reactions and behaviors in daily life. The second school of treatment can include medications such as antidepressants or sedatives. Both schools of treatment may benefit from one another and together they might offer better long-term outcomes than either type alone. What is Psychological Trauma? In psychology, the expression of trauma means a problematic situation or an event that poses a major threat, with feelings of abandonment, fear and helplessness and or unprotected victimhood. The person is not likely to cope with this situation or incident. As a result of this threatening situation, the person or his or her world may be permanently shaken or psychological distress may be triggered. What Is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)? Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a delayed psychological reaction to an extremely stressful event, an unusual threat, or a catastrophic event. These experiences can be short or long term traumas such as severe accidents, bullying, natural disasters or war situations. People experience feelings of fear and helplessness together and thinking that they have no means of dealing with this situation. Furthermore, PTSD is the only disorder in psychiatry in which the initiating factor, the trauma exposure, can be identified. Twin studies have shown that the development of PTSD following a trauma is heritable, and that genetic risk factors may account for up to 30–40% of this heritability. What Are the Symptoms? What Symptoms Can be Seen? Generally, PTSD symptoms consist of nightmares and fearful dreams, as well as daydreams and false past hallucinations and flashbacks of the event that caused the trauma. Besides these symptoms, escape and avoidance symptoms are observed too. These symptoms may appear as emotional dullness, apathy, and indifference towards the environment and other people, active avoidance, and avoidance of activities and situations that may remind negative memories of the trauma experienced. In some cases, important parts of the traumatic experience may not be partially or completely recalled. In addition to these symptoms, sleep disturbances, restlessness, difficulty concentrating, high level of alertness or significantly timidness, and involuntary hyper-excitement may emerge. These types of triggering experiences can make almost any person feel deep despair. Unlike adjustment disorder, this hopelessness can be easily triggered by stress factors at any level. At the same time, even a secondary level of stress caused by traumatic events in the person’s close environment can lead to the emergence of PTSD symptoms. Traumatic and Post-Traumatic Stess Disorder Most people face a traumatic event at least once in their lifetime. The likelihood of experiencing PTSD after a traumatic experience depends on the type of trauma. For example, more than a third of those affected by PTSD are victims of sexual assault, other violent crimes, and war trauma. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder can also be caused by natural disasters, fire, chemical disasters, traffic accidents and acute diseases, such as heart attack and cancer. However, the risk in such situations is relatively significantly lower. Among all types of trauma, the average rate of PTSD is around 10% while the risk of having a PTSM during a person’s lifetime is about 8%. Classification of PTSD The expressions of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Syndrome and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are used as synonyms for the same purpose. According to the International Classification System, severe stress and adjustment disorder reactions are classified as psychological disturbances in the ICD-10 class. Causes of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder? Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is always based on a specific event or a trauma. The person is personally the victim or witness of the event. To give an example, this person can be one of those who experienced the incident as a rescuer. Traumas can be divided into two types according to their kinds: First type is short-term and one-off traumas such as natural disasters and accidents. The second type is long-term and repeated traumas such as captivity, beinng a prisoner of war, and sexual harassment over a long period of time. Typical Triggers of PTSD: - Wars, riots, exile, terrorist attacks - Individual violence such as rape, sexual harassment, torture, assault, abduction - All types of accidents, traffic accidents, occupational accidents and sports accidents - Natural disasters like wildfires, lightning, floods, avalanches, or earthquakes - Disasters caused by humans such as fires, explosions, plane crashes, train crashes, ship crashes, industrial accidents - Severe illnesses like heart attack, cancer, as well as intensive care, emergency room surgeries. Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Genetic factors increase the risk of developing PTSD. Environmental influences and learning experiences also play an important role. Among the factors affecting the development of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder are the following; - A lack of support from your family and friends can increase the possibility of PTSD. - The situation of being young or old, - Presence of psychological disturbances or trauma in the personal health history, - Having psychological disorders or traumatic events in the family - The long-term and heavy trauma experiences and - A low socio-economic situation can also increase the risk of PTSD. Causes of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Re-experiencing Symptoms: Stressful memories of trauma, instant flashback hallucinations, nightmares. Avoidance Symptoms: Emotional dullness, apathy, and indifference towards the environment and other people, active avoidance, and avoidance of activities and situations that may remind negative memories of the trauma experienced. In some cases, important parts of the traumatic experience may not be partially or completely recalled. Unintentional Excessive Excitement: Sleep disturbances, anxiety, difficulties in concentration, high level of alertness, or being significantly timid. In most people with PTSD, the way one perceives themself and their world is shaken, and their confidence in other people is permanently impaired. In addition, the person experiences great feelings of guilt or shame or self-hatred. Their ability in important areas of life is restricted and it becomes torture for a person to cope with daily work. PTSD can negatively affect the course of physical condition. PTSD also increases addiction, depression (major depression), and other psychological disorders. Diagnosing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is diagnosed when the relevant symptoms stay more than four weeks and limit a person’s ability to perform in important areas of life. If symptoms last for more than three months, chronic PTSD is diagnosed. The psychotherapist examines the patient’s health history and current symptoms and possible risk factors in a detailed interview with the client and correlates them with the patient’s general health status and current living conditions. It is important that the conversation takes place in a safe atmosphere so that the person concerned can open up to the psychotherapist without feeling any insecurity. Basically, in the diagnostic examination, the trauma causing this discomfort is carefully examined and the significance of the trauma in question for the person affected is carefully determined. Each symptom of PTSD is systematically examined individually, and its severity and severity are evaluated. In this context, other psychological disorders that may cause an extreme stress state must be eliminated (by also diagnosing). Trauma Therapy: Therapy for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder For successful treatment of PTSD, early diagnosis by a psychotherapist and comprehensive psychotherapy is very essential. Psychotherapy practice is basically trauma-focused psychotherapy. In some cases, if necessary with the participation of a psychiatrist, it can be supported by medication. Purpose of the Trauma Therapy ; - Helping the person to control the memories he/she remembers involuntarily, - Eliminating fear, depression, sleep disorders, concentration problems, and similar accompanying symptoms by reducing them, - Supporting the person to adopt the relevant trauma as a part of his or her life story and to adopt a new perspective and way of thinking, - Improving the psychosocial function of the person and especially regaining his working ability. When the client is stable enough, trauma experiences and memories associated with these traumas should be separated step by step. These things should be conducted with the therapist and they are included in this client’s biography. Learning the necessary strategies to prevent the risk of relapse is also included in this process. In scientific researches, it has been determined that CBT and EMDR are the most effective therapy methods in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. The manualized CBT-Ts with the strongest evidence of effect was Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT); Cognitive Therapy (CT); and Prolonged Exposure (PE). There was also some evidence supporting CBT without a trauma focus. Therapeutic methods other than CBT and EMDR are; - Psychodynamic therapy (psychoanalytic psychotherapy) - Hypnosis therapy (hypnotherapy) - Philosophy therapy - Psychosynthesis (psychosynthesis therapy) - Trauma Therapy

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Brazil has the largest amount of fresh water in the world. Two-thirds of what flows in the Amazon River alone could supply the world’s demand. Yet much of the nation now faces drought. It’s the worst in many decades in a nation that grows more than one-third of the world’s sugar crops and produces almost 15% of the world’s beef. This year, between March and May, dry weather in Brazil’s south-central region led to a 267 km3 shortage of water held in rivers, lakes, soil and aquifers, compared with the seasonal average for the past 20 years (see ‘Brazil dries out’ and ‘Low water mark’). The result? Many major reservoirs have reached less than 20% capacity. Farming and energy generation have been hit. Since July, coffee prices have risen by 30% — Brazil accounts for one-third of global exports. Soya bean prices rose by 67% from June 2020 to May this year. And electricity bills have soared by 130%. Many cities face imminent water rationing. How has this happened? And what needs to be done? Worldwide climate change is making droughts more intense and more frequent. Deforestation in the Amazon is a contributor locally and globally. The hydroclimate in the south-central region — the engine of 70% of Brazil’s gross domestic product (GDP) — is partly controlled by moisture transfer from the rainforest. Atmospheric fluxes caused by tree transpiration — also known as ‘flying rivers’ — might contribute as much water per day in rainfall as the Amazon River itself carries. Cutting down these trees reduces precipitation over those areas, as well as eroding a crucial global carbon sink. For decades there has been a governmental failure to recognize drought as a matter of national and international security. Brazil’s water crisis is a world crisis. What’s needed is a coordinated nationwide drought-mitigation plan crafted by researchers, policymakers, industry, the public sector and civil society. Here are some key points that such a plan should address; these points are supported by 95 Brazilian and international water and climate scientists (see Supplementary information for list of co-signatories). About 20% of all global inland water flowing to the oceans is generated in Brazilian territory1. This fuels the country’s welfare and economic growth. About 85% of the nation’s fresh water needs are supplied by surface waters — rivers and lakes2. In the United States, that figure is 75%; in India, it is 60%. Brazil has the world’s second-largest installed hydropower capacity, at 107.4 gigawatts (GW); it produces 65% of the country’s electricity. Two-fifths of this is generated in the Paraná River Basin, where river discharges have fallen to their lowest levels in 91 years. The country has had to revert to burning fossil fuels and biofuel, passing the higher costs onto consumers. Thermal power produced 13.2% of the nation’s electricity in July 2021, the highest in its history. In a nation dependent on agriculture for almost one-quarter of its GDP, crops such as soya, coffee and sugar cane, and livestock use much of the water. Irrigation feeds about 13% of the cultivated land3, drawing down 68% of total water consumption — some 68.4 billion litres per day4. But water is not equally available across the country, nor over time. Water crises can originate from many types of drought: meteorological, hydrological, agricultural and socio-economic. Meteorological droughts are dry weather patterns due to periods of little rainfall or high temperatures, which increase evaporation rates. These can cause hydrological droughts, water shortages on land surfaces such as rivers and lakes. Agricultural droughts — a decline in soil moisture levels — can result. These can jeopardize crop yield and increase food insecurity. Shortages to the domestic and industrial supply — socio-economic droughts — can also follow. This might lead to rationing, disease, conflict and migration. It could also bring water-intensive processes such as concrete and steel production to a halt. These different droughts can interact in complex and non-linear ways. Hydrological droughts, for example, are intensified when prolonged periods of low soil moisture begin to dry out shallow aquifers. This can drop their levels below riverbed elevations, interrupting river–groundwater connectivity. Depleted rivers or lakes can then have a knock-on effect on reservoir levels, triggering a socio-economic drought. The 2021 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report highlighted that unabated regional land-cover change and global warming are causing a cascade of persistent dry conditions around the globe5. Studies suggest an extended dry season in most of central South America under an extreme, but not unlikely, scenario6. Decades of deforestation of the Amazon has led to vast knock-on effects. Cutting down trees, as well as slashing the amount of moisture transported from the rainforest towards central-southern Brazil7, is the main driver of fire8. The particulate matter released into the upper air alters the formation of rain clouds9. End the drought in drought research Improper land use can worsen droughts, too, and even cause rivers to run dry. Intensive cattle farming leads to unvegetated land and compacted soils. As well as decreasing the amount of moisture given off by plants, it limits the soil’s capacity to retain water and recharge aquifers. But droughts alone don’t explain the recurrence of water crises in Brazil. Failure to treat water as an essential national resource has led Brazil to a long history of mismanagement. Science denialism is now promoted at the highest levels around the country10,11. And national policies have driven increasingly erratic land occupation by agribusiness and mining interests, increasing deforestation and wildfires and undermining climate mitigation12–14. As the country plunged into severe water shortages in 2014 and 2015, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences upbraided state authorities for failure to take swift, bold actions and for a lack of transparency about the gravity of the situation15. Six years have passed and not much has changed. This time around, the country’s economy is recovering to pre-pandemic levels. Economic growth requires extra energy to power production. With the current hydropower situation, this demand might have to be met by burning biofuel or fossil fuel. The nation’s groundwater and meteorological monitoring is sparse and insufficient to properly track water variability and availability across the country. Brazil monitors groundwater at 409 sites nationwide; to put that into perspective, the North American and Indian networks have more than 16,000 and 22,000 sites, respectively. There are no nationwide systems in place to track soil moisture in Brazil, and monitoring of water use is patchy. Rescue Brazil’s burning Pantanal wetlands Governance of these networks must be strengthened, and more effective guidance on how to respond to future crises is needed. Monitoring networks are currently operated across different national agencies and departments, often leading to duplicated efforts and inefficient data access. Drought monitoring initiatives developed in Brazil through international partnerships, such as the Monitor de Secas, have been emerging in recent years. However, reducing delays to the availability of data, and improving accuracy and inaccessibility for end-users, such as farmers and local water departments, would make these initiatives more useful. There needs to be more investment into high-quality, readily available data and computing power — the key ingredients for multidisciplinary drought research. Tupã — Brazil’s most powerful supercomputer at the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research (INPE) is nearing the end of its life. Funds from the United Nations have provided temporary access to alternative computers, but these are not powerful enough to perform hydrometeorological forecasts and climate predictions. US$20 million of federal funds should be put aside for a new supercomputer. Instead, the science and technology ministry’s budget for 2022 has been reduced by 87% ( see Nature https://doi.org/g77w; 2021). Many processes that affect south-central Brazil’s water availability are not well understood. These need more research to best inform policy. They include: Climate feedbacks. Deforestation, land use, biomass burning and global warming interact to determine water availability. Fresh approaches should exploit emerging knowledge and computational tools to better incorporate small-scale and fast processes, such as vegetation, land cover, clouds and aerosol feedback effects in climate models. This will need higher-resolution simulations, more computational power and reliable in situ and satellite-based observations. Policy, drought and fires combine to affect biodiversity in the Amazon basin Compound events. Hazards such as droughts, heatwaves and fires can have devastating impacts beyond an area related to an isolated event. Risk-assessment approaches should consider how the co-occurrence of multiple and dependent hazards affect models. Climate, health and social scientists, as well as engineers and modellers, should work to improve predictions. Groundwater. Intensive pumping, especially combined with droughts, has led to severe depletion in regions such as the western and central United States, northern India and the Middle East16. More research, along with groundwater and soil-moisture monitoring, is needed to understand how Brazilian aquifers respond to pumping, as well as climate variability and change. Migration and health. Climate change could intensify migration from the northeast, Brazil’s driest and poorest region, to the southeast. Other movements of people could be triggered across the country as longer, more frequent and severe droughts arise. Massive climate migrations might result in an increase of water insecurity, as well as unemployment and poverty in major Brazilian cities. Social, political and economic scientists should work to identify the drivers of climate migration to guide policymaking. Research initiatives should also consider the long-term effects of drought on human health, such as malnutrition and mental health. Stable, long-term investment is needed to upgrade the nation’s water and power system. Hydropower has a small carbon footprint once installed, despite its initial high environmental and social impacts. When there isn’t enough water to generate electricity, however, expensive and more-polluting fossil-fuel-based thermal power currently picks up the slack. Instead, Brazil could diversify by amplifying wind and solar capacity. This could be supported by an existing system of contract auctions, providing a mechanism to gather funds for clean energy. The success of such a mechanism in Brazil is demonstrated by recent investments totalling nearly $8 billion over the past 5 years, mostly from the private sector. An estimated 300 GW could be generated from clean energy sources by 2050 — 3 times the nation’s current demand17. Brazil lies on major aquifers — valuable and underused resources. The agricultural sector should build climate resilience by using this groundwater, especially during extreme hydrological droughts. This needs to be done sustainably, to avoid the depletion experienced by other countries16. A clear picture of the spatial distribution and temporal variability of aquifers could guide farmers towards appropriate locations and rates of extraction. In November, Brazil promised to end illegal deforestation and cut emissions from 2005 levels by 50% by 2030 at the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) in Glasgow, UK. However, such measures are not ambitious enough and would not bring the country in line with green policies, such as the European Green Deal and the US Green New Deal. There might be short-term economic harm from stemming deforestation, especially among farmers and landowners. But the costs of doing nothing are too extreme to ignore. The World Economic Forum has classed water crises as a top global risk, owing to their impact on food production, human health, conflict, ecosystem function and extreme weather (see go.nature.com/3lwow7x). Brazil has the expertise and motivation to mitigate this risk. The research community must work with governments to craft laws, policies and investments that enforce optimal water practice — preventive and adaptive. With political willpower, funding and infrastructure to match, the country could become a world leader in hydroclimate resilience. Nature 600, 218-220 (2021) A.G. writes in their personal capacity and not on behalf of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center or Science Applications International Corporation. Getirana, A. J. Hydrometeorol. 17, 591–599 (2016). National Water and Basic Sanitation Agency. Report on the Situation of Water Resources in Brazil 2020 (ANA, 2020). National Water and Basic Sanitation Agency. Atlas Irrigation 2021: Water Use in Irrigated Agriculture 2nd edn (ANA, 2021). National Water and Basic Sanitation Agency. Manual of Consumptive Uses of Water in Brazil (ANA, 2019). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Assessment Report 6 Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (IPCC, 2021). Gomes, G. D., Nunes, A. M. B., Libonati, R. & Ambrizzi, T. Clim. Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05955-x (2021). Khanna, J., Medvigy, D., Fueglistaler, S. & Walko, R. Nature Clim. Change 7, 200–204 (2017). Libonati, R. et al. Sci. Rep. 11, 4400 (2021). Correia, A. L., Sena, E. T., Silva Dias, M. A. F. & Koren, I. Commun. Earth Environ. 2, 168 (2021). Escobar, H. Science https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay9857 (2019). Diele-Viegas, L. M., Hipólito, J. & Ferrante, L. Science 374, 948–949 (2021). Feng, X. et al. Nature 597, 516–521 (2021). da Silva, C. A. et al. Sci. Rep. 10, 16246 (2020). Abessa, D., Famá, A. & Buruaem, L. Nature Ecol. Evol. 3, 510–511 (2019). de Mattos Bicudo, C. E. et al. Rev. USP 106, 11–20 (2015). Rodell, M. et al. Nature 557, 651–659 (2018). Ministry of Mines and Energy. National Energy Plan 2050 (MME, 2020). - List of co-signatories The authors declare no competing interests. Source: Resources - nature.com

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Creating a Classroom Library How do you create a classroom library that is both organized and enticing to young readers? Here a teacher illustrates how she set up her classroom library. She provides tips on acquiring books and materials, organizing the shelves, creating labels, and making it cozy. Here's how I organized my classroom library. There is no right or wrong way to organize your library and these ideas are simply how I choose to organize mine. Just below is a picture of my second grade library in progress. It is amazing how it transforms! And here are pictures of the completed library area: I have combined my library and my meeting area. You can see the bright cheery carpet, lamp and tons and tons of books! To make it cozy I sometimes add posters from the mini-lessons we have had in class, a trunk covered in pillows, a bright rug, a lamp, and lots and lots of inviting books that are clearly organized. Mark the books I highly suggest labeling the books as coming from your library. I use a stamp, but you can also just write your name on the cover of every book. You might also want to write it on the side of the book across the pages. Then parents will be able to easily spot the book as one that needs to be returned to the classroom. Decide on your sorting system One of the most difficult things to figure out is how to sort all of your books. Many people sort by genres, topics, themes, AR (Accelerated Reader) levels, guided reading levels, and so on. In my classroom I have chosen to sort by books by topic and author. I have done this for several reasons. Reason one: it was easier. Leveling all my books would take forever, and I do not want to spend all of my time on it. A second reason is that I do not want children picking out by books by levels. I want the students making the decision if the book is just right. When students walk into a book store there will not be a large sign that states, "Guided Reading Level O books here." Students have to be prepared to make good reading choices and know how to browse. Restricting sections of the library by leveling hinders this. I know some people will disagree with me here, but I am not also a big fan of AR so I do not choose to sort by AR levels. All these beliefs led me to sort by genre, topic, and author. I am also a big fan of keeping books in books bins. Students tend to check out books by looking at book covers. Students are not as likely to pull books by looking at the book binding only. I know when I go to the bookstore, the books that catch my eye most often are the ones whose covers are facing out. Bookstores have cashed in on this, and so will I! Book bins also keep the books organized and neat looking, an added bonus! Here is a close-up of my book bins (or book baskets): Decide on the book categories When I first started my classroom library, I did not have any preconceived categories that I wanted to use. Instead, I sorted like books together and naturally created categories. This way I was able to combine categories when I only had a few of one genre. For example, I combined all my joke books and my poetry books into one basket. I only had a few each and they seemed to go well together. This also helped me realize when I had several books from one specific author or book series. I collected all of these books and put them in a basket devoted to author or series. Here are some of the categories into which I have decided to divide my books: - Biographies and Autobiographies - Caldecott Awards and Honors - Cars and transportation - Chapter Books by Authors Whose Last Names Begin with A-L - Chapter Books by Authors Whose Last Names Begin with M-Z - Class-Made Books - Beverly Cleary - Fairy Tales and Legends - Favorite Characters - Jokes and Poetry - Junie B. Jones - Quick Reads Remember, this is what works for me. Have fun and consider your own collection. Decide if you want to involve students Letting students help decide the categories can be a great way toengage them in the library, give ownership of the library to students, andlet kids know what is available. Frank Serafini highly recommend this method in his book, The Reading Workshop: Creating Space for Readers (a great, easy read). I selected all the nonfiction books that I was struggling to organize. I divided the books up so each table has several of the nonfiction books from the library. Students looked through the books for a few minutes, then we rotated book stacks to another table. We continued doing this until all students had seen all of the books. Then I gathered the books together and laid them on the floor. Students created a great big circle around the books. Then I asked students to suggest book categories. I listed these on a white board and we decided if we could combine or separate any categories. The next day, I created book baskets with labels. I again passed out the books to different tables. Then the table decided what category the books went into and sorted the books. It worked, and I'm thinking about using the same system again with all of the new books I have bought over the summer. Catalog the books I just discovered the website, Library Thing (thanks to Mrs. Meacham). You can use this website to catalogue your books.I was curious and decided to check into it. It is really cool! It is a free service and is simple to use. All you do is type your title in (or author) and it searches Amazon.com or the Library of Congress. Boom! Your title and a picture pops up! The best part is you can add "tags"or notes. I have added tags that I own two copies, or this would be a great math book. I will go back and add a tag noting which book basket the book goes in. You can see the beginnings of my book catalogue. Organize and label the books Here's how I organize the books on the shelves. On each book basket label there is a colored dot sticker and a number. Each book that belongs in the basket/ category has a matching colored dot sticker andnumber. Because I have more categories than baskets, there might be two or three baskets with blue dots, BUT they have different numbers on them. Then the baskets are then arranged in number order. There is really not too much of a method of the ordering, except that I tried to keep fiction together, separate from nonfiction. Here is a close-up of a book box. You can see the label on the box with a title and a blue sticker. This is box number 6. On the Geronimo Stilton book, you will see a matching sticker. Here are the baskets on the shelves of my previous 4th grade classroom library. The gray shelf holds most of the nonfiction books divided into categories. The shelf closest to the trunk has many of the picture books. Here's a picture of the whole library area. The shelves on the right hold most of the chapter books. However, I didn't think as far ahead as I should have and I do have some nonfiction books (fairy tales, poetry and jokes, etc) mixed in as well. Since my baskets are numbered, it was too much work to change it mid-stream. Since I have moved to second grade, I decided to make my organization as easy as possible. I wanted my system to be less complicated. I wanted the younger kids to be able to maintain the organization of the library on their own, and thought the numbers and colors might be too much. So you can see in this picture the colored dots and numbers have been replaced by color-back labels with categories and clip-art. Creating the labels I created individual books labels using Avery address labels. Each label has a clip-art picture, the title of the book basket, and a note saying the book belongs to me. Then I created a matching label for the basket on a larger Avery shipping label. Since the titles of the baskets are all different colors, I mounted the basket label on matching construction paper, laminated it, and attached it to the bin. Here's a picture of a basket label. Note that the title of the basket (Ms. Gregory's Favorites) is mounted on black construction paper to match the black color of the title. Other baskets have red font, blue font and so on. Here's a picture of a corresponding book label with the same title: Things to think about When planning your library there are many things to think about. I'll treat this as an FAQ of classroom libraries, and add my comments below to each question below. Where will your library be? I like to have my library surrounding my class meeting area. I do this for several reasons. One, it capitalizes on space because I do not have room for both! Secondly, many of my mini-lessons that take place in the meeting area require students to brainstorm and the books give them places to "look" for ideas.Also, I once read somewhere that your room should not contain a library within a classroom, but a classroom within a library (I can't remember who said this, but it sounds very Lucy Calkins-ish). How much space will you have? I designate a large portion of my classroom to my library. I want children to physically see how important it is, simply by its size. Also, the more I have collected books, the more room I need! Since it is my meeting area, it needs to be large enough for all students to sit comfortably and be able to see the easel. I try to place the classroom library in an area of the room which will create a comfortable nook, while still placing the easel so that students face away from the classroom door to minimize distractions. Do you have enough shelf space? Previously, I've used four metal shelves that the school district provided (well, they only provided one for me. But I collected the others whenever any teacher was discarding any of their shelves!) In the second-grade classroom, I wanted lower shelves to fit under the large bulletin board in my room. My co-teacher was getting rid of a shelf that was very long, and I then had my Dad (he is the best) come in and make another shelf with very similar dimensions. I painted both shelves a baby blue to make them match. Even with all this shelf space I still don't have enough room- I should have planned a little better! Some of my book bins will go in the floor and some will go on the book cart that will be next to the library. How will you sort your books? Only some of my books will be sorted by reading level. I had not done this in years past, but I recently read Growing Readers by Kathy Collins and she suggests having a part of the library leveled. I have decided to level my collection of "Step Up" readers (short books, like the Hello Readers or Scholastic Readers). I found leveling information at the subscription website Titlewave (my librarian signed me up pretty easily). I then wrote the level (in grade not Fountas and Pinnell or Accelerated Reader I wanted it to be as straightforward as possible) on the inside back corner on the bottom right. I will sort them into similar levels and then will color-code them. Books are also sorted into similar genres of series. I wanted students to be able to say, "I love to read about animals!" and then have an entire basket devoted solely to animals on a variety of different reading levels. This way, most any reader could find a book. Will your books be labeled? I label my books so that students can return them. In years past I have used colored dots, colored dots with numbers, and so on. This worked pretty well with the upper grades. However, I worried that it would be too complicated for my second graders. I have decided to create labelsusing Avery stickers that are address-sized. Each label has the book bin category, a picture, and the phrase, "This book belongs to Ms. Gregory." Also, I tried to color-code the font, e.g. sports-themed books get a label written in orange Comic Sans font. The label is also backed by orange construction paper. I am hoping this will help their eyes to focus a little bit more, even if it is subconscious! Students will then match the label on the book to an identical (minus the Mrs. Gregory part) label on the outside of the basket. Will you write your names on the books? I used to write my name in the top right corner of the cover in black permanent ink. This help separate the books from any books the students brought from their home collections. I also hoped if a mom found a stash under a student's bed, she would know where to return them! Now, I have my name directly on the label on the front cover. I also bought a free stamp (bought a free stamp...hmmm...?) from Vista Print. All I paid for was shipping. It states, "This book belongs to Mrs. Gregory. Please return if found." I stopped writing my name on the cover because recently I was trying to eBay some upper grade "decommissioned books," and I realized having my name written all over the cover decreases the value. But I want my name on the book sonewhere. So now I have the smaller stamp on the inside and the label on the cover (which I can peel off if I decide to sell the book- or replace if a kid peels the label off). How will the students know how to return the books? Kids should be able to match the label on the front to the identical label on the cover. (If this doesn't work, I will come up with something new!) Will students return the books to the correct spot or will you make this a class job (like a class librarian)? I am debating this. I really want all kids to take ownership and responsibility for the classroom, but I also want kids to put the books back where they belong. I think in the beginning of the year I will have a basket for books to be returned (an "I need a home" basket) and train kids on how to return the books. Then I will gradually phase out this job when the kids have been trained. How will you teach children to treat and handle the books? In Collins' book, she explains how, in the beginning of the year, she makes a BIG deal of a book in the floor. She's very melodramatic about it, "Oh no! A book is in the floor! How could we treat something so wonderful so poorly! How can I solve this problem?" I like this idea because it is basically a great think-aloud and model of what you should do if you find a book that is out of place. Whenever I do a read-aloud, I also model how to treat a book: use a bookmark instead of dog earring pages; slip off the dust cover while you read a book to keep it from getting wrinkled and carefully replace the dust cover when you are ready to stop reading; turn pages carefully so they don't tear; and so on. I think this is really powerful, because the kids see it. What will a consequence be for mistreatment of books? In the past, the consequence of a messy library was to close it for a day or two. Believe it or not, this actually worked! I really talked it up and was pretty melodramatic about it, but kids were not able to get new books or return old ones. For D.E.A.R. (Drop Everything And Read) time, children simply had to read what they had, either an old book or the reading textbook. The kids didn't like not having choices, and the problem was solved. You could also do this on an individual basis. Simple and logical if you can't treat it right, you can't use it. How will books be stored? The big, white, mesh baskets I like (because it can hold several books, chapter or picture) came from the Dollar General. I also like the smaller cube size boxes, series chapter books seem to fit perfectly in them. How will students check out books? In the past I have just had students sign books out in on a check-out list. I kept the list in a binder. I trusted students to take responsibility for the books and return them. I did lose a few, but only a few. For second graders a check-out system may not be necessary, since students will only keep books in their book bins and will not take them home. What will your book checkout policy be? Strict or liberal? In-class or at-home? Duration? How another teacher sets up her classroom library Elementary teacher Michelle Ferré gives a step-by-step tutorial of how she organizes her classroom library. Click the "Endnotes" link above to hide these endnotes. Collins, K. (2004). Growing Readers: Units of Study in the Primary Classroom. Stenhouse Publishers. Serafini, F. (2001). The Reading Workshop: Creating Space for Readers. Heinemann. Gregory, M. (2008.) "Planning and Organizing" from Creating a Classroom Library. Retrieved December 1, 2008, from http://www.mandygregory.com/classroom_library1.htm.

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Do you feel like you have great potential, but can’t seem to get organized? Maybe you are struggling to focus and waste time trying to get started on a task, or aren’t sure how to begin to prioritize. Perhaps you are here because you are worried about your child who is struggling with school: not turning in assignments, struggling with focus, never really knowing when homework assignments are due. You dread constantly hearing the teacher report: “not putting forth full effort.” Sometimes smart, driven people have a hard time organizing their lives. The good news is, organizational skills, time management, and sharpening your focus can ALL be learned with the help of an ADHD therapist. This is where we come in, as psychologists specializing in ADHD. We help tweens, teens, and adults reach their full potential, despite living with ADHD. First, let’s learn more… Do I have ADHD? Do I have ADD? What’s the difference? ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. ADD stands for Attention Deficit Disorder. That term is no longer used, so if a person thinks they have ADD, the correct term now would be ADHD. But basically, we are talking about the same thing. There are actually three types of ADHD. Read on to learn more… ADHD Inattentive Type: This person has pervasive trouble with attention, focus, and task completion - Trouble completing tasks properly. Only part of the task might get done, or steps may get completed incorrectly - Getting easily distracted, particularly in situations in which one is “supposed” to focus (such as the classroom, at your desk at work, or at home doing homework - Trouble paying attention to little details, resulting in mistakes - Difficulty focusing during conversations, even when nothing distracting is present - Lack of follow-through with schoolwork or job tasks - Difficulty with organizing tasks, often not knowing where to start - Avoiding tasks requiring sustained mental effort - For students, forgetting to turn in homework (even if it’s done), forgetting to write assignments down, forgetting to bring necessary items to school (such as paper and pencil) - Frequently losing commonly needed items (such as keys, phone, or other essentials) - Forgetful in daily activities (forgetting to return calls, pay bills, do chores, etc.) ADHD Hyperactive/Impulsive Type: This person is hyper and tends to have impulsive behavior - Blurts answers out at school, work, or in conversations - Seems “driven by a motor” - Has trouble sitting still without fidgeting or moving hands and feet - Has difficulty waiting for his/her turn, or waiting in line - Others may find him/her “annoying” in social situations due to talking so much - Interrupts others - When trying to sit still for long periods of time, may end up just getting up and needing to move around ADHD Combined Type: This person has both of the above types of symptoms (inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity) Are There Other Conditions That Cause Symptoms Similar to ADHD? Yes, great question! The following conditions can have some symptoms that look like ADHD: This is why proper diagnosis is so essential. You can try to self-diagnose, but a psychologist or psychiatrist is needed to carefully evaluate the symptoms and make a diagnosis. How is ADHD Diagnosed? What does ADHD Assessment Involve? If you or your child have never been formally diagnosed with ADHD by a psychologist or a psychiatrist, we will start there. Your psychologist will take a medical, social, psychological, and educational history. This will help to pinpoint when symptoms first started. Your psychologist will also try to determine the areas of life in which symptoms are most disruptive (home, school/work, social life). Because we specialize in neurodevelopmental issues here at Healthy Mind Sacramento, were are able to determine if it is ADHD or other issues causing the problem. The next part involves questionnaires, which are completed by key people (e.g. for a child, the parent and teacher complete behavioral questionnaires). This helps determine which behaviors are occurring in which environments, and how severe the behaviors are. Finally, your psychologist writes a comprehensive report, which they review with you in detail. This may include recommendations for work or school accommodations. We can then proceed with ADHD therapy for targeting particular behaviors and symptoms. Healthy Mind Sacramento ADHD Therapy Many people with ADHD have an idea of what they would like to accomplish, or things that they want to do, but just don’t know where to begin. It may be hard to get started or get organized. This is where we can help. We have expertise in the brain and how it works. As ADHD therapists, we help people set goals to reach their true potential. Healthy Mind Sacramento ADHD therapy can help with: - Ways to decrease distractions in your environment - Learning what time of day you perform best - Identifying your “optimal” environment - Learning how to prioritize tasks - Improving organizational skills - Improving communication/social skills - Learning how to be the “director” of your own life - Figuring out a school or work system that will actually fit for you! Healthy Mind Sacramento ADHD Therapy for Kids and Teens For children and teens struggling with ADHD, our approach is collaborative with you as the parent, as well as with your child. Have you ever noticed that if you try to impose a new system or rule on your child without their buy-in, it doesn’t work out so well? Therapy is the same. We work on building a relationship with your child and asking them what strategies they want to try first. Here are some of the things we typically work on in ADHD therapy for tweens and teens: - Getting organized! Most kids will want to use their phone for this (but old-school paper methods are an option too). We work with your child to find a type of organization/school planning system that actually seems fun and cool to them, that way they are more likely to actually use it. - Goal-setting: we start small, with a goal such as “get A on upcoming history paper.” We then back-plan together all the steps needed to reach that goal. We hold your child accountable to each step and help troubleshoot problems along the way. - Social skills: some kids with ADHD are perceived as “annoying” by others. Some are painfully aware of it, but don’t know how to be any different. In therapy, we work on appropriate ways to interact with other people and get attention in a positive way. - Study time: Many parents think that study time involves sitting at a desk or table, with no distractions nearby. Did you know that kids with ADHD many actually study better on a bouncy ball or squishy seat, and with some music on? The environment that works for the ADHD brain often involves some low-level background stimulation. We will explore what works for your child in session. - Breaking tasks down into reasonable chunks - Learning how to reduce distractions To learn more about our overall approach to working with tweens and teens in therapy, please visit our adolescents/teens page. Parenting an ADHD Child As an ADHD psychologist in Sacramento, we hear many different approaches to parenting when dealing with challenging behaviors. In this parenting the ADHD child vlog post, Dr. Miller discusses three aspects of your parenting approach that she believes are key when dealing with an ADHD child. Lack of Motivation vs Lack of Skills Here are some common things we hear from parents of ADHD kids: - “He’s not motivated” - “She is not putting in full effort” - “He does everything half-assed” - “She is lazy” A child with ADHD has core deficits in executive functioning. These are the brain skills that allow us to plan, organize, multi-task, and shift from one activity to another without difficulty. When children with ADHD struggle with transitions, planning, and organization, is it because they are lazy or unmotivated kids? Or, is it because they lack the fundamental brain functioning to organize themselves properly? We argue it is the latter, and this is the lense through which we need to view children who are struggling at home and at school. In ADHD therapy sessions, we work with parents to see that their kids lack fundamental skills that allow them to perform and behave at expectations. So, let’s meet our kids where they are at, and help them through therapy to build skills! Should My Child with ADHD be on Medication, or is ADHD Behavioral Therapy Enough? Many of the parents we work with start out our treatment or evaluation stating that they do not want their child with ADHD to be medicated. We respect each parent’s stance on this and do not push medication. We are psychologists, meaning that we do not prescribe medications for ADHD; rather, we use cognitive behavioral therapy methods. We do want to mention medication efficacy for ADHD for those who are curious or trying to determine whether medication plus therapy might be a good choice for ADHD treatment. Research has shown that over 80% of people show a response (a behavior effect that is noticeable) from stimulant medications. Stimulant medications do sometimes have side effects, which can include trouble sleeping, weight loss, headache, increased blood pressure or pulse, abdominal pain, irritability, and moodiness. Stimulants can sometimes cause tics in children, which is a frequent reason for discontinuation. Another thing to consider about medication is that it doesn’t teach behavior change, self-esteem, or good study habits. There has not been a lot of long-term research looking at how stimulant medications may affect the developing brain. In this vlog, Dr. Miller summarizes the short-term and long-term effects of stimulant medications on the brain and body, based on what we know from research thus far. We believe that starting out with behavioral therapy for ADHD first (for parents that do not want their child on medication) is a positive step. We can target problem symptoms and create a plan that leads to lasting behavioral change. If you do wish to consider medications as an adjunct to therapy, we have good relationships with psychiatrists in the community that we can recommend. Resources for ADHD The following books and websites are ones that we find to be particularly helpful: Please feel free to get in touch to see if Healthy Mind Sacramento ADHD therapy is a good fit for you!

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Srinivasa Iyengar Ramanujan was a genius mathematician, generally accepted as one of the world’s greatest of the 20th century. He has immensely contributed to the analytical theory of numbers, in addition to working on infinite series, continued fractions and elliptic functions. 125 years after his birth, his work is being applied to problems in varied fields such as cancer research, polymer chemistry and computer science. His birth anniversary December 22 is celebrated as National Mathematics Day throughout the country in recognition of his contribution to mathematics. Ramanujan was born in a very poor, but respectable Brahmin family on December 22, 1887 in Erode, Madras (now Tamil Nadu). Early in his childhood, he showed a keen interest in mathematics. He would wonder about the shape and distance of the stars. His enthusiasm in astronomy was so great that he independently calculated the length of the equator. Ramanujan attended primary school in Kumbakonam, where his father worked as a clerk in a cloth store. Ramanujan was admitted to ‘Town High School’ in Kumbakonam at the age of ten. He was introduced to basic mathematics. One day he was lent a book on Advanced Trigonometry by a college student. Ramanujan was extremely eager to read the book and mastered it within a year, all by himself. When he was just sixteen, he received a book, ‘A Synopsis of Elementary Results in Pure and Applied Mathematics’ by George Carr. This book was in two volumes and was a compilation of about 6000 theorems related to all areas of mathematics. Interestingly, most of the theorems did not have any proof, whereas some had little proof. Ramanujan studied the results of the theorems carefully and he realized that he could go far beyond Carr. He was confident that he could derive results with proofs which were not in the book. This was a great inspiration, leading to the beginning of his own creative work in mathematics. In 1903, Ramanujan secured a first class in the School Leaving Exam. He also won a scholarship and joined Government College. But he was so fascinated with mathematics that he neglected all other subjects. In the exams he excelled in mathematics but failed in the other subjects, and hence lost his scholarship. This was one of the most difficult periods for Ramanujan. His parents’ finances were dwindling and they had two more sons to look after. His parents pressurised Ramanujan to earn and he started giving tuitions in maths. While giving tuitions, Ramanujan faced a typical difficulty. He was not able to come down to the understanding level of the students and ultimately, the students stopped attending his class. Even during this difficult situation, his mind was full of mathematical ideas and he kept working on them at a great speed. He would hide under the cot sometimes, in order not to incur his parents’ wrath. His notebooks were full of mathematical calculations and proofs. On many occasions, he was financially supported by his friends. In 1906, Ramanujan attended Pachaiappa’s College in Madras (now Chennai) with another scholarship. This scholarship was divided into two parts when another student applied for the same. But in the exams in 1907, he failed again in subjects other than maths. In spite of this setback, he immersed himself into investigation of complex problems, coming up with new results. Ramanujan was so poor that he had to use a slate for his calculations. Rather than search for a cloth to wipe the slate every few minutes, he would wipe it with his elbow, which had become black and rough. At the feverish pace of his calculations, he would have required four reams of paper every month, which he could not afford. For food he had to depend on the charity of his well wishers. Hard pressed to work for a living, he met the founder of the ‘Indian Mathematical Society’ Ramaswamy Ayyar and asked him for a clerk’s job. Ayyar recommended his name to Prof. Seshu Ayyar, who was Ramanujan’s former teacher. In the meanwhile, Ramanujan continued his independent mathematical work. In 1908 he was taken ill and was operated upon in April 1909. He recovered slowly. In July 1909, his parents, with the hope that he would understand the reality of life got him married. It was in 1911 that Ramanujan’s 17-page work on ‘Bernoulli Numbers’ was published in the ‘Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society’. It was now that Ramanujan took the letter of introduction given by Prof. Seshu Ayyar, to the Collector of Nellore Ramchandra Rao, who was then the President of the Indian Mathematical Society. After seeing Ramanujan’s notebook, Rao realized that he had found mathematical results, which were then unknown. He offered Ramanujan a monthly stipend for his expenses. This helped him to plunge himself into research. However, he felt that his future was not secure and kept searching for a job. Finally in March 1912, he got a job as a clerk in the Madras Port Trust for Rs. 25/- per month. This meagre salary was not enough to buy the paper he required for his mathematics. He would do his calculations on wrapping paper which lay unused in the Port Trust. He was so focused on his work that he never stopped to eat. His mother and his wife fed him so that he could work without breaks. As no one in India could evaluate Ramanujan’s work or give him an intellectual impetus, on the advice of his friends, he sent his work to eminent mathematicians in England, one of the centres of world maths. In 1912, some of Ramanujan’s works including his paper on Bernoulli Numbers were sent to M. J. M. Hill, Professor of Mathematics at University College London. Although Hill’s reply was encouraging, he had not understood Ramanujan’s results on Divergent Series. In January 1913, Ramanujan wrote to the well-known Cambridge mathematician Prof. Godfrey Hardy, asking for his views on 120 theorems which he said he had discovered. With a colleague, Hardy began to evaluate Ramanujan’s worth. A few hours of investigation led Hardy to understand that Ramanujan was indeed a genius. Hardy convinced Ramanujan that he should come and work in Cambridge. But being orthodox Hindus, his mother opposed the idea tooth and nail. Going overseas would mean losing caste and on his return to India he would be socially ostracised. However, in May 1913, Ramanujan secured a scholarship of Rs. 75/- per month from Madras University. This award would now take care of his needs. The family deity Goddess Namagiri had a special significance for Ramanujan and his family. It was only after praying to Namagiri with Her blessing that Ramanujan was born. His mother now had a dream in which she saw Ramanujan seated with some Europeans, with a large aura around him. This dream convinced his mother and she gave him permission to go to England. His friends, in their eagerness to change his dress style, persuaded him to wear a European dress, have an Englishman’s haircut and to wear a hat instead of his turban. Although he accepted these changes reluctantly, he was adamant about eating only vegetarian food. In March 1914, Ramanujan left Madras for England by ship and arrived at Trinity College Cambridge in April, just before World War I started. Thus a unique collaboration started with Hardy which led to important results. Their personalities were contrasting – Hardy was slim and handsome, a cricket lover and a rationalist. Ramanujan on the other hand, was a shy and modest person, very religious and an obedient, devoted son. He was short, with a big head and penetrating eyes. Being a devout Hindu, he saw the divine all around. He had once mentioned that an equation had no meaning if it did not express a thought of God. Although Hardy was Ramanujan’s mentor, Hardy admitted that he learned from Ramanujan more than what he learned from Hardy. Ramanujan used his intuitions in maths and was not concerned about rigorous proofs of his results. Further, as he had learnt maths all by himself, he was unaware of the latest work in modern maths. It was Hardy who updated Ramanujan with these areas, at the same time maintaining the latter’s enthusiasm and confidence. Together, Hardy and Ramanujan were instrumental in contributing to the best mathematical papers ever written, during Ramanujan’s five–year stay in England. This was despite his dislike of the cold and damp weather in England, unlike the sunny Madras weather. In June 1914, Ramanujan was admitted to Cambridge, in spite of not being properly qualified. He secured a ‘Bachelor of Science by Research’ degree in March 1916. The topic for his dissertation was ‘Highly Composite Numbers’, which contained his seven published papers in England. In England, Ramanujan lived the life of an orthodox Hindu. He would wear British clothes outside, but in his room he would wear his caste mark and a dhoti. He was a good cook and host, and made delicious vegetarian food. Due to winter and also due to the outbreak of World War I, vegetables were not available. As a result his health deteriorated and he contracted T.B. in 1917. Though doctors felt that he would recover if he went back home, it was dangerous to travel because of the war. Ramanujan was in and out of hospital for the next two years, without much relief. However, his sharp intellect in maths was maintained by him. Once, Hardy visited Ramanujan in a hospital. He mentioned that he had alighted from a cab with an insignificant number 1729. “No, Hardy, no!” Ramanujan replied excitedly. He said the number 1729 is an interesting number. It is the smallest number which could be expressed as the sum of two cubes in two distinct ways: 1729 = (9 X 9 X 9) + (10 X 10 X 10) and (12 X 12 X 12) + (1 X 1 X 1) In December 1917, Ramanujan was elected to the London Mathematical Society. Soon thereafter, he was elected to the Royal Society of London as a Fellow, being only the second Indian to receive such an honour, and at the young age of 30. In 1918, he was elected to the Cambridge Philosophical Society as a Fellow. He was also the first Indian to be honoured as a Fellow of the Trinity College of the University of Cambridge in the later part of 1918. Ramanujan greatly improved in health by November 1918. But by 1919, he was again unwell and very weak. In February that year, he set sail for home. He was welcomed like a hero. In spite of the warm weather and loving care of his family in Madras, his health did not improve. He continued to work and also wrote to Hardy, but he died on April 26, 1920 at the young age of 32. Ramanujan left behind numerous notebooks and scrap papers, full of thousands of theorems, which intrigue mathematicians even today. In the efforts to improve these theorems, new disciplines in mathematics have emerged. His colossal work, even after 95 years of his death, is relevant to present complex problems in several disciplines. Prof Richard Askey of the University of Wisconsin, Madison USA, lamented that if Ramanujan had been born 100 years later, his intuitive capacity would have helped solve several problems. To become a professional mathematician, Ramanujan had to face insurmountable hurdles. In spite of his abject poverty, his achievements were extremely remarkable. He did not receive encouragement from any quarter in India. Perhaps nobody could understand his talents. Ramanujan’s genius and his relationship with Hardy attracted certain writers abroad. Three plays containing this subject explore this relationship and Ramanujan’s genius. They are ‘Partition’, ‘First Class Man’ and ‘A Disappearing Number’. In 1991, Robert Kanigel wrote a biography on Ramanujan – ‘The Man Who Knew Infinity’. Excerpts from ‘World Famous Indian Scientists’ Anup Y. Attavar B. E. Mech. (COEP, Pune); P.G.D. – International Trade (IIFT, New Delhi) Alumnus – Loyola High School, Pune (India) Special Correspondent – Dwarka Parichay Newspaper (Western India) Independent Statement of Purpose (SOP) Counsellor & Content Writer Editor – ‘World Famous Indian Scientists’; Writer – Company Profiles & Articles Email: firstname.lastname@example.org url: www.anupattavar.in Indeed, their lives, with their sincerity of purpose, along with their grit and determination to overcome all odds and their struggles will serve as role models for the current and future generations who, by and large are not aware of the giant contributions made by these truly great heroes in the fields of science and technology, industry, business, etc. The youth will definitely benefit by reading about these giants in their own fields. Even if a small percentage of our youth and students strive to follow the footsteps of these towering personalities, attempt to imbibe a scientific temper and if these articles instill a sense of patriotism among the youth, these articles will have served their purpose.

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Homoeopathy can be a system of medication created by any german born doctor Medical professional Samuel Hahnemann.This individual was basically the allopathic medical doctor who has still left your practice because of unwanted effects and also temporary reduction regarding symptoms of allopathy.For their bakery and also butter shortly fater he began translating the particular medical textbooks to several dialects.As he was translating cullen's materia salud he or she discovered organic treatments known as cinchona.It had been published in which cinchona can cure malaria this means you will also create signs or symptoms comparable to malaria about healthful men and women.This time engaged hahnemann's mental faculties and the man well prepared an draw out associated with cinchona sound off and brought themself.In order to his big surprise they designed several signs and symptoms of malaria just like chills and achings.He soon began performing the same test various individuals as well as the outcome had been the same. With this experiment hahnemann located understand that virtually any substance which could develop a group of signs or symptoms on a balanced humanbeing enable you to heal the similar signs in the unhealthy particular person.This individual presented cinchona to numerous malaria individuals as well as the result had been fantastic as well as a program called homoeopathy started.The phrase homoeo implies comparable,pathy signifies enduring.Principle basic principle regarding homoeopathy is 'similia similibus curantur' signifies such as remedies remedy.Hahnemann prepared a few other drug treatments employing alcohol as being a car and started experimentation on different age ranges and observed around the signs or symptoms created in these people.He demonstrated nearly 40 drug treatments along with the signs or symptoms made were noted lower thoroughly.The outward symptoms collected by simply substance proving were listed within the get within a book form named materia medica pura. Hahnemann remarked that simply by diluting the particular primitive substance substences in heart an engaged strength is actually designed and it is accountable for making the symptoms upon wholesome men and women.Hahnemann began supplying treatement for you to somany impaired folks with all the medicines prepared by him about utilizing the principle similia similibus curantur but happened to be great cures and also homoeopathy began distributing worldwide. He or she gave drugs with a people as well as remarked that signs and symptoms tend to be heading back.Thus he or she realized that this cause of the illness needs to be dealt with .Right after performing experiments and findings they found understand that ailments are in fact a result of a number of energetic allows anf the husband called them as miasms.[psora ,syphilis,sycosis] They remarked that to stop an individual fully these types of miasms needs to be eradicated utilizing a equivalent energetic drive.This concept cause antimiasmatic medications which can be drugs possessing condition generating strength comparable to miasms.He or she developed anti- miasmatic medications and also played around with on impaired folks and also got great treatments. judi qq of homoeopathy The foundations of homoeopathy had been coded in publication type and he named it organon of drugs.Lateron he soon began posting these functions and 6 updates associated with organon were published.From the comfort of the start of homoeopathy somany doctors associated with other technique commenced operating in opposition to homoeopathy.Yet those that had been versus homoeopathy lateron found understand the truth behind homoeopathy and started practising precisely the same.Medical professionals just like Dr M Capital t Kent,Doctor Hering,Generate Boenonghausen ect used Doctor hahnemann's quest along with developed the device.They all commenced getting ready somany other drug treatments based on guidlines written by Hahnemann.Doctors found know that by simply watering down your substance chemical within nature inside a thorough approach the healing energy is increasing despite the fact that the quantity of medication diminishes.Because conditions are due to energetic brings about the drugs should additionally become dynamic.By way of a course of action known as potentisation exact same drug in various levels of potencies were made.They will found out that by simply increasing the strength the actual breaking through power prescription medication is greater then it act on to the next stage than the usual content way of drug treatments found in others.This excellent nature of homoeopathic medicines are the explanation for the wonderful solutions associated with the mind conditions. Homoeopathy snacks the unhealthy individual all together rather than the treatment of impaired pieces as well as internal organs.The actual physical,psychological,emotional,social fields of a individual is regarded for any permanent cure.This system believes how the diseases are induced as a result of derangement of significant force that is an invisible energy in each and every individual.In the healthy condition the vital force keeps the actual sense of balance associated with brain physique along with heart .During this man will have typical feelings and operations.If the vital drive gets impacted there will be outside symptoms by means of indicators.The actual discrepancy in your body features is really a housing regarding forign creatures(microorganisms,infections,fungus infection,protozoa ect) and enable the crooks to multiply &produce what are known as diseases.Homoeopathy thinks thet the actual desease will come prior to the bacterias & infections,hence the root cause of the condition has to be handled for the permenent heal.The actual antibacterial and also antiviral brokers simply remove the secondary causes stated earlier. Conditions are made by simply poisonous morbific agents called Miasms that are powerful affects which in turn impact the essential pressure.You will find mostly about three miasms PSORA ,SYPHILIS&SYCOSIS. These three leads to are generally approved by simply additional universities of drugs but referred to as by simply different brands. Psora leads to functional disruptions, syphilis will cause constitutionnel alterations in the form of destructions along with sycosis brings about changes in are overgrowth.These 3 miasms can easily work independently or perhaps blended type to create diverse condition situations. Preperation of medication within homoeopathy Inside homoeopathy drugs are set from various solutions such as mineral deposits, crops, creatures, poisons, impaired components ect. Medications are set from all of these substances by the unique method named potentisation.The following the particular disolveable substances tend to be potentised through watering down(blending together with spirit having a downward stroke) with nature as well as insoluble ingredients simply by grinding(trituration) along with sugar regarding dairy.The particular raw drug chemical will be very first when combined the calculated amount of nature and normal water along with kept pertaining to few days .From this combination extract can be consumed and it is known as mom tincture(denoted since T).Out of this mommy tincture dilutions have decided by potentisation.Potentisation can be a precise method by which how much authentic substance chemical minimizes however medicinal power raises. Based on the number of level of medicine material and automobile(character as well as sugar associated with whole milk)there are different weighing machines just for this procedure.Every range has diverse potencies which in turn suggest strength of medication.Illustration inside decimal range your substance compound vehicle ratio is1/10 and the availables potencies are 3 times,6x.12x ect.In centismal level the actual rate is actually 1/100 and the obtainable potencies are generally 30c,200c ect,in . l . m effectiveness the proportion is 1/50000 and the obtainable potencies are usually 0/1,0/2,0/3 ect.Potency is constructed after the name of the medication Same medicine is for sale in various potencies. Ideal effectiveness is chosen as outlined by so many facters like severity,degree associated with disease,situation of the patient ,mother nature of ailment ,form of signs or symptoms,age of patient along with ect. Subjects studied throughout homoeopathy:* Good reputation for medicine Background & developement associated with homoeopathy Innovators involving homoeopathy Organon of medicine Homoeopathic drugstore & pharmacognosy Homoeopathic scenario getting General health-related subjects: ( Body structure,physiology,pathology,microbiology,parasitology,toxicology,forensic treatments,sociable & preventative medicine,surgical treatment ,'s ,gynaecology & obstetrics, opthalmology, the field of dentistry, orthopedics, surgical treatment,common remedies,pediatrics,skin care ,psychiatry along with ect) Homoeopathic case having along with prescribed. Treatment by a homoeopathic medicine is quick ,soft as well as permenent when correct remedy throughout suitable dose emerged. . Only supplying a single medicine for one disease (specific drug treatments)may well not offer excellent outcome.To find an accurate restorative prognosis we have to have the symptomatology of the people .It does not take overall signs of a person which include mind generals,physical generals,particular signs or symptoms ect. Most signs or symptoms (mental&physical)of the people can be drawn in depth.Understanding of past sickness,genealogy regarding diseases,foods & colon behavior,notable leads to,relation to climatic modifications and metabolic rate ect are generally noted straight down within a thorough order. Mind signs or symptoms: Case in point: dread,nervousness,depression,anger,covet and also ect.... Bodily signs and symptoms: Example: Entire body makeup, urge for food, thirst, desires, aversions, bowels, urination, slumber, tastes, mother nature of odor, discharges virtually any abnormal sensations like soreness, using up, weather conditions alterations, thermal interaction, and and many others... Distinct unheard of signs or symptoms: This is actually the speciality associated with homoeopathic method of medicine.For your choice of the right remedy these kinds of symptoms are important.widespread signs or symptoms which are seen nearly in every patients are lowest. This is regarding providing distinct medicines to different people being affected by identical ailment.Example: A few people suffering from typhoid can get five different remedies as a result of changes of person signs. This kind of contain symptoms &symptoms in connection with limbs &organs. Example: Element affected,any swelling,staining ect. Wide spread exam:* Various systems are examined in the methodical order.(Breathing ,digestive system,nervous system,cardio exercise general program along with ect....) Important indications Beat,blood pressure levels,heat,respiratory price ect are generally checked out here. General actual physical examination: Right here body parts are looked at through go to base in order to findout any changes. provisional disease prognosis; Here possible illnesses are diagnosed. Throughout homoeopathy ailment diagnosis isn't that much very important to the selection of any cure,however necessary for basic management and to understand the prospects. Research : This consists of laboratory research along with other ways to discover another main illnesses. Final condition analysis: After undertaking all deliberate or not the condition will be clinically determined. Remedial medical diagnosis: Here is the most importnant part in terms of homoeopathy is involved. Just for this the chosen symptoms are generally organized in a organized get on such basis as relevance. Symptoms are evaluated to discover the need for every symptom for your number of treatment.Therapies are picked on the basis of likeness. Ideal treatments are identified by the process named repertorisation. The following books named repertories are used. Repertory could be the catalog of signs and symptoms of materia medica(publications which contain the outward symptoms of drugs).Today laptop or computer softwares are used for repertorisalion.By this procedure we are going to have the solutions protecting maximum essential manifestation of the person. Amoung this gang of solutions the the best option treatment is selected through recommending different books as well as thinking about the lifestyle room investigation from the individual..The chosen drugs are succumbed ideal strength & measure. Anti- MIASMATIC Remedy: The root reason behind ailment can be miasms which should be exterminated utilizing suitable anti - miasmatic drug treatments.Every single drug can remove the miasm if you find sign likeness.You'll find anti- psoric drug treatments,anti syphilitic medications along with anti sycotic medicines.Following checking out the actual miasm ideal anti - miasmatic medicine needs to be provided to complete the solution.

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Typically, street lights are turned on for the entire night and then turned off during the day. However, if there is no traffic at night, street lights are not required. Energy conservation is a critical element these days, as energy resources are depleting at an alarming rate. Natural resource alternatives are scarce, and our future generations may confront numerous issues as a result of a lack of these resources. In a previous post, we looked at the circuit diagram and how it works for the Auto Intensity Control of Street Lights circuit. This article discusses the circuit that detects vehicle movement and turns off the street lights after a set amount of time. - Construction and Output Video - Street Lights that Glow on Detecting Vehicle Movement (using AVR Microcontroller) - Principle Behind this Circuit - Circuit Diagram - Circuit Components - Circuit Design - How to Operate this Circuit? - Street Light That Glows on Detecting Vehicle Movement Using 8051 and IR sensor - Circuit Diagram - Microcontroller Section - IR Transmitter and Receiver Section - Load Section - Principle of Operation - Circuit Design Construction and Output Video Street Lights that Glow on Detecting Vehicle Movement (using AVR Microcontroller) Principle Behind this Circuit The suggested system includes an Atmega8 microprocessor, an LDR, a PIR sensor, and a real-time clock (RTC). This setup uses a light-dependent resistor and a PIR sensor to regulate the street lights. On LDR, street lights are turned on based on the intensity of the Sun light. The resistance value of a light dependent resistor is high if the intensity of sunlight on it is low. When it is fully dark, this value rises and reaches a high level. This resistance value determines when the street lights must turn on. The real time clock comes into play since the resistance value is highest at midnight. The controller determines when there is no traffic during peak hours and turns off the lights. When there is any vehicle on the road, it is detected by the PIR sensor. Whenever PIR sensor is detected it just indicates the microcontroller to switch on the street lights. Then lights are switched on for 2 to 3 minutes and switched off automatically. Another way to this approach is, one can maintain minimum intensity without completely switching off the lights by using PWM and switch them on to maximum intensity whenever it detects the vehicle. But in this article the circuit is designed in such a way that lights are completely switched OFF and will be switched ON only when there is any vehicle. - ATmega8 microcontroller - DS1307 IC - PIR sensor - LED array The proposed circuit consists of ATmega8 microcontroller, PIR sensor, light dependent resistor and real time clock, Liquid Crystal Display. Passive Infrared sensor, also called as PIR sensor is connected to the PD0 pin of the microcontroller. PIR sensor senses the motion of the objects. Internally, the PIR sensor will include an IR detector. IR rays are emitted by every thing in the world. Electronic components can detect these, which are invisible to the naked eye. IR photons of various wavelengths will be emitted by various objects. The PIR sensor picked up on these beams. PIR is originally set to a high level, but over a period of time, it is automatically reduced to a low level. It goes low whenever it detects the motion of any object. The LDR is linked to the microcontroller’s ADC pin – ADC0 because the LDR produces analogue values that the ADC converts to digital. Resistors that are light dependent will have low resistance in the light and high resistance in the dark. In the dark, the resistance of a Light dependent resistor is in the ohm range, and in the dark, it is in the mega ohm range. The resistance of LDR is greatly reduced when light strikes on it. The DS1307 is an I2C-compatible real-time clock IC. There are eight pins on a real-time clock. The crystal oscillator is linked to pins 1 and 2. A battery is connected to the third pin. The RTC’s 6th pin is connected to the microcontroller’s PC5 pin. The fifth pin is connected to the microcontroller’s PC4 pin. I2C is inter integrated circuit. This is two wire interface protocol in which only two signals were used to transmit the data between two devices. LCD is used for displaying time. LCD interfacing in 4bit mode is shown in the circuit diagram. Time from RTC is read and displayed on the LCD. How to Operate this Circuit? - To begin, turn on the circuit. - The time read from the RTC is displayed on the LCD. - Place the LDR in the dark. The street light has now been turned on. - The time is now constantly checked by the microcontroller. Street lights are turned on according to pre-programmed times. - They are turned off automatically after this time. - Place your palm in front of the PIR sensor to turn on the street lights again, illustrating that the street lights are turned on when any item is detected. - The lights are automatically turned off after a 2-3 second delay. Street Light That Glows on Detecting Vehicle Movement Using 8051 and IR sensor The above circuit shows the street light that glows on detecting vehicle movement using avr. Here is the circuit that uses 8051 and IR sensors. - AT89C52 Microcontroller - AT89C52 Programmer Board - 11.0592 MHz Quartz Crystal - 22pF Ceramic Capacitor - 2 x 10K Resistor - 10uF Electrolytic Capacitor - Push Button IR Transmitter and Receiver Section - 8 x IR LED (IR Transmitters) - 8 x 470R Resistor - 8 x Photo Diode (IR Receivers) - 8 x 3.3K Resistor - 1K x 8 Resistor Pack - 8 x 2N2222 NPN Transistors - 8 x 100R Resistor - 8 x White LEDs Principle of Operation The principle behind the working of the project lies in the functioning of IR Sensor. We are going to use a Transmissive type IR Sensor in this project. In Transmissive IR Sensor, the IR transmitter and receiver are placed facing each other so that IR receiver always detects IR Rays emitted by the IR Transmitter. If there is an obstacle between the IR Transmitter and Receiver, the IR Rays are blocked by the obstacle and the IR Receiver stops detecting the IR Rays. This can be configured to turn ON or OFF the LEDs (or street lights) with the help of microcontroller. The AT89C52 Microcontroller, IR Sensor (IR Transmitter and IR Receiver), and LEDs are the essential components of the project. The 8051 Microcontroller requires three fundamental connections: crystal, reset, and external access. The 8051 microcontroller requires an external clock to use the on-chip oscillator. A crystal oscillator provides this. Two 22pF ceramic capacitors are linked to an 11.0592MHz quartz crystal coupled to the XTAL1 and XTAL2 pins. A 10K resistor, a 10uF capacitor, and a push button make up the microcontroller’s reset circuit. The circuit diagram shows all of the connections in the reset circuit. External access is possible. When connected to ground, pin is utilised to access external memory. In any case, we won’t be using any external RAM. As a result, use a 10K resistor to connect this pin to Vcc. The IR Receiver is the next piece of hardware we’ll connect. The 8 IR receivers will be connected to the microcontroller’s port 0 pins. External pullup resistors must be connected to the port 0 pins in order to use the PORT0 as an I/O port. After that, connect the IR receiver’s output, i.e. the photo diode’s anode terminal, to port 0 pins. The photo diodes’ cathode terminals are connected to the power supply. Also connected between the anode terminal and ground is a 3.3k resistor. The IR transmitter is the next component in the circuit. The IR transmitter is not connected to the microcontroller because its sole purpose is to continuously emit infrared rays. As a result, connect the 8 IR transmitters to the 8 470 ohm current limiting resistors with a power supply. Finally, the LEDs must be connected. With the use of transistors, we must connect the LEDs to the microcontroller’s PORT2. The base of the 8 2N2222 transistors is connected to the PORT 2 of the microcontroller while the emitters of the transistors are connected to ground. An LED along with a series current limiting resistor of 100 ohms is connected to the each of the collector terminal of the transistor. The goal of this project is to create a street light control system using an 8051 microcontroller that detects vehicle movement and automatically turns on or off the street lights. This page explains how the project works. The project’s operation is depicted in the GIF below. The IR transmitter is located in direct line of sight with the IR receiver, ensuring that the IR receiver receives infrared rays at all times. The microcontroller will detect Logic 1 once the IR receiver receives infrared light. The microcontroller will detect logic 0 if the infrared rays are obstructed in some way. So, the microcontroller software must be designed in such a way that when it detects Logic 0, it will turn on the LEDs, which in this case implies the street lamp, and when it detects Logic 1, it will turn off the LEDs. Consider the two IR sensors i.e. IR Transmitter and IR Receiver are placed on the either side of the road. As per the circuit diagram, the IR receivers are connected to the PORT0 and the LEDs are connected to the PORT2 of the microcontroller. The IR receiver continually detects IR light transmitted by the IR Transmitter at first, when there is no impediment. When a car or other object blocks any of the IR sensors, the microcontroller immediately turns on the three LEDs. If the car blocks the first IR sensor, the microcontroller turns on the first three LEDs. The next three LEDs will turn on as the automobile moves ahead and blocks the second IR sensor, while the first LED of the previous set will be turned off. This procedure is repeated for all IR Sensors and LEDs. - The street light control circuit can be used in normal roads, highways, express ways etc. - The project can also be used in parking areas of malls, hotels, industrial lighting, etc. - If the lighting system implements all LED lights, the cost of the maintenance can be reduced as the life span and durability of LEDs is higher than Neon based lights which are normally used as street lights. - As the lights are automatically turned ON or OFF, huge amount of energy can be saved.

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What do Seventh-day Adventists Believe about the Sabbath? Seventh-day Adventists believe that the Bible Sabbath falls on the seventh day of the week, which is Saturday. We uphold that it was instituted at Creation and remains valid and relevant to this day, being one of the Ten Commandments. This post will show you how Adventists observe the Sabbath and why we love it. You’ll learn: - That the Sabbath was established at Creation as a memorial - How keeping the Sabbath gives us spiritual, mental, and physical benefit - Why the Sabbath is on the seventh-day - How the Sabbath helped form the Adventist denomination Let’s start by looking at the official statement of the Seventh-day Adventist Church on the Sabbath below: “The gracious Creator, after the six days of Creation, rested on the seventh day and instituted the Sabbath for all people as a memorial of Creation. The fourth commandment of God’s unchangeable law requires the observance of this seventh-day Sabbath as the day of rest, worship, and ministry in harmony with the teaching and practice of Jesus, the Lord of the Sabbath. The Sabbath is a day of delightful communion with God and one another. It is a symbol of our redemption in Christ, a sign of our sanctification, a token of our allegiance, and a foretaste of our eternal future in God’s kingdom. The Sabbath is God’s perpetual sign of His eternal covenant between Him and His people. Joyful observance of this holy time from evening to evening, sunset to sunset, is a celebration of God’s creative and redemptive acts.” The Sabbath is part of the Ten Commandments God’s holy law describes the importance of the Sabbath, as found in the fourth commandment. Right up there with all the other nine commandments is one that reminds us to keep God’s chosen day of rest holy. “Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days you shall labor and do all your work, but the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord your God. In it you shall do no work: you, nor your son, nor your daughter, nor your male servant, nor your female servant, nor your cattle, nor your stranger who is within your gates” (Exodus 20: 8-10, NKJV). God’s law was given to be a blessing to humanity—a recipe for a loving, compassionate, fulfilling life. And it’s not hard to see why. Just think how much greater our world would be if people kept even some of the commandments, such as not lying, stealing, or murdering. It’s the same with the Sabbath commandment—it’s intended for our own good. In the Bible, God told His people “to keep the commandments of the Lord and His statutes which I command you today for your good” (Deuteronomy 10:12, NKJV). But even before the Ten Commandments were ever given to the Israelites, the Sabbath was already established. The Sabbath was established at Creation as a memorial The holiness and uniqueness of the seventh day goes all the way back to the first week of creation. Right after God created the world and everything in it in just six days, as depicted in Genesis 1. And after the six days, what happened next? God created the seventh day, and declared it special—and with no hint of an expiration date. “Thus the heavens and the earth, and all the host of them, were finished. And on the seventh day God ended His work which He had done, and He rested on the seventh day from all His work which He had done. Then God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, because in it He rested from all His work which God had created and made” (Genesis 2:1-3, NKJV). As such, the sacredness of the Sabbath was built right into the creation of the earth. In fact, the Hebrew word for rested is the verb shabat. This is the root word for “Sabbath,” which means to rest from labor, to stop, or to pause. In the New Testament, Jesus affirms this sentiment of the Sabbath when He declared that “the Sabbath was made for man, and not man for the Sabbath” (Mark 2:27, NKJV). The Sabbath was established for us to take a day off from our work, pause from day-to-day stresses, focus on Him, and enjoy the world He created. What a powerful reminder that the Creator of the universe loved us so much that He made the whole world just for us. The Sabbath brings us back to our roots. It also points us to the origins of humanity’s very existence. And reminds us that God had a purpose for each of us when He intentionally created the human race. The Sabbath is for our spiritual, mental and physical benefit In our harried world of work and endless business to take care of, who doesn’t need some good rest? The good news is that without exception, God’s seventh-day Sabbath comes to each of us every week. This weekly reminder of God as our creator and redeemer is so important that instead of us going to it, it comes to us. It comes to us as certainly and regularly as the sunset. And week by week, it offers us rest from our labors and toils (Deuteronomy 5: 12-15). Jesus Himself said: “Come unto me, all you that labour and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest” (Matthew 11:28, NKJV). And one way to receive this rest is by experiencing His Sabbath. After all, Jesus said that He Himself “is Lord even of the Sabbath” (Matthew 12:8, NKJV). The Sabbath is also a time set aside to truly enjoy the world that God has made. It’s so easy to be overwhelmed in the hustle and bustle of life, and to lose sight of the fact that God is our Creator and Redeemer. But by truly resting from our own work on the Sabbath and marveling in God’s work, we can have a powerful spiritual experience each week. Sabbath is a special reminder. A special time that’s been offered to us since the beginning of the world. A special time to rejoice in the great truth that our loving God is our creator. As the Psalmist expressed it: “Make a joyful shout to the LORD, all you lands! Serve the LORD with gladness; Come before His presence with singing. Know that the LORD, He is God; It is He who has made us, and not we ourselves” (Psalm 100:1-3, NKJV). Anyone can say that they are resting in Christ. But every week, we have a chance to truly rest in what the Lord calls “My holy day” (Isaiah 58:13, NKJV). A day in which school and work are not allowed to intrude or interfere, and so you get a break. It’s as if God knew that we would need a break right from the beginning. So He gave us one every week—the seventh-day Sabbath. The Sabbath is still on the seventh day of the week(Saturday) The Sabbath is a significant part of the Bible, in both the Old Testament and New Testament. Throughout the Bible, there’s no indication that anything was changed regarding the significance, timing, or practice of keeping the Sabbath. With that in mind, it’s a wonder that so many Christian denominations go to church on Sunday as if the first day of the week is the Sabbath! We find answers in history. Sometime in the early centuries of Christianity, some believers started to keep Sunday instead of Saturday. Adventist scholar Kenneth Strand explains it as follows: “The precise sequence of events that led to the rise of a weekly Sunday is somewhat obscure. It is clear that Sunday observance did not originate as a substitute for the Sabbath. Not until the fourth century did Sunday begin to replace the Sabbath as a rest day; until then the weekly Christian Sunday had been a work-day, with time set aside for special worship.”1 Some believe that since the Jews were very unpopular in the Roman empire due to their frequent revolutions, the Christians wanted to disassociate themselves from them. And especially because nothing distinguished the Jews more publicly as keeping the seventh-day Sabbath.2 Adopting Sunday also came about when the early church started to deviate from their pure Biblical beliefs, while attempting to be like the surrounding culture (2 Thessalonians 2:3; Daniel 7: 8, 19-21, 24-27; Revelation 13:1-12). And finally, a full shift happened when Constantine decreed Sunday as the day of worship in the Roman Empire. Sunday (or the day of the Sun) was meant to honor the sun god. The sun god was one of the gods of the Romans. So despite its long tradition in most cases, Sunday-keeping is not the day of rest depicted in the Bible. Is it sinful to go to church on sunday? Seventh-day Adventists do not believe that it’s sinful or wrong to go to church on Sunday. In fact, we hold quite a lot of religious events on Sunday. Like Bible studies, prayer meetings, evangelistic meetings, etc. What’s sinful is to violate the fourth commandment that says we keep the Sabbath sacred. Saturday should be observed as God’s sacred day, and we should abstain from regular duties that occupy the other days. So the issue with Sunday comes in when we go to church and then ignore the sanctity of Saturday as God’s Sabbath. As it is, Saturday often gets crowded with all the casual errands that got left out of the week, or that need to be done to prepare for Sunday as “church day.” Violating the Sabbath in this way is going against what the fourth commandment asks. So it’s the same as breaking any other commandment. In fact, even if someone keeps all the other nine but intentionally does not keep the Sabbath, the Bible says that it’s just as if they violated all of them! “For whoever shall keep the whole law, and yet stumble in one point, he is guilty of all. For He who said, ‘Do not commit adultery,’ also said, ‘Do not murder.’ Now if you do not commit adultery, but you do murder, you have become a transgressor of the law” (James 20:10-11, NKJV). How did the seventh-day Sabbath become a central theme for Seventh-day Adventists? In the early to mid 1800s, before the Advent Movement, most of the founders of the Seventh-day Adventist Church kept Sunday as the day of worship, just as they had done all their lives as members of other various Christian denominations in America. After the Advent Movement began, and people were beginning to study their Bibles much more deeply than before. Then a man named Joseph Bates learned about Saturday being the biblical Sabbath. After much prayer and study, he was convinced of the Sabbath truth. Then he wrote a tract called The Seventh-day Sabbath, a Perpetual Sign. At first, many of the early Adventists, including James and Ellen White, were skeptical. Then slowly but surely, they began to see that the Bible did show that the seventh day was the Sabbath day and should be kept. As Ellen White herself wrote: “In the autumn of 1846, we began to observe the Bible Sabbath, and to teach and defend it.”3 Over the following years, keeping the seventh-day Sabbath became one of the church’s distinguishing traits. They didn’t keep the Sabbath in order to be saved, of course, but as a loving response to the salvation that they already had in Jesus. This aligns with what the Bible says: “For this is the love of God, that we keep His commandments. And His commandments are not burdensome” (1 John 5:3, NKJV). And when planning to organize themselves into a denomination, early Adventists decided to include “Seventh-day” as part of their name in 1860. This etched their firm belief in the significance of the Sabbath into their very identity, since it was not a common belief at the time. What do Seventh-day Adventists love about the Sabbath? There’s so much to love about the Sabbath as it provides time to get closer to God and to other people in our lives. Adventists love it because it enriches their lives in many ways, just as God meant it to be when He established it at Creation. As Jesus Himself said, “The Sabbath was made for man, and not man for the Sabbath” (Mark 2:27, NKJV). It provides time for rest, time with family, freedom from the strain of work, school, business etc. And best of all, we get to spend more time with God, marveling at the world created for humanity to enjoy. Did Jesus ever say not to keep the Sabbath? If you look through the Gospels, you’ll notice that Jesus had a lot of conflicts with the religious leaders over the Sabbath. But a closer look will show that the confrontations were never about whether or not to keep the Sabbath, but rather how to keep it. This was because the religious leaders had put a bunch of man-made traditions and rules on the Sabbath, which made it more of a burden than a blessing (Matthew 12:1-20; Mark 12:1-28; Mark 3: 1-6; Luke 6:1-9; John 9: 1-41). In fact, Jesus ministered to the needs of the hurting on the Sabbath. Following Christ’s example, many Seventh-day Adventists use their time on Sabbath to be a blessing to others. As Jesus Himself said, “It is more blessed to give than to receive” (Acts 20:35, NKJV). And Sabbath is a day that offers us a special opportunity to give. Adventists love the Sabbath because it also frees them from the day to day hustle of work. By keeping the Sabbath and not working on that day, Adventists show their trust in God to provide for them and to take care of them. It’s a way of living by faith. And as Paul wrote, “the just shall live by faith” (Galatians 3:11, NKJV). Again, Adventists love the Sabbath because it is a day dedicated at creation. And it offers them a weekly opportunity to rejoice in the miracle and magnificence of human existence. But in order to really understand the joys of the Sabbath, you’ve got to experience it yourself. As Scripture says, “Oh, taste and see that the Lord is good; blessed is the man who trusts in Him!” (Psalms 34:8, NKJV). The good news is that each week provides you with a special opportunity to do just that! Above all, Seventh-day Adventists keep the Sabbath because we are grateful that God created the world. And because we’re eager to lovingly respond to the fourth commandment. This allows us all to embrace the rest in the work that Christ has done for us in creating our world and saving us. Handbook of Seventh-day Adventist Theology, Review and Herald, 200. p. 517 Samuele Bacchiocchi, From Sabbath to Sunday, Gregorian Pontifical Press, Rome, Italy, 1977 Testimonies for the Church 1:75 Questions about Adventists? Ask here! Find answers to your questions about Seventh-day Adventists Why Do Adventists Worship on Saturday?When you think about Saturday, what comes to your mind? Kids probably think about cartoons, while parents consider it as a day to catch up on chores around the house. Others look forward to spending the day with friends or playing... What Does the Bible Say About Going to Church?While you certainly don’t have to go to church to develop a relationship with Jesus, the Bible makes it clear that gathering together with other believers can be really beneficial for your spiritual growth. For the early... Would you work for a boss who wouldn’t allow you to take breaks? Our Heavenly Father wants us to take a special break every week. Didn’t find your answer? Ask us! We understand your concern of having questions but not knowing who to ask—we’ve felt it ourselves. When you’re ready to learn more about Adventists, send us a question! We know a thing or two about Adventists.

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National Lawyers Guild (full series) Origins and Early Years | The Second Red Scare The Civil Rights Movement and the New Left | Consolidation and Internationalism Activities and Positions | Leadership, Structure, and Financials Summary: The National Lawyers Guild is a radical-left association of attorneys, law students, legal workers, and jailhouse lawyers. Since its founding in February 1937, the Guild has consistently been identified with radical-left groups and political orientations throughout its history. In its early years it was significantly influenced by communist members. During the 1960s and 1970s, it supported the Civil Rights Movement, and some of its members were affiliated with extremist groups like the Weather Underground. Today, the National Lawyers Guild is best known for the legal support and training that it provides to left-wing demonstrators, including the Black Lives Matter movement and Antifa. The National Lawyers Guild is a radical-left association of attorneys, law students, legal workers, and jailhouse lawyers. Founded in February 1937, the Guild has consistently been identified with radical-left groups and political orientations throughout its history. In its early years the National Lawyers Guild was significantly influenced by communist members, which quickly led to the resignation of most of its non-communist liberal members. The FBI extensively investigated the group, sometimes using illegal methods, and in 1950 the U.S. House Un-American Activities Committee released a report calling it “the foremost legal bulwark of the Communist Party, its front organizations, and controlled unions.” During the 1960s and 1970s the National Lawyers Guild supported the Civil Rights Movement, and soon after became dominated by a younger membership that was broadly associated with the New Left. It began focusing much of its work on protest support. A few of the organization’s members were affiliated with extremist groups like the Weather Underground. Though there were internal disputes, most members continued to adhere to some form of far-left political orientation. Today, the National Lawyers Guild is best known for the legal support and training that it provides to left-wing demonstrators. It was active in providing assistance during the protests and riots that occurred in multiple American cities in 2020, largely related to the Black Lives Matter movement. It is also notable for supporting the sometimes-violent Antifa movement. The National Lawyers Guild is affiliated with a 501(c)(3) nonprofit called the National Lawyers Guild Foundation, which provides grants to its national office and to several local chapters. As of 2020, it claimed over 9,000 members. Origins and Early Years: 1937–1947 What became the National Lawyers Guild (the “NLG” or the “Guild”) had its origins at a meeting of approximately 25 lawyers on December 1, 1936. It was conceived as an alternative to the then-conservative American Bar Association, and was intended to serve as a professional association of left-wing attorneys who supported President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal policies and the priorities of organized labor. Maurice Sugar, a Detroit-based lawyer who would later become general counsel to the United Auto Workers labor union, had been campaigning for such an association for several years and was instrumental in bringing the idea to fruition. The NLG’s initial members represented a multi-ideological coalition of the American left. Notable early leaders included American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) counsel Morris Ernst and future Supreme Court justices Abe Fortas and Robert H. Jackson. President Roosevelt knew a number of the Guild’s founding members personally, and sent a letter of congratulations to its founding convention. Indeed, Ernst had reportedly intended for the NLG to function essentially “as the legal arm of the New Deal,” and many of its founding members were active in the labor movement. Communist Influence and the Liberal Exodus. From the beginning, the NLG attracted many communist members whose politics were far more radical than those of the New Deal liberals. Historian Ellen Schrecker has written that the NLG during this era was “allied with, but not actually run by, the Communist party.” Still, a number of prominent early leaders within the Guild were indeed communists, including labor attorneys Lee Pressman, Maurice Sugar, and Nathan Witt. In September 1939, general secretary of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) Earl Browder testified before a Congressional committee that while there were “no relations” between the CPUSA and the NLG at that time, the communists viewed the Guild as one of many “transmission belts” for “having Communists work among the masses in the various organizations.” Conflicts between the Roosevelt-aligned liberals and the communist radicals rapidly fractured the NLG. In early 1939, Ernst proposed an amendment to the Guild’s constitution that would have formalized the group’s opposition “to dictatorship of any kind, whether Left or Right, whether Fascist, Nazi, or Communistic.” The resolution was not adopted, and NLG leadership “tried instead to paper over the conflict,” according to Schrecker. Tensions only grew after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact — a non-aggression treaty containing secret protocols dividing Eastern Europe between the Soviets and Nazis — was concluded between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany later that year. Ernst and other liberals attempted to remove communists and their allies from the NLG’s national board, but were unsuccessful. Most of the Guild’s prominent liberal members, including Ernst, had resigned from the organization by mid-1940. Membership dropped from over 4,000 to approximately 1,000 by the time the NLG held its convention that year, and when the newly-elected president and executive secretary traveled to the group’s Washington, D.C. office “they literally had to step over a mailbag full of resignations to enter.” One prominent liberal who resigned, then-Assistant Secretary of State Adolf A. Berle, Jr., explained his reasoning: The National Lawyers Guild was formed in the hope that expression might be given to the liberal sentiment in the American bar. It is now obvious that the present management of the guild is not prepared to take any stand which conflicts with the Communist Party line. Under these circumstances, and in company, I think, with the most progressive lawyers, I have no further interest in it. World War II. While the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was in force from August 1939 to June 1941, the CPUSA followed instructions from Moscow to portray the war between Nazi Germany and the western democratic Allies as an imperialist war in which the United States should remain neutral. Communist publications began equating the supposed evils of Great Britain with those of Nazi Germany, even going so far as to call Great Britain “the greatest danger to Europe and all mankind.” According to information published in a report by the U.S. House Committee on Un-American Activities, NLG leaders including Samuel M. Blinken, Leo Linder, Edward Lamb, Pearl M. Hart, Abraham Isserman, Maurice Sugar, and Martin Popper all attended the Emergency Peace Mobilization held in Chicago in September 1940, which led to the formation of the American Peace Mobilization (APM). The APM vigorously opposed American aid to Great Britain, such as the Lend-Lease Act. In a statement from March 1941, the APM reportedly declared that “an English victory will result in the same sort of imperialist, anti-democratic peace as will a Nazi victory.” A later report by the House Committee on Un-American Activities called the APM “one of the most notorious and blatantly Communist fronts ever organized in this country.” Nazi Germany invaded and occupied Poland in September 1939, setting off World War II in Europe; a Soviet invasion of eastern Poland followed weeks later. By mid-1941, Germany had invaded Denmark, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Yugoslavia, and Greece. The Soviet Union had invaded Finland (which prompted a belatedly announced resolution of opposition from the NLG prior to the mass resignation of its liberal members), Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. After Germany unilaterally terminated the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, however, the war “ceased being imperialistic” in the eyes of American communists. The NLG likewise adopted an interventionist foreign policy. In October 1941 — notably, before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the subsequent German declaration of war on the United States — the Guild approved an unambiguously pro-war resolution: The National Lawyers Guild accordingly gives its unlimited support to all measures necessary to the defeat of Hitlerism and to the present Roosevelt policy of ‘all out aid’ to and full collaboration with Great Britain, the Soviet Union, China, and other nations resisting Fascist aggression and to all further steps necessary for the military defeat of Hitlerism. The NLG was thereafter supportive of the Allied war effort, though it also continued to advocate for left-wing domestic social policies. In 1942, the Guild’s national executive board adopted a statement urging the western Allies to quickly open a second front in Europe in order to relieve the pressure that German armed forces were putting on the Soviet Union. In 1944, it produced a report on strategies for prosecuting Nazi war criminals, including anticipating and rebutting arguments that certain defendants would likely make, and in 1946 several NLG lawyers were involved in the Nuremburg Trials. The Postwar Years and Taft-Hartley. Membership growth during the war had been steady, and by early 1947 the Guild had approximately 2,500 member lawyers and 500 affiliated law students. At its 1946 national convention, the NLG’s social legislation committee produced a platform entitled “Program of Basic Protection for the American People,” which set forth a series of proposals on full employment, rent control, housing, and social security. The NLG argued against many of the foreign policy positions taken by the United States during the early years of the Cold War. It opposed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Marshall Plan to provide redevelopment aid to postwar Western Europe, and the Truman Doctrine of containing the expansion of international communism. The Guild advocated for close cooperative relations between the United States and the Soviet Union in the aftermath of the Second World War. The NLG vigorously opposed the Taft-Hartley Act enacted in 1947, with the chair of the NLG’s labor law committee testifying against it. In the Guild’s view, Taft-Hartley “instantly erased” many of the advantages organized labor had enjoyed over the previous 15 years. One provision of the act required union officers to sign affidavits that they were not communists; according to an official history of the Guild, “[a]s a direct result of Taft-Hartley, the labor movement soon ‘purged’ itself of radical leadership.” NLG attorneys at major unions like the Congress of Industrial Organizations, the United Automobile Workers, and the National Maritime Union lost their jobs. In the next installment, the National Lawyers Guild willingly represents communists during the McCarthy era.

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'Tis said that naught so much the temper rubs, / Of that ingenious artist Mr Stubbs / As calling him a horse-painter. 'Peter Pindar', c. 1786 Thomas Gainsborough, Joshua Reynolds and William Hogarth all prospered as – amongst other things – portraitists of the men, women and children of eighteenth-century England. George Stubbs, the fourth name often cited as one of the greats of this Golden Age of British painting, will for ever be associated with his pictures of horses – animals of great importance to the men who commissioned art in the period. The verse quoted above by the satirist 'Peter Pindar' (pseudonym of John Wolcott), suggests that the artist himself did not wholly appreciate the association. Yet from childhood he had been involved with the animals that were to bring him lasting fame. Stubbs' father was a leather dealer and currier – a treater of animal hides – and the young George was exposed to the carcasses of horses from an early age. This background gave him the interest in anatomy which led him in the mid-1750s to spend several months in the Lincolnshire village of Horkstow, dissecting horses and recording the precise structure of their bodies: the tissues and veins, muscles and skeletons. The fruits of this research were published in 1766 as The Anatomy of the Horse, with plates engraved by Stubbs. The prints, left and right, are two of a set of eighteen that Stubbs designed to illustrate this definitive work [P.36 + 38-1998]. In Gimcrack, a thoroughbred racehorse and his rider stand out against a broad East Anglian sky, a sky that occupies well over two thirds of the canvas. Stubbs' treatment of the clouds here is particularly brilliant, and it anticipates the work of another Suffolk artist, John Constable. The flatness of the surrounding ground is broken only by a clump of trees and a building on the horizon. This is Newmarket Heath, where kings had exercised their horses since at least the time of Henry VIII (1509–47), and which in the eighteenth century was becoming the most important centre for horseracing in Britain. The building outside which the horse stands is a rubbing-down house, where the animals, sweaty after their exercise, would be dried with straw. An eighteenth-century structure very like it still exists on Newmarket Heath today. Stubbs conveys a close relationship between horse and rider. John Pratt sits calmly and correctly in his saddle, his back perfectly straight, his hands steadily gripping the reins. Pratt, who wears the colours of the horse's owner, William Wildman, was a leading jockey of the time, who once rode eleven races in a single day at Newmarket, a total of eighty-eight miles. His relaxed but alert posture in Stubbs' painting suggests this strength and expertise. Although the human element was often subsidiary to the animal in his work, Stubbs' talent as a painter of men and women has recently begun to be reappraised. The image of Pratt here is a fine piece of human portraiture, as is another work by Stubbs in the Fitzwilliam, showing Joseph Smyth Esq. on a dapple grey horse, right [PD.95-1992]. John Pratt's mount is Gimcrack (b. 1760), one of the most celebrated thoroughbreds of the day. He was small for a racehorse, but renowned for his stamina and endurance. We can see in the sheen of his coat, with its suggestion of the underlying muscles, the brilliant understanding that Stubbs had of equine anatomy. Though Pratt is clearly in control of the horse, there are suggestions of Gimcrack's great power in motion – his small head has moved forward enough to tauten the reins, his rear left hoof seems to tap the ground with a faint impatience. This painting may commemorate Gimcrack's first victory at Newmarket, on 9 April 1765. The extent of Stubbs' achievement in depicting horses can be seen when we compare his work with another slightly earlier painting of racehorses in the Fitzwilliam, left [PD.1-1979], A Race on the Beacon Course at Newmarket, by John Wootton. Despite the formality of the pose, there is more life in Stubbs' standing Gimcrack than in any of Wootton's cantering hobby-horses. Stubbs painted other animals: the Fitzwilliam owns a charming small portrait by him, Isabella Salstonstall as Una in Spenser's 'Faerie Queene' [PD.45-1971], in which a pale, bright-eyed young lady sits musing in a glade. A lion stands at her feet, a white mule behind her. This is painted in enamel on ceramic, the product of an experimental collaboration with the potter Josiah Wedgwood. Gimcrack, foaled in 1760, was one of the most successful horses of his day. In his seven-year career he won 26 of the 36 races in which he competed. He was small for a racehorse, standing at 14 hands high about 4 feet 9 inches) and he started racing relatively late in life, as a four-year-old. But he was well loved by the race-going public, and renowned for his grit and bravery. It is said that in 1766 he ran twenty-two miles in an hour when owned by a Frenchman, Count Laraguais. In 1767, two years after this painting was made, a club for racing enthusiasts called 'The Ancient Fraternitie of Gimcracks, aka The Gimcrack Club' was formed. And in 1846, the Gimcrack Stakes, a race at York, was established in the horse's memory. It is run to this day, and the owner of the winning horse still gives a speech to members of the Gimcrack Club. It is not known exactly when horse-racing began in England. There is evidence that horses had been domesticated in the country by 2000 BCE, and they may well have been raced then. Certainly, after the Roman occupation in 43 CE, organised racing was taking place at York and Colchester. In the twelfth century the crusading king Richard I brought back fine stallions from the East, and during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the sport became increasingly popular. In the early seventeenth century King James I, an enthusiastic but reputedly incompetent horseman, built a palace at Newmarket in Suffolk to house the court during the many weeks he spent there during the racing season. As the flat expanse visible behind Gimcrack in Stubbs' painting suggests, Newmarket Heath was ideal for running over distance. The first recorded race took place there in 1622, although the course was not officially opened until 1636, during the reign of Charles I. In England the sport survived Puritanism, Oliver Cromwell and the Republic, and when the monarchy was restored in 1660, it became more popular and better patronised than ever. The new King Charles II was passionate about the turf, and was himself an excellent rider. He established an annual race, The Town Plate, in 1666 – the first horserace to have its own set of rules. Charles himself rode to victory in the race in 1671. The eighteenth century saw a transformation of the sport in Britain. Horse-racing retained its connections with royalty and the aristocracy, but at the same time it was opened up to a much wider public. Indeed it has been said that 'race-courses were perhaps the greatest force for democracy in Georgian England'. John Pratt, shown here mounted upon Gimcrack, and Gimcrack's owner, William Wildman, are two examples of men who benefited from this democratisation. Wildman was a tradesman, a successful Smithfield butcher, who had amassed a large enough fortune to own and maintain his own thoroughbreds. Pratt was the first man 'of plebeian origin' to become a full member of the Jockey Club, founded in 1752 – an institution founded to apply rules and regulations to racing. Every modern thoroughbred (that is a horse bred specifically for racing) can trace its ancestry back to three stallions foaled between 1680 and 1724 and imported to England: the Byerley Turk, the Darley Arabian and the Godolphin Arabian. It is to this last horse, foaled in about 1724, that Gimcrack could trace his ancestry. William Wildman, for whom painted; his posthumous sale, Christie's, 19-20 January 1787, second day's sale, lot 71 ('The famous horse Gimcrack'), bt. Woodburn (?father of the dealer Samuel Woodburn) £17 6s. 6d.; Sir Walter Gilbey (by 1895); sold Christie's, 11 June 1915, lot 391, bt. Dean (? a York dealer: not a name known to present members of the London trade), £231; Sir William Pierrepont Wilson-Todd, Bt., of Halneby Hall, Croft, Yorkshire (who d. 13 February 1925, s.p., whereupon the baronetcy became extinct), presented by his widow to the Yorkshire Club, 12 May 1925; sold (when the Yorkhshire Club was virtually sold up) September 1957 to Agnew's, from whom bt. by Lady Adeane; her son James Adeane From the Abbott, Fairhaven, Gow, Jones, Perceval, Webb and University Purchase Funds after a public appeal through the Friends of the Fitzwilliam with subscriptions led by their Majesties the Queen and Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother and contributions from the National Heritage Memorial Fund, the Victoria and Albert Museum Grant-in-Aid, the National Art Collections Fund, the Pilgrim Trust and the British Sporting Art Trust, through Michael Tollemache.

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This article is sponsored by Gr3n. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most widely used polymers all around the world. At the end of its life, it is mechanically recycled or landfilled/incinerated. PET wastes not mechanically reused can be depolymerized via chemical processes to recover the monomers than can be used to produce new “virgin” PET. gr3n developed a revolutionary chemical process to recycle post-consumer waste from several types of PET products (like bottles, food containers and polyester clothes) in a closed-loop cycle, obtaining as output pure terephthalic acid (TPA) and mono ethylene glycol (MEG) that currently feed the PET production cycle. Customers are PET producers pushed by global brands, who make extensive use of PET and that are embracing greener policies, as well as municipalities and recyclers. PET is the second most used polymer in the world after Polyethylene. The global PET market is worth around 110 B€, 27 B€ of which go to packaging (expected to reach 35 B€ by 2023) and 80 B€ to polyester (growing 8.0% year over year up to 2024). Translated into volumes, the expected global PET demand by 2022 is around 80 million metric tons (30% bottles, 70% polyester), growing at a 4% rate year of year. Such trends are important for advanced recycling, as they both represent the global demand and give an indication of the expected availability of the raw material used for the process. Figure 1. The main market for polyester is textile, although the packaging value chain is more developed In fact, advanced recycling’s feedstock is any PET-based post-consumer waste, as bottles, trays and textiles, in an amount that can vary quite a lot depending on the technology: each year 70 B€ - 110 B€ of plastic packaging material is wasted from the economy. If we only consider PET bottles and packaging, 25 million tons/year are recovered globally, around 85% of which can hardly be recycled. As an example, around 1 Mt/y of European PET waste recovered is composed of colored PET baled bottles, which have a very limited market value compared to colorless. The situation is even worse if we also take into consideration polyester, because it cannot be treated and is sent to landfills or incineration only. Figure 2. The polyester lifecycle: from monomers production to disposal Hard data are the best way to describe how plastics are challenging our eco-system: Such high rate of production and low rate of re-use and recycling has brought us to the point where in just over 100 years synthetic plastics have gone from being essentially non-existent to one of the biggest environmental and social problems faced by the planet today. In 2018 the EU Commission launched the European Strategy for Plastics , which spurred the development of several initiatives such as the ban of single-use plastics from 2021 (“Single-use Plastics Directive Proposal” ), the birth of the Circular Plastic Alliance to foster the market of recycled plastics in Europe, and the 2018 campaign calling stakeholders to submit voluntary pledges for recycled plastics. Different countries are setting targets and tax programs to control recovery and recycling of PET. For example, Sweden has a deposit program for bottles where end users pay and are then refunded by putting the used bottles into recycling machines. Germany is activating various recycling initiatives, where manufactures also pay a fee based on weight and material type. In Europe, plastic producers are charged with an environmental contribution for plastic packaging. A new EU legislative framework on waste has entered into force in July 2018 setting clear targets for reduction of waste and establishing an ambitious and credible long-term path for waste management and recycling. Key elements include a common EU target for recycling 70% of packaging waste by 2030 while separate collection obligations are strengthened and extended to textiles (by end 2025). The European Commission initiatives are placing EU as a world leader in plastic management and sustainable alternatives to avoid marine pollution, as recently remarked by President Ursula von der Leyen in her speech about the adoption of the European Green Deal. At the same time, also the US are embracing greener environmental policies, moving from only 3 cities with single-use plastic ban in 2008 to 388 in 2018 and more than 2100 forecasted from 2030. The production of PET starts with the extraction of crude oil. This non-renewable fossil fuel resource consists of thousands of different organic compounds, including pure hydrocarbons, and molecules with functional groups containing oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and certain minerals. There are two main methods for removing fossil fuels from the ground: mining and drilling. Mining is used to extract solid fossil fuels, such as coal, by digging, scraping, or otherwise exposing buried resources. Drilling methods help extract liquid or gaseous fossil fuels that can be forced to flow to the surface, such as conventional oil and natural gas. Both processes carry serious health and environmental impacts, as consumes energy and disrupts the surrounding ecosystem. Because crude oil is such a complex mix, it must be refined and processed to obtain the building blocks of PET, i.e., ethylene glycol (EG) and terephthalic acid (TPA). This is achieved by heating, distillation and other processes that release harmful toxins such as BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene), particulate matter, nitrogen oxides (NOx), SO2 and CO. If not controlled, these compounds can contribute to air pollution and global warming. Furthermore, oil and the chemicals used during extraction are often spilled. The building blocks for PET can also be obtained from recycled materials or renewable resources such as CO2 and biomass. Given the abundance of CO2 and the threat it poses, carbon capture and utilization are now considered not only viable but possibly essential for future value chains. Laboratory-scale electrochemical systems can efficiently convert CO2 into chemical building blocks (such as ethylene glycol) to obtain polymers but more research and development is required to optimize and scale up this technology. Whereas CO2 conversion technology is not yet mature, ethylene glycol has been produced from biomass for many years, and industrial biobased processes for the production of TPA are emerging . However, the economic feasibility of biobased production is currently limited. As a consequence, less than 1% of PET production in 2018 was partially biobased, meaning that ethylene glycol was derived from biobased sources, but TPA was still produced from oil. Key recommendations to improve the sustainability of polyester manufacturing at the raw material stage therefore include phasing out the use of fossil fuels as a material source for PET production and for the provision of energy. The raw materials can be replaced with recycled chemicals and/or renewable feedstocks, depending on which has the smallest environmental footprint (verified through LCA) and the energy requirements can be provided by renewable sources. The most common method for the recycling of plastic waste is mechanical recycling. This process typically includes collection, sorting, washing and grinding of the material. Steps may occur in a different order, multiple times or not at all, depending on the origins and composition of the waste. Some examples: Although a broad variation in recycling and recovery rate of waste plastics exists within Europe, almost 8 Mt of plastics waste were still landfilled in Europe in 2014. This amount of plastics corresponds to almost 100 million barrels of oil . Worldwide, the amount of plastics ending up in landfill is almost half of the produced amount, being 150 Mt annually. This amount of plastics is quite considerable; hence it has high potential to be used as feedstock for the production of valuable products or to be used for energy recovery. The latter being less favorable from an environmental point of view, the energy content of plastic is nonetheless comparable with heating oil, respectively 42.6 MJ/l and 443.5 MJ/kg. Hence, a cheap source of energy can be found in using them as secondary fuel. However, incineration of plastics introduces the need of advanced pollution control measures, highly regulated by the EU Hazardous Waste Incineration Directive. Energy recovery of plastic waste yields toxic and noxious dioxins that should be carefully monitored. Processing difficulties such as those caused by the use of coatings and paints complicate the process of mechanical recycling. Also, contaminants can be not completely soluble and can induce phase separation, with a negative impact on the mechanical properties as a result. Chemical recycling is the broad term used to describe a range of emerging technologies in the waste management industry which allow plastics to be recycled, that are difficult, impossible or uneconomic to recycle mechanically. The goal is to be able to upcycle the material, so to recycle it in a way that the resulting product is of a higher value than the original item, and in particular to create an object of greater value from a discarded object of lesser value. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a thermoplastic polymer synthesized through a polycondensation reaction between mono ethylene glycol (MEG) and terephthalic acid (TPA), or through a transesterification reaction between dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) and MEG. Figure 3. Synthesis of PET starting from TPA and MEG. It means it is possible to chemically recycle in different ways: The pyrolysis of PET (normally at > 450°C) yields TPA and oligomers thereof, which can be further hydrolyzed to obtain the TPA monomer. Pyrolysis generally leads to other liquid and gaseous side-products, reducing process efficiency, and necessitating costly separation steps. Although interesting, this is probably not the best option for polyesters, but it can be largely applied got other polymers like polyolefins. Another method to depolymerize PET into its monomers is through methanolysis. In this process, methanol reacts with PET at high temperatures (180–280 °C) and pressures (20–40 atm) in the presence of a catalyst. This reaction leads to the formation of DMT and EG, which can then be used to resynthesize PET through a transesterification reaction. A major drawback of this method, outside of the high temperatures and pressures (there are new technologies that are working at low temperature and pressure), is again the purification process. The crude product contains not only DMT and EG but also other alcohols and phthalate derivatives. Glycolysis of PET is an area that has been widely studied. This is a very versatile process due to the various potential applications of the products obtained. In this process, PET is depolymerized by glycols to form monomers, oligomers, and/or polyols, which can then be used for different applications. Some of the glycols that have drawn particular recent interest for this application include ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol (DEG), propylene glycol, butylene glycol, and dipropyleneglycol (DPG). If EG is used to depolymerize PET, the major product formed is bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), which can be used to synthesize PET. A challenge in these promising reactions is the immiscibility of PET with the polyols. gr3n process: a new way to approach chemical recycling Another chemical process that has shown great promise for the depolymerization of PET into its monomeric units is hydrolysis (reaction with water at elevated temperatures and/or with a catalyst). The products yielded from this method are TPA (or a terephthalate salt)and MEG. There are three different types of hydrolysis that have been studied in greatest detail: acidic, alkaline, or neutral hydrolysis. The most common acid used is sulfuric acid. Although the yields obtained from this method are generally high, separation of the EG from the highly acidic solution is a major drawback of this method. Alkaline hydrolysis generally employs aqueous solutions of 4–20 wt% NaOH. This process yields the sodium terephthalate and MEG in relatively good yields, up to 100% PET conversion. However, longer reaction times (3–5 hr) and high temperatures (> 200 °C) than needed for acidic hydrolysis techniques are notable drawbacks of this method. Neutral hydrolysis, without the need for stoichiometric acid or base, would be ideal, but these processes generally produce low purity monomers and have relatively slow rate of reaction. If PET plastic products were consistent in their resin composition, color, transparency, weight and size, everything would be easier, as waste plastics could be recycled all together (like aluminum, which shows the highest rates of recycling globally). On the contrary, with millions of different PET/polyester plastic products and packages on the market, clearly this is not the case. gr3n proposes a completely new way to break this vicious circle and create virgin plastic from waste. Our vision is to enable the first truly circular approach to PET recycling, empowered by our patented technology able to break any kind of PET/polyester into its two main building blocks, for creating new virgin-like PET plastics and polyester infinitely and cost-effectively. We are feeding the process with two things: post-industrial and/or post-consumer feedstock, both from packaging and textile, and energy, as we are running a chemical reaction. The first step is grinding the materials, reducing it into smaller pieces, in order to increase the surface area of the material and therefore the contact surface with the solvolytic mixture. The solvolytic mixture consists of an alkaline hydroxide in ethylene glycol (MEG), and is prepared in a mixing unit. The ground material coming from the grinding unit, and the solvolytic mixture are mixed to form a heterogeneous reaction mixture and left to react in a microwave reactor. Microwaves with frequency between 300 MHz and 300 GHz and power density between 1 W/L and 1000 W/L are sent into the microwave chamber. The reaction with the solvolytic mixture of NaOH (or KOH or other alkaline hydroxide) in ethylene glycol produces a solution of terephthalic acid (TPA) and/or its salts (for example, sodic or potassic salt) in ethylene glycol. Advantageously, the reaction temperature is between approximately 150 and approximately 350°C and the pressure between approximately 1 atm and approximately 20 atm. The reaction is quite fast (i.e., around 10 minutes). The distillation unit is fed with the reaction products coming from the filtering unit (comprising mainly a solution of terephthalic acid and/or its salts in ethylene glycol) and produces ethylene glycol, a solution of terephthalic acid and/or relative salts, and waste products. The precipitation unit receives a solution containing terephthalic acid to be recovered, obtained from the distillation unit, to which water is added. The solution is treated in the precipitation unit with mineral acids (i.e HCI) until achieving a pH of approximately 2÷3, thus obtaining precipitation of the terephthalic acid; the terephthalic acid is removed, in the filtering and/or centrifugation unit, from the acid aqueous solution and then sent to the washing unit and to the drying unit. Terephthalic acid is obtained with a purity level sufficient to undergo a new polymerization reaction. The aqueous acid solution resulting from the removal of the terephthalic acid is neutralized in the neutralization unit with alkaline bases, up to neutral pH; the resulting salts, are used in the electrolysis unit for an electrolytic chloralkali process. With this approach we can close the textile to textile loop, but also we can close a smaller loop in our own process, avoiding to feed the process every time with new chemicals. Figure 4. gr3n process as a part of the new polyester lifecycle. Compared to other companies that are working in the chemical recycling of PET, gr3n can leverage the following competitive advantages: The value chain related with packaging recycling, and in particular with PET bottles, is quite developed: Mechanical recycling can manage colorless and light blue material without problems, so there is already a market behind it, and the feedstock is then already valorized. Some of the companies are able to reuse their post-industrial waste but this is just a small amount compared to the whole amount of PET employed. Some examples are PET films used as support for other application, colored films, opaque bottles, multilayers materials, etc., that it is not possible/inconvenient to recycle via mechanical recycling. There is a huge difference when the feedstock is textile, as there is no such a structured behind collection, sorting and recycling. Although there is already mechanical recycling in place for textile, there are more or less the same limitations for packaging, as it is not possible to manage highly colored textiles, etc. The result is a product downcycling, which you can use for lower value applications, maybe with some additives. Our solution is P-Turn, a program that is organized in four phases: Mapping, Building, Connecting, Closing. The goal is to allow everyone who has feedstock available to provide us with their material in the most efficient way. We will recycle the material, avoiding incineration and landfill. This means the stakeholders will be able to reduce their carbon footprint by leaving the carbon into the loop: this means reducing CO2 emission and saving non-renewable sources. Here a brief description of each phase: Join P-Turn program is pretty simple: you have just to go to https://p-turn.gr3n-recycling.com/join.html , complete the form providing us with your data, and create a simple login. Figure 5. P-Turn registration form As this is a one-to-one relationship between the customer and gr3n, all the data collected will be managed securely by gr3n. At the end of each phase, we will provide timeous information on how everything is progressing. Figure 6. P-Turn Login form Statista. Global plastic production from 1950 to 2017. (2019). Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/282732/global-production-of-plastics-since-1950/ Plastics-Europe. Plastics-the Facts 2018 An analysis of European plastics production, demand and waste data. (2018). Lebreton, L. et al. Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic. Sci. Rep. 8, 4666 (2018). World Economic Forum. The New Plastics Economy. (2016) F. Wang, Z. Tong, ChemistrySelect 2016, 1, 5538. Plastics Europe, 2015

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The corpus luteum during pregnancy has several functions. It is the remains of the ovarian follicle that has released a mature ovum during a previous ovulation. Formed during the luteal phase (ovary) ( secretory phase, uterus) of the . Progesterone levels peak in the middle of the luteal phase (8,9). Cysts less than 2cm in size rarely cause issues and generally need no treatment. An official website of the United States government. - Amount of adipose tissue determines size of breast - Milk-secreting alveoli open by ____ ducts at the nipple - Areola is pigmented area around nipple - Suspensory (___) ligaments suspend breast . Its size depends on the size of its central blood clot, but it is normally no larger than its antecedant follicle, unless pregnancy ensues. is. After ovulation, follicle is transformed into corpus luteum. THE CORPUS LUTEUM After ovulation, empty follicle becomes a ____ - Corpus Luteum secretes: a.) Corpus luteum produces progesterone. After ovulation the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen. Functions as an endocrine organ (produce progesterone and estrogens) supporting pregnancy and preventing menstruation (loss of the endometrial lining). The secretion of hormones from the corpus luteum will stop within 14 days after ovulation if the oocyte is not fertilized, and it then degenerates into a scar. The corpus luteum is the major source of sex steroid hormones secreted by the postovulatory ovary. What happens to corpus luteum after placenta takes over? Now we're on the 2nd month and everything was proceeding as planned. Ovulation happens when these cysts are around 2 to 3 cm in size. If the egg is not . Luteolytic effects of PGF on the CL have been attributed to: (1) a decrease in luteal blood flow; (2) a reduction in LH receptors; (3) uncoupling of LH receptor (LHCGR) from adenyl cyclase; (4) activation of protein kinase C; (5) influx of high levels of calcium and/or; (6) activation of a cytotoxic cascade. Contents Our aim was to compare Corpus luteum (CL) development and blood plasma concentration . The corpus luteum is made up of lutein cells (from the Latin luteus, meaning "saffron-yellow"), which develop immediately following ovulation, when yellow pigment and . Clinical symptoms are mainly due to peritoneal irritation by the blood effusion. 1 1. After ovulation, the egg survives in the fallopian tube where it survives for up to 12 hours and must be fertilized by a sperm within that time if pregnancy is to be achieved. Best of Pregnancy. During ovulation, an egg is released from a dominant follicle. An official website of the United States government. Corpus Luteum Definition. (about 3/4 of an inch to 2 inches) in size. Baby Names. Follicle size alone has been the most common and simplest criterion to estimate the time of ovulation. Last month I ovulated on my own for the first time since I was 16 (woo hoo). What Happens To The Corpus Luteum After Ovulation? A relatively accurate assessment of size, especially when the follicle has lost its spherical shape, is determined by calculating the average of two lines of measurement from a frozen ultrasound image. Corpus Luteum the remaining follicle after ovulation Clot forms from bleeding from ANAT 2011 at The University of Sydney It is formed in an ovary at the site of a follicle, or sac, that has matured and released its ovum, or egg, in the process known as ovulation. It is an important contributor of steroid hormones, particularly progesterone, and is critical for the maintenance of early pregnancy. So, after ovulation, the corpus luteum appears - a short-lived glandular organ, the formation of which takes place in the luteal female phase. During the first several days after ovulation, . As the corpus luteum develops 4-8 days after ovulation, it appears as an echogenic structure of approximately 15 mm in size. There is no scientific evidence that the size or shape of the corpus luteum in early pregnancy is associated with any pregnancy complications such as an early miscarriage. After releasing the egg, the follicle is empty. Unfortunately, BFN. The hormones secreted, mainly progesterone, ready the body for pregnancy. - theca interna and granulosa cells are not luteal cells and secrete progesterone andestrogen - if pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum enlarges and becomes corpus luteum of pregnancy- if pregnancy doesn't occur, corpus luteum degenerates to corpus albicans after 10-12 days (decreases . Corpus luteum size remained stable until day 90 in hCG . 4, 5, 13 Briefly, a line is drawn from border to border of the greatest antral area using . The aim of this study was to assess ultrastructural changes of corpus luteum after ovarian induction using human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) during luteal phase at implantation period. Embryo releases human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG). Corpus luteum size then statistically significantly declined at 10 to 13 weeks' gestation, with a mean diameter of 16.85 mm. This cyst is actually a group of cells inside your ovaries that forms during each menstrual cycle. Within a week after ovulation, the corpus luteum in the ovary fades and disappears at the time of the next menstruation or vice versa - it increases even more actively (if . Corpus luteum is formed immediately after ovulation and degenerates into corpus albicans, which is a fibrous body composed of an aggregate of . The remnants of the follicle after ovulation is referred to as the corpus luteum and ranges from 2-5 cm in diameter but involutes as it matures. The hormones secreted, mainly progesterone, ready the body for pregnancy. The corpus luteum secretes estrogens and progesterone. The ruptured follicle forms the corpus luteum (CL), which secretes the hormones that prepare the uterus for pregnancy. Start Over. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias (Dec 2015) . 12, 16, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 60 and 90 after ovulation and gestational sac from day 12 after ovulation in pregnant (P) mares; nonpregnant (NP) were followed until oestrus returned. . In the absence of conception, the yellow gland disappears, appearing again after the next ovulation. In the absence of conception, the yellow gland disappears, appearing again after the next ovulation. . The corpus luteum begins to decrease in size at around 10 weeks of pregnancy. Luteal-phase dysfunction can ____ - completes the preparation of uterine lining . after ovulation, follicle is transformed into corpus luteum. Without the corpus luteum, the second half of the menstrual cycle would not be able to occur. . Science topic Corpus Luteum. Over the first 10 days of the estrous cycle, the corpus luteum matures and increases in size. See Page 1. Functions as an endocrine organ (produce progesterone and estrogens) supporting pregnancy and preventing menstruation (loss of the endometrial lining). Secretory phase - After about 9 days the egg attaches to the uterus wall (implantation). Citation in PubAg 35; The corpus luteum itself is a vital, but temporary temporary endocrine structure. Such a structure is responsible for maintaining a full cycle and carrying the fetus. Registry. It appears right after an egg leaves your ovary ( ovulation ). For women over 45, treatment options may differ. As a result, ovulation stops for those months, and the cyst dies. 21-28 If the egg was fertilized: Luteal phase - The corpus luteum continues to release progesterone. (about 3/4 of an inch to 2 inches) in size. When corpus luteum degenerates? disorders of ovulation and the corpus luteum can manifest, including anovulatory . It actively grows and reaches, by the 20th day of the cycle, a diameter of 2.5-2.7 cm. After ovulation, some women have a . Corpus Luteum Definition. . The corpus luteum reaches its maximum size and produces the most progesterone at mid-cycle (around . The yellow body derived from the ruptured OVARIAN FOLLICLE after OVULATION. After ovulation, the egg survives in the fallopian tube where it survives for up to 12 hours and must be fertilized by a sperm within that time if pregnancy is to be achieved. . Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum, which is the area on the ovary created by the collapsed follicle that contained the ovulated egg. So, after ovulation, the corpus luteum appears - a short-lived glandular organ, the formation of which takes place in the luteal female phase. Of 237 women in whom both ovaries . . After the ovulation the follicle is transformed in corpus hemorrhagicum with internal echoes. Following the release of the egg and subsequent fertilization, the follicle. In most cases, physicians prescribe oral contraceptives for three or six months. It is the temporary endocrine glands give the granulosa cells for the follicle, ovary escape out of the follicle after ovulation. Learn how the corpus luteum can affect fertility, causes of a corpus luteum defect and symptoms that could result, and treatment options for this defect. After ovulation, the ruptured follicle in the ovary collapses and the remaining granulosa cells are modified into an endocrine structure called the corpus luteum. The average size of the ovaries in premenopausal women is 3.5 2.5 1.5 cm (length height width) and in postmenopausal women is 2.0 1.5 1.0 cm. Ovulation and normalcy of the luteal phase were confirmed by the hormonal values. . The corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone, maintaining optimum conditions for implantation if the ovum is fertilised: it reaches a maximum size at ~10 weeks and finally resolves at around 16-20 weeks. A novel right-sided ovulation bias occurs in human beings. The corpus luteum forms after a follicle has released an egg during ovulation. 108. This happens about 10 to 12 days after ovulation, or two to three days before menstruation starts. *The corpus luteum grows in size *Endometrium gets thicker *Toward the end of this phase, both estrogen and progesterone levels decline. Cysts can produce painful symptoms. Its size depends on the size of its central blood clot, but it is normally no larger than its antecedant follicle, unless pregnancy ensues. The elusive corpus luteum is a temporary structure with crucial roles in ovulation and the beginning stages of pregnancy in women. It is accompanied by the maturation of the corpus luteum. Toggle facets Limit your search Text Availability. However, it's possible (though unlikely) for a corpus luteum cyst to rupture or twist on the . - theca interna and granulosa cells are not luteal cells and secrete progesterone andestrogen - If pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum enlarges and becomes corpus luteum of pregnancy- If pregnancy doesn't occur, corpus luteum degenerates to corpus albicans after 10-12 days . After ovulation, these increases in estrogen and progesterone prime the uterus wall for implantation of a potential embryo. However, if pregnancy doesn't occur, the corpus luteum slowly disintegrates. This Video shows Corpus luteum after ovulation. Treatments were 1) control; 2) LHRH antagonist starting 2 days before the preovulatory LH surge (Antagonist [Ant] 2); 3) LHRH antagonist at initiation of the preovulatory LH surge (Ant 0); and 4) LHRH . Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias (Dec 2015) . This rate of steroid production by the early corpus luteum is somewhat equal to the complete steroid output of both adrenal glands. corpus luteum, yellow hormone-secreting body in the female reproductive system. - Risks Of Left Heart Catheterization - German Salary Calculator - Sustainable Housing Development Case Study - Self-mummified Monks Diet - Bukit Bendera Restaurant - Super Smash Bros Brawl Battlefield - Risks Of Coastal Flooding - Grand Central Station To Empire State Building - Construction Contract Interpretation

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Increase in the amount of energy hitting the earth has caused a great concern to the world. Thus, the world is deliberating and advocating for reduced energy emission to protect livelihoods. In safely guiding livelihoods, structures, appliances and devices used, safety against destruction becomes important. Thus the invention of insulators. The world has moved from the analog to digital age, this has allowed for great inventions such as the PCB. The PCB is an important technology that is in use by various gadgets and devices. The need to insulate the PCB becomes very significant due to the high level of heat it generates. Insulation serves as the cover for the PCB against threatening temperature. Furthermore, the knowledge of the board’s assembly and its electrical composition is important. This helps in producing a quality standard PCB that meets the demand of its end users. More so, to have adequate understanding of the PCB insulation and the reasons why it is vital to design, read on. What is PCB Insulation? To gain enough understanding of PCB insulation, it is crucial to have the knowledge of a PCB itself. PCBs are the bedrock constructing blocks for the majority of electronic appliances nowadays. It forms the surface on which other elements get connected. The PCB is a mini square tablet designed of copper and it is popular in every electronic device today. Also, PCB is an electronic assembly that uses conductive materials to link digital components. It helps in the functionality of the devices, though not visible to the eye but they form part of our daily lives. Power is important to enable a PCB to perform. The PCB has the coated conductive material wiring to transmit electricity. Thus, the PCB generates heat as current flows across it on a consistent basis. Also, heat generated could be dangerous to the PCB; it might result in flames if overheated. This calls for the need of an insulator. PCB Insulation is the process of using dielectric material to split elements from the conducting layer. Insulation provides coverage which prevents unexpected contact with electrical conductors on the PCB. Furthermore, correctly insulated PCB protects non conductive metals and elements from corrosion. Failure to insulate the PCB might cause a damaging effect on the design. This might mean total loss of effort, energy and finances. But, there are various insulating materials. The choice of which most times are dependent on what the manufacturer designs the PCB for. Some of the main objectives of insulation for printed circuit board are: - Reduction or removal of signal interference between two adjoining layers - To support voltage integrity and signal on the board - Preserve sticking while running the design temperature - To support the suitable thermal delivery during production. How does the insulation aid PCB design and operation? In recent times, most PCBs come in multiple layers. This is due to technological advancements. The doubled and many layered PCBs are more solid with high speed, thick with more components on the board. These advantages are with complexities that include signal routing. To deal with these hitches, a perfect choice of PCB insulation that manages the layers is vital. The selection procedures for consideration are as follows: The insulating material that fits the majority of the classification of PCBs is the FR -4. However, interruption caused by the control placed on PCBs with high speed is a factor to look into. This requires that insulation should be high enough to defy such interruptions. Insulation density and signal layers Another major factor to consider in selecting insulation for PCBs is its thickness. If a thin insulation is the choice, the base insulator beside the signal layer might disconnect. This disconnection between the signal layers will reduce the electromagnetic interference. Even so, choosing a thicker insulator on a double signal layer will allow routing on the next layer. The Height of the PCB The depth of the PCB can be a restraining factor to the elevation of the insulation in the design. In as much as size plays a major role in the usage of multiple layered PCBs. PCB Insulation Coating A freshly produced PCB comes with the expectation of perfect performance. As well as the projection that all components of the PCBs are well suited for work without itches. Nonetheless, the PCB is open to mitigating factors that could hamper its efficiency. Environmental variables such as corrosion, dust, temperature and dirt could affect the PCB. Also factors such as voltage surge, overburden voltage and accidental impact could mitigate. The durability and integrity of the PCB could be reduced as a result of these demeaning factors. As such, manufacturers adopted the PCB insulation coating to remove these negative factors. The insulation coating provides coverage for the PCB against all environmental variables. It is suitable for use in a broad range of environments to protect the PCB from all kinds of mitigating factors. The coverage provided by the insulation coating enhances higher current incline. Thus, producers are able to match the compactness and integrity demands by end users. Define PCB Insulation Coating Insulation coating means the method of applying resistant materials to the PCB layer. This can either be through brushing, dipping or spraying of the coating material on the PCB. Thus, the PCB is well protected against destruction caused by tough environments. Furthermore, the PCB insulation coating also enhances the stoppage of electrical discharge. Insulation coating increases the lifespan of the PCB. Mechanical and heat pressure, damages during installation and brutal handling are practically eliminated. Composition of PCB insulation coating materials For a PCB insulation coating to serve as a perfect coverage to the PCB, some attributes are salient. These attributes are exceptional electrical conduction, good temperature properties, chemical inertness and absorption. Furthermore, insulation coating will enhance the resistant capacity of PCBs against environmental variables. As well as increasing the lifespan of the PCBs. The insulation coating materials are basically divided into five categories. They are epoxy resin, polyurethane, organic silicon, parylene and acrylic acid resin. This is due to various contributing elements that make up the coating materials. Categories of Insulation Coating Materials Epoxy Resin Coating This type of PCB coating is routinely applied on the PCB. This is due to its components and characteristics. Epoxy resin coating has high corrosion, moisture, and is temperature-resistant. It also has an exceptional permanency strength. Equally, epoxy resin sprayed PCB is prone to a bad performance in cold environments and it shrinks. Alteration is difficult on a PCB with epoxy resin except if it is stripped physically. Thus, damage to its components as well as excessive inner distress to frail devices will occur. This insulating coating can be solidly stiff, humidity sensitive and hard to take off. Yet, it is highly durable, defies mugginess and it is resistant to acid and soluble. Polyurethane is suitable for a broad range of applications. Due to its solid nature, rectifying any defect on a PCB coated with polyurethane is tough. The process of curing takes a lot of time which might change its face color to yellow at high heat conditions. Also, it might likely stimulate screw ravaging. Organic Silicon Coating The PCB insulation coating made up of organic silicon is best suitable for high circuit PCBs. This is due to its numerous dominant resistors. It is pliable and it provides an admirable resistance to moisture and heat. Although the silicon remnants on the PCB are hard to detach, it is poor at sustaining mechanical stability as well as resisting corrosion. Parylene coating is a unique preservative coating used in the electronic industry. It breaks the organic compound in the vacuum valve and lays the coating evenly on the surface of the product. More so, the parylene coating is the most efficient for highly compatible devices. It also serves as the best suited for high frequency PCBs as it provides total cover, it is also stout and thin. Nonetheless, parylene coating is costly which stands as the only disadvantage to its choice. Acrylic Acid Resin coating This type of insulation coating favors electrical devices. Modification on this insulation coating is simple and it is relatively cheap. Furthermore, the acrylic insulation coating possesses a very good moisture resistant ability. Also it has a flexible density adaptation and dries quickly. Fixing a PCB coated with this type of insulation is technologically simple. The process is dependent on the evaporation of the soluble. PCB Insulation Materials Customary PCB insulation materials are set up into dielectric catalysts. The catalysts are joined together in different surfaces to allow ion flow round the board. The distance between the catalysts will determine the quantity needed for insulation. PCB insulation estimator as a tool to discover the trickle space and intervals needed. The trickle interval means the smallest intervals between transmitting parts. As well as the space being the gap between the elements splinted by air. A good knowledge of the space and intervals is important to calculate the PCB insulation. Furthermore, manufacturers can make choices of insulating with various insulating materials. The purpose for designing the PCB determines the choice of material for insulation. To gain required knowledge on PCB insulation and its materials, read further down. FR-4 is a blended material fabricated from entwine fiberglass. It is a superior flame retardant coverage coating option best for double sided layer PCB. FR-4 is a cost effective material which makes it the favored choice for manufacturers. It has high resistance against extreme heat and bodily forces. FR-2 unlike FR-4 is a blended material fabricated from paper and plastic carbolic acid. Its level of flame retardant is lower compared to the FR-4. It is light and long lasting and disinfectant free suitable for single sided PCB. Furthermore, it repels water and so can be easily stroked or grinded. Also, it is the cheapest of all choices of PCB insulation materials. It is best for manufacturers of cheap end-users electronics. Radio Frequency Coating This type of insulating material fits perfectly PCBs that enable high radio frequency. It is best suitable for in-flight and aero spatial electronics. Nonetheless, a little quota of the end users electronics allows its usage as well. The pliable that has a radio frequency surface does not produce immense insulation. It can be a strong electrical waves generator if required. Metallic components are efficient conductive materials. Having a metallic surface is quite beneficial to the PCBs. Being a great heat resistor, fending off strong electrical ion flow is easy. PCBs fixed in gadgets with high consumption of current might need a metal layer to perform maximally With an exception to elements created out of stiff PCBs, varied applications require a flexible PCB. Flex circuits need a special type of insulation. It requires a tiny but solid insulation coating that permits free flow of movement The PCB insulation spray is usually used as coverage for the flex circuit. Circuit Board Insulation Insulation is as important to the circuit board as housing is important to human lives. Insulation serves as the shield against likely attacks on the PCBs. Circuit board insulation is the use of non conductive materials to detach the layer from conducting components on the circuit board. The contributory role of the circuit board is quite significant. Its existence has made the operation of electronic gadgets very effective. The circuit board consists of integrated components to allow perfect functionality. These include the transistors, the inductors as well as resistors, capacitors and Diodes. Understanding of the board’s fabrication and its automated attributes is important. This is to make sure its production is of the best quality, thus best operation of the circuit board. PCBs get descriptions in accordance to the number of layers they have. Nonetheless, during the pile up system, decisions on various parameters come to fore. They include insulation surface, their setting and kind of materials Furthermore, taking a precise decision depends on the knowledge the producer has. The factors to consider are physical, electrical, temperature and mechanical properties. In order to take right decisions, the under listed objectives will be a guidance Aim of PCB insulation among layers - Insulation aids veracity and signal - Reduction or getting rid of signal interruption among the layers - Sustain gluing during temperature inversion PCB insulation is an aspect of the manufacturing process that is very crucial. Insulating your PCBs promotes durability, integrity and safety of the PCB. PCB being the bedrock foundation on which the majority of electronic gadgets thrive lately; sustaining the growth of the industry should be a priority.

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Introduction[edit | edit source] The term 'root crops' is applied to plants which produce subterranean structures that may be used for human or animal food. They are normally perennating organs, storing plant nutrients through a resting period (dry season or winter) which are used in the regrowth of the plant when growing conditions are again favourable. The word 'root' is often a misnomer, as in many cases the storage organ may be morphologically a modified stem, eg a swollen rhizome or corm, or a tuber such as a potato, rather than a swollen root as in carrot or sweet potato. All these swollen underground organs are commonly spoken of as 'tubers'. Root crops are the second most important source of carbohydrates in the world's food: FAO figures for world production in 1981 showed 1,661 million tonnes of cereals and 561 million tonnes of root crops. The tropical world, however, where root crops are proportionally much more important, produced 82 million tonnes of root crops and only 42 million tonnes of cereals. In many tropical countries where rice is not grown they are the staple diet. In general, protein content is low, but some, for example Solanum tuberosum (potato) and Dioscorea spp. (yam), provide significant amounts of certain vitamins. The following pages briefly describe 42 root crops, the most important of which are Manihot esculenta (cassava), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato), Colocasia esculenta (taro), Xanthosoma spp. (tannia) and Dioscorea spp. (yam). Many others are of only minor or local importance, but have been included to make this compilation as comprehensive as possible. Each crop is listed alphabetically under its first common name, followed by local names. In the index of 'trivial' names (Appendix E) these local names are cross-referenced to the first common name. Selected literature references are given, but are not exhaustive; some crops, eg Manihot esculenta (cassava) have been the subject of so much study that lengthy bibliographies for them have been published, and such bibliographies are included in the relevant lists of references. Data about each crop are arranged under the following headings: Widely used English names are given, the first being printed in capitals and being used for the alphabetical arrangement of the entries and for cross-referencing. Botanical name; Family Nomenclature closely follows the Index Kewensis and its Supplements Most plants have a wide range of local names, and many of these are listed, with the country or language to which they normally apply being appended in parentheses. Less common English names are given without the country being indicated. A short description of the plant, its form and habit, varietal differences and systematics where appropriate is given. Origin and distribution Brief particulars of the origin and distribution of the crop are given. The main climatic regions in which it is possible to cultivate the plant are given in accordance with van Royen and Bengtson. The climates of the world are divisible into tropical, subtropical, intermediate or temperate and polar types. Tropical climates have an average annual temperature of above 25°C, no month having an average temperature below 18°C. Subtropical climates have short, mild winters and long growing seasons. There is a period of 1-2 months when freezing temperatures may occur, though the average temperature of the coldest month is above 6°C. The summer temperatures may be as high as those of the tropical climate. Intermediate or temperate climates, ie those between subtropical and polar, have cold winters and warm to hot summers. They vary from areas where the winters are short to those where they are long and severe. All intermediate climates have a season of frost as well as a frost-free season. The humid tropical climates are tropical rainforest, tropical monsoon, and tropical savanna. The tropical rainforest has no pronounced or prolonged dry season, an annual rainfall of 200-400 cm or more, a relative humidity of around 80 per cent and a high and uniform temperature with annual means ranging from 25 to 26.5°C with little seasonal variation. The tropical monsoon climate exhibits marked daily and seasonal temperature changes, has an annual rainfall of 100-200 cm with abundant rainfall during the wet season, alternating with a period of drought lasting 4-6 months or longer. The tropical savanna climate has a rainfall often exceeding 100 cm annually, well spread over 120-190 days, with a prolonged drought often lasting 6-7 months. The climate is hot with a moderate range of temperature. The dry tropical climates are subdivided into semi-arid or steppe type and arid or desert type. In the areas of tropical steppe climate the rainfall is occasional, though seasonal and commonly averages 20-50 cm or more annually; the temperature is variable but high at all seasons. The desert climate has a rainfall usually averaging less than 20 cm per annum, and a daytime relative humidity (RH) commonly less than 50 per cent. The subtropical climate is subdivided into dry subtropical or Mediterranean and humid subtropical. The former has an average annual rainfall generally below 75 cm, in some places below 50 cm, with most of the rainfall occurring during the cool season. In some regions there is a moderate amount of summer rainfall, while others may be nearly rainless during this period. There are about 6-8 months with an average temperature below 18°C. In humid subtropical regions the rainfall averages above 75 cm per annum, with no pronounced dry season. There are generally 4-6 months with an average temperature below 18°C. In both types of subtropical climate frost may occur during the coldest period. Humid intermediate climate has an annual rainfall which ranges from 50 cm in the drier parts to 200 cm in the more rainy sections. Dry intermediate climates have an annual rainfall which is commonly less than 50 cm. They may be subdivided into middle latitude steppe and middle latitude desert; the former having an annual rainfall of 15-50 cm and the latter less than 15 cm per annum. Plant growth requirements are arranged under the main headings of temperature, rainfall and soil, with additional factors such as altitude and day-length noted where they are crucial. The possibility of growth under irrigation is mentioned when describing rainfall requirements and any positive evidence concerning the effects of fertilisers is included in the information on soil. The main climatic zones in which the root crops listed are generally grown are shown in Appendix A. Information concerning the type or types of planting material is given, with brief mention of their relative merits, and with special emphasis on the preferred type, where more than one type of planting material is available. The usual methods of planting are given, together with details of field spacing and, where applicable, seed rate. Pests and diseases The most serious pests and diseases attacking the crop in various growing regions are noted, along with methods of control. (A list of the pesticides referred to in the digest is given in Appendix C.) An approximate average or range of time lengths from planting to harvesting is quoted. Harvesting and handling The most common and best methods of harvesting, handling and storage are briefly indicated. The part of the plant for which the crop is primarily grown and the form in which it is commonly marketed are given. Normally one form only has been selected and this is shown at the beginning of the heading; this form will be used as the basis for quantitative data given in subsequent headings, unless otherwise stated. In some cases where there are other main products, eg seeds or pods, these are noted separately. A good average yield of the primary product is given. Yields obtained in different regions or circumstances may be separately quoted. The main use or uses of the primary product are given. Additional uses of the primary product are entered under this heading. Secondary and waste products Useful by-products resulting from the processing of the primary product or prepared from other parts of the plant are listed, together with their uses, etc. Major waste products which result from primary or secondary product processing are noted, with possible outlets where applicable. Information is given on the chemical components of importance in the plant, and the main nutrients of the edible portion are listed wherever possible. The percentage composition often varies widely according to the variety, locality, conditions of growth, etc. so 'typical' figures are quoted, taken from the most reliable source available, eg FAO Food Composition Tables, recent papers, etc. Only a few publications quote ranges of high and low values; workers in the nutritional field are advised to seek local information for the food in question. Fibre and protein represent 'crude' fibre and 'crude' protein (N x6.25) respectively, unless otherwise stated. In addition, the presence of constituents that may call for special treatments, eg toxins, are indicated, and also of those that may have value as drugs, antibiotics, etc. The main processing operations through which the primary product may have to pass in order to produce a final marketable commodity, are listed. In certain circumstances, similar information may also be given for secondary products. Production and trade There is very little statistical information available regarding the production and trade of many of the individual root crops included in this digest, largely because most root crop production in the tropics is in smallholder units. Moreover, the major part of the production is consumed locally, since tropical root crops, owing to their high water content and perishability, have not assumed any great significance in international trade. Where information is available, details are provided of: (i) the estimated average world production of the crop; (ii) the output of the major producing countries; (iii) shipments from the major exporting countries; and (iv) shipments to the major importing countries. In some cases only very fragmentary information is available, in others none. In view of the extreme variations in exchange rates, commodity prices and general economic instability of recent years, prices have not been included as any such figures could be misleading. Any factors which might have a significant influence on the future supply of and demand for the commodity are mentioned under this heading. Particular attention is paid to possible competition from synthetic materials and other substitutes. Textbooks, technical bulletins, research reports, papers given at recent symposia, articles in technical periodicals and bibliographies are cited. For some root crops literature is scant, but for many it is extensive, and the bibliographies for each individual crop are selective and by no means exhaustive. Emphasis has been given to material published between 1972 and 1982.

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Are you headed to the Louvre and unsure what to see other than the Mona Lisa? The good news is there is so much more to explore and we’re here to help. Here are the top 10 things to see at the Louvre. The Top 10 Things to See at the Louvre Museum in Paris 10. Great Sphinx of Tanis The Great Sphinx of Tanis also goes by the name, “the guardian of the Louvre Museum”. Found in Tanis, Egypt’s capital during the 21st and 23rd Dynasties, she is one of the largest sphinxes you can find outside of Egypt. Impressive to look at, the Found in 1825 among the ruins of the temple of Amun in Tanis, the claws are outstretched to give the impression she is ready to pounce on you! An interesting fact about this Sphinx is that it is difficult to truly date. It seems that after the original construction, the following Pharaohs decided to replace their predecessors name with their own. They scratched out the original text and replaced it as generations went on. Today you can see the following: Ammenemes II (12th Dynasty, 1929-1895 BC), Merneptah (19th Dynasty, 1212-02 BC), and Shoshenq I (22nd Dynasty, 945-24 BC). For this reason, egyptologists range its “birth” from the 4th (2613 to 2494 BC) to the 12th Dynasty (1991BC- 1783BC). The word “sphinx” is a Greek word that signifying the close relationship between the sun god Ra (the lion’s body) and the king (the human head). The actual word in Egyptian would have been shesep-ankh which signifies a living image. The statue’s position symbolizes it as a protector of Egypt against any kind of foreign intruders. Location: Sully Wing, Floor 1 Room 338, Crypt of the Sphinx. 9. Hammurabi Code A well-preserved Babylonian code of law of ancient Mesopotamia, the Code of Hammurabi dates back to about 1754 B.C. (Middle Chronology). King Hammurabi, the sixth King Babylonian, originally enacted the law which is why it bares his name. It may not be the most impressive stone art in the Louvre, but it’s an incredible piece of history. Hammurabi was the King of Babylon and ruled from 1792-1750BC. The Hammurabi code is the most important legal code from the ancient middle East. It is older than the biblical laws of Christianity. The Stele consists of 280 laws and deals with various problems and situations of Ancient Babylonia. It is the shape of an index finger and measuring 7.5ft (2.5m). On top, you can see the figure of the god Shamash, who is presenting the code to Hammurabi himself. The material itself came from Magan in Sumeria, modern United Arab Emirates & Oman. Discovered in 1901and translated the following year. It is written in the Akkadian language through the cuneiform script and broken up into 3 main parts. The first two parts basically praise Hammurabi as the protector of the “weak and oppressed”. The third part is the actual laws themselves. The longest chapter of laws speaks about Engagement, Marriage, Divorce, Adoption, Adultery, Incest, Inheritance, and the Duties of children’s nurses. Location: Richelieu Wing, Floor 1, Room 227, Mésopotamie. Check Out Our Best Versailles & Paris Louvre Tours 8. Venus de Milo With a captivated backstory, Venus de Milo dates back to around 100 B.C. Unearthed 1820, the ancient Greek statue came from the island of Melos. It likely depicts the goddess Venus who represents love, beauty, sex, and fertility. While her name is “Venus” today, she may not be the goddess Venus at all. First of all, Venus is a Roman goddess and not a Greek goddess. Aphrodite was the greek goddess of love and thus her name should be Aphrodite de Milo. That said, she may not even be Aphrodite since there is very little symbolism without her arms. She could be Amphitrite who was deified a goddess on the island of Melos (Milo). The sculptor is also a mystery. Praxiteles may be able to take credit for the masterpiece but not for certain. Many believe the sculptor is Alexandros of Antioch living in the 2nd century B.C. Regardless, the marble statue is celebrated for its Hellenistic artistry. The mystery behind who she is and who brought her to life coupled with her charms attracts attention. Her intrinsic beauty of the face is undeniable. Location: Sully Wing, Floor 1, Room 346 (Parthenon Room) 7. Sleeping Hermaphrodite A hermaphrodite, in classical reference, is a female in appearance & swagger who possesses the “bits & pieces” of a male. Ancient Mediterraneans celebrated and sculpted the hermaphrodite as if she/he were a unicorn today. This can be seen in the hoards of statues dedicated to this sexual being built during antiquity. There are many anthropological differences between our societies to explain why a hermaphrodite was so celebrated in the past and forgotten in modern times. The Romans and Greeks sculpted this figure with tremendous care which is seen in the details. This particular hermaphrodite is of perfect composition in terms of believability other than the obvious syntax differences. If you walk up from behind you’ll see what appears to be a beautifully soft woman of practically perfect proportions inviting you into bed with her. Then all of a sudden, surprise, there are some extra parts. The bed was added by Bernini and compliments the sculpture as if they were sculpted together. It is important to note that the human figure is without comparison the most difficult things to create in art-form. This is because, as humans, we can immediately see if anything is out of proportion. The first step is getting the proportions correct. After that, you need to make the composition human-like. The things, back, and bottom of the sculpture appear soft to the touch. This is complemented by the robe wrapped around her/him. It is 100% the same material but appears to be different. Location: Sully Wing, Floor 1, Room 348 (Salle des Caryatides) 6. The Mona Lisa The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci is undoubtedly the most famous painting at the Louvre Museum, and probably in the world. It looks as though she is smiling until you look at her head-on. From this angle, her mouth looks downturned. After the painting’s theft in 1911, pictures of the Mona Lisa appeared in newspapers across the world. If you’ve ever wondered why the Mona Lisa famous, this is one of the main reasons. Da Vinci was famous for not finishing his commissions as he got distracted easily. His genius became much more evident as time went on. Things he had invented came more to fruition, for example a diving suit. He was always innovating and trying methods far before his time. The Mona Lisa is Lisa Gherardini, the wife of a wealthy Florentine cloth merchant Francesco Giocondo. Gherardini’s clothes are quite unremarkable with nothing she is actually wearing showing aristocratic status. Surprisingly instead of giving the painting to the merchant upon completion, he brought it with him to France. That is why we have it in the Louvre today! Why number 6? The portraits fame comes more from it being stolen and da Vinci’s fame than its artistic superiority. It is definitely great, but not the greatest. Da Vinci would likely agree with that since he and other artists used portraits like this to earn money and not to win “awards”. Location: Denon Wing, Room 711 5. The Raft of the Medusa Painted by Théodore Géricault, The Raft of the Medusa depicts the brutal aftermath of a French boat that ran aground in Africa on July 2nd, 1816. The remaining survivors, as many as 150 men, built a raft from the ship’s lumber to save themselves. After almost two weeks, only ten of the men survived. They endured extreme dehydration, despair, angst, and even resorting to murder and cannibalism. The painting depicts not only this tragedy but another horrifying event. A French military ship passed by the raft and did not stop to pick them up. After their rescue, this issue came to light which started a national drama. In preparing for the painting, Gericault interviewed at least 2 survivors. He had them pose for him in order to get the figures as realistic as possible. Gericault also studied corpses to get true representations of the tone and color of dying flesh. He spent countless weeks creating preparatory drawings from all angles prior to starting what you see today. The painting is on a huge canvas 16 ft x 23 ft which makes it even more powerful. His plan was to release the painting at the Paris salon of 1819 and create a controversy. The relatively unknown 27-year-old artist took instantly took center stage as a leading Romantic painter with this masterpiece. His work would influence masters such as Delacroix and Manet. Location: Denon Wing, 1st floor, Room 700 (Mollien) 4. The Coronation of Napoleon This famous Louvre painting depicts the coronation of Napoleon, which happened in the famous Notre Dame cathedral. After multiple victorious military campaigns in Italy and Egypt, Napoleon took over as the leader of the Empire. The coronation took place on December 2nd, 1804. Napoleon persuaded the pope to travel from Rome to Paris to bless him as he was named emperor. Napoleon even styled himself after Charlemagne who was crowned Emperor 1,000 years earlier. Considering that the pope rarely traveled for anyone, him going to Paris was a big deal. Napoleon commissioned painter Jacques-Louis David but gave him precise instructions of how and who should be depicted. With life-like detailing, the painting depicts over 100 individual people. It is also a Bonaparte family portrait, including his mother who didn’t even attend since she was against the coronation. Jacques-Louis David not only attended the ceremony, but also had multiple attendees pose afterwards to obtain their likeness. At the ceremony, Napoleon took the crown from the Pope and placed it on his own head facing the crowd. Kings respected Popes over time because they wanted the Pope to crown them. It was of great symbolic importance to get “God’s” approval. In the painting, however you will see Napoleon crowning the Empress. Depicting this part of the scene instead of his own coronation was a nobler gesture. The painting was an instant success with Bonaparte himself showing his pleasure. David also fully understanding his own success said, “I shall slide into posterity in the shadow of my hero.” Location: Denon Wing, Floor 1, Room 702 3. Psyche Revived by Cupid’s Kiss – Antonio Canova One of the most romantic works of art in the Louvre Museum, Cupid and Psyche is a sculpture that depicts two young lovers in an embrace. Here, the princess Psyche wakes up for the first time by a kiss from Cupid. The sculpture depicts a story written by a Roman poet Lucius Apuleius in the 2nd century AD. In the same motion as the above sculpture, Canova created another version of the ancient legend. Proserpina was the unwilling wife of Pluto, the god of the underworld. Venus, the goddess of love, tasked Pysche to take a jar to the underworld and have Proserpina fill it up with the secret of divine beauty. Venus warned Pysche not to look in the jar but what woman will carry a jar of divine beauty and not peek in? Unfortunately for Pysche, the jar was not filled with beauty but with “Sleep of Innermost Darkness”. Pysche fell deep asleep only to found by Cupid her true love. Cupid saw the jar next to her and Psyche asleep and knew what had happened. His heart was broken so he took her in his arms to give her one last kiss. Cupid’s kiss of true love revived Pysche and Canova’s statue adds life to the moment she awakes. When Canova created this masterpiece, he included a handle on the base of Psyche’s foot to rotate the whole thing. As a result, the movement of the two bodies is an important element of the sculpture, so make sure you walk around the entire circumference. Canova reached such fame during his life that they say his funeral rivaled that of Michelangelo in Florence or Raphael’s in Rome. Location: Richelieu Wing, Room 4, Department of Sculptures. 2. Liberty Leading the People Delacroix is considered one of the greatest romantic painters of French Romanticism. He was the Bernini or Michelangelo of that era. The painting is an allegory of the 1830 revolution. Liberty depicted as the bare bosom centerpiece holding the Tricolore flag of France. This was the flag that the militia bore when storming the Bastille. After the revolution, the Tricolore replaced a blue flag with the gold fleur-de-lis and has been used until today. The figure, Liberty, is not unique to this image. She stands in the New York / New Jersey Upper Bay outside of Manhattan. Liberty is famous iconography of ancient greek origin. Her semi-nude appearance is likely a historical reference to ancient Greece. It would be the same figure as the Winged Victory of Samothrace sculpted 2000 years earlier. The figures alongside Liberty represent all classes fighting together. The man in the top hat is a member of the French upper class. In the same line are a factory worker, student, and other professions along side one another. Prior to this painting, Delacroix worked directly for Charles X depending on him to keep up his lifestyle. He battled internally working for the enemy. In a letter to his nephew he wrote about,” dodging bullets the same as the heroes, deposing the enemy.” In another letter to his brother he wrote, ” “I have undertaken a modern subject, a barricade, and although I may not have fought for my country, at least I shall have painted for her. It has restored my good spirits” Location: Salon of 1831 Tours are one of the best ways to get to know the true history and secrets of major cities and attractions. Why? Local tour guides share a wealth of stories that will make your experience more memorable—often with skip-the-line access! 1. The Winged Victory of Samothrace (Nike) The Winged Victory of Samothrace is, in my opinion, the greatest sculpture in the Louvre which makes it one of the greatest in history. It is rivaled by few but likely the Lacöon Group in the Vatican Museums, and David in Accademia. It sits atop of the incredible Daru Staircase adding to its powerful energy. With intricate detailing, the majestic sculpture looks as though her clothing is billowing in the wind as she stands atop the prow of a ship. In Ancient Greece, the goddess of Victory is called Nike which is where the shoe brand takes its name today. It is believed the statue would have been perched powerfully at the prow of a ship. As you walk up to the statue, make sure that you walk up the right side of the stairs if possible, since the statue was created to be viewed from it’s front-left side. That’s why if you look at the other side of the statue, the quality of the sculpture is not as refined. It is truly the top thing to see at the Louvre and best seen in person! Location: Denon Wing, Floor 1, Room 703

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Anamorphic lenses are an asset in any filmmaker’s toolbox. As a creator, you’re faced with tough choices when it comes to your masterpiece. However, when asking yourself ‘How do I make this story look great on the screen?’ that’s where an anamorphic lens is pretty badass. In this article you’ll find out about: - What is an anamorphic lens? - When was it first used? - How does the lens affect the shoot? - The difference between an Anamorphic and Spherical lens - Why should you try anamorphic optics? - 6 Tips when shooting with an Anamorphic lens. What is an anamorphic lens? An anamorphic lens is a pretty unique camera lens. Let’s find out exactly what we mean by ‘unique’. An anamorphic lens changes the dimensions of an image in one axis; this means you’re taking a wider field of view and squeezing that same image onto a narrower sensor. Simply put, an anamorphic lens compresses an image horizontally, usually by a factor of two. It’s important to note that the images captured through your anamorphic lens need to be stretched in post-production or when projected. Failing to do this will quickly turn your magic carriage into a rotten pumpkin! When was it first used? I hope you like war stories – because this lens is part of one! The anamorphic lens was first used on French battlefields, during the First World War. The lens provided soldiers in tanks with a wider look outside of tanks – quite clever actually (sorry, Germany). Thankfully, we no longer have tanks filling the streets (thank god – I would not be an inspirational war hero). The anamorphic lens has found itself another purpose – in the filmmaking industry. ‘Revolutionising the shot’ just as it did 100 years ago – that’s pretty impressive. Hey, if French soldiers trusted this lens, maybe we should too! Anamorphic vs Spherical: What Are The Differences? Spherical lenses have less glass for light to pass through and simpler mechanics. They tend to produce sharper images with minimal distortion across the entire picture. The anamorphic lens, however, is often identified by its reduced sharpness, increased distortion, and falloff – this is where the closer we get to the edges of the image, the more distortion and softness we get. It also produces far more dramatic lens flares; this is because of the extra glass inside the body. Frame Size and Aspect Ratio Fair warning, I’m going to have to use some jargon in the following explanation – continue at your own risk. For anamorphic footage, the frame size will typically be either 720×576 for PAL or 720×480 for NTSC. To convert these into widescreen 16:9 non-anamorphic square pixel formats, you need to stretch them horizontally. With an anamorphic lens, the aspect ratio can often be more than doubles. Anamorphic widescreen was a response to a shortcoming in the flat, spherical widescreen format. With a non-anamorphic lens, the picture is recorded such that its entire width fits within the film’s frame, but not its full height. Fewer Options and More Expensive I’ve spent some time now on describing the wonders of the anamorphic lens (let’s be honest, you a little impressed, right?). However, this wouldn’t be a useful guide if I didn’t outline some of its pitfalls. Anamorphic lenses are more expensive; this is due to their rather complex construction. Also, with anamorphic lenses, you’re likely to have fewer options to choose from, most are built in 40, 50, 75 and 100mm focal length. In contrast, spherical lenses have more focal lengths to choose between. Spherical lenses tend to be faster, resulting in a lower t-stop such as T1.3. to T2 – allowing more light. Anamorphic lenses usually have a stop between T2.8 and T4, which lets less light through. Alright, we’ve gone through the two lens’ type technical differences – now lets dive into what you can expect from each! As a filmmaker, It’s nice to know all that technical stuff, but what you need to know is how the final product is affected. Anamorphic footage has a softer, more cinematographic and artsy feel. The bokeh and lights are cubic or oval. Anamorphic flares are stretched horizontally and will give your footage that aesthetic look. With the anamorphic lens, you capture a wider frame, so keep in mind that it can make a set more expensive. What does the lens do? After the Second World War, yes – the lens made a comeback World War Two, the anamorphic lens left the army and joined the toolbox of filmmakers. It found its new home in Hollywood – ‘The Land of Dreams’, or is it ‘The Land of Broken Dreams’. Anyway, the film industry quickly recognised the potential of anamorphic lenses, especially the ability to capture wide-angle shots to combat the rise in popularity of the televisions – which were at the time finding themselves in many American households. Shots from this lens created an exciting widescreen effect which could not be replicated in the home, forcing Americans to go to the cinema. Plot twist, then streaming services like Netflix and HBO came, making every living room a cinema. But that’s another story. Where was I? Widescreen was pulled off by using lenses that capture a wider aspect ratio and squeezing the image onto a narrow film strip. This is known as CinemaScope, a filmmaking process in which a motion picture is projected on a screen, with the width of the image approximately two and a half times its height. Shoot a wide field of view Cinematographers worldwide love anamorphic lenses, and for good reasons! They help achieve that epic cinematic look. Yes, I said epic! Many films you love are shot in this format. Ever seen Pulp Fiction? The lenses provide an incredible aspect ratio. You can capture 2.39:1 aspect ratio footage using your regular camera. This gives a wide field of view that is distortion-free in the centre. Even with close-ups, the distortion will be minimal. Towards the edges, however, it’s a different story. In short, it has a very shallow depth of field in the centre of the shot. The compression means you can capture much wider shots from the same spot – ensuring you don’t miss Travolta and Thurman bust out their dance moves. Widescreen & Black Bars Anamorphic lens footage is also recognised for its cinematic black bars. This is what happens when you attempt to squeeze a wide aspect ratio onto a screen that has a narrower one. This is because the screen has to fill the shot side to side – It’s unavoidable! Don’t fuss – this is what gives your film that cinematic look we all know and love. Anamorphic Lens Flares & Oval Bokeh Each lens will produce a different lens flare. This is what happens when the lens and sensor capture light. This also applies to anamorphic lenses, which will give you a much more distinct lens flare. Anamorphic creates a horizontally stretched lens flare. It’s a look and feel that you simply can’t get from any other lens. The flare effect pops whenever light hits the lens. Didn’t I tell you the anamorphic lens is unique? Now you know why! Aside from horizontal lens flares, you’ll get oval bokeh. Bokeh is the way the lens captures out-of-focus lights in the background. A traditional lens would produce a ball-like bokeh rather than oval. Shoot with anamorphic lenses: Tips & Considerations Why use anamorphic lenses? When it comes to deciding whether to use an anamorphic lens, it is very much down to you and your personal taste and preferences. As Roger Deakins once said: ‘It’s not about the type or brand of your lens, it is about what it does for your story’. Clever words Sir Deakin! If you think your next creation needs a sense of warmth and closeness to it, then the anamorphic lens might be the ideal choice. Try it for yourself An anamorphic lens is a unique lens. My advice – just try it out. I can tell you about how awesome it is till I’m blue in the face. Ultimately, it all depends on your preferences and the kind of mood you want to convey. I’ll leave you with this: the anamorphic lens looks fantastic on screen and gives a nostalgic look. Experimenting with it might even make you a better filmmaker. It introduces different framing and allows greater detail in each image. Which lens to choose? It’s difficult picking the right lens to match your style, especially with the endlessly available cameras and lens combinations. We’ve put together this guide to help take your cinematography to the next level. Three things to consider when choosing an anamorphic lens: - Size and weight of the anamorphic - Single or dual focus - Your DSLR and prime lenses What is a decent size and weight for an anamorphic lens? Large format lenses The full-size range is a great option for the budget-conscious filmmaker. Especially if you shoot with a locked-down tripod, this means models like Isco & Schneider. These are the large format lenses. Early models of these are approximately 1.3kg in weight and around 25cm in length. If you want an alternative, take a look at the replicas. Japanese Kollomorgen or American Bell & Howell are also great options. Medium format lenses Are you looking for a lighter rig? Prehaps, you’re recreating the chase scene from Casino Royale? (basically every scene!). Then medium format lenses like Isco Micro and Kowa B&H would be perfect for you. These lenses combine the build quality of large format lenses with the sharpness of smaller packages. Isco Micro is only 0.45 kg in weight and great value for most DSLR shooters. Small format lenses Small format lenses like Baby Hypogonar and Baby Isco provide an anamorphic effect in the smallest possible package. Typically, these lenses have a diameter no wider than 52mm. So, you will need a prime taking lens with a smaller front diameter to avoid light transmission loss. Just, remember that small format lenses might not stand up to professional standards. Single or Dual Focus Anamorphic? Most anamorphic lenses are focused by both the prime taking lens and the anamorphic lens. Dual focusing is not very difficult, but there are filmmakers who prefer single focus, especially when working with narrative shoots. Pure single focus anamorphic lenses A few anamorphic lenses, including Isco Rama 36, 54, can be focused by setting your taking lens to infinity and focusing only with the anamorphic. This solution is the easiest to shoot with. Dual focus anamorphic Some dual focus systems use one follow focus to calibrate both anamorphic and taking lenses. Brands to keep an eye on here are Rectilux and Rapido. These don’t affect the quality of your anamorphic lenses with the extra optics. However, they can be difficult to calibrate, especially when changing lenses in the field. Will your camera and lenses work together? Well, here’s the kicker, not every anamorphic lens works with every prime lens and DSLR camera. Generally, you should use a 2x anamorphic lens with an 85mm prime lens on full-frame. A 50mm lens on APS-C/Super 35, and 43mm lenses on Micro 4/3. Some lenses, such as the Isco Micro Anamorphic Lens, can perform well with a full-frame camera and provide a wide anamorphic view. Remember, that with a 2x anamorphic lens, you are doubling your field of view. So, an 85mm lens with an anamorphic attachment will look like a 42.5 mm canvas to paint your image on. Simply put, divide your prime lens by 2 to get your anamorphic equivalent. 6 Tips For Shooting Anamorphic Everyone loves that awesome flare that anamorphic lenses create. It makes the image look iconic and cinematic. If you need a drastic flare, shoot directly into the light. For softer flare, you shoot from the side or have the light positioned towards the edges of the image. Take care as flares can be distracting and take attention away from the actual picture. Consider your personal preferences and what you, as a filmmaker, are shooting. Just keep in mind, that overdoing the flares can be very distracting. 2. Transition your lens flares Make the lens flare appear or hide it behind an object and then make it appear again. This gives a more organic and authentic look and feel. 3. Proper Alignment and Distortion Always check the alignment to prevent an image from being distorted. When using an anamorphic lens, pay extra attention to the edges of the frame. So that when you pan the camera left and right, you can place subjects in certain parts of the frame. Anamorphic lenses force you to frame what is important in the centre of the frame. Panning the camera creates distortion, so the image is not nearly as clean, sharp or precise on the edges as in the centre. 4. Anamorphic Focus Fall-Off Aside from distortion, you have to consider the focus and how sharp and accurate the lenses are. When you shoot something that is important, be careful. Don’t suddenly focus on the edge of the frame. The subject will not be as sharp as it would have been in the centre of the frame. Working with changing focus with an anamorphic lens is much stronger and faster which might be a little too distracting for some people. 5. Lens breathing When you rack focus on the anamorphic lens, you can notice that it ‘breathes’. In other words, the subject in front of the lens morphs and is slightly transformed. As an example, when you try to rack focus into the background, you’ll notice how the person’s body and face changes. So, when shooting with anamorphic, you might not want to have as strong a rack or as fast of a focus rack, because it can be a little distracting. 6. The right angle and stabilisation You don’t want the image to be unnatural or to shoot when the sun is at its highest – it is easier when the sun is lower, and the lens is set up to capture footage with awesome flares. It is even more important to get smooth footage with an anamorphic lens – but you might have to use a gimbal. These tips can help you when choosing whether to use anamorphic for your next piece. Remember, like most things in life; practice makes perfect. So, allow yourself room for learning and improving your skills as you get to know each other. Anamorphic format is the art of shooting a widescreen picture on standard 35 mm. This style is so popular that small anamorphic lenses have been produced for mobile phones for as little as $150. I’ll just repeat that: lenses for less than $150 – that’s like finding a Picasso at your local flea market. The anamorphic lens is mostly used for cinematography but can be used for photography, as long as it gets desqueezed – just as with video. How to de-squeeze an image in Premiere? - Select your clip in the timeline to de-squeeze. 2. Click on “Modify” 3. Select “Interpret Footage” 4. Under “Frame Rate”, you’ll see a section to input “Conform To”. Select HD Anamorphic value. Hop over to MOMENT for more tips, where you can find out how to desqueeze your anamorphic footage in multiple programs with a few simple steps. Interested in trying out anamorphic lenses? Rent it now on Wedio (Available in Denmark, Berlin, Amsterdam, and London) About the Author Daniel Sand is a Co-founder & CEO of camera sharing platform Wedio, and he’s on a mission to keep great stories alive. He is a data-driven and curious digital marketing nerd with a soft spot for great video storytelling. You can follow Daniel on LinkedIN. This article was also published here and shared with permission.

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1. Credit score – This is a number used to determine the creditworthiness of a person. It is generated through the analysis of individual credit files. 2. Credit report – This is the information used to generate a credit score. It is sourced from credit bureaus. 3. Debt consolidation – This is a type of loan refinancing that involves taking out a single loan to pay off multiple loans. 4. Bankruptcy – This is the process through which a person can repay or eliminate debts under the protection of a court. 5. Trustee – This is an individual who holds authority, property or position of another person for the benefits of this person. Introduction to Debt Being trapped in the debt spiral is pretty frustrating, but it is not the end of life. In fact, according to a report by Federal Reserve, together, US residents owe more than $2 trillion in consumer debt which is slightly over $18,000 per family, and a 41% increase from 1998. Everyone appears to owe something, and most people are so deep into debts that it will take years for them to be debt free. It is estimated that one in every seven people is being pursued by a loan or debt collector. Luckily, most people are gradually working towards being 100% debt free, and you can do it too. Regardless of how you got yourself into debt, it's possible to be debt free. Maybe you paid your school fees on student loan, maybe you purchased a fancy car on credit, maybe you made too many impulse purchases at the store using your credit card, whatever the cause of your debt, that's all in the past. Now it's time to move on and work on being debt free. Think about this, 76 percent of all Americans are debtors and you can be in this quartile too. As it turn out, what you are doing to generate more income and your spending patterns have a big impact on whether you stay stuck or break the debt cycle. This articlediscusses mistakes that keep people stuck deep in debts. 1. Living in Denial When some people find themselves in large consumer debt and they are unable to keep up with rent and other bills, their first reaction is to cease checking their mails, and as such, stop collecting and studying their bill and credit card reports. Unfortunately, during the break from financial reality, your situation will have deteriorated to a point of total ugliness. Some of your accounts will have gone to collection agencies, you power will be about to be switched off, and more. Serious financial crisis will have arisen because you refused to face your financial reality and this will only keep you longer in the debt cycle. Everybody will feel for you if your debt arose from factors beyond your control such as emergency treatment costs, but the reality is, "It's still your debt." Denial and seeing yourself as a victim will only make you too angry to focus on the important thing; repaying your debt. Breaking the debt cycle is not for the faint hearted; it requires hard work, and you will need to be all in." 2. Failing to Negotiate It is shocking to see the large number of people who do not take initiative to sit with their creditors and negotiate the terms of their loan repayment. In fact, it's the very first thing you should do. Call the credit card company and request a lower interest rate on your loan. It's that simple, but most people never do it – and it can save you hundreds or even thousands of dollars. Banker and lenders are used to payback plan negotiations and it's a key activity for anyone in the business of lending. Be wise, and offer a repayment schedule and amount that you can meet without putting too much pressure on your life. If the creditor declines your offer and it's genuinely the best you can offer without crashing your life, be upfront and tell them to take you to court. Most financial professional says that they will rarely do so. Instead, they will more likely just accept your offer. Even if it's the IRS that you owe, show them that you are willing to pay off your debt and you are offering the much you can afford without killing yourself, and they will accept your offer. Once agreed, stick to the deal and make sure you don't miss re-payments. 3. Stopping to Take Risks The worst regret people have during old age is that they feared taking risks – they played too safe. Take it or not, debt is a normal part of life. If you stop trying new things or being better because you're in debt, you will most likely have more regrets at end of your life than if you paid of your debt slowly or even never re-paid it at all. 70% of your attitude towards life is genes driven. But you have full control over the other 30%. Practice being optimistic and it will ripple all over your life. Accept the fact that you are in debt, you need to pay it, and then fill your mind with positive thoughts. Psychologists argue that your words are your thoughts, and your thoughts are the life you live. If you view yourself as able to pay your debts and move towards financial freedom, each day you will wake up with a fresh breath and energy, ready to fight towards your goals. 4. Adding too Much of the Bad Debt It's vital to differentiate good and bad debts; good debts are incurred to support an investment (bring to mind student loans and mortgage); bad debts arise from borrowing funds for things that will only depreciate in value. Credit card debts should be categorized under the ‘bad debt", because the moment you purchase an item on credit, for instance a phone, it's value decreases each day, but the credit card company will continue to charge you interest until you repay the debt in full. Most people get stuck in credit card debts because they try to keep with the Jonesses. Harzog, the writer of the book titled "The Debt Escape Plan," "Posits that the tendency to keep up with Joneses has skyrocketed all thanks to social media." He tells, "These platforms have created virtual competition among users." He concludes by advising that if trying to keep up with the Joneses is keeping you in debt, it's really not worth the stress you will fill when the bills hit you and you can't pay them." Bottom line; avoid the bad debts. 1. Living Beyond Your Means It might be hard to accept, but can you afford to live in your current resident? Is the general cost of living in that state, region, or town driving you into debt? If yes, consider relocating to a more affordable region. 2. Trying to Get Out of Debt Alone Most people try to pay off debts by themselves, only to feel unsuccessful when they struggle to realize their objectives. The good news, there are two resources you should consider using if you have sunk so deep into debts that there seem to be no way out; credit counselling and your credit card company hardship department. Hardship department aims to support those people whose debt arose from serious illnesses and financial crises such as pro-longed unemployment. Most programs under this department provide waived fees, lower interest rates, and/or lower minimum re-payments. For example, if you debt has arisen from medical costs and you can comfortably pay a significant percentage of the debt up front, hit the hardship department and try to negotiate a lower rate. Credit counselling can be as basic as cell phone counselling session where you speak and receive professional guidance from a financial expert. 3. Not Having a Practical Budget Getting and remaining out of debts involves creating a realistic budget and of important, sticking with it. Your aim should be to make your ends meet on the necessities such as food, healthcare, housing, education and insurance, while still repaying your debt. Start by reviewing your daily expenses and finding ways to save. Track your expenditures for a month and classify each expense as either a want or a need. This will provide you with a pragmatic idea of where your finances are going and help you to identify some possible areas of saving. Then, use the extra amount to finance your debts. Although it is important to triple or quadruple your loan payments so as to get out of debt as faster as possible, make sure to allocate yourself enough money to take care of your basic needs. Paying off your loans and then borrowing to pay for groceries and gas is counterproductive. But don't be caught up in paying only the minimum repayment each month; it will keep you stuck in the debt cycle for very long. For instance, assume you borrow $10,000, all from a credit card company that charges an annual interest percentage rate of 15 percent. Assume the minimum re-payment is pegged at interest + 1 percent of the balance. Based on this information, your initial re-payment (during the first month) will be $225. If you make the mistake of paying only this amount each month, it will take you exactly 27.9 years – that is 335 months! – to fully pay your debt. In the same period, you will have paid slightly more than $11,979 in interest. So, if you're budget allows you to pay off your debt in lump sum, this calculation shows that it's the smartest and cheapest way out. It's also to slash away some cash into an emergency kitty well before repaying your loan. Otherwise, without an emergency kitty, when unexpected bill pops up, you will have to borrow (usually from the expensive credit card companies) to pay it off and eventually you will get caught up in the "pay, spend, pay" cycle. A quick hint; It's very easy to stay on budget with well-defined financial goals. You goals can vary widely and may include being a homeowner, starting your own business and more. Just take some time and determine some measureable, realistic, and time bound financial goals that will motivate you towards being 100% debt free. 4. Not Paying Off Credit Cards and Loans in Sensible Order Although it is tempting to pay off all your debts at once, it is advisable to pay off some before others. Financial professionals recommend you pay off credit card debts after paying off a car loan or mortgage because the former have fixed re-payment schedules. Also, it's more beneficial to pay off the cards and loans with the highest interest first. 5. Closing Accounts Immediately after Paying off Paying off your credit card or loan may give you a good reason to celebrate, but do not close the account immediately. Doing so has a negative effect on your credit score. Credit score systems depend on the money you owe and your utilization rate to compute your credit rating. 6. Failing to Save for Retirement Saving for the future is equally as important as paying your current debts. With concerns about low returns on investments, lost pension, and the availability of social security fund, planning for your future is critical. There are a lot of benefits of saving money in a retirement fund, particularly if your employer matches your contribution. Save for the future to avoid borrowing after your retirement. 7. Not Changing Your Spending Habits Although renegotiating and/or consolidating loans as well as paying off debt can put you in a better financial position, it is important to control your spending habits. Reducing your daily expenses can help you to save and pay your loans comfortably. Take your time and determine where your money goes, and look for ways to reduce your expenses. 8. Failing to Confirm Your Credit Report Inspecting your credit report for errors is a vital step in your journey to getting out of debt. Credit scores are determined using credit reports by credit bureaus. Any incorrect balances or delinquencies could be the difference in your ability to buy a car or a house or get more credit or not. Good credit score could also mean lower interest rates. 9. Failing to Establish Rational Goals for Paying Off/ Managing Your Debt Establish rational goals for paying off your consumer debts such as vehicle loans, lines of credit, etc, as well as credit card debts. Review your progress frequently to assist you stay on track and inspired to realize your goals. The following are some of the strategies you can use to help reduce your debts: Snowball your debt payments to pay them off quickly. After repaying fixed payments debts such as term loans, vehicle loans and mortgage make the minimum repayments needed on your cards with the least interest rates and maximum repayments on cards with the highest rates. When a debt is repaid in full, use this extra cash to repay the cards with the next highest interest rates. This is the snowball method of repaying debts and saves you money as it helps in repaying debts faster. If you frequently contribute to a personal saving account, consider suspending the account until you have repaid off all your debts. The cash you save when you repay your debt faster can substantially be more than the interest you earn in a personal saving account. In addition, consider using pay rises, income tax refunds as well as other unexpected incomes to pay off your debts. Consider consolidating all your debts into one debt with a certain amount of payment every month or transferring their balances to a credit card with a reasonable interest rate. As you will see later in this article, there are different benefits to consolidating your debts. 10. Keeping Track of Debt Payment Maintaining your finance in good health is like maintaining a good physical shape – both require personal discipline, good habits, and careful planning. However, these qualities are often ignored by people who want to get out of debts and thus make them remain in deep pools of debts which keep on increasing as opposed to decreasing. Avoid the mistake of not keeping track of your debt repayment through: Creating a Budget By now you know that a budget that accounts for your today as well as future expenses and loan repayments is vital. It will provide you with a clear image of where your cash is going, and how you should manage your loan payments effectively. Allowing for Interest Rate Changes When designing your budget, ensure that you leave enough room for interest rate changes. If interest rates increase, your loan payments might also increase with them. Borrowing What You Can Repay As a simple rule, keep your loan repayments on credit cards, mortgages and other debts to a level you can manage comfortably. In addition, ensure that you are able to pay your monthly bills on time – they determine your credit score. Carrying Credit Card Balances Sensibly Although it is advisable to pay off your credit card in full, there are times when you might have to leave a small balance. If you find yourself in this situation, ensure that you repay the balance as soon as you can to help keep the interest rate to the minimum. Dealing with Debt Issues It is vital to take the necessary action if you have a problem making your monthly loan repayments or you predict you will have a problem in the future. Debt issues can grow easily if unresolved. Inform your lender that you are facing financial problems to make an alternative arrangement. For instance, you might be able to suspend your payment for a certain period or even extend the term of the loan. Reviewing Your Budget We have already talked about cutting or delaying non-essential expenses to help you pay off the debts quickly. Pay off your loans or debts as much as possible every month to protect your credit score. Cut your expenditures to generate more cash to repay debts with the highest interest first. Prioritize secured loans such as a mortgage over unsecured ones such as credit cards to avoid the risk of losing your home or other properties. 11. Consolidating Loans or Debts One of the main mistakes that debtors make is to borrow loans from different firms. These loans often have different interest rates as well as different repayment schedule making them expensive and hard to manage. Consolidating different debts can result in a lower interest rate and extended re-payment period. Also, it makes controlling your finances simple since you will only have a single repayment schedule to manage. Before agreeing to a consolidation plan, carefully consider the following; Ensure that the new interest rate, including all charges and fees, allows you to save some money. Avoid the mistake of adding the cost of borrowing. Some unsecured debts may require to be secured. Make sure to choose your assets carefully, because they might be reposed if you default your payment. Although consolidating short-term loans to one long-term loan may end up reducing your monthly payments, ensure that your consolidated loan does not end up having a higher interest rate in the long term. 12. Failing to File for Bankruptcy There is no shame in filing for bankruptcy. It is a legal process through which you can be declared unable to repay your loans by the court. In some situations, bankruptcy may be the only option for one to get out of sticking debts or loans. The moment you are declared bankrupt, you are released from all major debts, but you might still be bound to a payment plan filed in the court. Quick Hint; Bankruptcy can permanently impinge on your ability to get credit. There are no minimum amounts of loans for people to be declared bankrupt, but the Official Receiver can dismiss your application if you had declared bankruptcy before. Another cost of declaring bankruptcy is that you are placed under restrictions. These include: You are listed as being bankrupt for 4 years – 5 if you had previously applied for bankruptcy – and a trustee will manage your financial affairs. You will be prohibited from buying major things such as a car or a flat. You will be prohibited from applying for loans. Your provident money might be used to pay your creditors. Bankruptcy will affect your credit score. You will be prohibited from becoming a director of a firm or run a business. You might also be prohibited from working in certain professions such as accounting and banking.

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United States Army The United States Army is a branch of the U.S. Armed Forces. From 1789 to 1947 it was part of the War Department; since then the Department of the Army is part of the United States Department of Defense. The U.S. Army is charged with the land operations in defense of the United States and its allies, especially NATO. The Army's official motto is "This We'll Defend." The United States Army was formed during the American Revolution on 14 June 1775, as "the American continental army," and has been in existence since. The Army's main mission down to 1890 was operating coastal defenses near major harbors, and manning interior forts that dealt with Indians. It fought in foreign conflicts, notably the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War (1846-48), the Spanish-American War of 1898, World War I (1917-1918), World War II (1941-45), the Korean War (1950-53), the Vietnam War (1965-72), and the Gulf War (1990-91), as well as the current Iraq War (2003- ). During the American Civil War the regular army largely remained on the frontier and apart from artillery units played a minor role, as a separate new volunteer army fought the battles. The Army is part of the Department of Defense. It has a civilian Secretary of the Army, who has the equivalent rank of an Assistant Secretary of Defense, responsible for policy and managerial matters. The Chief of Staff of the Army is not in the operational military chain of command, but serves as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, heads the Army Staff, and is responsible for the preparation and training of the Army. U.S. Army units either deployed or ready for deployment follow an administrative and operational chain of command, with many commanders wearing "dual hats". Numbered Field Armies are responsible for the readiness and training of combat units. these are pure Army units. Multiservice Unified Combatant Commands control the employment of Army units, alongside units of the other services, while Army commands such as Training and Doctrine Command and United States Army Forces Command prepare and train Army units. For example, Third United States Army is headquartered at Ft. McPherson, Georgia, but is also the United States Central Command's (CENTCOM) Army Component (ARCENT). Even though CENTCOM is responsible for the Middle East, its main headquarters, to avoid political concerns, is in Tampa, Florida; both CENTCOM and ARCENT have forward headquarters in the theater of operations. ARCENT has also provided the Coalition Forces Land Combat Component, as in the Gulf War, also responsible for direction of U.S. Marine Corps and allied ground forces. As with any army, it is built around a core of infantry. Current infantry, however, have increasingly sophisticated weapons, command and control and sensors, and are intended to operate in combined arms operations. The U.S. Army is going through a major transformation, in which the Brigade Combat Team, rather than the division, is the basic unit capable of independent action (with suitable reinforcements). Corps and division headquarters remain, but are flexible organizations with variable numbers of reporting brigades and other units. All BCT types have vastly more intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and target acquisition than ever before deployed to this level; see Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Target Acquisition Squadron and Military Intelligence Company formations for each BCT. The three main types of BCT are: - Heavy BCT: armored forces built around tracked, heavyweight tanks and infantry in infantry fighting vehicles. - Stryker BCT: organized around the Stryker vehicle system family of wheeled, medium-weight vehicles, armored against light weapons and extremely maneuverable on the ground - Infantry BCT: lightest and most easily transportable. Depending on unit training and equipment, may conduct foot-mobile, motorized, heliborne, and parachute operations Optionally, the M9 bayonet can be attached to either variant for close-quarters fighting. The 40 mm N203 or M320 grenade launcher can also be attached for additional firepower. Some soldiers whose duties require a more compact weapon, such as combat vehicle crew members, staff officers, and military police, are issued a sidearm in lieu of (or in addition to) a rifle. The most common sidearm in the U.S. Army is the 9 mm M9 pistol which is issued to the majority of combat and support units. Other, less commonly issued sidearms include the M11, used by Special Agents of the CID, and the MK23, used by some Army Special Forces units. In addition to these basic rifles and sidearms, many combat units' arsenals are supplemented with a variety of specialized weapons, including the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) light machine-gun, to provide suppressive fire at the fire-team level, the M1014 Joint Service Combat Shotgun or the Mossberg 590 Shotgun for door-breaching and close-quarters combat, the M14 Rifle for long-range marksmen, and the M107 or the M24 Sniper Weapon System for snipers. Hand grenades, such as the M67 fragmentation grenade and M18 smoke grenade, are also commonly used by combat troops. Crew-served infantry weapon systems The Army employs various crew-served weapons (so named because they are operated by two or more soldiers in order to transport items such as spare barrels, tripods, base plates, and extra ammunition) to provide heavy firepower at ranges exceeding that of individual weapons. A common cradle, which in turn can attach to a vehicle mount or a tripod for dismounted ground use, holds the M2 machine gun, MK 19 automatic grenade launcher or single=tube launcher for the [BGM-71 TOW missile]]. Some M60 machine guns, firing 7.26 mm ammunition, remain in use, but the NATO standard M240 machine gun is the Army's standard medium general-purpose machine gun. The M134 machine gun, with rotating barrels and a much higher rate of fire, is replacing it for some high-volume applications. The M2 .50-caliber heavy machine gun has been in use since 1932 in a variety of roles, from infantry support to air defense. The M2 is also the primary weapon on most Stryker ACV variants and the secondary weapon system on the M1 Abrams tank. =Automatic grenade launchers The MK 19 40mm automatic grenade launcher is mainly used by motorized units, such as Stryker Brigades, HMMWV-mounted cavalry scouts, and Military Police. The Army uses three types of mortar for indirect fire support when heavier artillery may not be appropriate or available. The smallest of these is the M224 60mm mortar, normally assigned at the infantry company level. At the next higher echelon, infantry battalions are typically supported by a section of M252 81mm Medium Extended Range Mortars. The largest mortar in the Army's inventory is the 120 mm M120/M121, usually employed by mechanized battalions, Stryker units, and cavalry troops because its size and weight require it to be transported in a tracked carrier or towed behind a truck. - See also: Future Combat Systems The U.S. Army was the first in the world to achieve 100% automotive mobility, and spends a sizable portion of its military budget to maintain a diverse inventory of vehicles. The U.S. Army maintains the highest vehicle-to-soldier ratio in the world. The Army's most common vehicle is the HMMWV (High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle), which is capable of serving as a cargo/troop carrier, weapons platform, and ambulance, among many other roles. Complementing this light truck is the Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck series. The M1A2 Abrams is the Army's primary main battle tank, while the M2A3 Bradley is the standard infantry fighting vehicle. To save wear on the tracks, the Heavy Equipment Transporter System (HETS) truck and trailer carries tanks to the deployment area. Other vehicles include the M3A3 cavalry fighting vehicle, the Stryker, and the M113 armored personnel carrier. Potential replacements are in the troubled Future Combat Systems project, and unmanned ground vehicles are being evaluated. The U.S. Army's principal artillery weapons are the M109A6 Paladin self-propelled 155mm howitzer and the M270A1 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS), both mounted on tracked platforms and assigned to heavy mechanized units. Missiles have replaced all heavier cannon, such as the 8-inch howitzer and 175mm gun. MLRS ammunition, despite the name, consists of short-range guided missiles as well as the MGM-140 ATACMS ballistic missile. Fire support for light infantry units is provided by towed howitzers, including the 105 mm M119A1 and the 155 mm M777 (which will replace the M198). There is a HMMWV-mounted version of the MLRS, the M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS). In the Future Combat Systems (FCS) project are a howitzer, heavy mortar and tactical guided missile. There is also a assault vehicle that brings combat engineer oriented direct fire back to combat units, which was last in the M729 Combat Engineering Vehicle. All of these FCS systems are under review and may be cancelled. While the U.S. Army operates few fixed-wing aircraft, it does directly operate several types of rotary-wing aircraft. These include the AH-64 Apache (the AH stands for attack helicopter), the OH-58D Kiowa Warrior scout/armed-scout helicopter, the UH-60 Black Hawk light-utility/medium under-slung lift helicopter, and the CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift transport helicopter. In addition, the Army's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment operates the MH-6/AH-6 small assault/attack helicopters, as well as highly-modified versions of the Black Hawk and Chinook, primarily in support of United States Special Operations Command. Due to its mobile nature, the Army relies heavily on wireless, line of sight, and satellite communications in order to provide commanders in the field with situational awareness and the ability to quickly communicate with their superior officers. The Signal Corps is the sub branch of the Army charged with missions related to communications. Army, and indeed ground forces communications, are in the midst of transition to a new generation, using the Warfighter Information Network-Tactical (WIN-T) as the inter-unit backbone and link to higher headquarters, and the Joint Tactical Radio System as the "last mile" from WIN-T to the soldier. The SINCGARS radio is the single most recognizable piece of equipment in Army communications. It is analogous to the HMMWV (High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle) in terms of how many of them there are in the Army. D - June 14th: The Birthday of the U.S. Army. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. - U.S. Army Fact Files: M-16. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. - U.S. Army Fact Files: M-4. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. - U.S. Army Fact Files: Bayonet. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. - U.S. Army Fact Files: M-9. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. - In Praise of the SIG P228 9mm. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. - History in the Making. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. - SOCOM Pistol Mk 23 Mod 0. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. - M-249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW). Retrieved on 2007-07-23. - The M1014, Joint Service Combat Shotgun. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. - Marine Corps Fact File: 12 Gauge Shotgun. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. - Historic U.S. Small Arms. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. - U.S. Army Fact Files: M-224. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. - U.S. Army Fact Files: HMMWV. Retrieved on 2008-04-05. - U.S. Army Fact Files: Abrams. Retrieved on 2008-04-05. - U.S. Army Fact Files: Bradley. Retrieved on 2008-04-05. - U.S. Army Fact Files: Stryker. Retrieved on 2008-04-05. - U.S. Army Fact Files: M113. Retrieved on 2008-04-05. - U.S. Army Fact Files: Paladin. Retrieved on 2008-04-05. - U.S. Army Fact Files: MLRS. Retrieved on 2008-04-05. - U.S. Army Fact Files: M119. Retrieved on 2008-04-05. - M777 Lightweight 155mm howitzer. Retrieved on 2008-04-05. - U.S. Army Fact Files: Apache. - U.S. Army Fact Files: Kiowa. Retrieved on 2008-04-05. - U.S. Army Fact Files: Blackhawk. - U.S. Army Fact Files: Chinook. - The 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment fact sheet. Retrieved on 2008-04-05. - GlobalSecurity.org The SINCGARS Radio. Retrieved on 2007-07-23.

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It’s no secret that healthy relationships can disintegrate in stressful environments. Like any breakup, the separation between corals and their symbionts can be caused by a multitude of factors, with some relationships proving stronger or more tolerant than others. Coral reefs are among the world’s most beautiful and biodiverse ecosystems, forged by a series of unlikely partnerships between organisms large and small. Though typically found in nutrient-poor environments, coral reefs are immensely productive and biodiverse, providing habitat for an estimated 25% of marine life. Additionally, reefs serve as nurseries for fish species of commercial value and as hot spots for ecotourism. Yet these ecosystems also face immense pressure on multiple fronts—from climate change and ocean acidification to overfishing and damage by certain sunscreens. In stressful environments, relationships cannot survive, much less thrive. News stories over the last few decades have reported significant losses in coral reefs and described sobering bleaching events associated with corals ejecting their symbionts. This dysbiosis occurs first on a microbial level and, though not initially evident, could result in a deserted, lifeless reef, if not addressed. Corals And Their Symbionts Perhaps the best-known relationship on the reef is the one between the tropical stony coral species and Symbiodiniaceae zooxanthellae, photosynthetic algae that provide a source of food for the sessile coral animal. However, corals form relationships with a wide variety of bacteria, algae, fungi, archaea and even viruses, which can be found in the coral’s surface mucus layer, in its tissue and within its calcium carbonate skeleton. For obligate symbionts, like some stony corals (class Hexacorallae) and zooxanthellae, the relationship is essential to survival. In other cases, microbial symbionts provide nonessential, but highly valuable, benefits to the host, like antimicrobial properties or nutrient exchanges. A diverse microbiome can therefore increase a coral’s resilience and provide abundant alternative nutritional sources if symbioses with zooxanthellae break down. “We know that [bacteria] aid the coral with nutrition and growth, mitigation of toxic compounds or stress, early life development and even pathogen control,” said Dr. Michael Sweet, a microbial ecology professor at the University of Derby’s Environmental Sustainability Research Centre, whose recent paper was the first study to synthesize decentralized data of cultured microbes associated with corals. “Some bacteria increase the bioavailability of iron to the algal symbionts or supply inorganic carbon for the host’s all-important calcification reaction—production of the skeletons which produce the structures that make reefs so important for life in our oceans,” he said. The strength of the relationship depends on the health of both coral and symbiont. High taxonomic diversity in both partners allows multiple coral-symbiont combinations with unique costs and benefits that influence the overall fitness of the holobiont. Environmental stressors, particularly temperature fluctuations, can quickly disintegrate symbiotic relationships, stressing either the coral or the symbiont to the point that it dies or physically separates from its partner. Some symbionts even have the potential to turn pathogenic if their host becomes vulnerable—endoliths like Ostreobium, a genus of green algae, may begin to break down the internal structure of the coral, eating it from the inside out. Loss of a symbiont can mean loss of a food source, and a weakened immune system that leaves the coral susceptible to disease and death. A Deeper Dive Earth contains over 6,000 species of coral, and no 2 relationships are alike, although "closely related species and genera exhibit similar microbiomes," said U.S. Geological Survey research microbiologist Dr. Christina Kellogg, who leads the coral microbial ecology laboratory and has studied both tropical corals and deep-sea corals hundreds of meters below the surface. The work is challenging and cost-prohibitive. Collecting samples from deep-sea corals, which make up the majority of coral species, typically requires submersibles or robotic devices. Kellogg brings the samples to the surface in individual, thermally-insulated containers to minimize contamination and reduce thermal stress responses in the transition. “All deep-water corals and some mesophotic (middle-light zone) corals lack photosynthetic algal symbionts, so in that sense, they have different microbiomes from tropical reefs,” said Kellogg. “As far as bacteria, there are, in fact, some that are the same across corals, no matter where they are or how they live.” For example, the chemoorganotrophic marine bacterial group Endozoicomonas is commonly associated with tropical coral species and shallow-water Mediterranean gorgonians, but recently Kellogg detected them in deep-water corals. Endozoicomonas exhibits a high amount of genetic and functional diversity and tends to dominate coral microbiomes, suggesting there might be a correlation between symbionts and their coral hosts, similar to the various species of zooxanthellae observed in stony versus soft corals. Each symbiont likely confers unique benefits on its host species. Kellogg speculates that the non-algal symbionts of deep-sea corals help make carbon and nitrogen cycling as efficient as possible in an environment where nutrient availability is based on unpredictable currents from the surface. “[The corals] don’t know when their next meal is coming, and they don’t know what the quality of it is. How much more important must their microbial companions be?” Kellogg wondered. Signs of Coral Stress An obvious sign of stress is coral bleaching—when a coral turns white upon expelling its zooxanthellae, which give the otherwise-clear coral its color. Disease, warming temperatures and cold spells have all been associated with bleaching. Although zooxanthellae can survive in the open ocean, bleaching indicates a very likely death for its coral host, as it enters a starvation period. Establishing what a healthy coral holobiont looks like may help scientists diagnose stress or illness in the early stages, allowing them to intervene before it's too late. However, there are challenges to doing so; each coral species is unique in its baseline measurements, and little data exists thus far. Moreover, as more coral reefs die, there are fewer “healthy reefs” by which to compare findings. Scientists like biogeochemist Dr. Colleen Hansel are working to identify chemical signatures that serve as early warning indicators of coral stress. Hansel, a senior scientist at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, monitors chemicals involved in the physiology and immune systems of corals and the chemical signatures that occur when coral physiology is impaired or stressed. “For the most part, corals and symbionts have a mutualistic interaction,” Hansel said. “There is evidence that a trigger (can disrupt) that happy situation. One of the members may become pathogenic or initiate antagonistic behavior, such as sequestering nutrients that the coral needs and breaking down that relationship that was critical for keeping the happy ecosystem together. A lot of those interactions are based on chemical exchange.” One chemical signature that Hansel’s lab focuses on is the reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide, a fundamental chemical produced by both corals and their symbionts on a regular basis. Under normal conditions, superoxide plays an important role in cell signaling, reproduction and tissue repair. However, an overabundance of intracellular superoxide, produced in response to sudden stress, leads to the breakdown of DNA and other biomolecules, and ultimately results in death. It has been historically assumed that a disruption in ROS homeostasis by triggering algae to overproduce superoxide causes corals to eject their symbionts. "Since superoxide does not pass biological membranes, the link between superoxide and bleaching is unresolved," said Hansel. Superoxide has a half-life outside of the cell of only a few seconds, posing a challenge for making in-situ measurements. "By the time water samples are collected and brought to the surface," Hansel said, "the superoxide is long gone." She and her team at Woods Hole, with funding from Schmidt Marine Technology Partners, developed a unique submersible sensor, DISCO, to allow for superoxide monitoring underwater at the source. Using this sensor, the team recently showed that healthy corals make superoxide outside of their cells, which they predict is providing essential physiological roles for the coral and symbionts. A deep-sea version of the technology, SOLARIS, accomplished the first superoxide measurements associated with deep-sea corals and sponges (a paper on this is forthcoming). “Each coral has a basal level of ROS always present that is part of their normal physiological function," said Hansel. “We need to quantify these baseline values so that when we have measurements over the healthy level, we will know the organism is stressed internally, it is fighting off a pathogen or it’s struggling with tissue degradation.” As ROS are part of the immune system response, elevated ROS production can precede more obvious visual symptoms of stress or disease. “Identifying these signatures and developing low-cost deployable sensors will allow us to implement a global early warning system for coral reef health,” Hansel said. “Let’s do some bloodwork. Let’s take its pulse.” Developing Solutions to Coral Die-offs Scientists are still far from understanding the causes of most coral diseases, like the rapidly moving, highly virulent stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) currently decimating Caribbean corals. According to University of North Carolina Wilmington professor Dr. Blake Ushijima, the cause of SCTLD is likely complex, but probiotic treatments composed of microbial cultures from resistant corals may be the solution. Ushijima found that corals less susceptible to SCTLD are colonized by beneficial bacteria, some of which produce broad-spectrum antibacterial compounds. “At least some of these very specific isolates, if put onto the coral, will actually protect them from disease and sometimes treat the disease directly," he said. “Right now, we are at the stage where [probiotic applications] seem to work in lab and aquarium trials, and we need to see if they can work in the field.” His lab is also currently studying opportunistic infections by the bacterium Vibrio coralliilyticus, a pathogen implicated in a large number of diseases of corals and shellfish. "Though V. coralliilyticus is likely not the cause of SCTLD, it may play a role in coinfections that exacerbate existing SCTLD lesions," he explained. Kellogg said that the Caribbean/U.S. coral community has responded en masse to the topical pastes impregnated with chlorine or antibiotics and culling diseased colonies. Another effort has involved rescuing unaffected corals from the reefs, then housing them in zoos or aquaria for safekeeping until the disease passes and the reefs can be restored. Lab settings allow for controlled experiments, although there is no way to replicate the complete holobiont and its dynamics as one could in an ocean environment. A lab does, however, provide a safe area in which to test proposed probiotic treatments before deploying them in the field as tools for reef restoration or conservation. Sweet is now exploring ways to enrich the media with host tissue or mucus, which may unlock more of these symbiotic microbes in culture collections. Is recovery possible? Research has shown that the Astrangia poculata microbiome can recover from antibiotic disturbance, and that individuals with algal symbionts reestablish their microbiomes in a more consistent manner compared to corals lacking symbionts. New studies are examining whether symbionts from more heat-resistant corals could transfer heat resistance to more vulnerable individuals, inviting the concept of “microbiome transplantation” treatments using inoculations of homogenized coral tissues. However, these studies are still in the beginning stages. “There is a cost to inaction,” Sweet said. “Reefs are dying all over the world, and our ‘tool’ can and does help (a little). I always describe our probiotics as a sticky plaster—they can stem the bleeding to some degree (reefs or individual coral colonies dying from bleaching or disease), but it won’t really help unless we deal with the cause of the bleed (climate change). We have shown it works, now it is time to deploy and save a few corals—[those] which may be key to repopulating reefs in the not-too-distant future.” To protect coral communities, support for microbiome research, data sharing and a collaborative approach that includes residents who depend on the ecosystem are critical. Learn about community approaches to coral conservation and what is needed to:

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1. Taking response bias into account The model of discrimination performance discussed in the previous file assumes that when listeners do not hear a difference, or are not sure, they respond "same" or "different" randomly, so that performance is at chance. But there is no guarantee that listeners will do that. Suppose you were a subject in a discrimination task and you wanted to show 100% discrimination. You could answer "different" to every item, and you would then get 100% correct on the different pairs. You would of course also get 0% correct on the same pairs, because you answered "different" to all of them. In many studies, the same pairs are not analyzed at all, and this response strategy would work well. Does this result, 100% correct, mean that you discriminated the pairs very well? Clearly not; you don't even have to have listened to them. Compare this response strategy with an opposite one -- suppose that you are very conservative in answering "different", and only do so when you are quite sure that the stimuli are different. That is, you don't respond at random when you do not hear a difference, or are not sure; you consistently respond "same". You might then get 100% correct on the same pairs, but you will probably have 0% correct on at least some of the different pairs (small step sizes, within-category pairs). Clearly you might nonetheless be discriminating better than a person who readily answers "different". This pattern of results is common in AX discrimination studies. The point is that % correct on the different pairs alone is not a very meaningful measure of discrimination. It becomes meaningful when interpreted in terms of the listener's response bias, or tendency to respond "same" or "different". The responses to the same pairs can be used as an indication of response bias. 2. (Signal) Detection theory attributes responses to a combination of sensitivity and bias. Sensitivity is what we are interested in, while bias is what we have to take into account to recover sensitivity. The presentation that follows comes directly from Macmillan and Creelman's 1991 Detection Theory: A User's Guide (known here as “Detection for Dummies”). Using detection theory, we conceive of sensitivity as (broadly) detecting a signal (e.g. against background noise, or compared to another signal), and model how a perceiver decides whether a signal is present. An experiment presents signals and non-signals to subjects, who try to detect all and only the signals. The traditional way of viewing such an experiment, and naming the possible outcomes, is as follows. “Yes” here represents the presence of a signal or difference to be detected; our different and same labels are added for convenience in thinking about AX discrimination: Response: Different (yes) Response: Same (no) Stimuli: YES (different) Stimuli: NO (same) This scheme is also used to organize and tabulate subjects' responses. That is, the (raw) number of HITS etc. is entered into the 4 cells. Notice that if the number of Signal (Different) and No-signal (Same) stimuli are the same in the experiment, then the total number of responses in the top row will equal the total number in the bottom row (or, more generally, the total for each row is known in advance from the design of the experiment); however, the total number of responses in the YES response column will not necessarily be the same as the total number in the NO response column, and neither number can be known in advance. But, if you know the number of YES and NO trials in the experiment, you know the value in one column from the value in the other. E.g. if there are 20 different trials, and a subject has 5 hits, then that subject must have 15 misses. So, only 2 of the 4 numbers in the table (1 per row), plus the total numbers of trials, are needed to characterize a subject's performance. These are conventionally the Hits and False Alarms, and these are then given as proportions of the row totals, which are in turn viewed as estimates of probabilities of responses: hit rate H: proportion of YES trials to which subject responded YES = P("yes" | YES) false alarm rate F: proportion of NO trials to which subject responded YES = P("yes" | NO) The table can be rewritten with these and the other 2 rates, with each row totalling to 1.0; but the results of interest are the pair (H,F). (Compare these to the total proportion correct, which is (Hits + Correct rejections)/all responses.) Consider then that the perfect subject's performance is (1,0), while a random subject has H=F and our subject who always answers YES has (1,1). Intuitively, the best subject maximizes H (and thus minimizes the Miss rate) and minimizes F (and thus maximizes the Correct Rejection rate); and thus the larger the difference between H and F, the better the subject's sensitivity. The statistic d' ("d-prime") is a measure of this difference; it is the distance between the Signal and the Signal+Noise. However, d' is not simply H-F; rather, it is the difference between the z-transforms of these 2 rates: d' = z(H) - z(F) where neither H nor F can be 0 or 1 (if so, adjust slightly up or down). Note that z-scores can be positive or negative so you have to watch the signs in the subtraction. Background: z-transform. A range of values is cast as a normal distribution, with standard deviations around the mean. The mean value is set to 0, and the range of most values is about 3 standard deviations above and below the mean. So each value is some number of SD units above or below the mean. This transform is valuable in allowing comparison of measures with different ranges of absolute values, and in taking into account the inherent variability of different measures. For example, Wightman et al. (1992) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 91,1707-1717, comparing lengthening before different break indices in a corpus with uncontrolled final consonants and vowels, used transformed duration measurements because different segments have different absolute durations and different degrees of variability. Of course, whether you use the original proportions or their transforms, when H = F, then d' = 0. This will be true whether the "yes" rate is near 1 or near 0. The highest possible d' (greatest sensitivity) is 6.93, the effective limit (using .99 and .01) 4.65, typical values are up to 2.0, and 69% correct for both different and same trials corresponds to a d' of 1.0. There are other sensitivity measures - e.g. a transform other than z (or even no transform at all), or differential weighting of H and F, and even alternate versions of d' (see below) - but this is the one you usually see in speech research. 3. How to get d' for your data. You could calculate H and F, convert them to z-scores, and subtract them. M&C's table A5.1 in Appendix 5 gives the z-score conversions. M&C's first example of getting H and total # responses So the hit rate H is 20/25, or .8 the miss rate is 5/25, or .2 (these 2 add up to 1.0) the false alarm rate is 10/25, or .4 the correct rejection rate is 15/25, or .6 (these 2 add up to 1.0) and the (H,F) pair is (.8,.4) z(H) = 0.842 and z(F) = -0.253 d' = 0.824-(-0.253) = 1. 095 But probably you will want to do it more automatically. M&C's Appendix 6 provides some information on available programs, the late Tom Wickens still has a website on a UCLA server with a downloadable program, and a search online will turn up several options.Colin Wilson has provided his Excel formula: d' = NORMINV(hit-rate,0,1) - NORMINV(false-alarm-rate,0,1) where Excel's NORMINV "Returns the inverse of the normal cumulative distribution for the specified mean and standard deviation", 0 being the specified mean and 1 being the specified SD. But see 13 below for different d' calculations for different experimental designs, including our AX discrimination. 4. Some use of d' in the discrimination literature. d' is often plotted for instead of, or in addition to, % correct/% different responses to different pairs. Here is a recent example , from Francis & Ciocca (2003), JASA 114(3), p. 1614: Best et al. (1981), Perc. & Psychophys. 29:191-211 calculate d' for obtained and predicted discrimination, and compare these by ANOVA. Here is a figure plotting obtained minus predicted d' (p. 211): Godfrey et al. (1981) and others have studies with small numbers of trials for each pair (especially same pairs, and especially in studies with kids), and in these cases d' is calculated not for individual stimulus pairs, but for each subject, combining all different pairs and all same pairs. Alternatively, a d' for each pair is sometimes seen for a group of subjects (e.g. Francis & Ciocca 2003); this has the advantage that perfect scores on any pair are unlikely for a whole group (and thus require no adjusting down from 1.0). See J. Sussman (1993) for averaging H and F, so that d' scores are group scores; tested with G test. Clearly in small experiments we have no choice but to average something; see Ch. 11 in M&C on how to average carefully. Sometimes H and CR are added to give a proportion correct (for all pairs, not just for different pairs), which is then arcsin transformed and analyzed in the usual way. See Sussman & Carney, Francis & Ciocca. But see M&C p.100ff on the dangers of proportion correct ("an unexpectedly theory-laden statistic"). Bias is measured as the inclination of the subject to say "yes" (or "no"). The bias measure c is a function of H + F. But no one in speech research seems to report it, so we won't cover how to calculate it. 6. Two models of AX discrimination performance A "same-different" experiment uses 2 or more stimuli in a trial and calls for a "same/different" response. M&C propose that there are really 2 different kinds of these, with different likely subject strategies and therefore different appropriate models for d' (pp. 143ff). In "fixed" designs the 2 stimuli in a pair are the same across trials in a block, and subjects are likely to apply an independent-observation strategy, estimating the category for each stimulus and then comparing the category estimates. For this strategy, d' is calculated in the usual way. In "roving" designs the 2 stimuli vary from trial to trial, and subjects are likely to apply a differencing strategy, applying a threshold of difference to decide if 2 stimuli are different enough to count as different. For this strategy, d' is calculated differently, e.g. using the table of H vs. FA values in M&C's appendix A5.4. It would seem that speech experiments almost always use a roving design, and thus would seem to call for the differencing model; but on the other hand the theory of the independent-observation model is more like the idea of categorical perception. Both approaches to d' are seen in the speech perception literature. To pursue the issue of whether categorical perception can be modeled as a differencing strategy, see Macmillan, Kaplan, and Creelman 1977, "The psychophysics of categorical perception", Psych Review 84: 452-71. How much difference will this make in analyzing an experiment? Consider M&C's example in (11) above, for the (.8,.4) pair: d' was 1. 095. This pair is found on p. 347 of Table A5.4, with a d' of 2.35. Compare also the values in the file "some sample dprime.xls". (Some values still need to be looked up - try this yourself.) The differences can be large, but it might not matter when comparing values calculated by the same method. 7. Applying detection theory to identification data In some papers we see pairs of items along a continuum treated as signal vs. noise for purposes of computing a d-prime for identification responses. For example, Massaro 1989, starting p. 410: “The probabilities of responding /r/ are transformed into z scores. The d’ between two adjacent levels along the /l/-/r/ continuum is simply the positive difference between the respective z scores.” (example given) “A d’ value was computed for each of the two pairs of adjacent levels along the /l/-/r/ continuum.” Then he reports an ANOVA on these d’ values, with 2 within-subject factors (context: 3 levels, and stimpair: 2 levels). In effect, by subtracting like this, the responses (say, the /l/ responses) to one stimulus are treated as the HITS, and the responses (with the same response category) to the next stimulus over are treated as the FALSE ALARMS. Another example, which I quote here a bit, is Iverson & Kuhl (1996). Starting on p. 1134: estimating the “perceptual distances” between stimuli from identification responses: “Through the application of detection theory, identification percentages can also be used to estimate the perceptual distances separating tokens (Macmillan and Creelman, 1991). Within this theoretical framework, the z-transformed identification probability for each token, z(p), indicates its location relative to the category boundary. The absolute value of this measure indicates each token’s distance from the boundary in standard-deviation units. The sign of this measure indicates whether each token is within (positive) or out of (negative) the category. For example, z(p)=0.0 for tokens that are identified as a member of the category on 50% of trials, z(p)=2.3 for tokens that are identified as a member of the category on 99% of trials, and z(p)=-2.3 for tokens that are identified as a member of the category on 1% of trials. The perceptual distances between pairs of tokens (d’) can then be found by subtracting these location measures; tokens that are at similar locations will have a small d’ and tokens that are at dissimilar locations will have a large d’. In other words, d’ will be greater to the extent that tokens are identified differently.” “The identification judgments were used to estimate perceptual distances by calculating the z transform of the mean /l/ identification percentage for each token and then taking the absolute value of the difference for each pair of tokens. The z transform reaches infinity when percentages equal 0 or 100, so tokens with 0% /l/ identifications were assigned values of 1% and tokens with 100% /l/ identifications were assigned values of 99% (Macmillan and Creelman, 1991).” Pairwise comparison of identification responses is described by M&C on pp. 212-13. However, it’s not clear that they would use it directly as a measure of perceptual distance. 8. Comparing identification with discrimination responses. Above we see ways to get sensitivity scores for discrimination and identification responses. Once they are both in terms of d-prime, a common currency, they can be compared directly. That is, no need to "predict" an expected discrimination from identification. If discrimination is constrained by categorization, then the two sensitivity functions should be the same. An example of this, though without explanation, is in Schouten et al. (2003). 9. Some Terminology and models in M&C "one-interval discrimination": "one-interval" means one stimulus in a trial; "discrimination" means telling the different stimuli of the experiment (not of the trial!) apart by selecting different responses from the available set -- so, confusingly, this refers to what we call identification. These are of 2 types: "two interval": 2 stimuli "2AFC": which one of these 2 stimuli? (e.g. which one have you seen before (recognition), which one came first (temporal order), which one matches the prompt (identification)) M&C say that a 2AFC design is better than yes-no recognition when a priori familiarity is a likely confound; BUT because 2AFC is easier for subjects, d' is lowered by a factor of roughly .7. They also note that as this design tends to minimize bias (at least for simultaneous visual presentation of stimulus pairs), percent correct is not a bad measure of sensitivity. Prepared by Pat Keating, Spring 2004, updated Fall 2005

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Digital mental healthcare is a rapidly evolving field, with an ever-expanding research base underlying its vast potential. At a time when a high proportion of young people are experiencing serious mental health problems (Garrido at al., 2019), but may struggle to access psychological support due to a range of barriers (Himle et al., 2022), e-interventions have strongly emerged as a promising solution to offer easily accessible mental health support (Liverpool et al., 2020). Their potential is amplified by the fact that this age group is also the most digitally connected in the population, and therefore may be more likely to engage with such approaches (Lehtimaki et al., 2021). Internet based CBT (iCBT) has gathered a particularly strong evidence base (Grist et al., 2017). Digital mental health interventions like iCBT may help overcome many, if not all, the barriers to receiving traditional, face-to-face CBT treatment. These include stigma around therapeutic help-seeking, cost and availability of treatment, and the high level of commitment required (Himle et al., 2022). Indeed, many studies have shown the potential efficacy of iCBT treatments across a variety of populations, including specifically within university students (Lattie et al., 2019). While such interventions have a promising quantitative evidence base, it is also highly important to consider what the young people who take part in iCBT think about them, and whether they find them to be acceptable. The current study sought to qualitatively examine this, by interviewing university students about their experience of trying an iCBT intervention. Participants in this study were first-year university students at one South African university, and were taking part in a pilot study of an iCBT intervention called ‘ICare’. Briefly, the intervention covers topics such as overcoming difficulties and pleasant activity scheduling, psychoeducation on depression and anxiety, cognitive restructuring, problem solving, and planning for the future. The app offers users options to choose from different topics based on their individual preferences, including whether they predominantly focus on aspects of anxiety or depression (see Weisel et al., 2018 for the full protocol of this intervention). Participants in the current study all had moderate to moderately severe symptoms of depression, which was measured using the PHQ-9 questionnaire. Only participants who had completed at least one session of this intervention were invited to attend an interview to discuss their experience, of which there were 22 individuals. Nine of those invited agreed to take part, five of whom had completed the intervention in its entirety and four of whom had not finished all components. Semi-structured, qualitative interviews were carried out with these nine participants. They were asked questions relating to their general experience using the iCBT intervention, such as how user-friendly it was, and if there were any ways they thought it could be improved. Seven overall themes were identified, encapsulating views from participants who completed all intervention components and views from those who didn’t finish the intervention. These themes were described as follows: - Individuals felt that they had an awareness of their own problematic symptoms and were able to acknowledge that they needed help. They felt that recognition of this was necessary as motivation for them to try out the e-intervention. - Participants liked the anonymity of the e-intervention, and felt reassured by the privacy that was offered by the online format. They also felt that it was more convenient, flexible, and autonomous than traditional therapy. - Some participants felt that the online format of iCBT promoted greater emotional expression and self-reflection. They also felt encouraged to seek further help after trying the e-intervention. - They felt that they learned useful and helpful skills through the online CBT, which in turn helped them to feel more competent. - The interviewees valued individualised feedback from the e-intervention, but felt frustrated overall at the lack of face-to-face contact and human interaction. - They thought that the e-intervention was time-consuming, and those who did not complete it felt that they lost motivation to engage with it over time. This was largely due to the lack of interactivity and a failure to sustain mental commitment. - Participants also made some suggestions as to how the e-intervention could be improved. These included shortening the intervention, making it less text heavy, making it more interactive, and potentially using it as a precursor to traditional face-to-face therapy. The iCBT e-intervention offered some advantages in overcoming barriers to traditional, face-to-face therapy. These included increased accessibility, convenience, anonymity, and feelings of competence. It also promoted skill acquisition and destigmatised the process of seeking help. However, there were also disadvantages to this e-intervention, which included participants’ impression that it was less engaging and effective than face-to-face therapy. Strengths and limitations An important consideration of this study is that the sample is small and homogenous. With only nine participants, all of whom were first-year students in the same university, it should be noted that these findings may only relate to a narrow group of people. Possibly due to this small sample size, no attempt was made to interpret the findings in light of participants’ demographic characteristics, differences in which may be important predictors of interest and engagement in e-interventions of this nature (Stavropoulos et al., 2019). Furthermore, only six participants completed the entirety of the intervention in the pilot study, five of whom then agreed to participate in the interview. This is in contrast to the sixteen participants who started the intervention and did not complete it, only four of whom took part in the subsequent interview. Therefore, findings may be biased in favour of those participants who completed the intervention, and important insights from those who discontinued it may have been missed. The authors did not acknowledge reflexivity in the analytic process. This would have been a useful addition to understand the findings of this research in the context of those who conducted it, as is strongly recommended in qualitative research (Watt, 2007). Implications for practice With this intervention, it was found to be particularly important to manage people’s expectations. The authors note that the lack of human interaction in this instance means that it’s likely to be less effective than face-to-face therapy, and that those using it should be aware that it may not be able to replicate therapy guided by a professional. They suggest that e-interventions may be most useful as a bridge to traditional therapy, or in conjunction with it, rather than as a replacement. More broadly, this study provides an interesting reflection on e-interventions. It proposes that these online approaches may be useful as a way to supplement traditional face-to-face therapy, and may be a less intimidating, more accessible option for some people who feel that they need psychological help. This is in line with recommendations made in wider literature, that iCBT may be best received as part of a blended approach with face-to-face therapy, rather than as a standalone intervention (Andersson et al., 2019). The findings also emphasise the importance of human interaction to the therapeutic process, the lack of which was strongly criticised by participants in this study. This is a particularly important finding in the context of an increased focus on developing and implementing digital interventions (Garrido et al., 2019), especially as it is often assumed that teenagers and young adults will be readily receptive to interventions that utilise digital components (Havas et al., 2011). Thus, as e-interventions continue to be developed as a possible treatment method, it is important that they maintain human contact and responsiveness in their design and implementation. This is likely to promote both effectiveness and longer-term engagement. Statement of interests No conflicting interests. Gericke, F., Ebert, D. D., Breet, E., Auerbach, R. P., & Bantjes, J. (2021). A qualitative study of university students’ experience of Internet‐based CBT for depression. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 21(4), 792-804. Garrido, S., Millington, C., Cheers, D., Boydell, K., Schubert, E., Meade, T., & Nguyen, Q. V. (2019). What works and what doesn’t work? A systematic review of digital mental health interventions for depression and anxiety in young people. Frontiers in psychiatry, 10, 759. Lattie, E. G., Adkins, E. C., Winquist, N., Stiles-Shields, C., Wafford, Q. E., & Graham, A. K. (2019). Digital mental health interventions for depression, anxiety, and enhancement of psychological well-being among college students: systematic review. Journal of medical Internet research, 21(7), e12869. Lehtimaki, S., Martic, J., Wahl, B., Foster, K. T., & Schwalbe, N. (2021). Evidence on digital mental health interventions for adolescents and young people: systematic overview. JMIR mental health, 8(4), e25847. Liverpool, S., Mota, C. P., Sales, C. M., Čuš, A., Carletto, S., Hancheva, C., … & Edbrooke-Childs, J. (2020). Engaging children and young people in digital mental health interventions: systematic review of modes of delivery, facilitators, and barriers. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(6), e16317. Stavropoulos, V., Cokorilo, S., Kambouropoulos, A., Collard, J., & Gomez, R. (2019). Cognitive behavioral therapy online for adult depression: a 10 year systematic literature review. Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews Formerly: Current Psychiatry Reviews, 15(3), 152-170. Weisel, K. K., Zarski, A. C., Berger, T., Schaub, M. P., Krieger, T., Moser, C. T., … & Ebert, D. D. (2018). Transdiagnostic tailored internet-and mobile-based guided treatment for major depressive disorder and comorbid anxiety: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in psychiatry, 9, 274.

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The spectrum is large. From the typical insomnia, through parasomnias – such as sleepwalking, nightmares, bruxism, restless legs syndrome, enuresis, sleep paralysis - to the two types of sleep apnoea (obstructive and central), we will describe the main symptoms of these pathologies and how we can control their negative effects and return to a peaceful night’s sleep. In an interview with Dr Carlos Glória, Medical Director of the HPA Alvor Hospital and a Pulmonologist, we learned to distinguish sleep diseases, identifying them and, above all, to realise the importance of a well-rested night (adults 7 to 9 hours per night) and find out the productivity that a good night sleep can bring to our daily lives. Realise how simple it can be to end your awful insomnia HPA Health Group has specialists ready to help you control or even end, insomnia for good. Sometimes, medicines will not be needed and the treatment can be less invasive and without drugs. “In most cases, the treatment for insomnia should not start with sleeping pills. This is a habit that can be difficult to break as people become addicted to the medication”, refers Dr Gloria. So, how can we end insomnia more naturally? Behaviour therapies are the answer, but first let’s distinguish between the two types of insomnia. Difficulty in falling asleep is the more common type of insomnia and can be associated with stress, anxiety and, of course, shift work, known as early or initial insomnia. Then, if you’ve no problems in falling asleep, but wake up during night and have trouble falling asleep once again, there is another type of insomnia, which is called late insomnia. We therefore have to always take into account that insomnia is not an occasional incident, but "a disease that happens often to people who have this pathology" which must be treated and monitored by a specialist. It is estimated that millions of people of all ages worldwide suffer from this pathology and that it can be solved, in most cases, with what doctor’s call “sleep hygiene”. Sleep hygiene is characterised by a set of good habits which one must accomplish before going to sleep, which according to the doctor, can be summarized as: “going to sleep and waking up at the right time, at the same time and in a calm environment”. Even during the pandemic, we should take this medical advice into account. Trying to sleep at the same time and waking up at the usual time, will prevent sleep deregulation. Regarding this point, the doctor leaves us with a tip for our readers who often suffer from insomnia. “One shall go to bed to sleep, not to see series, movies or sports on a mobile phone, a tablet or TV. If after 10-15 minutes one doesn’t fall asleep, then it is better to get up, go to the living room sofa, try to read a book (don’t watch violent films, sports or football, especially if your team is losing…) and go to bed once again when you feel sleepy. If you still can't fall asleep, get up once again and repeat the same thing. A bed is for sleeping, but it is very difficult to make people adapt to this routine. It is a job to be done by professionals in behavioural psychology”, he explains. Sleepwalking, Nightmares, Bruxism, Bed-wetting, Restless legs Syndrome and Sleep Paralysis All these pathologies have something in common: they happen during the night, sometimes even without realising. These sleep disorders are called parasomnias and are more frequent in children and adolescents, but they can last into adulthood and can have consequences throughout life if we don’t treat them, when they are supposed to be treated. As an example of parasomnias, we have somnambulism that is very common in children. Also, nightmares and bruxism, which is a condition where you grind, gnash or clench your teeth during the night, this can cause problems in the temporomandibular joints and teeth. Another frequent parasomnia is enuresis, which is when a 5-year-old child or older presents intermittent nocturnal urinary incontinence. Abnormal movements during sleep, such as “restless legs syndrome”, will also dramatically affect your sleep quality, said the doctor. How to treat insomnias or parasomnias? “Ideally these patients should be observed by a psychologist, neurologist or psychiatrist dedicated to sleep. Nonpharmacological approaches may be tried, as behavioural therapy, hypnosis, etc. Interesting tips may also be given. For example, if a child is having a nightmare, parents are advised that the child should not be woken up. Parents should be near, making sure that the child is not hurting himself by any movements and, if the child wakes up, parents may talk to him about the nightmare and try for example, to find a happy ending to the nightmare”, explained the doctor. Sleep paralysis is one of the symptoms of narcolepsy, which is also a frequent parasomnia. It is a complete inability to move for one or two minutes immediately after awakening, although it may also occur just before falling asleep. Patients with this sleep disorder may also present excessive sleepiness during the day. “Sleep paralysis is one of the more complex parasomnias but there are several medications that help to relieve the symptoms. It is a disease treated by neurologists and psychiatrists”. Refers Dr Gloria. Sleep Apnoea – how to detect it? Finally, one of the most common type of sleep disorders is sleep apnoea. Dr Carlos Glória, who is a specialist in this area, explains that there are two types, central and obstructive apnoea. Starting with the less common, Central Sleep Apnoea Syndrome: it occurs when “the brain does not deliver the neurological stimulus through diaphragm contraction, to initiate breathing”. It is more common in the elderly, patients with heart failure, cerebrovascular diseases or in people of any age who have suffered brain trauma or tumours, etc. It is a disease where there is no pharmacological effective treatment. Patients use a portable ventilator during sleep. This device recognises when a person is not breathing. It provides a respiratory cycle when a person is not breathing”, said the specialist. The other type of apnoea syndrome is Obstructive Sleep Apnoea, which is responsible for 50 percent of all sleep consultations, with 500 million people suffering from obstructive sleep apnoea worldwide. To begin explaining why this type of apnoea occurs, it is worth mentioning that for a good night's sleep you need to go through a period of time on superficial sleep, a period of profound, deep sleep and a period of dreaming, known as REM (because there are Rapid Eyes Movements during this sleep stage). “What happens is that the patient who suffers fromobstructive apnoea, relaxes the larynx and pharynx muscles when they fall asleep. During the period of sleep the patient starts to snore, and when sleep is deep, air doesn’t pass through the airways which become completely or almost completely closed. During this period of time, our breathing part of the brain tells us to breathe, but the air does not reach the lungs, because the upper airways are collapsed. The oxygen in the blood is reduced so our brain tells us to wake up - we call this a micro-wakening - going from deep to superficial sleep. In this situation our night sleep is very fragmented, without prolonged periods in superficial, deep or REM sleep. So, “even if a patient sleeps 12 or 15 hours daily, it is a poor-quality sleep, and the individual will wake up feeling tired, and will feel sleepy all day long”, mentions Dr Gloria to The Portugal News. The treatment for this disease includes a portable device (named a CPAP) used most of the time, which delivers a continuous and variable air pressure into the upper airways, causing the airway to open during periods of deep sleep without which air can´t reach the lungs. Risk Factors – How to find out if one suffers from obstructive apnoea? “In children, parents soon find out if their children snore, and one of the most frequent causes is enlarged tonsils, which sometimes will need to be surgically removed. In adults, when apnoea occurs during sleep, the spouse notices loud snoring and eventually, respiratory pauses during the partner’s sleep”, explained the doctor. So, it is usually easier to find out if we have a partner sleeping alongside, but if you don’t have a partner, there are some symptoms that we might notice ourselves such as: waking up after a long sleep with the feeling that sleep was not restful; sometimes waking up with a sensation of suffocation; and the most frequent symptom, which is excessive sleepiness during the day. Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnoea mentioned by the doctor are; overweight, age and family history. Dr Glória also said that some diseases such as hypertension, strokes or diabetes are more frequent in patients with sleep apnoea, and most of the time the treatment for sleep apnoea will result in a decrease of the usual medication needed to control hypertension or diabetes. Of course, overweighed patients will also benefit from losing weight to control obstructive sleep apnoea. Apnoea is more frequent when sleeping on your back, but it’s not the same for everyone. HPA professionals are able to perform a test in order to find out how many times apnoea occurs while sleeping, and in which sleep position apnoeaoccurs. “Patients usually experience twice as many periods of apnoea when they are sleeping on their back rather than sleeping laterally, because this increases the chances of airway obstruction”, said Dr Carlos Glória. If you have any doubts or suspicions that you suffer from any of these diseases or another sleep disorder, please contact the HPA Health Group, where you’ll find the right specialist to carry out all the tests and prescribe the most appropriate treatment for your specific and unique situation.

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Why start with Job? Because this magnificent and harrowing story encapsulates the questions of all the ages, those for which man has never to this day found an answer, nor will he ever find one, but he will always search for it because he needs it in order to live, to understand himself and the world. Job is the just man oppressed by injustice… The Wife of Anguish The story of the just man oppressed by injustice has been written for as long as we have known writing. “What I know does not come out right with me… The truth which I speak has been turned into a lie… When I go into the house I despair. When I go into the street… Food is all about, yet my food is hunger. When the shares were allotted… my share was suffering...” This is from the Sumerian text “A Man and his God”, dating from around 2000BC. The man of the tale is a proto-Job, proclaiming his innocence and lamenting the treatment he receives at the hands of God and man. At the conclusion, God answers the man and removes from him “the anguish that had embraced him, though he was not its wife.” The Book of Job, known in its present form since at least the 3rd century BC is of course a religious text but is also one of the greatest works of world literature, deserving to be read by the irreligious as much as the believer. Even in translation, the eloquence and power of the language has influenced language itself. Much ink has been spilled over Job, which has become one of the fundamental texts of the Western intellectual tradition. I make no apologies if this essay seems at times a patchwork of quotation. Critical commentary on the poem constitutes a vast literature in its own right, the ‘problem of evil’ straddling religion and philosophy. The provenance of the book remains a topic of debate. Rabbinical scholarship sometimes considers Job a historical character. According to Maimonides however, the book is a fiction to illustrate our perception and experience of providence. Job is “the man in the land of Uz” and as well as being a proper noun, the Hebrew word ‘Uz’ is the imperative of the verb meaning ‘to take advice’. This, says Maimonides, is an exhortation to study the tale The tale is well known. Job the upright, the subject of a wager between God and Satan, is set upon and assailed. His servants are killed, then his livestock, then his children. Sardonically and ever an acute judge of human character, the Devil lets Job’s wife live, appreciating perhaps that she will only add to his torment. Job’s response to catastrophe is predictably pious – “the LORD gave and the LORD hath taken away; blessed be the name of the LORD.” Unsatisfied, Satan asks to go further. And the LORD said unto Satan, Behold, he is in thine hand; but save his life. So Job is left without even the dignity of his own skin, smitten with running sores and boils from toe to crown. As Slavoj Zizek puts it in his inimitable style, “Job get screw up.” Finally broken, sitting in ashes scraping himself with a potsherd, Job laments bitterly. He does not quite, as his wife kindly suggests, “curse God and die” though he curses his own birth and all Job’s indictment is one of the most powerful in all literature, filling page after page and giving rise to some of the best-known passages of the book (“Man that is born of a woman is of few days and full of trouble…”). Death is better than life says Job and best of all were to never have been born. Friends like these Enter Job’s friends : Eliphaz, Bildad and Zophar. They upbraid Job for his temerity in complaining of God and offer consolations that neatly cover the classical theodicies : Eliphaz, sticking the boot in, holds that God is just and that Job’s misfortunes must be the result of some hidden sin : “Is not thy wickedness great, and thine iniquities infinite?” Bildad also contends that there is justice and promises God will reward Job for his patience through any troubles and misfortunes that he suffers. Zophar adopts the position that God’s ways are mysterious and His will unquestionable, though indubitably stemming from deep and secret wisdom. A fourth friend, Elihu seemingly offers his personal blend of the previous positions with little new. Maimonides extracts a tortuous point about references to nature but scholars largely believe Elihu to be a later interpolation – as evidenced by the fact that he is not mentioned in the epilogue where God speaks only of Job and the three friends. All theodicy is furiously rebutted by Job who calls his interlocutors “miserable comforters”, “forgers of lies”, “physicians of no value” and insists that he is not wicked, that future reward or punishment does not justify present evil, that there is no afterlife and that mysterious or not : speak to the Almighty, and I desire to reason with God. Sound and fury Then the LORD answered Job out of the whirlwind, Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words without knowledge? Here He is, in Job 38. God Himself. Come down perhaps to defend Himself, to answer Job’s questions, to comfort him, to explain the nature of divine justice? Nothing of the sort. He turns the tables : Gird up now thy loins like a man; for I will demand of thee, and answer thou me. The following passages are astonishing in their thunder. God does not answer, but in response to Job He launches a series of unanswerable questions of His own : Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth? and on, listing wonder after wonder, spectacle after spectacle, creature after creature. “Hath the rain a father?” “Out of whose womb came the ice?” “Hath thou given the horse strength?” “Doth the eagle mount up at thy command?” What can Job respond under this sarcastic onslaught? All he can get out is : Behold, I am vile; what shall I answer thee? I will lay mine hand upon my mouth. God’s answer is like the silence of no answer but louder, silence roared at cosmic volume. He speaks again and this time of the most terrifying of His creation. The brute violence of fate admits no questioning; it is as insensible, inscrutable and irresistible as God’s monsters - Leviathan in the sea and Behemoth on the land. So Job repents… and lives happily ever after I guess. What are we to make of God’s extraordinary tirade? A number of positions have been taken. Inevitably any attempt to rationalise God’s behaviour slips into the groove of the theodicies offered by Job’s comforters. Some have taken the position of Eliphaz the Temanite : that Job had some hidden sin which God punished and that Job is described as and upright retrospectively - after his repentance. Others walk with Shuhite, emphasising the transient vanity of this world and the eternal of the hereafter (for the last few centuries at least, few people have claimed that God giving Job new, prettier children makes up for allowing the first ones to be killed). Yet others join the party of Zophar the Namaathite : His ways are mysterious but surely follow some secret wisdom. Immanuel Kant ends up plonking for this opinion in his essay on Job, which is said to the end of theodicy. There is of course a brilliant twist to the Job tale. God rebukes His defenders, Job’s friends : …the LORD said to Eliphaz the Temanite, My wrath is kindled against thee, and against thy two friends: for ye have not spoken of me the thing that is right, as my servant Job hath. God crushes Job but He never calls him wrong and here He seems to vindicate him. Again, baffling and making a nonsense of many orthodox positions. God does not say that He is right or just, He simply shows He is mightier than Job. In her excellent study of the problem of evil, Susan Neiman divides the last 250 yeas into two paths : “The one, from Rousseau to Arendt, insists that morality demands that we make evil intelligible. The other, from Voltaire to Jean Améry, insists that morality demands that we don’t.” Rousseau and Voltaire wrote on the Lisbon earthquake of 1755; Arendt and Améry wrote on the Holocaust. God’s morality in the book of Job does not trouble itself to make evil intelligible to us; one conclusion we could draw is that it will remain forever unintelligible. “Sometime during the Enlightenment,” Neiman says, “commentators stopped looking for ways in which Job’s torments could be justified… Earlier writers identified with Job’s friends, the theodicy-makers who found justification. Later ones identified with Job, who found none.” Writers in a less reverential age indeed openly proclaim Job’s moral and intellectual superiority over God in the tale. Among the most indignant is the psychoanalyst Carl Jung. To Jung, the Job story is “an unvarnished spectacle of divine savagery and ruthlessness.” In his view, God is amoral - a psychopath and a thug whose terrorising answer amounts to the gangster’s ‘and what are you going to do about it?’ In Jungian mysticism, God’s identity is revealed in Job as something between unconscious force and Abraxas. Though not as strident as Jung, G. K. Chesterton bends his mind into koan-like assertions in his essay on Job, on God’s apparent amorality. “For a moment,” he says, “God is almost an Answers on a postcard There’s a great scene in Woody Allen’s film, Manhattan in which he gazes at his implausibly beautiful girlfriend and says half-jokingly, “You’re God’s answer to Job… God would say ‘I may do a lot of terrible things but I can also make one of these’ and Job would have to say ‘you’re right.’” It’s a corny gag and doesn’t stand to reason but there’s some sort of point behind it. As Primo Levi, atheist and survivor of Auschwitz notes : there is no answer to the questions the Book of Job raises and there never will be. But knowing this doesn’t stop us, as human beings, from going out and trying to find our own anyway. The Book of Job ( King James Version) Primo Levi, The Search for Roots - Jeremy Black et al., The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Susan Neiman, Evil in Carl Gustav Jung, Answer GK Chesterton, An Introduction to the Book of Job (online) Moses Maimonides The Guide for the Perplexed (Book III Immanuel Kant, On the miscarriage of all philosophical trials in theodicy Slavoj Zizek, Theology and Materialism, (online)

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Fun facts about Canada's founding fathers From a prohibitionist pharmacist to an infidel editor, meet some of Canada's Fathers of Confederation Canada's 36 Fathers of Confederation were a not-so-motley crew of mostly lawyers and businessmen, with the odd doctor, journalist and pharmacist thrown in for good measure. They met in Charlottetown, Quebec and London between 1864 and 1867 to discuss uniting New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada, which was composed of Canada East and Canada West (which would later become Quebec and Ontario). The Fathers represented British North America colonies that had previously formed New France, until they were handed over to England at the end of the Seven Years' War in 1763. During the 100 years between that handover and the Confederation talks, American and European aggressions had put those colonies on alert. Economic, political and military concerns also contributed to talk of unification, as did a need for a national railway to facilitate trade. The American Civil War (1861-1865) stoked fears of possible annexation. Union, for many Fathers of Confederation, was the best way to avoid getting scooped up into the United States. And so the Dominion of Canada was born on July 1, 1867. But who were these men, these Fathers of Confederation? Leonard Tilley: Pro-union, anti-booze Originally a pharmacist hailing from New Brunswick (he first apprenticed at 13), Samuel Leonard Tilley sold his successful drugstore to become a politician. He was a proponent of responsible government and of prohibition — neither of which were popular in New Brunswick at the time — and a member of several pro-temperance groups. Tilley served as premier of New Brunswick before joining Canada's first federal cabinet in 1867. Tilley, along with fellow Maritime premiers Charles Tupper (Nova Scotia) and John Hamilton Gray (P.E.I.), had started discussing a union prior to 1864, but hadn't settled on a date to hold a conference on the subject. "It was not until the Province of Canada asked for an invitation that a meeting was hurriedly organized for September 1 at Charlottetown," explains the Government of Canada's website. Charles Tupper: 69 days in office Tupper worked as a doctor prior to becoming a politician, and occasionally performed medical work after joining the government; he was known for keeping a medical bag under his seat in the House of Commons. He was the Canadian Medical Association's first president, and he also served as Canada's sixth prime minister — for exactly 69 days — in 1896. He is the current record holder for shortest-serving prime minister in Canadian history. Despite his political and medical successes, Tupper wasn't well-liked: "Throughout his career Tupper was variously described as 'the Boodle Knight,' the 'Great Stretcher' (of the truth), 'the old tramp,' the 'Arch-Corruptionist' and 'the old wretch.' All of these epithets contain a grain of truth and much of the abuse Tupper brought upon himself by his combativeness, his partisanship and his pomposity," summarizes the Dictionary of Canadian Biography. By the numbers Provinces/territories that joined the Dominion of Canada after Confederation: - Manitoba and Northwest Territories: 1870 - British Columbia: 1871 - Prince Edward Island: 1873 - Yukon: 1898 - Saskatchewan and Alberta: 1905 - Newfoundland: 1949 - Nunavut: 1999 Oliver Mowat: Trouble for John A. Macdonald Oliver Mowat, among other things, is the reason every province has its own liquor commission. Mowat — the third premier of Ontario, a former justice minister and the great-great uncle of Farley Mowat — fought at 1864's Quebec conference to decentralize certain government powers, making a constitutional case for provincial rights. This was much to the chagrin of John A. Macdonald, a fierce supporter of centralization. Mowat and Macdonald's antagonistic relationship began long before Confederation. They first met when Mowat articled in the 21-year-old Macdonald's law office in Kingston, starting at the age of 15 (there was no formal legal education in Ontario at the time). He was a recurring thorn in Macdonald's side until the latter died in 1891. Jean-Charles Chapais: The farmer among the fathers Farmer and businessman Jean-Charles Chapais of Kamouraska, Que., may not be among the best-known Fathers of Confederation, but his contributions — namely the abolition of seigneurial tenure (a feudal land-distribution system) and the development of laws to help support farming — are still reflected in the Canada of today. William Henry Pope: The infidel editor William Henry Pope, a lawyer and land agent by training, was also an editor of PEI's The Islander newspaper. Pope was a renowned "infidel" — a term used at the time to describe atheists or agnostics — which sparked great controversy. In a series of letters addressed to P.E.I.'s Protestants, he mocked Catholicism and its "God made of a little flour and water." According to the Dictionary of Canadian Biography, William Henry Pope's "tastes were quite extravagant, and despite his shrewdness, he was a poor manager of his personal finances." Despite these alleged failings, Pope was appointed as a judge to the Prince County court; only two of his decisions were ever appealed. D'Arcy McGee: Rebel with a cause Irishman D'Arcy McGee had spent some time as a journalist, writing for the Irish newspaper the Nation. Around the same time, McGee became a pro-independence agitator in 1848's failed Irish rebellion. McGee left Ireland in the aftermath, settling first in New York and then in Boston, and founding an informal counterpart to the publication he'd worked for in Ireland, also called the Nation. "When McGee's projects failed to gain support, he moved to Montreal in 1857, at the invitation of the local Irish community," says the Government of Canada's website — at which point he also changed his mind about the U.S. annexation of Canada, which he had previously supported. McGee was shot and killed in Ottawa in 1868, after a late night at the House of Commons; his death was believed to have been the result of an Irish republican (Fenian) assassination plot. About 80,000 people attended his Montreal funeral procession — an astonishing figure, given the city had approximately 105,000 residents at the time. McGee was not, however, the only Father of Confederation to die from a gunshot wound. Fellow journalist George Brown, the founder of the Toronto Globe (which would later become the Globe and Mail), was shot in the leg in his office by a disgruntled former engine-room employee. The wound wasn't fatal, but the ensuing infection was. He died in 1880. By the numbers Canada was founded by: - 19 lawyers: Adams George Archibald, Alexander Campbell, George-Étienne Cartier, Edward Barron Chandler, James Cockburn, Robert Barry Dickey, Charles Fisher, John Hamilton Gray, Thomas Heath Haviland, William Alexander Henry, Hector-Louis Langevin, John A. Macdonald, Jonathan McCully, Peter Mitchell, Oliver Mowat, Edward Palmer, William Henry Pope, John William Ritchie, Frederic Bowker Terrington Carter. - 9 businessmen: Jean-Charles Chapais, George Coles, Alexander Tilloch Galt, William Pearce Howland, John Mercer Johnson, Andrew Archibald Macdonald, Ambrose Shea, William Henry Steeves, Robert Duncan Wilmot. - 4 journalists: George Brown, William McDougall, Thomas D'Arcy McGee, Edward Whelan. - 2 doctors: Étienne-Paschal Taché, Charles Tupper. - 1 pharmacist: Samuel Leonard Tilley. - 1 military officer: John Hamilton Gray. George-Étienne Cartier: Reaching out to the French Finally, the two major architects of Confederation: George-Étienne Cartier and John A. Macdonald. Born in St-Antoine-sur-Richelieu, Que., Cartier helped sway Quebec, the Northwest Territories, Manitoba and British Columbia to join the union. At home, he convinced French-speaking residents suspicious of unification that if they didn't consent to Confederation, Quebec could easily be annexed by the U.S. Cartier later became embroiled in the Pacific Scandal, a cash-for-contracts scheme in the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Cartier served as Macdonald's right-hand man, and occasional prime-ministerial fill-in, until his death from kidney disease in 1873. Macdonald burst into tears after announcing Cartier's death in the House of Commons, reports the Dictionary of Canadian Biography. John A. Macdonald: The architect Macdonald, who was premier of Canada West (previously Upper Canada) portion of the Province of Canada at the time Confederation talks began, was the chief driver of a federal union. Of the 72 resolutions established to provide Canada with a template for unification, Thomas D'Arcy McGee said Macdonald had written 50 of them. "Macdonald had always preferred a highly centralized, preferably unitary, form of government that would not be torn by jurisdictional disputes," writes the Dictionary of Canadian Biography, wanting to avert an American-style civil war. Like many Canadian politicians who've come after him, Macdonald saw his share of controversies. The revelation of the Pacific Scandal in April 1873 was followed by the July publication of telegrams confirming Macdonald (as well as Cartier and Hector-Louis Langevin) had accepted cash from the main financial backer of the Canadian Pacific Railway while in the midst of negotiations. The news caused a slew of defections, and Macdonald and his government resigned in November. And like many other Canadian politicians who've come after him, Macdonald made a spectacular comeback just five years later, regaining the title of prime minister — running for and winning a seat in a riding he'd never even visited (Victoria, B.C.) — and serving until his death following a stroke in 1891.

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1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY A driving force for competitive scuffle in the present chaotic environment is innovative marketing strategy. Introducing new products and services are at the nucleus of economic growth and development. The ability to innovate has caused researchers to study activities leading to initiative advancement of individuals and organizations. Small firms all over the world furnish a strong increase to employment and economic growth specifically due to their innovative activities which becomes a main force of explaining competitive advantage and firm performance (Ussahawanitchakit, 2012). Accordingly, the values fashioned by innovative marketing strategy shows potential circumstances that uncovered new ways of doing things or new products and processes that add benefits to economic fortunes. A firm’s performance is related to the ability of the firm to gain profit and growth in order to achieve its general strategic objectives (Neu & brown, 2005). It is a consequence of the interaction between actions taken in relation to competitive forces that allow the firm to adapt to the external environment, thereby integrating competence and usefulness In both developed and developing countries of the world, small companies have proofed to be prominent in terms of employment and added values to gross domestic product, ‘yet their full potential remains untapped’ Schlogl, (2004). The support given for the start up of small firms, necessitate them to becoming important engines for innovation and technological advancement especially in the field of marketing. In 2007, The World business council for sustainable development gave a summary of the weight small firms in general lend to government and individuals. Small firms that are properly supervised become means of employment prospect and affluence creation. They aid in the generation of revenue and create communal solidity. Bigger organizations are provided with local services and supplies and communities have access to affordable goods and services at lower costs. Furthermore, ‘by working closely with small firms, large corporations can develop a new customer base that may not be accessible to the traditional distribution networks of these corporations’ (Menna, 2013). Thus small firms are a reliable source of supply and have understanding of the pattern of procurement. Small firms, world over have been found to provide jobs for about 75% of the workforce of any country. In periods of liberalization and privatization small firms especially in emerging economics, has become vital economic tools and bedding seeds for entrepreneurship development and indigenous technology that create employment and are better positioned over bigger firms in their capacity to be innovative. However there are barriers to the activities of innovative marketing strategy in small firms which according to Menna (2013) include a lack in capital investment, infrastructure, education and training systems, encumber regulations, and in general deficiencies in know-how and skills acquisition. Other barriers include constrained managerial capabilities, difficulty in utilizing technology which results in low productivity among others. Consequently, investing in innovative marketing strategy strengthens the profit base, knowledge of employees and individuals that drive resilience of the organizations to create new products, processes, and new behaviour of working that generates improve competitiveness and achievement of necessary goals to shape performance. Existing literature has described innovative marketing strategy differently. For example Aremu (2010) affirmed there are three types of innovative marketing strategy, product, process and strategy or business model innovation. Hussien (2010) explains innovative marketing strategy to include five types: new products, new methods of production, new sources of supply, the exploitation of new markets, and new ways to organize business. For Allocca & Kessler (2006), innovative marketing strategy will only be effective when there is a process of equipping in new, improved capabilities or increased utility. The present study seeks to examine the effect of innovative marketing strategy on small firm’s performance on marketing strategies. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM It is understood that innovative marketing strategy has become a key driver for better competitiveness of firms. Some studies have found that innovative marketing strategy is closely associated with firm performance (Rosli et al., 2012; Mukhamad et al., 2011; Pla-Barber & Alegre, 2007; Gunday et al., 2011; Gary et al., 2008; Nada et al., 2008; Morgado et al., 2008; Gunnar et al., 2009). Others suggested that the effect of process involved in innovative marketing strategy to have produced different results for firm performance (Geroski & Machin, 1993). Mark (2004) further argued that innovative marketing strategy did not explain performance, whereas others discovered that the process improvement did influence sales growth of small firms (Wolff & Pett, 2006). However, this study is conducted on the innovative marketing strategy of small firms to find out if innovative activities in the marketing strategy have impact on firm performance on marketing strategies.This study attempts to gauge how strong that innovative marketing strategy affects the performance of small firms, with special reference to the mediating effect of organizational productivity and effectiveness on marketing strategies. 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The general objective of this study is to analyze the impact of innovative marketing strategy on small firm’s performance in Niger State while the following are the specific objectives: - To examine the impact of innovative marketing strategy on small firms performance in Niger State. - To identify the types of innovative marketing strategy that can promote small firm’s performance on marketing strategies. - To determine the factors limiting small firm’s performance in Niger state on marketing strategies. 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS - What is the impact of innovative marketing strategy on small firm’s performance in Niger State? - What are the types of innovative marketing strategy that can promote small firm’s performance? - What are the factors limiting small firm’s performance in Niger state? HO: Innovative marketing strategy does not enhance small firm’s performance HA: Innovative marketing strategy does enhance small firm’s performance 1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study on the impact of innovative marketing strategy on small firm’s performance in Niger State will educate stakeholders in business sector especially the marketers and the management team on the benefits of innovative marketing strategy emphasizing how it can enhance the customer base of an organization leading to improved firm’s performance. The study may also contribute to the existing body of knowledge on the impact of innovative marketing strategy on small firm’s performance. The study will be a good reference material to students who may wish to use this study as a springboard to undertake their own research on marketing strategies. 1.7 SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY This study on the impact of innovative marketing strategy on small firm’s performance in Niger State will cover all the small firms in Niger State by examine how innovative marketing strategy has improved their performance. This study will also cover different types of innovative marketing strategy and other factors limiting small firm performance in Niger state with marketing strategies. 1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS Performance: The accomplishment of a given task measured against preset known standards of accuracy, completeness, cost, and speed. In a contract, performance is deemed to be the fulfillment of an obligation, in a manner that releases the performer from all liabilities under the contract on marketing strategies. Strategy: A method or plan chosen to bring about a desired future, such as achievement of a goal or solution to a problem.with marketing strategies. Innovation: The process of translating an idea or invention into a good or service that creates value or for which customers will pay on marketing strategies. Allocca M.A. and Kessler, E.H. (2006) Innovation speed in Small and Medium-sized enterprises,Creativity & Innovation Management, 15(3) 279-295. Aremu, M. A. (2010). Small and Medium Scale Enterprises As A Means of Employment Generation and Capacity Building In Nigeria, A Paper Presented at the International Conference on Management and Enterprise Development on “Intellectuals and New Strategies for Sustainability Development of the Third World” Held at Conference Center, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, October 5th – 8th. Drucker, P.F., (1985). Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. Gary, M., Gaukler, O.O., & Warren, H.Hausman (2008). Order Progress Information: Improved Dynamic Emergency Ordering Policies. Production and Operations Management, 17(6), 599–613. Geroski, P., & Machin, S. (1993). Innovation, Profitability, and Growth over the Business Cycle.Empirical Journal, 20, 35-50. Gunday, G., Ulusoy, G., et al. (2011). Effects of Innovation Types on Firm Performance.International Journal of Production Economics, 133(2), 662-676. Gunnar Stefansson, K.L. (2009). Performance Issues of Smart Transportation Management Systems. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 58(1), 58 Hussien Alasrag, (2010). Enhance the competitiveness of the Arab SMEs in the knowledge economy. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21742/. Mark, S.F., & Paul J.A. Robson (2004). Small Firm Innovation, Growth and Performance, Evidence from Scotland and Northern England. International Small Business Journal, 22, 561-575. Menna Allah Ahmed Fouad (2013). Factors affecting the Performance of Small And Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the Manufacturing sector of Cairo, Egypt. International Journal of Business And Management Studies 5(2). Morgado, A. (2008). Ceeman Case Study Logoplaste, Innovation in the Global Market from Packaging to Solution. Management Decision, 46(9). Mukhamad, N., & Kiminami, A. (2011). Innovation, Cooperation and Business Performance.Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 1(1), 75-96. Nada, R.S. (2008). Pattern of Information Technology Use: The Impact on Buyer – Suppler Coordination and Performance. Journal of Operations Management, 26(3), 349-367. Neu, W. A and Brown, S. W. (2005). Forming successful business-to-business services in goods-dominant firms. Journal of Service Research, 8(1), 3-17. OECD, (2004) Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises In Turkey: Issues And Policies. Pla-Barber, J.P., & Alegre, J. (2007). Analyzing the Link Between Export Intensity, Innovation and Firm Size in a Science-Based Industry. International Business Review, 16, 275-293. Robert, B., & Tucker (2008). Driving Growth through Innovation: How Leading Firms are transforming their futures (2nd ed.).U.S: Berrette-Koehler Publishers Rosli, M.M., Ferri Kuswantoro, & Ahmad Raflis Che Omar (2012). Competitive Strategies and Firm Performance: A Comparative Study of Malaysian and Indonesian Small and Medium Enterprises. 3rd International Conference on Business and Economic Research (3rd ICBER 2012), 460-474. Ussahawanitchakit, Phapruke (2012). Administrative innovation, technical innovation, competitive advantage, competitive environment, and firm performance of electronics businesses in Thailand,International Academy of Business and Economic. 12(1).

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11 Oct Small but Dangerous: What is Prostate Cancer and how can I prevent it? Small but Dangerous: What is Prostate Cancer and how can I prevent it? By Island Hospital | Oct 11, 2019 6:30:09 PM The prostate gland is often disregarded due to its small size. However, it plays a very big role in a man’s reproduction system and failing to address problems in the prostate gland can lead to can lead to other health complications health complications. According to the World Cancer Research Fund, prostate cancer is listed as one of the most common forms of cancer in men, making up 14.5% of all cancers reported worldwide in 2018. Therefore, it is important for you to immediately recognise the symptoms of prostate cancer when it arises. Located between the bladder and penis, the prostate gland is a walnut-shaped organ that, though not important for one’s survival, plays a vital role in reproduction. Together with the seminal vesicles, it produces seminal fluid rich with zinc, citrate, and fructose which provide energy for the sperm to make its journey to the egg in order to allow fertilisation to take place. This seminal fluid also contains antibodies that help prevent bacteria and pathogens from attacking the urinary tract and sperm. Like most types of cancer, the exact cause behind prostate cancer still remains unknown to doctors. However, it is largely agreed upon that gene mutation is the main possible reason as certain genes determine when our cells grow, divide into more cells, and die. When mutation takes place, cells in the prostate will begin to grow at an uncontrollable rate and become abnormal. As the cancerous and abnormal cells continue to increase and divide, a tumour eventually forms and may spread to other parts of the body. Here are a few factors that can possibly identify whether you have a higher risk of contracting prostate cancer: As you increase in age, so does your risk for prostate cancer. Research has shown that more than 80% of men aged 65 or older are diagnosed with prostate cancer. - Family history If you have family members who have had prostate cancer, have genes that increase the risk of breast cancer, or have strong history of breast cancer, then your chances of getting prostate cancer might be higher. While the link between diet and prostate cancer is still being studied, it has been suggested that men who consume lots of red-meat and high-fat dairy products, or eat fewer fruits and vegetables have a higher chance of getting prostate cancer. While most men may not experience any symptoms or signs in its early stage, it does not mean that prostate cancer is to be taken lightly. Consult your doctor if you notice the following symptoms: - Burning sensation or pain during urination - Difficulty urinating, either having trouble starting or stopping urination - More frequent urges to urinate, especially at night - Loss of bladder control - Decreased flow of urinary stream - Blood in urine (hematuria) - Blood in semen - Erectile dysfunction - Painful ejaculation If left untreated, prostate cancer may spread and form tumours in neighbouring bones, organs, and even the spine. This can lead to a host of new symptoms such as: - Swelling of legs/pelvic area - Numbness/pain in the hands, feet, or legs - Chronic bone pain, which may lead to fractures Before undergoing a treatment plan for prostate cancer, a few factors will be considered such as your overall health, the aggressiveness of the cancer, how much it has spread, and the side effects that a certain treatment may bring. There are several types of treatment for prostate cancer as listed below: - Active surveillance If your condition is termed as a low-risk prostate cancer, you will be required to undergo a series of blood tests, rectal exams, and biopsies as a means to monitor the progression of your cancer. Active surveillance is usually recommended for those suffering a form of prostate cancer that does not show symptoms, grows slowly, or is confined within the prostate only. However, this method has the risk of allowing the cancer to grow, making it harder to cure in the future. - Radical prostatectomy In cases where the cancer has become aggressive, a surgical procedure to remove the prostate gland along with some surrounding tissue and lymph nodes may be prescribed. There are two main methods in conducting the surgery, namely robotic prostatectomy and retropubic surgery. For robotic prostatectomy, the surgical tools are attached to a robot and are subsequently placed into your abdomen througAre there any side effects of prostate cancer treatments? - Ih several small incisions, whose movements are controlled by the surgeon using a console. This makes it easier for him/her to conduct highly precise movements that would not be possible with a normal surgical procedure. - As for retropubic surgery, the surgeon makes an incision in your lower abdomen, starting from your navel to slightly above your pubic bone. After dissecting the prostate gland from the surrounding blood vessels and nerves, the surgeon will proceed to remove the prostate completely along with nearby tissue before stitching up the wound. - Radiation therapy In a nutshell, this method involves using high-powered energy to kill off the cancer cells, where it can be done in two ways – external beam radiation and brachytherapy. During an external beam radiation procedure, you will be made to lie down on a table while a machine moves around directing energy beams (X-rays or protons) into your prostate cancer. Brachytherapy, on the other hand, is a procedure where rice-sized radioactive seeds are placed into your prostate tissue, where it slowly releases low-dose radioactive energy over a long period of time and eventually stops emitting radiation. This is a form of treatment where your own immune system is used to fight off the cancer cells. Some immune cells will be extracted from your body, where it will be genetically engineered in a lab to combat prostate cancer. Once completed, it will be injected back into your body through a vein. Nevertheless, this process is expensive and requires multiple rounds of treatment. - Hormone therapy Instead of focusing on the prostate gland, hormone therapy mainly targets limiting the production of testosterone, a hormone which aids in the growth of cancer cells. Cutting off the supply of testosterone may come in the form of medications that stop the testicles from making testosterone (e.g. Lupron and Zoladex) or medications that prevent testosterone from reaching the cancer cells (e.g. Casodex). In some cases, the testicles will be surgically removed as a more drastic measure to starve cancer cells of testosterone. Hormone therapy is usually recommended for those who are already in an advanced stage as a way to slow down the tumour’s growth. As for those in the early stage, this treatment may help in reducing the tumour’s size before undergoing radiation therapy, which increases its success rate. Despite the name, cryosurgery does not require you to go under the knife in order to stem the growth of cancer cells. Rather, small needles are inserted into your prostate with the guidance of ultrasound images, where cold gas is then released through the needles and freezes the surrounding tissues, while another gas is then placed into the needles where it reheats the tissue. While repeated cycles of emitting cold and hot gas do kill the cancerous cells, some healthy cells may be sacrificed as well. Cyrosurgery is commonly used for men who experience little success with radiation therapy. Whether you are experiencing an early or advanced stage of prostate cancer, there will bound to be an emergence of side effects while undergoing treatment. Some of the side effects include: - Erectile dysfunction - Urinary incontinence - Hot flushes - Weight gain - Reduced libido - Painful and frequent urination - Bowel problems Should you have any concerns regarding your treatment journey, do not hesitate to consult our doctor to find out more about the risks involved. Like any disease, prostate cancer can be prevented with a few simple changes to your lifestyle. Here are some ways to do so: - Ensure a healthy diet Incorporate more fruits, vegetables, and grains into your diet instead of high-fat foods. While it has yet to be proven that eating healthily can prevent prostate cancer, a healthy diet can improve your overall health. If you are a smoker, you should consider stopping your smoking habits. - Exercise regularly Regular exercise helps in maintaining your weight, improving your health, and lowers your risk for prostate cancer. If you are new to it, start off slow and gradually lengthen your exercise time. - Talk to a doctor about increased risk of prostate cancer, especially if you are over 50 years old or have a family history of this disease The aim of visiting your doctor is to diagnose prostate cancer as early as possible. When detected early, it can potentially be cured. This can be done with a simple biopsy-taking examination of the prostate such as the digital rectal exam (DRE) and a Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) blood test. During a DRE procedure, the doctor will insert a gloved, lubricated finger through your rectum and feel your prostate to determine its size and whether there are any abnormalities with it. This procedure takes only a few minutes to be done. As for a PSA blood test, some of your blood will be drawn and sent to the lab to determine the amount of PSA produced by your prostate gland. Although there is no such thing as a “normal” PSA level, most men who suffer from prostate cancer tend to have higher PSA levels. If you have a PSA level ranging from or exceeding 4 to 10ng/ml, talk to our doctor immediately.

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Vocalizations As Part Of Stereotypies The precise definition of stereotypies and their exact phenomenological distinction from other repetitive motor behaviors, for example, tics, is difficult. The term denotes a repetitive, often continuous, non-goal-directed movement pattern that is typically distractible. As with echolalic behaviors, stereotypies are also part of physiological development that often abate within the first years of life. Although the persistence of stereotypic vocalizations may still be part of normal development, in many cases it signifies pathology, and indeed stereotypic utterances are part of the diagnostic criteria of ASD . One large case series of 83 patients with Rett syndrome described phonic stereotypies with repetitive sounds, words, or phrases in only 6% of patients. We recently observed loud stereotypic vocalizations in a patient with 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome and late-treated cases with phenylketonuria. Further, stereotypic vocalizations have been documented in patients with schizophrenia. What About Natural Therapies And Supplements For Psp Supplements and vitamins are another topic that is frequently asked about. Surprisingly little is known about these in relation to PSP. Much of what we know is derived from studies on Parkinson disease and may not actually translate to PSP. There is good data recently on coenzyme Q10 , a supplement that helps with energy production in cells and functions also as an antioxidant. Supplementing the energy of brain cells with CoQ10 is thought to help prevent further loss or degeneration, and may slow disease progression. In PSP there is evidence that CoQ10 indeed increases brain energy metabolism and, at least in the short-term, improves symptoms including cognitive function. CoQ10 is not a regulated drug and comes in many forms , resulting in differences in the dose need for effect. Speak to your doctor about recommended doses before taking, but generally 1200 mg/day is needed . As for other vitamins there again is limited data. Vitamin E has been touted as an antioxidant, but there is no good evidence for benefit in PSP and increasing data suggests that high doses may actually increase risk of death. Therefore, we do not recommend specific vitamin supplementation unless you are determined deficient by your doctor. Vitamin D Insufficiency And Osteoporosis There is evidence that several HKMDs, including Huntington disease, RLS, and tremor, are associated with low vitamin D serum levels. vitamin D deficiency, an essential factor for altered bone structure and increased fracture risk, was present in 89% of Chorea patients , and in 83% of RLS patients . We found reduced bone mineral density associated with vitamin D insufficiency in Huntington disease but not in RLS patients . For tic disorders, there is only one case report that describes a reduced bone mineral density in a patient with Tourette syndrome. However, the author attributed this pathology not to an altered vitamin D status but rather to neuroleptic-induced hyperprolactinemia . |1000 IU p.o./d||no improvement| RCT: randomized controlled trial SCCS: prospective self-controlled case study n.s.: not specified p.o.: per os i.m.: intra muscular /d: daily /w: weekly /m: monthly. def. pts.: Vitamin D deficient patients. However, the causal link to neurodegeneration is still a matter of debate, especially with regard to the effect of vitamin supplementation on disease progression . To date, as for HKMDs, real proof of clinical benefits are inconclusive . This highlights that there is a strong need for randomized clinical trials examining vitamin D supplementation in patients with neurodegenerative disorders with the focus to optimize time, efficacy, and appropriate dosing . Don’t Miss: Early Signs Of Parkinson’s Disease Nhs Stiffness And Slow Movement Parkinsons disease mainly affects adults older than 60. You may feel stiff and a little slow to get going in the morning at this stage of your life. This is a completely normal development in many healthy people. The difference with PD is that the stiffness and slowness it causes dont go away as you get up and start your day. Stiffness of the limbs and slow movement appear early on with PD. These symptoms are caused by the impairment of the neurons that control movement. A person with PD will notice jerkier motions and move in a more uncoordinated pattern than before. Eventually, a person may develop the characteristic shuffling gait. Origins Of Breathing Disorders The book by Leon Chaitow and co-authors cited above explains how breathing disorders are intrinsically linked to chronic stress and anxiety. The shallow, fast chest breathing through the mouth is a hallmark of the body preparing itself for the exertion of flight or fight due to a stress response. While this adaptive in acute stress situations, when stress is chronic and the body is spending a lot of time in fight or flight, the associated pattern of breathing becomes habitual, and eventually the system gets stuck in the new equilibrium of the CO2 intolerant state. However, the vicious circle work both ways, because overbreathing itself puts the body into a stress response state and feeds anxiety. A very good tutorial about the two way links between anxiety and breathing patterns is given by Robert Litman in the video below. It is not surprising therefore that people with PD can present with disordered breathing associated with chronic stress and anxiety, since there are very significant overlaps between the other symptoms of chronic stress and those of Parkinsons Diseases, and ingrained fight or flight behaviours are common to the pre-diagnosis background histories of people with PD. Conversely, it is important to note that techniques which have been developed to treat breathing disorders should also help to decrease the symptoms of PD, including reduction of anxiety and increasing resilience to stress. Recommended Reading: What Does Parkinson’s Disease Do How Is Psp Diagnosed Currently there are no tests or brain imaging techniques to definitively diagnose PSP. An initial diagnosis is based on the persons medical history and a physical and neurological exam. Identifying early gait problems, problems moving the eyes, speech and swallowing abnormalities, as well as ruling out other similar disorders is important. Diagnostic imaging may show shrinkage at the top of the brain stem and look at brain activity in known areas of degeneration. Is There Any Treatment There is currently no effective treatment for PSP and symptoms usually do not respond to medications. - Parkinsons disease medications, such as ropinirole, rarely provide additional benefit. In some individuals, other antiparkinsonian medications, such as levodopa, can treat the slowness, stiffness, and balance problems associated with PSP, but the effect is usually minimal and short-lasting. - Botulinum toxin, which can be injected into muscles around the eyes, can treat excessive eye closing. - Some antidepressant drugs may offer some benefits beyond treating depression, such as pain relief and decreasing drooling. Non-drug treatment for PSP can take many forms. - Weighted walking aids can help individuals avoid falling backward. - Bifocals or special glasses called prisms are sometimes prescribed for people with PSP to remedy the difficulty of looking down. - Exercise supervised by a healthcare professional can keep joints limber but formal physical therapy has no proven benefit in PSP. A gastrostomy may be necessary when there are swallowing disturbances or the definite risk of severe choking. Deep brain stimulationwhich uses surgically implanted electrodes and a pacemaker-like medical device to deliver electrical stimulation to specific areas in the brain to block signals that cause the motor symptoms of several neurological disordersand other surgical procedures commonly used in individuals with Parkinson’s disease have not been proven effective in PSP. Don’t Miss: Best Bed For Parkinson’s Patients Awakened By The Sound Of A Melodic Hum Minutes to midnight, I awake to the sound of a melodic hum. It is coming from my mother sitting in the dark living room, unaware of the hour. I turn on the light. With one hand on her cane and the other holding a little bundle in her lap, she is as charming as any little old lady can be. I was going for a walk up the street, she offered, but I got tired and I sat down to rest. Dead bolts on our doors do not prevent my mind from wandering through the what ifs. Eventually, my thoughts drift back to the hum. For me, it is probably the balm that keeps my anxieties in check but what is it for her? My curiosity leads me to research whether there is any concern about the habit of humming in elderly people. There are a few surprises. Box : Clinical Features Of Neuroacanthocytosis A multisystem degenerative disorder of unknown aetiology. Variable mode of inheritance. Age of onset: approximately 30 years. Chorea as well as orofacial-lingual dystonia are prominent. Axonal neuropathy in 50% of cases. Presence of acanthocytes on peripheral blood smears. No curative treatment available treatment is largely supportive. Relentlessly progressive . Also Check: How To Care For Someone With Parkinson’s Disease Causes And Risk Factors Essential tremor occurs as the result of abnormal communication between certain areas of the brain. A genetic cause for essential tremor has been identified in 5070% of cases and, as a result, it has a strong tendency to run in families . While essential tremor can affect people of all ages, the average age of onset is 3545 years. The condition may get worse over time. It occurs equally in men and women, and can affect all ethnic groups. Recently Fred Has Found His Eyes Are Closed Involuntarily Most Of The Time Though If He Makes An You dont think, Oh, it would be nice to have my eyes closed now? The mask that is the expressionless face, typical of many people with Parkinsons, probably distresses the people who have to live with it more than it embarrasses the person who has it. It tends to be the position the face falls into when not actively doing something else. Lack of facial expression can be hard for the family. Don’t Miss: Gift Ideas For Parkinson Patients Surgical Management Of Hyperkinesis Some degree of synkinesis, hypokinesis, and hyperkinesis accompanies reinnervation of the face, whether nerve regeneration occurs with nerve grafting or nerve substitution techniques or with spontaneous recovery from a denervating injury. Synkinesis can be improved by sensorimotor re-education, in which the patient practices in front of a mirror, with the help of electromyography, to separate facial muscle activities.19,20 Hyperkinesis may be treated medically or surgically.21 Botulinum toxin injected into muscles involved in hyperkinesis causes temporary paralysis and temporary relief from hyperkinesis. When the effects of the botulinum toxin dissipate , injection can be repeated. Surgically selective neurolysis or regional myectomy can provide longer lasting treatment for hyperkinesis. Selective neurolysis involves weakening or paralyzing innervation to the hyperkinetic muscle. The results of neurolysis are difficult to predict, however, and hyperkinesis may return, even after excision of a segment of nerve. For these reasons, regional myectomy is the currently preferred surgical technique for management of hyperkinesis in patients who fail or who are unwilling to use botulinum toxin. Adam W. Grasso, Sorin J. Brener, in, 2010 Rem Sleep Behavior Disorder In vivid dreaming states most peoples bodies are still. However people with RBD lack muscle paralysis resulting in their acting out their dreams. This can include talking, screaming, shouting, hitting, punching or kicking, even propelling them out of bed. This can be scary and dangerous if they strike their partners or other bedside objects involuntarily. RBD is common in and can begin long before the onset of declining motor function. Fortunately it is also a very treatable condition. Also Check: Nursing Home Care For Parkinson’s Patients Pathophysiological Aspects Of Movement Disorders: A Link To Psychostimulants Considerable overlap exists between the mechanisms influenced by psychostimulants and those involved in the pathophysiology of various movement disorders . Movement disorders affect the control of voluntary and involuntary movements and manifest as hypokinetic or hyperkinetic disorders including parkinsonism, tremor, dyskinesias, and myoclonus. Most of these disorders are either directly or indirectly related to the basal ganglia of the brain. Evidence of altered cortical function, white matter tract involvement and widespread neural network dysfunction is also becoming available. Table 1. Examples of psychostimulants and an overview of their toxic effects mediated by monoaminergic systems. Basal ganglia are a diverse group of interconnected nuclei that serve an important part in movement execution and the relay of the associated signals. The classical model proposes a direct and indirect pathway within basal ganglia involving subpopulations of striatal projection neurons . The circuits are activated by cortical signals and by regulating gamma aminobutyric acid release, they eventually exert an influence on dopamine-dependent signaling and thus increase or reduce locomotor activity. Selective contributions of these pathways have been verified in animals with dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein Mr 32 kDa loss in nigrostriatal neurons in reaction to cocaine . Embarrassing Symptoms Of Parkinson’s Disease Some symptoms that may occur in people with Parkinsons disease are not typical of it and so people noticing them may misunderstand them. These symptoms can be particularly embarrassing in social situations where other people witness their discomfort. They distress some people so much that they avoid company other than close friends or family. Most of these symptoms are caused by Parkinsons but some are side effects of the medicines used to treat it. All the symptoms tend to fluctuate in relation to the medication, and some people had learnt to adjust their medicine regime to minimise these effects. Eating can cause embarrassment in several ways. Both tremor and dyskinesia affect the physical job of cutting up food and directing it into the mouth . Several people had a problem with a piece of steak or chicken that might fly off the plate as they tried to cut it up, or they had a choking fit if they unwisely took too big a piece into their mouth. Humphrey disliked eating out with friends because he tended to drop things. You May Like: Parkinson Voice Project Loud Crowd Equipment And Walking Aids You might find that equipment can help you to walk, such as a walking stick or a rollator . Before you start using a walking aid, it’s very important to get advice from a physiotherapist. Some walking aids aren’t recommended for people with Parkinsons as they can affect your walking pattern and make you more likely to fall. But, the correct walking aid can increase your confidence and help you to lift your feet better. Physiologic Tremor And Enhanced Physiologic Tremor Everyone has some small degree of tremor that may not be physically apparent but can be recorded electrophysiologically. This tremor is known as physiologic tremor. In some people this tremor can worsen in the setting of stress, anxiety or with stimulants such as caffeine and is known as enhanced physiologic tremor. Enhanced physiologic tremor is not a progressive disorder and needs no treatment. You May Like: Exercise Class For Parkinson’s Disease Legends To The Videos Video 2. Vocalizations as part of stereotypies. Stereotypic vocalizations accompanied by motor stereotypies in a patient with autism spectrum disorder, before , during , and after treatment with botulinum toxin of the vocal cords. Stereotypic shouts accompanied by motor stereotypies in a patient with 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome and cognitive disability, impulsivity, short stature, cachexia, and mitral valve insufficiency. The stereotypic behavior developed 4years earlier during a stressful period. The patient reported a soothing character of the repetitive shouts and movements, which reduced a feeling of inner distress. The behavior was distractible, although the patient felt that she was not able to suppress the movements and vocalizations. Video 3. Vocalizations as part of chorea, dystonia, and other dyskinesias. Lip smacking in a patient with tardive dyskinesia. Panting and gasping in a patient with tardive dyskinesia due to chronic metoclopramide intake. Acute-onset hissing and shrieking in a patient with generalized choreodystonia subsequent to lenalidomide treatment for multiple myeloma. Alzheimer’s Or Normal Aging Just about everyone has minor memory glitches as they get older. If someone forgets a name or why they walked into the kitchen, that doesn’t mean they have Alzheimer’s. The main problem that defines the disease is trouble planning and handling day-to-day tasks, like paying bills, managing a checkbook, or using familiar appliances around the house. You May Like: Does Smoking Help Parkinson’s Disease Ataxia / Dysmetria / Asynergia Ataxia is an unsteady and swaying walk, often with feet planted widely apart. People have difficulty walking a straight line with their heel touching the toe of the shoe in front . Ataxia can occur in a number of neurologic conditions. Dysmetria is misjudging the distance to a target. A person with dysmetria will have problems reaching out and accurately touching a targeted object. Asynergia is a breakdown of movement, so that movements of the arms and legs become irregular and clumsy. For more information, visit the National Ataxia Foundation website at www.ataxia.org. What Are The Primary Motor Symptoms Of Parkinsons Disease There are four primary motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease: tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability . Observing two or more of these symptoms is the main way that physicians diagnose Parkinsons. It is important to know that not all of these symptoms must be present for a diagnosis of Parkinsons disease to be considered. In fact, younger people may only notice one or two of these motor symptoms, especially in the early stages of the disease. Not everyone with Parkinsons disease has a tremor, nor is a tremor proof of Parkinsons. If you suspect Parkinsons, see a neurologist or movement disorders specialist. Walking or Gait Difficulties Also Check: Parkinson’s Loss Of Balance What Is The Prognosis The disease gets progressively worse, with people becoming severely disabled within three to five years of onset. Affected individuals are predisposed to serious complications such as pneumonia, choking, head injury, and fractures. The most common cause of death is pneumonia. With good attention to medical and nutritional needs, it is possible for individuals with PSP to live a decade or more after the first symptoms of the disease appear.

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There was a time when solar panels were prohibitively expensive and only the wealthiest homeowners could afford them. That has changed with dramatic price drops over the last several years. Today’s solar panels cost 10 percent less than they did last year, a trend that has borne out since the 1980s, according to Oxford University Researchers. When it comes to making the choice on which panels to buy, it is important to remember that “most affordable” does not necessarily mean “cheapest.” A solar array might cost more at the start, but better efficiency might mean that it produces more and longer than other panels, making it a smarter and a more “affordable” investment in the long run. Top 25 Most Affordable Solar Panels When it comes to the initial outlay of cash, which solar panels are the most affordable for homeowners? Those looking to get their solar panels up and running with as little impact on their bottom line as possible can check out these top 25 affordable panels on the market today. |Rank||Manufacturer||Model||Power (Watts)||Price||Price per watt| |11||Hanwha Q CELLS||BFR-G3||255||$239.70||$0.94| |13||Hanwha Q CELLS||BFT-G3||265||$251.75||$0.95| Please note: Solar panel technology changes quickly and what is very affordable today might be replaced by something even more affordable tomorrow. To be certain of prices, check with the manufacturer or contractor before ordering panels, but this chart will give you an understanding of approximate costs from a variety of manufacturers and for a variety of solar panels. This chart is based on the pricing of single solar panels; however, purchasing by the pallet or through a contractor can usually make the per-panel price significantly cheaper. Factors Affecting Solar Affordability The cost of solar panels is set by the manufacturer based on many points such as the efficiency and expected longevity of the panels. As you might imagine, the higher the efficiency over a long period of time, the more expensive the panels will likely be. How the panel is made matters. There are various types of units, including monocrystalline (single crystal), polycrystalline (multiple crystals), gallium arsenide, cadmium telluride, and amorphous silicon – and that’s just what is available at the moment. With the ever-changing technology of solar, it is entirely possible that more varieties of solar panels units will hit the market soon. Typically, monocrystalline panels generate the most watts per area, which means fewer panels can be used to produce the needed amount of electricity, and that takes up less space. This higher efficiency usually means that monocrystalline panels are more expensive; however, other factors come into play as well, such as warranties, durability and more. Finally, remember that solar panels are only one part of the total cost of the system. Though this page will teach homeowners how to calculate panel value and showcase a few points that are necessary to make the right choices concerning their solar panels, there are other parts of a system a homeowner needs to consider. Solar Expert Q&A In order to get a grasp on what makes solar panels truly affordable, we reached out to Brilliant Harvest founder Bill Johnson. His many years of experience in the solar industry have led to valuable insights into what homeowners need to know when they begin the search for solar panels that fit their budget and their energy needs. The key factors to consider when comparing solar panels are performance (they should produce the power that the rating leads you to expect), quality, durability and beneficial warranty terms. Aesthetics can also play a role in a consumer’s decision-making process. There are annual lists produced by solar publications of the top PV panel manufacturers. These resources make it easy to learn which manufacturers make a quality product – and which ones to avoid. As a consumer, you are making a long-term investment in your solar panels and what you think is a great deal on an unknown panel may turn out to be a bad deal in the long run. In addition, because of the economies of scale related to solar PV production, often the largest, most reputable manufacturers have some of the lowest cost panels on the market. Unlike many products, solar panels have no moving parts, so it’s often difficult to tell by just looking if a panel is cheaply made. The market for solar PV is exploding globally and because of this there are companies around the world and in the U.S. that are willing to cut corners to gain market share. These defects are often not visible to the average consumer but result in lower-than-rated power output, possible safety issues, and long-term durability problems. It is usually not a smart idea to purchase used panels. PV panel technology is moving forward at an extremely fast pace, with panel power levels increasing 10 percent or more per year. In 2009, we were installing panels that were 205 watts per panel. That same size panel today is producing up to 315 Watts. In addition, it’s very likely that the used panel will have no warranty coverage for any issues that arise. Finally, it will be difficult to find an installer willing to work with the used panel, since any problems that arise will need to be handled by his/her firm, and the used panels are likely to have more issues than a new panel. Typically markup on panels and other components is 30 to 40 percent, depending on the situation. This covers shipping and handling, insurance, warranty coverage, licensing, and many other costs related to being a legitimate installer. PV panels are bulky, awkward to handle, fragile before being installed (don’t drop one on a corner!) and must be installed in often difficult situations (just imagine carrying a 45-pound panel up a steep rooftop in the wind, then repeat that for every panel that needs to be installed – it’s not easy work). What many folks don’t realize is that there is a tremendous amount more that goes into a quality solar PV installation than just the panels themselves. A quality installation is expected to last 25 years or more, so every aspect of the installation must be considered for durability and longevity. Factors such as roof angle and orientation, roof type, number of roof faces, local electric utility company, and local building code – they all impact the installation. There are very few do-it-yourselfers with the skills needed to successfully install a system, produce the power expected and have it last 25 years. Even small choices like the type of roof sealant and methods for securing the exposed rooftop wiring can have a major impact on the durability of the system. Some utility companies have very complex paperwork requirements just to allow you to turn the system on and connect to the grid. It’s absolutely worth the cost to hire a quality installer to help you through the process. Ten years ago, the panels were by far the single largest cost in a PV installation, often accounting for 70 to 80 percent of the installed cost of a system. But today, panels are less than 30 percent of the cost of an installation. Because of this, buying panels at wholesale and finding a contractor to install them will almost certainly end up costing you more than if you just have the contractor purchase directly. For example, my company, Brilliant Harvest, LLC, works with our distributors to obtain pricing that no homeowner can get. This is because of the volume of panels we purchase, our creditworthiness, and our reputation with existing clients. We search every day among our distributors to ensure we are getting the best price for the panels we install, and we stand behind our work 100 percent. If you have an issue, we are there to take care of it. Solar panels should last and produce an output of more than 80 percent of the rated power for at least two decades. The lifetime of solar panels varies depending on quality of materials and the manufacturer. If a panel has a warranty of less than 10 years, you should exercise caution. A warranty of 25 years is much more desirable. You should be able to find out the names of and do research on the kinds of equipment the contractor will use in your system. You should learn about the brand of solar panels before having them installed on your home. If you don’t recognize the name or can’t find any information about a brand, you may not want to use them – or the company – on your job. Lifespan of a Solar Panel Though cheaper panels might look really good when it comes to the initial cost, there can be a hefty price to pay for going with the lowest estimate. Though all solar panels are designed to be very robust and stand up to the elements for several decades, the power output for some can begin to wane within the first year of installation. A standard solar panel warranty should help alleviate concerns; it guarantees that over the span of 25 years, the power output should not be less than 80 percent of the rated power. This helps ensure that homeowners will get continuous high performance from the panels they purchase. Panels that come with a lesser warranty might wind up costing more in the long run – for instance, a panel might show a dramatic drop in power during year eleven, but if the warranty ran out at year 10, the homeowner is out of luck and might need to go to the expense of a replacement panel. The Impact of Chinese Solar Panels When looking for the cheapest possible panels, homeowners might stumble upon prices that seem like a dream come true. However, those amazingly cheap price tags can be attached to solar panels created with a hefty environmental and human rights impacts. The Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition creates an annual list ranking solar manufacturers on various environmental and human rights criteria: |Company||2015 Total Score| Source: 2015 Solar Scorecard Challenges for the solar industry when it comes to PV module production include: The manufacture of solar panels produces greenhouse gases, so in order to make up for the impact on the environment, solar panels must work for a long time to negate the carbon footprint. Cheaper panels may degrade faster than others, which means they might not reach the threshold required to make up for their production. The making of solar panels produces some toxic byproducts. China doesn’t have the same standards for dealing with toxic products as the United States does. Though there are rules in place that require panel manufacturers to recycle the waste, there is no word yet on whether those rules are being enforced. It is also important to remember that in some cases, solar panels are produced with conflict materials. This means that the workers who mine for these minerals are under conditions of armed conflict or human rights abuses. The United States requires that companies disclose where the minerals used in their products come from, which can help cut down on the use of conflict materials; China, however, currently has no such requirements. So when homeowners purchase solar panels that were made in China, they might not know exactly where the materials came from. In addition to these concerns, there is also the issue of shipping those solar panels around the world. Transportation creates an enormous carbon footprint, which means solar panels must last even longer to negate the environmental costs of their shipment. Add up all the potential environmental impacts, human rights issues and the simple question of how long they will last, and the answer becomes clear: Homeowners should always think twice before going with the cut-rate prices on some foreign solar panels.

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Once upon a time our ancestors lived in the forest somewhere in Africa. The following happened probably about 2 to 4 million years ago. A climate change caused a period of drought. The forest started to decline. Our ancestors got into trouble. One or a few of our ancestors got visions of a paradise beyond the Savannah which enclosed the forest. Since food became scarce they decided to leave the forest and to cross the Savannah. Most of their peers considered this a very bad idea. They were not able to let go, to take a risk and to leave their familiar habitat: the forest. But the visionary apes followed their visions together with some followers. They left the forest and entered the Savannah. There they met big lions and other troubles. But they persevered. They were our ancestors. We live because they followed their visions and took the next step in evolution. And the apes that stayed behind in their forest? They became extinct. During our evolution food was scarce. Many times we had hunger, many of us starved to death. We evolved with a strong drive to get as much food as possible. And then, we developed science, agriculture and industry. Food is now available at every moment at every place. And we still have a drive to eat as much as possible. So many of us got into trouble. Many of us became obese. This causes problems with fertility. If we continue to eat as much as we can, we will become extinct. With many thanks to our industry, the co2 level of our atmosphere rises rapidly. Temperatures on earth are rising, polar ice is melting, sea-level is rising and more problems are anticipated. It seems that mankind faces yet another challenge. Many families will become extinct. Who will be an ancestor to the next species of mankind? Do you want to give birth to a higher species? Do you want to evolve? Or do you want to become extinct? For many people it is difficult to understand why these two reasons should cause the downfall of our society. I will try to explain. According to a study of the NASA a rise of the sea level with 25 meter is possible. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard ews/topstory/2006/world_warmth_prt.htm According to Al Gore the melting of the ice on Greenland and Antarctica can cause the sea level to rise with 12 meter. This we should anticipate within 20 years. The rising sea-level will force the relocation of more than a billion people from coastal area's. This can cause wars between people and probably the use of ABC-weapons. Our species can survive the abuse of a small amount of atomic and chemical weapons (A and C weapons) but the abuse of only one biological weapon can have a devastating effect. Since biological weapons are easy to produce and since many religious fanatics are willing to sacrifice themselves, it is quite probable that some biological weapon will be used in the next decade. Imagine some Palestinians who have lost their complete families to Israelian terror. Some of them could be willing to contaminate themselves with a new virus and to take an airplane to a major city in the west. This could be a virus created from the HIV-virus and the influenza-virus. An airborne HIV-virus would have a devastating effect on mankind. It is hard to give a precise prediction for the future. It is quite easy to see that catastrophic events become more probable day by day. That is why I have the opinion that we should prepare for a downfall of civilization. It is better to be safe than to be sorry. Politicians think that losing the next election is the worst catastrophe that can ever happen. So they paint a bright future with a rising sea-level of only one meter in the next hundred years. Not one scientist and not one military person takes them seriously. A military person prepares for the worst, that gives the best chance for survival. However big a catastrophe, if you are prepared for the worst, chances are that you can cope with the catastrophe. If you follow the lead of politicians, you could survive the next election. But chances are, that you will drown with the next medium hurricane, like so many people drowned in New Orleans. These people were not killed by the hurricane Katrina, but by the negligence of politicians. Often I have visions of the future. And often they come true, but not always according to my interpretation. I have learned to heed my visions. In one vision I saw large cities that were visited by a plague. I saw people with blood-soaked bandages at every way out of those cities. Each and every person that tried to leave the city was touched by these people, to contaminate them in case they were not contaminated already. Not a single person survived. If you want to believe in the bright future of political leaders, please follow them. If you want to prepare for the worst, start an autarchic group or join an autarchic group. Prepare for a life without the current civilization. Make yourself as independent as possible. It is difficult to foresee the future. Due to the climate-change, we can anticipate problems. Due to the abundance of food, we should anticipate another kind of problems. These two causes of trouble combined are reason to expect a downfall of civilization. If this happens, how will you survive? Suppose you form a group with some people and together you develop an autarchic way of life. That will certainly increase your chances of survival. If you combine this with healthy feeding habits, you increase your chances of survival even more. What do you need to do this? Primarily you need good judgment, sound information, an open mind, the ability to learn and adapt and certainly you need self-discipline. Self-discipline is the ability to manage oneself and one's emotions. It is also the ability to manage your feeding-habits. During our evolution we increased our chances of survival by eating everything we could digest, since food was scarce. But today, eating everything we can is a certain way to obesity and to an early death. We need self-discipline to control our habits and drives. If we don't, we will kill ourselves and our genes become extinct. From the previous we can deduce that the next species of mankind will have considerable self-discipline. Because of this, conflicts between individuals and between groups will occur less and when they do occur, they will be less intense. The next species of mankind will be more peaceful in respect to the current one. When you are born and raised in a tribe, you learn how to live in an autarchic group. But most of us have been raised in modern society. Many of us come from a single-parent-family. Living in a group is not natural for most of us. So when we want to thrive in an autarchic group, we need re-education and re-conditioning. Many things that were natural to ancient tribal-people are strange and unfamiliar to modern people. Furthermore, we don't want to regress to ancient tribal-people. We want to take the next step in evolution. So we need to analyze the social structure of tribal-people and to decide what habits are useful for us and which are detrimental. To do this, we need light to see, we need clarity of vision, we need the light of reason. In a healthy tribe, tribal-people care for each other. When a tribe is about to be destroyed by other civilizations, you can see a decline of love and caring. These situation are not a good example for us. We should focus on healthy tribes. In such tribes there is a spirit of sharing and of love. In general we can say: If you want a healthy autarchic group, you need a spirit of sharing, a spirit of love. People in the group should care for one another in a natural way. If care for each other has to be enforced by rules, the group does not function as a tribal group, but as a cult. For most people such an environment is detrimental. We can conclude, that we need re-education before we can thrive in an autarchic group. We need to construct a social structure with elements of the social structure of ancient tribes combined with modern knowledge of psychology and sociology. For those who want to become a leader of an autarchic group it can be useful to study cults, especially the bad examples of cults. Leaders of a group should be critical about their own behavior. Most of us don't want to end up like Charles Manson, like Jim Jones (from the Jonestown-tragedy), like David Koresh (from the Wako-tragedy) or like Joseph Di Mambro and Luc Jouret (from the Order of the Solar Temple, Ordre du Temple Solaire). Also most of us don't want to end up like Osho (Baghwan). At the end of his life things were not very great. If you lead other people, you have a great responsibility, specially when you lead an autarchic group. In such a group there is little influence from people outside of your group. And people inside your group are hesitant to be critical. So you must be your own critic. Study of groups and cults who went wrong can help you to prevent to make the same mistakes. You can not be critical about yourself when you are in action. To become critical about yourself, you have to make yourself passive, relaxed. You have to get in an alpha-state (or something) and then you can take a good look at yourself. (This is what we do with TRANCE-FORMATION.) In the previous section we concluded, that we need to re-educate ourselves and that we need to look at ourselves in a relaxed state. And that is exactly what we do in the Circle of Light and Love. Every Circle of Light and Love is an autonomous group and some of them will be autarchic. All members of a true Circle of Light and Love do one or more TRANCE-FORMATIONS each day. This is essential. Occasionally one can skip a TRANCE-FORMATION when you are to tired or to busy. But the norm is at least one TRANCE-FORMATION a day. A TRANCE-FORMATION is a period of 30 to 45 minutes spend in alpha-state. During this alpha-period you visualize yourself in all kinds of situations, you re-evaluate your behavior and you program new behavior. There are about 200 TRANCE-FORMATION CD's to program and evaluate all kinds of situations, habits and behavior patterns. A TRANCE-FORMATION CD contains in fact a piece of software that you can download in your mind. The Circle of Light and Love has a few levels. Note: Some people got the idea that every Circle of Light and Love should be an autarchic circle in a remote part of the world. That is not true. Most Circles of Light and Love are groups of friends in a city. The members live their own life and meet once a week or once a month or whatever seems appropriate. The Circle of Light and Love is ideal for an autarchic group but it is also ideal for any other group of friends that want really loving relationships between the members and spiritual, mental, emotional growth. With a Circle of Light and Love you can achieve whatever you want. By now, you are very eager to find out about initiation. What will happen during an initiation? First of all, you need to make a distinction between THE Circle of Light and Love and A Circle of Light and Love. THE Circle of Light and Love is the conceptual Circle of Light and Love. It has some ground-rules or basic axioms. A Circle of Light and Love is a particular Circle of Light and Love, that has transformed the ground-rules in a real group of people. The ground-rules are transformed in a way to suit the needs of the members of that particular Circle of Light and Love. You can not be initiated in THE Circle of Light and Love. You can only be initiated in A Circle of Light and Love. The Circle of Light and Love as a concept is developed by Firewolf. A Circle of Light and Love as a real group is started by one or a few people with special training. This person or people we call 'the master of the circle' or simply 'the master'. 'The master' can be a man or a woman, a man and a woman, two man, two woman, three people, etc. The rules of a particular Circle of Light and Love are created by the master of that particular Circle of Light and Love. If you are initiated into a particular Circle of Light and Love, the initiation ceremony is created by the master of that circle. So it is not possible to tell you how you will be initiated. When you are attracted by a particular Circle of Light and Love, you are attracted by the creation of a particular master. So it is most likely, that the initiation and the rules of that Circle of Light and Love suits you. There are these options: Training and TRANCE-FORMATION CD's are available in English and in dutch. The English version will be made available as downloads in mp3-format. You can respond in English, Dutch or German. If you want Circle of Light and Love training, if you want to become a master of the Circle of Light and Love, or if you have comments or questions, you can use the form. Thank you. Thanks for all the information which I received from you. Your last message kept me awake during the past two nights. Probably you will be right, as usual. I remember the freedom of the seventies. At that time, 'being spiritual' was hip. Since the eighties yogi's are mocked and despised. We are being ridiculed. At present I hide my spirituality. I don't want to provoke attacks. Much light and love, Loes (yoga-teacher). PS. Do you expect the end of the world? Thanks for your comment, Loes. The world will continue to turn around it's axis. But we can expect a lot of problems in the coming years. The climate-change comes fast and the sea level rises quick. Because of the climate-change many people will suffer. This can be the cause for wars. An artificial virus can kill humankind quickly. In the nineties I had a vision. I saw the earth surrounded by a kind of 'astral vultures'. They circulate the earth, waiting for the earth to die. I saw the earth die. Many souls were forced to leave the earth, most of them were devoured by these 'astral vultures'. It was not a nice thing to see. Since that time I disconnected my emotions from the people. I don't want to feel their fear of death when their soul is devoured. 'God' gave me the power to seal the forehead (third eye) of people. During an initiation I sometimes do that. When your forehead is sealed, there is less confusion. You can really dedicate yourself to the path you have chosen. And when you leave this earth, you have the ability to move through the flock of vultures that surround the earth and they will not touch you. What I saw is just one of the possibilities. Some people have a vision and then they predict that earth will be destroyed at [some date] and sometimes even [some time]. What time? Greenwich Mean Time? New York Time? Berlin Time? When I have a vision, it is a possibility. And it doesn't have to become a reality. As soon as we see a danger, we can do something about it. If there is a lot of rain upriver and your dikes are weak and low, you can fore-see a bursting. But that doesn't have to happen. You can strengthen the dike and increase the height. If we continue to live as we do, we will die. We will become an extinct species. But in times of trouble people choose for change. For many the change will be to late. For people who are awake, the chances are much better. You can choose to change yourself. You can relocate to a rural area and become self-sufficient. I teach people to become a master of the Circle of Light and Love. Once you are a master, you are much more aware of what is going on. You can start your own Circle of Light and Love and initiate friends. If you like, you can do that where-ever you want. Even in a big city. But in times of trouble, a rural area is less dangerous. Do you like this page? Promote it !!! We do not participate with twitter of facebook. But feel free to tweet about this page. Or put a link to this page on your facebook page, if you have one. When a webpage has a facebook-button, the website sends a message with the page and your ip-number to facebook. With a twitter-button, twitter gets that information. Facebook and twitter have vast datafiles linked with your ip-number. Facebook knows more about you, than the NSA knows about the most wanted terrorist. And Google? Almost every website has google-analytics. (Not this site !) Via google analytics lots of data about your activities on the internet and your webpage visits is send to Google. Google is not better than facebook. I do not participate with facebook, twitter et cetera because of the privacy-violations and the anti-social behavior of this kind of media. Anti-social media stimulate autistic and narcissistic behavior.

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Thanks to advances in veterinary medicine, pets are living longer than ever before. However with this increased lifespan comes an increase in the types of ailments that can afflict senior pets. As pets reach the golden years, there are a variety of conditions and diseases that they can face, including weight and mobility changes; osteoarthritis; kidney, heart, and liver disease; tumors and cancers; hormone disorders such as diabetes and thyroid imbalance; and many others. Just as the health care needs of humans change as we age, the same applies to pets. It’s critical for pet owners to work closely with their veterinarian to devise a health plan that is best for their senior pet. When Does “Senior” Start? So when is a pet considered a senior? Generally, smaller breeds of dogs live longer than larger breeds, and cats live longer than dogs. Beyond that, the life span will vary with each individual, and you determine what stage of life your furry friend is in. Keep in mind that some small dog breeds may be considered senior at 10-13 years, while giant breeds are classified as seniors at ages as young as five. Senior Health Exams Scheduling regular veterinary examinations is one of the most important steps pet owners can take to keep their pets healthy. When dogs and cats enter the senior years, these health examinations are more important than ever. Senior care, which starts with the regular veterinary exam, is needed to catch and delay the onset or progress of disease and for the early detection of problems such as organ failure and osteoarthritis. We recommend that healthy senior dogs and cats visit the veterinarian every six months for a complete exam and laboratory testing. Keep in mind that every year for a dog or cat is equivalent to 5–7 human years. Client education and laboratory testing are also key components of the senior exam. Laboratory Testing Veterinarians depend on laboratory results to help them understand the status of your pet’s health. Complete Blood Count. This common test measures the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in a given sample of blood. The numbers and types of these cells give the veterinarian information needed to help diagnose anemia, infections and leukemia. A complete blood count also helps your veterinarian monitor your pet’s response to some treatments. When your pet is healthy, laboratory tests provide a means to determine your pet’s “baseline” values. When your pet is sick, the veterinarian can more easily determine whether or not your pet’s lab values are abnormal by comparing the baseline values to the current values. Subtle changes in these laboratory test results, even in the outwardly healthy animal, may signal the presence of an underlying disease. We recommends that dogs and cats at middle age undergo laboratory tests at least annually. During the senior years, laboratory tests are recommended every six months for healthy dogs and cats. At a minimum, the following tests are recommended: Urinalysis Laboratory. Analysis of urine is a tool used to detect the presence of one or more specific substances that normally do not appear in urine, such as protein, sugar, white blood cells or blood. A measurement of the dilution or concentration of urine is also helpful in diagnosing diseases. Urinalysis can assist the veterinarian in the diagnosis of urinary-tract infections, diabetes, dehydration, kidney problems and many other conditions. Blood-Chemistry Panel. Blood chemistry panels measure electrolytes, enzymes and chemical elements such as calcium and phosphorous. This information helps your veterinarian determine how various organs, such as the kidneys, pancreas, and liver, are currently functioning. The results of these tests help your veterinarian formulate an accurate diagnosis, prescribe proper therapy, and monitor the response to treatment. Further testing may be recommended based on the results of these tests. Parasite Evaluation. Microscopic examination of your pet’s feces can provide information about many different kinds of diseases, such as difficulties with digestion, internal bleeding, and disorders of the pancreas. Most importantly, though, this test confirms the presence of intestinal parasites, such as roundworm, hookworm, whipworm, tapeworm and giardia. Thyroid Screen. For cats, an additional routine blood test, Total T4 is recommended in order to check for hyperthyroidism, a common ailment in senior cats. For dogs, a Total T4 can help screen for hypothyroidism. In both cases if the Total T4 is abnormal (too high or too low) then additional thyroid function testing will be necessary to determine the best treatment. Additionally, depending on your individual pet’s condition and other factors, other tests and assessments might be recommended. These include heartworm tests; feline leukemia/feline immunodeficiency virus test in cats; blood pressure evaluation; urine protein evaluation; cultures; imaging such as x-rays, ultrasound, and echocardiography; electrocardiography, and special ophthalmic evaluations, among others. Additional tests become especially important in evaluating senior pets that show signs of sickness or are being prepared for anesthesia and surgery. Surgery for the Older Pet In the event your veterinarian is considering surgery or any other procedure in which anesthesia is needed, special considerations are taken to help ensure the safety of your senior pet. We require all dogs and cats undergo the laboratory testing mentioned above, ideally within two weeks of any anesthetized procedure. A blood pressure evaluation and additional tests might also be recommended, depending on your individual pet. These screening tools can provide critical information to the health care team to help determine the proper anesthesia and drug protocol for your pet, as well as make you aware of any special risk factors that might be encountered. The Effects of Age Age is not a disease, but there are disease processes that occur more commonly with aging. Sensory Changes With the senior years comes a general “slowing down” in pets. As their major senses (sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell) dull, you may find that your pet has a slower response to general external stimuli. This loss of sensory perception often is a slow, progressive process, and it may even escape your notice. The best remedy for gradual sensory reduction is to keep your pet active—playing and training are excellent ways to keep their senses sharp. Pets may also be affected mentally as they age. Just as aging humans begin to forget things and are more susceptible to mental conditions, your aging animals may also begin to confront age-related cognitive and behavior changes. Most of these changes are rather subtle and can be addressed in a proactive manner. Regular senior health exams can help catch and treat these problems before they control your pet’s life. Physical Changes The physical changes your pets experience are generally easier to spot than the sensory changes. As the body wears out, its ability to respond to infection is reduced, and the healing process takes longer. Therefore, it is crucial to consult a veterinarian if you notice a significant change in behavior or the physical condition of your pet. Many of the signs indicating that animals are approaching senior citizenship are the same for both cats and dogs, but they can indicate a variety of different problems (see Signs of a Problem, below). A very common and frustrating problem for aging pets is inappropriate elimination. The kidneys are one of the most common organ systems to wear out on a cat or dog, and as hormone imbalance affects the function of the kidneys, your once well-behaved pet may have trouble controlling his bathroom habits. If you are away all day, he may simply not be able to hold it any longer, or urine may dribble out while he sleeps at night. In addition, excessive urination or incontinence may be indicative of diabetes or kidney failure, both of which are treatable if caught early enough. Nutrition Dogs and cats should be fed diets specifically designed for their breed, age, and activity level. These factors are also known as physiological state. Dogs and cats should be fed according to their specific nutritional needs. Cats are not small dogs and have very different nutritional requirements than dogs, whereas dogs have nutritional needs more similar to people than cats. As your pet ages from birth into adolescence, adulthood, senior and finally becomes geriatric, their nutritional requirements change. These changing nutritional needs have been called “life stage nutrition” and are the logic behind diets designed for growth, maintenance, reproduction, and the geriatric stage of a pet’s life. Life stage nutrition is feeding diets designed to meet the optimal nutritional requirements of animals at different ages or physiological states. Not all pet food manufacturers ascribed to the nutritional principle of lifestages and therefore have one nutrient profile that fits “all stages”. These products carry the AAFCO statement “for all lifestages”. We do not believe this is the best way to feed pets just as one shoe size does not fit all people. Many older pets benefit from specially formulated food that is designed with older bodies in mind. Obesity in pets is often the result of reduced exercise and overfeeding and is a risk factor for problems such as heart disease. Because older pets often have different nutritional requirements, these special foods can help keep your pet’s weight under control and reduce consumption of nutrients that are risk factors for the development of diseases, as well as organ- or age-related changes. Exercise Exercise is yet another aspect of preventive geriatric care for your pets. You should definitely keep them going as they get older—if they are cooped up or kept lying down, their bodies will deteriorate much more quickly. You may want to ease up a bit on the exercise with an arthritic or debilitated cat or dog. Otherwise, you should keep them as active—mentally and physically—as possible in order to keep them sharp. Controlled leash walking on flat surfaces and gentle inclines is the best way to help maintain fitness and lean muscle mass in aging animals. Help them avoid repetitive jumping or erratic stops and starts on uneven terrain where they are more likely to suffer a soft tissue injury. Sustained leash walking, varying the pace at different walking speeds throughout a 20 minute walk can help burn more fat and build muscle without putting damaging stress on joints and connective tissues. Pain Management Pets experience pain just like humans do, and identifying, preventing, and minimizing pain in all senior dogs and cats is important. The different types of pain include acute pain, which comes on suddenly as a result of an injury, surgery, or an infection, and chronic pain, which is long lasting and usually develops slowly (such as arthritis). You can play a key role in monitoring your pet to determine whether he suffers from pain. To help ensure your pet lives comfortably during the senior life stage, it’s critical to tailor a senior wellness plan that is best for your dog or cat. Be sure to monitor behavior and physical conditions and report anything unusual to your veterinarian, who can help your pet head into the twilight years with ease. Signs of a Problem: Sustained, significant increase in water consumption or urination Sudden weight loss or gain Significant decrease in appetite or failure to eat for more than two days Significant increase in appetite Diarrhea lasting over 24 hours or any diarrhea with blood in it Difficulty in passing stool or urine Change in housebreaking Lameness lasting more than one day or lameness in more than one leg Noticeable decrease in vision Open sores or scabs on the skin Foul mouth odor or excessive drooling Increasing size of the abdomen Increasing inactivity or amount of time spent sleeping Hair loss, especially if accompanied by scratching Inability to chew dry food Blood in stool or urine Sudden collapse or bout of weakness A seizure (convulsion) Persistent coughing or gagging Breathing heavily or rapidly at rest Monday 7:30 am - 6:00 pm Tuesday 7:30 am - 6:00 pm Wednesday 7:30 am - 6:00 pm Thursday 7:30 am - 6:00 pm Friday 7:30 am - 6:00 pm Saturday 8:00 am - 12:00 pm Sunday 5:00 pm - 6:00 pm* *Sundays~ boarding services only

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5 edition of The Holocaust found in the catalog. |The Physical Object| |Pagination||959 p., p. of plates :| |Number of Pages||959| Buy The Holocaust books from makethemworkforyou.com today. Find our best selection and offers online, with FREE Click & Collect or UK delivery. Buy The Holocaust books from makethemworkforyou.com today. Find our best selection and offers online, with FREE Click & Collect or UK delivery. Jan 26, · History books The Holocaust by Laurence Rees review – the voices of victims and killers What makes this nuanced ‘new history’ stand out is its use of unpublished interviews with eyewitnessesAuthor: Nikolaus Wachsmann. Explore our list of Holocaust Biographies Books at Barnes & Noble®. Receive FREE shipping with your Barnes & Noble Membership. The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the World War II genocide of the European makethemworkforyou.comn and , across German-occupied Europe, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through work Deaths: Around 6 million Jews; other victims of Nazi . Jan 27, · In the book, he explores the relations between Jews and Africans in West and East Africa prior to the Holocaust, perceptions of Nazism in both regions, opinions of World War II, interpretations of the Holocaust and African responses to efforts by Great Britain to resettle certain categories of Jewish refugees from Europe in the regions before. Jan 23, · The Holocaust was the state-sponsored mass murder of some 6 million European Jews and millions of others by the German Nazis during World War II. In his classic book . An analysis of the creative ability levels of the potential dropout in the average mental ability range Angel Pewter Door Knocker Group training in the construction industry. Physical properties of glass. One Small Lifetime Equilibrium in the balance Realising the ecological potential of roadside verges. Developing a systematic and ecologically sensitive framework to guide the management of roadside verge habitats. Human aspects of shiftwork Religion and Society Infrared and X-ray determination of the composition of monolayers of tetrahydroabietic acid collected on aluminium salt solution. New directions in solid wastes processing, 1970 Sri Chaitanyadev and Sri Gadadhar I invite readers of the Holocaust to read my newly edited edition of my novel In the Face of Evil based on my mother's survival of the Holocaust. It is an uplifting tale of a young girl's will to survive the upheavals of war. In the Face of Evil has been recognized as an e-Book. Scattered Rays of Light: The Incredible Survival Story of The Kotowski Family During WW2 (Holocaust Survivor Memoir, World War II Book 1) Dovit Yalovizky out of 5 stars This greatest Holocaust book list contains various bits of information, such as the author's names and what genre the books fall under. Most of these Holocaust books can be bought on Amazon with one easy click. The Holocaust is a topic that both William Styron and Saul Friedländer have written books about, as have other fantastic authors. Books About the Holocaust During World War II, Adolf Hitler and the Nazis attempted to exterminate European Jews by forcing them into concentration camps, where both children and adults were sent to their deaths in gas chambers. Jun 19, · This item: The Holocaust and the Book: Destruction and Preservation (Studies in Print Culture and the History of the Book) Set up a giveaway. Get fast, free delivery with Amazon Prime. Prime members enjoy FREE Two-Day Delivery and exclusive access to music, movies, TV shows, original audio series, The Holocaust book Kindle books/5(2). You’ve picked books for us to help understand the Holocaust, and your first choice is The Destruction of the European Jews, the landmark study of the Holocaust by Raul Hilberg. This was first published half a century ago, and now runs to three volumes. Books shelved as holocaust: Night by Elie Wiesel, The Book Thief by Markus Zusak, The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank, The Boy in the Striped Pajamas Home My Books. Night is the archetypal Holocaust novel, in many ways more an experience that you have, rather than a book that you read. Its author, Elie Wiesel, was born in what is now Romania and survived several concentration camps, and in Night, he puts into hauntingly beautiful words all of the terrible events, whether physical, mental, or emotional, that he had to makethemworkforyou.com: Lani Seelinger. Jan 24, · This Holocaust book offers a look at managed to instill fear in people everywhere—even those who managed to escape. From Holocaust to Harvard By John Stoessinger. Leslie Epstein’s greatest novel, this book gives a fictional account of Chaim Rumkowski, the Polish Jew appointed by the Nazis as the head of the Council of Elders (known as the Judenrat) in the Łódź Ghetto during the occupation of Poland. Rumkowski was seen as a villain, famous for his role in delivering children to the Nazis for extermination. Welcome to The Holocaust Chronicle web site. T his is a not-for-profit project. This web site contains every word and image that appear in the print edition of The Holocaust Chronicle, published by Publications International, Ltd in April The pages and more than 1, images can be searched and viewed in a number of ways. National Book Critics Circle Award FinalistA New York Times Notable BookA Best Book of the Year —Austin American-StatesmanIncludes a new, previously uncollected piece: My Internet In The Ecstasy of Influence, the incomparable Jonathan Lethem has compiled a career-spanning collection of. Apr 28, · Narrated by Death himself, Zusak’s beloved novel tells the story of Liesel Meminger’s ardent fascination with books, and how her love for the written word brings her closer to her adoring Author: Allyson Gronowitz. The book was originally written in Yiddish inonly three years after Rachman was sent to Treblinka at the age of It details his escape, as well as the brutal attacks he was victim to. Rajchman’s justifiable rage explodes from each page. The book follows Marie-Laure, a blind Parisian girl who is tasked with smuggling a valuable jewel out of the war-torn city, and Werner, a young German orphan and radio expert who is enlisted in the German army to help track down the resistance. This book about the Holocaust tells the story of Vladek Spiegelman, a Jewish survivor of Hitler’s Europe. This book is chilling and will completely knock your boots off. The author (son of Vladek) creatively and artistically tells the story in the form of makethemworkforyou.com: Romeo Rosales. We honor history by remembering it, and since the close of World War II, numerous authors have written books about the Holocaust to shine light on one of the most tragic periods in history. These books about the Holocaust, collected here, are simultaneously full of heartbreak and makethemworkforyou.com: Jess Kibler. The following bibliography was compiled to guide parents, educators, and young readers to children’s books about the Holocaust and related subjects that are in the Library’s collection. It is not meant to be exhaustive. Annotations provide a brief description of the story or topic of each book. Jan 24, · As co-chairs of this plenary, Dr. Myrna Goldenberg and I decided to feature recent scholarly books on the subject and to entitle the session “Women’s Holocaust History: Books in Print.” The occasion was historic beyond the fact that the subject was deemed important enough for a plenary, because, by earlya core of “books in print. Compares the book burnings to other cases of book burning and censorship in German history. Includes a chapter examining the history of Heinrich Heine’s tragedy Almansor, in which appears the prescient line: “Where they burn books, they will, in the end, burn human beings too.” Provides bibliographic references and an index. Apr 13, · This newer classic holocaust book for YA readers by Irish writer John Boyne was an instant critical success when it was published ten years ago. It’s the story of 9-year-old Bruno inwho returns to his home in Berlin to discover he has to move to a strange place for his father’s work.13 Children’s and YA Books to Help Remember the Holocaust by Liz Lesnick Every year, Jews around the world observe Holocaust Remembrance Day, known as Yom Hashoah in Hebrew, to ensure that the six million Jews murdered by the Nazis are never forgotten.Holocaust (hŏl´əkôst´, hō´lə–), name given to the period of persecution and extermination of European Jews by Nazi makethemworkforyou.com (Gypsies), homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, the disabled, and others were also victims of the Holocaust. Although anti-Semitism in Europe has had a long history, organized persecution of German Jews began with Hitler's rise to power in

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For more than two thousand years, the legends and stories of the Christian saints have greatly affected the course of Western civilization. The saints have influenced our holidays, our school systems, the boundaries of nations, our poetry, music, and visual arts. They have been great philosophers, uneducated savants, mystics, administrators, farmers, housewives, and soldiers, hailing from every social strata of society. Every town and country has saints that are familiar to the local residents and obscure to the rest of us. Since it is estimated that there are more than ten thousand formally recognized saints, it was possible to profile only a very few for this book. Instead of brief biographies and images of many significant saints, we opted to go into detail about a varied handful that have an ongoing influence in modern life. The saints we have chosen are in no way the most important or exalted; many are extremely popular, some less well known. They bring with them a mix of personalities and ethnic cultures that reflect the makeup of today’s diverse society. For this book, we have divided the first two thousand years of Christianity into ancient and modern time periods. The ancient saints span from prehis-tory to the year A.D. 1000. These saints tend to have more legendary aspects to their stories, resulting from the strong oral tradition in which they thrived. However, the modern saints are well documented by contemporary historical texts. These comprise the second thousand years. Some of these saints have influenced whole nations while others, through their particular state of life, encourage us to have a more personal relationship with them. memory a barefoot contessa walking down mulberry street wearing the robe of St. Anthony the brown two shades darker then her sicilian skin a thick white rope around her waist a rosary draped around her hands she was one of many this sea of brown lips moving silent prayers what visions were forming and how they formed me in silence her stories were ancient a person named angela This term refers to the first thirteen days of preparation for the feast of St. Anthony, which takes place on June 13. The Tredicina is repeated again nowadays in the Basilica and in other Franciscan churches or Anthonian shrines, as well as in many families. The same term, however, is also used for a prayer consisting of “thirteen smaller prayers”, which highlight the most significant aspects of the Saint’s life and holiness. These prayers are recited alongside standard Catholic prayers. “I know by experience that the glorious Saint Joseph assists us generally in all necessities. I never asked him for anything which he did not obtain for me.” —Saint Teresa of Avila St. Joseph First Century AD Patron of: Fathers, Carpenters, Catholic Church, Families, Homeless, Pregnant Women, Unborn Children, Workers, Family Protection, To Find Work, A Happy Death, To Sell A Home. A righteous man who never shirked his responsibilities as protector of his family, Saint Joseph offers a perfect example for fathers everywhere. He is invoked by families for all matters of support needed to sustain a household, both material and spiritual. A descendant of the House of David, there is very little written about Joseph in the gospels. He was said to be betrothed to Mary when she became pregnant with Jesus. Instead of leaving her in scandal, he accepted the word of the angel Gabriel who told him that the child was divinely given and Joseph and Mary were chosen by God to be his earthly parents. It was Joseph who protected Mary on the journey to Bethlehem when Jesus was born. He also suffered the frustrations of a man who could not find proper shelter for his family as his wife was about to give birth. Upon returning to their native city of Nazareth, Joseph was once again visited by an angel warning him of the impending slaughter of the innocents. On faith alone, he dispensed with his business and personal effects, taking Jesus and Mary to Egypt where they stayed for seven years until Herod’s death. It fell upon Saint Joseph to support his young family in this foreign country. The last mention of Joseph comes when Jesus is twelve years old and strayed from his family while on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. It is thought that he died well before Jesus began his mission with Jesus and Mary at his deathbed. For this reason, more than any other saint, he is invoked for a happy death, one where a person is older and has their family at their side. Though of noble lineage, Joseph was a carpenter and it was from him whom Jesus learned his trade. Because he worked with his hands and frequently put his family ahead of any personal ambitions, workers everywhere who live similar lives call on him as a patron. It is no mystery that the cult of Saint Joseph became more popular in modern times with the advent of the Industrial Revolution. Many saints throughout the ages have declared him to be a powerful advocate as well, since it is thought that Jesus obeyed him in his earthly life, he is inclined to listen to Joseph in his heavenly life. Teresa of Avila always buried medals with his image when she needed land for a new convent. This tradition has extended itself to realtors of all faiths who bury statues of Saint Joseph on properties they wish to sell. Symbols: It is assumed that since Joseph respected his wife’s virginity that he was an older man when he married. He is depicted in art with a staff, which he led his family ( precursor to the bishop’s staff) a lily for purity, and with carpenter tools or holding the baby Jesus Novena O glorious Saint Joseph, faithful follower of Jesus Christ, to you we raise our hearts and hands to ask your powerful intercession in obtaining from the compassionate heart of Jesus all the helps and graces necessary for our spiritual and temporal welfare, particularly the grace of a happy death, and the spiritual grace for which we now ask. (Mention your request.) O guardian of the Word Incarnate, we feel animated with confidence that your prayers for us will be graciously heard at the throne of God. (The following is to be said seven times in honor of the seven joys and seven sorrows of Saint Joseph.) O glorious Saint Joseph, through the love you bear for Jesus Christ, and for the glory of his name, hear our prayers and grant our petitions. The visions of Blessed Catherine Emmerich as recorded in The Life of the Blessed Virgin Mary give us an intimate portrait of what the life of a young girl without sin might have been like in the Temple: “I saw the Blessed Virgin in the Temple, ever progressing in learning, prayer, and work. Sometimes I saw her in the women’s dwelling with the other young girls, sometimes alone in her little room. She worked, wove, and knitted narrow strips of stuff on long rods for the service of the Temple. She washed the cloths and cleansed the pots and pans. I often saw her in prayer and meditation. I never saw her chastising or mortifying her body–she did not need it. Like all very holy people she ate only to live, and took no other food except that which she had vowed to eat. Besides the prescribed Temple prayers, Mary’s devotions consisted of an unceasing longing for redemption, a perpetual state of inner prayer, quietly and secretly performed. In the stillness of the night she rose from her bed and prayed to God. I often saw her weeping at her prayers and surrounded by radiance. As she grew up, I always saw that she wore a dress of a glistening blue color. She was veiled while at prayer, and also wore a veil when she spoke with priests or went down to a room by the Temple to be given work or to hand over what she had done. There were rooms like this on three sides of the Temple; they always looked to me like sacristies. All sorts of things were kept there which it was the duty of the Temple maidens to look after, repair, and replace.” While these stories show Mary’s life as very holy and set apart in keeping with her dignity, they also give us a glimpse of her humanity. Though sinless, Mary was and is fully and only human. She shows us that it is only our common experience of fallen human nature that says, “to sin is only human.” In God’s plan, Mary models what St. Irenaeus of Lyons taught: Mary’s divine motherhood broadens the Christmas spotlight. Mary has an important role to play in the Incarnation of the Second Person of the Blessed Trinity. She consents to God’s invitation conveyed by the angel (Luke 1:26-38). Elizabeth proclaims: “Most blessed are you among women and blessed is the fruit of your womb. And how does this happen to me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me?” (Luke 1:42-43, emphasis added). Mary’s role as mother of God places her in a unique position in God’s redemptive plan. Without naming Mary, Paul asserts that “God sent his Son, born of a woman, born under the law” (Galatians 4:4). Paul’s further statement that “God sent the spirit of his Son into our hearts, crying out ‘Abba, Father!’” helps us realize that Mary is mother to all the brothers and sisters of Jesus. Some theologians also insist that Mary’s motherhood of Jesus is an important element in God’s creative plan. God’s “first” thought in creating was Jesus. Jesus, the incarnate Word, is the one who could give God perfect love and worship on behalf of all creation. As Jesus was “first” in God’s mind, Mary was “second” insofar as she was chosen from all eternity to be his mother. The precise title “Mother of God” goes back at least to the third or fourth century. In the Greek form Theotokos(God-bearer), it became the touchstone of the Church’s teaching about the Incarnation. The Council of Ephesus in 431 insisted that the holy Fathers were right in calling the holy virgin Theotokos. At the end of this particular session, crowds of people marched through the street shouting: “Praised be the Theotokos!” The tradition reaches to our own day. In its chapter on Mary’s role in the Church, Vatican II’s Dogmatic Constitution on the Church calls Mary “Mother of God” 12 times. Other themes come together at today’s celebration. It is the Octave of Christmas: Our remembrance of Mary’s divine motherhood injects a further note of Christmas joy. It is a day of prayer for world peace: Mary is the mother of the Prince of Peace. It is the first day of a new year: Mary continues to bring new life to her children—who are also God’s children. Saint Francis of Assisi1182—1226 Saint Francis is the Patron Saint of Italy, Animals, Ecologists, Nature His Feast Day is October 4 Ardent love for everything in the universe so consumed Saint Francis of Assisi that he refused to have a full tonsure shaved into his head so that bugs and vermin, his “more simple brethren”, might still have a home in his hair. He called all animals brother and sister and exhorted every creature to honor its creator. It is said that birds became quiet when he preached and that when he walked through their flocks, they never moved unless he asked it of them. A great poet, Saint Francis himself wrote the first part of this novena. Because of the mystical way he experienced the world, in full possession of and living in divine light, he is invoked to change our view of the world and fill our lives with grace. He was born Giovanni Bernadone in the town of Assisi in the year 1182. His father was a wealthy cloth merchant and an upstanding member of the local upper classes. Everyone called him Francesco instead of Giovanni because his mother was from Provence and he was given to exclaiming in French. Francis lived a pleasure—filled life as a young man, and it was assumed he would inherit his father’s business and social position. When war broke out with neighboring Perugia, Francis went to fight, viewing it all as a great adventure. He was taken prisoner, however, and eventually returned to his family extremely ill. As he recovered, his old way of life seemed to bore him. It was in the neglected Church of San Damiano that he heard the crucifix speak to him: “go and repair my house, which you see is falling down.” He took these instructions literally, enraging his father. Ultimately, he renounced his inheritance, throwing his clothes into the street. The bishop of Assisi provided Francis with his new garments, the brown robe of a monk. Living alone, Francis rebuilt San Damiano, sometimes begging for the money for supplies. He was eventually joined by a few other young men of his status, and in 1209 he wrote his first holy rule. He embraced poverty and was intent on living as the original apostles of Christ did, traveling, preaching and begging for alms. When he prayed, the bright light in his raptures caused him to cry, but he could not bear to stop. His followers, worried that he would ruin his eyesight, attempted to intervene, but he replied, “We are the same as the flies, attracted to light.” In 1224, while praying alone on the secluded mountain of La Verna, Francis became the first saint to know the suffering of the crucified Christ by receiving the stigmata. These wounds stayed with him for the remaining two years of his life. Saint Francis of Assisi is one of the greatest saints of the Catholic Church and is the founder of the Franciscan friars. Yet, so true was his embrace of humility that he himself was never ordained a priest, only a deacon. He lived out his life in the order he founded as a humble member with no official status. He was canonized a saint in 1228. Because of his extensive travels in his native country and his love for its natural beauty, Saint Francis is the Patron Saint of Italy. Prayer by Saint Francis of Assisi with Novena Lord, make me an instrument of your peace. Where there is hatred, let me sow love; Where there is injury, pardon; Where there is doubt, faith; Where there is despair, hope; Where there is darkness, light; and where there is sadness, joy. O divine master, grant that I may not so much seek to be consoled as to console, to be understood as to understand, to be loved as to love. For it is in giving that we receive, in pardoning that we are pardoned, and in dying that we are born to Eternal Life. Amen Saint Francis of Assisi, reflection of Christ through your life of poverty and humility, grant us through your intercession the graces we so much need for soul and body. Especially during this novena, we ask for mention your request We also ask your blessings on all those whom we love. Amen Let’s not forget to pray for all The Forgotten Souls today. Whilst praying for the dead is an ancient Christian tradition, it was Odilo, Abbot of Cluny (France) who, in 998AD, designated a specific day for remembering and praying for those in the process of purification. This started as a local feast in his monasteries and gradually spread throughout the Catholic Church towards the end of the 10th century AD. All Souls’ Day is marked on 2nd November (or the 3rd if the 2nd is a Sunday), directly following All Saints’ Day, and is an opportunity for Roman Catholics and Anglo-Catholic churches to commemorate the faithful departed. They remember and pray for the souls of people who are in Purgatory – the place (or state) in which those who have died atone for their less grave sins before being granted the vision of God in Heaven (called Beatific vision). Reasoning behind this stems from the notion that when a soul leaves the body, it is not entirely cleansed from venial (minor) sins. However, through the power of prayer and self-denial, the faithful left on earth may be able to help these souls gain the Beatific Vision they seek, bringing the soul eternal sublime happiness. The earliest certain observance of a feast in honor of all the saints is an early fourth-century commemoration of “all the martyrs.” In the early seventh century, after successive waves of invaders plundered the catacombs, Pope Boniface IV gathered up some 28 wagon-loads of bones and reinterred them beneath the Pantheon, a Roman temple dedicated to all the gods. The pope rededicated the shrine as a Christian church. According to Venerable Bede, the pope intended “that the memory of all the saints might in the future be honored in the place which had formerly been dedicated to the worship not of gods but of demons” (On the Calculation of Time). But the rededication of the Pantheon, like the earlier commemoration of all the martyrs, occurred in May. Many Eastern Churches still honor all the saints in the spring, either during the Easter season or immediately after Pentecost. How the Western Church came to celebrate this feast, now recognized as a solemnity, in November is a puzzle to historians. The Anglo-Saxon theologian Alcuin observed the feast on November 1 in 800, as did his friend Arno, Bishop of Salzburg. Rome finally adopted that date in the ninth century. This feast first honored martyrs. Later, when Christians were free to worship according to their consciences, the Church acknowledged other paths to sanctity. In the early centuries the only criterion was popular acclaim, even when the bishop’s approval became the final step in placing a commemoration on the calendar. The first papal canonization occurred in 993; the lengthy process now required to prove extraordinary sanctity took form in the last 500 years. Today’s feast honors the obscure as well as the famous—the saints each of us have known.

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Posts with the tag “catechism” Library Update - Children\'s Resources by Dana S on September 23rd, 2021 Luther places great importance on the duties of parents in continually teaching their children about the faith at home. In the preface to the Large Catechism, he says “it is the duty of every father of a family to question and examine his children and servants at least once a week and to ascertain what they know of it, or are learning, and, if they do not know it, to keep them faithfully at it.” Lent 2021 - Holy Communion (Anderson) by Dana S on April 1st, 2021 There is so much to talk about with this Sacrament of the Lord’s body and blood that I am afraid one little daily devotion is not sufficient. This miracle deserves our constant amazement and attention. The Lord Jesus Christ has joined His body and blood to simple bread and wine by the power of His Word. Even more so, this bread and wine grant us forgiveness, life, and eternal salvation. What an amazing Sacrament. Lent 2021 - Holy Communion (Belt) by Dana S on March 29th, 2021 This is it. The climax of the Catechism. Everything has led to here. If there was one reason only to come to Church, it would be because of the Lord’s Supper. Lent 2021 - Confession (Anderson) by Dana S on March 25th, 2021 When we go through corporate confession on Sunday mornings, what goes through your mind? Are you thinking about the words that we are saying or just parroting them back like some penitential robot? When we say that we have sinned in thought, word, and deed, by what we have done and by what we have left undone, are you thinking of specific instances or is your mind considering what you’re having for lunch afterwards? Our minds are prone to wander during confession. Lent 2021 - Confession (Belt) by Dana S on March 22nd, 2021 Yes. Lutherans should do confession and absolution. Even private confession and absolution. This is a gift and not a mandate. Christians who are Christian and want to be, will confess their sins. They know that sin kills us, our faith and our love for God and each other, and so to hear a word of absolution is how we kill sin. Lent 2021 - Holy Baptism (Anderson) by Dana S on March 18th, 2021 What is your identity? We sinful humans are prone to find our identities in a lot of flimsy, worthless things. Some find identity in their great piles of wealth. Some find identity in their popularity or group of friends. Some find identity in their work. If you meet somebody new, one of the first questions you will ask them is: “So, what do you do?” Work is identity, especially for many in rural Wisconsin. Lent 2021 - Holy Baptism (Belt) by Dana S on March 15th, 2021 Having seen our lack, seen God’s giving, asked for what God gives in prayer. The rest of the catechism shows us how we receive what we ask for what God gives in order to fill our lack. Lent 2021 - Lord\'s Prayer (Anderson) by Dana S on March 11th, 2021 What is prayer? I’ve been talking about this a lot in the Bible studies I lead recently. Simply put, prayer is having a conversation with God. When Paul urges us to “pray without ceasing” (1 Thessalonians 5:17), he is exhorting us to keep a constant conversation with our God. This includes both speaking and listening. Lent 2021 - Lord\'s Prayer (Belt) by Dana S on March 8th, 2021 Because we learned in the Creed that God gives and does everything, we need to learn how to ask him to give those things. Prayer is us learning to ask what God has promised to give. Prayer is only done by beggars and children. Well off or satisfied people do not pray, they are just blind to their own need. So prayer is the result of people who know what they need from God. Lent 2021 - Apostle's Creed (Anderson) by Dana S on March 4th, 2021 If I were to walk up to you on the street and ask, “What is it that Christians believe?”, how would you answer me? People flounder at this sort of question, but the answer has been simply given in the Apostles’ Creed. Its history is deep, since it dates back to at least 390 AD. Lent 2021 - Apostle's Creed (Belt) by Dana S on March 1st, 2021 The commandments of God show us our lack and deficiency. It reveals that we are not right before God. The law reveals that I have not been loving, that I lack God, that I lack his gifts, that I lack being human. Sin makes me less than human. Lent 2021 - Second Table of the Law (Anderson) by Dana S on February 25th, 2021 “And a second is like it: You shall love your neighbor as yourself. On these two commandments depend all the Law and the Prophets” (Matthew 22:39–40). The second table of the Law deals with the question of how to love your neighbor as yourself. Lent 2021 - Second Table of the Law (Belt) by Dana S on February 22nd, 2021 The Fourth Commandment: Honor your Father and Mother. There is enough work to do in this commandment that it would take all our lives. The work that is given to children is the most God pleasing work in all the universe. Why honor, love, listen, obey and cherish your parents? Lent 2021 - First Table of the Law (Anderson) by Dana S on February 18th, 2021 “‘Teacher, which is the great commandment in the Law?’ And he said to him, ‘You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind. This is the great and first commandment’” (Matthew 22:36–38). All of us know that idolatry is explicitly forbidden by God’s Law. Thus, the first three commandments are directed toward our relationship with our Creator. How shall we love the Lord our God? “You shall have no other gods.” “You shall not misuse the name of the Lord your God.” “Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy.” All of these commandments show us how to love the Lord our God rightly. Lent 2021 - First Table of the Law (Belt) by Dana S on February 15th, 2021 The First Commandment: You shall have no other gods. This brings up several thoughts. What is a god? Who has a god? Who is the true God that we should have? Lent Devotional Introduction by Dana S on February 11th, 2021 The Small Catechism again? That is the topic that we will focus on for Lent? You bet. My argument is that none of us know it well enough. I myself read it monthly, I have it read and sung in my car radio about 4 times a week (it takes about an hour to play through), I teach it in confirmation, and run through it cover to cover with about a dozen people every year, and I still don’t know it as well as I would like. So, if I do not know my small catechism as well as I should as a pastor and teacher of it, how much more worried am I about you? Who Are You? by Dana S on February 9th, 2020 “My son, do not forget my teaching...” Proverbs 3:1As a Pastor, I get to witness things that speak to the core of our faith in Christ. Many of these moments give sudden clarity to our task as Christians and to the work that Jesus Christ has for us.These moments also go unseen and unrecorded to all except God and those present. However, I wish many of you could witness these moments. They are hu... Lord\'s Prayer IntroductionMatthew 6:1-21Introduction PrayerFirst Petition of the Lord\'s PrayerExodus 3:13-20Romans 2:17-24Matthew 7:15-27First Petition PrayerSecond Petition of the Lord\'s Prayer1 Samuel 8:1-22Romans 14:13-19John 18:33-37Second Petition PrayerThird Petition of the Lord\'s PrayerMarch Newsletter UpdateMarch Library Update - JonahRevelation 11:15-19Romans 12:1-2Luke 22:39-46Third Petition PrayerFourth Petition of the Lord\'s PrayerProverbs 30:7-92 Corinthians 9:6-15Matthew 6:25-34 Lent 2021 - Apostle's Creed (Belt)Lent 2021 - Apostle's Creed (Anderson)Lent 2021 - Lord\'s Prayer (Belt)March Newsletter UpdateLent 2021 - Lord\'s Prayer (Anderson)Lent 2021 - Holy Baptism (Belt)Lent 2021 - Holy Baptism (Anderson)Lent 2021 - Confession (Belt)Lent 2021 - Confession (Anderson)Lent 2021 - Holy Communion (Belt) Creation - Genesis 1:1-2:3Creation vs. EvolutionAdvent Midweek 1Creation - Revelation 4:8-11Creation - John 1:1-5Male and Female - Genesis 2:4-24Apologetics - MarriageNovember 2021 NewsletterAdvent Midweek 2Male and Female - Revelation 7:9 - 17Male and Female - Matthew 19:3-9Stewardship Part 1November 2021 Library UpdateApologetics - Climate ChangeAdvent Midweek 3 (Thanksgiving)Stewardship Part 2Stewardship SummaryCreation Falls - Genesis 3Apologetics - Problem of Evil

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The United States of America and the European countries Essay It is observed nowadays that every economic status of each country has been tried by times. It is phenomenal too that most of the nations nowadays are facing ups and downs regarding their economic status. It is also known to us how each country tries to overcome its economic dilemma. Even the most technologically advanced nations such as the United States of America and the European countries are not exempted for such crises and continuously looking for new strategies and approaches on how to cope with these phenomenal crises. Moreover, several industries around the globe are totally affected with this so called-economic failure and some of these industries are declaring bankruptcy and presently closed because they are not able to cope up with the low demands in the local market. The supply and demand in the market depends on the economy of each country. The first one to be affected with the economic stability or instability is the consumers, then the industries. When there is economic stability, the flow of the supply and demand in the market is very high because consumers can afford to purchase products because of the affordable and reasonable prices stated but when there is economic instability and fluctuations, the industries will increase their product’s prices so that they can cope with their losses and accumulate profits. And because of these scenarios, the selling of the industries has been affected because their valued consumers are unable to manage the high-selling-prices and prefer not to purchase it anymore. And if the industries are starting to have difficulty in accumulating back their losses, there will be retrenchments amongst employees to pull back its profits. Because of this depressing scenario, the economists had arrived into a conclusion, after with so many deliberations, that they definitely believed that this strategy will surely help the economic status of each country and this strategy is called “globalization”. This study gives better and deeper understanding of what globalization is and what causes it and; (2) know its benefits. III. Discussion A. What is globalization? Globalization can be defined as the increasing flow of products, people, money, and ideas across the globe. National economies are being swept into the global economy. One can thus think of globalization as rushing through four channels: • Freer trade goods; • Freer mobility of labor; • Freer investment; and • Freer communication, thanks to telecommunications and the Internet. B. What causes globalization? 1. Capitalism Free enterprise is now the dominant economic system in the world. China is very much capitalist and her late Communist Party leader Deng Xiaoping coined the slogan, “To get rich is glorious. ” Only Cuba and North Korea are holding on to the central planning system of running the economy (Woods, 2000). Capitalism brings along free trade and the free flow of money across the earth. Countries belonging to the World Trade Organization are trying to bring down tariff barriers. Today, immense portfolio investments zip in and out of countries at the click of a mouse (Baylis & Smith, 2001). With free trade comes economic integration. It is possible to download an album of songs in the United States of America, turn it into CDs in Europe, print the cover and lyric sheet in France, and sell it in Asia. The greatest story of economic integration is the European Union, with its common currency, the euro (Brecher & Costello, 2004). 2. Information economy Another driving force is the knowledge economy. Land, labor and capital are bowing in importance to brain creativity. In the United Kingdom, over a three-year span, manual jobs dropped by 750,000, while professional jobs shot up by 1. 5 million (Brecher & Costello, 2004). 3. Mass Media The invention of the printing press helped scattered people become a national community. In the same way, the evening news is nurturing world’s community. The suffering in India and Indonesia are brought home through CNN. 4. Telecoms There is a global boom in telecommunications. A fourth of all Europeans, have mobile phones. The people in Finland gave the greatest access to cell phones at 417 for every 1,000 people (Brecher & Costello, 2004). C. Benefits of Globalization • Greater production The global expansion of trade and enterprise has brought vast benefits. Think of a firm manufacturing T-shirts for a market of two million people, say, a small city. Then the company decides to export to China. It then faces a potential market of one billion Chinese. Expanding the market not only bloats profit. It also allows the firm to produce in much greater volumes. That drives down the cost for each T-shirt. In the end, even the original local city benefits from the lower prices (Held, 2002). • Access to world culture Products and ideas from abroad provide Americans a richer cultural menu. We taste Japanese sushi, Chinese cuisine and many others. Globalization even inspires solidarity. Because nations are more interconnected through globalize media, we get to feel each other’s pain. A CNN broadcast draws sympathy for India’s earthquake victims (Hirst & Thompson, 2002). D. Dangers in Globalization • Economic vulnerability Local companies feel threatened by cheaper imports and behemoth foreign firms. Some will exit the playing game. There lurks the fear of displacement. Mega-forces twist nations into adjusting their economies. As such, hordes of workers have to change jobs, factories, cities and countries (Nerderveen Pieterse, 2000). • Volatility The market has become most volatile. Capital flows in and out of nations at lightning speed. As Russia well knows, a country can bleed millions of dollars with the click of a mouse. • Disempowerment Amid the fury of market change, individuals may find themselves powerless. A professor wakes up to see her salary cut sharply by devaluations across United States. This disempowerment extends to national sovereignty. Where is independence when technocrats dictate your economy’s behavior from across the ocean? (Peterson & Runyan, 2004). • Undesirable Culture Local culture gets polluted. Grade school kids surf the Internet for pornographic websites. MTV can spawn a generation of youth that will not dream of serving. III. Conclusion In conclusion, globalization has been in the scene throughout the years; thus, globalization, outsourcing, industrialization, improved transportation, and multinational corporations have great impact. Global trading may serve as a tool to make one’s economy more stable or not. And because of our advanced and enhanced technology, we can easily do business internationally. The internet is one of the effective means of advertising globally; where we can have the chance to endorse our local products internationally and gain more profits if we have this access. But globalization always goes hand in hand with the local economy where products come from. Globalization may have positive or negative impacts to our local economy depends on the scenarios occurring. If we export our goods more frequently to other countries, surely our economy will boost up and increase. And because of this, job opportunities and hiring rates for jobs will also increase because of the in demand products exported; thus, it will lessen the poverty rates. But if the citizens of our country are fond of imported goods and products and choose to purchase them instead of ours, it will cause a great negative impact to our economy. It will make our economy unstable and there are companies that will struggle to survive. Excessive support in imported goods, products or services may “kill” our own economy. Reference: 1. Baylis, John, and Smith, Steve, eds. The Globalization of World Politics. 2nd ed. , 2001. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2. Brecher, Jeremy, and Costello, Tim. Global Village or Global Pillage: Economic Reconstruction from the Bottom Up. Boston, MA: South End Press, 2004. Radical critique of recent patterns of economic globalization. 3. Held, David and others. Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002. Comprehensive account, rich in empirical evidence. 4. Hirst, Paul, and Thompson, Grahame. Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance. 2nd ed. , 2002. Cambridge: Polity Press . Skeptical on the “myths” of globalization. 5. Nerderveen Pieterse, Jan, ed. Global Futures: Shaping Globalization. London: Zed Books, 2000. Suggestions for global reform. 6. Peterson, V. Spike, and Runyan, Anne Sisson. Global Gender Issues. 2nd ed, 2004. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Excellent feminist account. 7. Woods, Ngaire, ed. The Political Economy of Globalization. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2000. Accessible on global investment, trade, money, and governance. Study Acers provides students with tutoring and help them save time, and excel in their courses. Students LOVE us!No matter what kind of essay paper you need, it is simple and secure to hire an essay writer for a price you can afford at StudyAcers. Save more time for yourself. Delivering a high-quality product at a reasonable price is not enough anymore. That’s why we have developed 5 beneficial guarantees that will make your experience with our service enjoyable, easy, and safe. You have to be 100% sure of the quality of your product to give a money-back guarantee. This describes us perfectly. Make sure that this guarantee is totally transparent.Read more Each paper is composed from scratch, according to your instructions. It is then checked by our plagiarism-detection software. There is no gap where plagiarism could squeeze in.Read more Thanks to our free revisions, there is no way for you to be unsatisfied. We will work on your paper until you are completely happy with the result.Read more Your email is safe, as we store it according to international data protection rules. Your bank details are secure, as we use only reliable payment systems.Read more By sending us your money, you buy the service we provide. 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August 20, 2007 Eight Years in Power - Putin's International Legacy Comment by Katya Malofeeva and Tim Brenton On Aug. 8, 1999, Russia's first president, Boris Yeltsin, nominated Vladimir Putin, head of Russia's Security Council, as acting prime minister; his nomination was confirmed by the Duma the following week. On Dec. 31 that year, Yeltsin resigned, calling for early presidential elections and leaving Prime Minister Putin as acting president. Boris Yeltsin made Russia's inclusion in the G8 a major priority of his presidency, a mission he largely completed. By the end of Yeltsin's presidency, Russia's head of state was regarded as a somewhat exotic and extravagant leader, who leaned unequivocally towards the West. Yeltsin's short-term goal was to persuade the international community that Russia represented no nuclear threat, and that the country had put the Cold War firmly behind it. Yeltsin's policy in the former Soviet republics was driven by a desire to limit the scope of Russia's responsibility for economic and military issues, an initiative that gave significant sovereignty to Russia's former Soviet partners. In the new millennium, the situation has changed dramatically. Along with political stability, the years of Vladimir Putin's presidency have featured a movement towards increasingly centralized power in Russia and an economic boom. Additionally, Russia has become increasingly outspoken, independent and sometimes even aggressive on the international stage. This shift has become apparent in all areas of Russia's foreign policy, and this increased sense of national pride - along with some less pleasant effects of nationalism - has been a major theme of the Putin presidency. Marching to this tune has certainly contributed to Putin's domestic popularity. Russia and the West: From cooperation in antiterrorist operations in the early 2000s to the harsh rhetoric of 2007 At the beginning of his presidency, Putin appeared willing to be associated with the leaders of the West, possibly even to a greater degree than his predecessor. Putin was much younger and more energetic than Yeltsin, spoke fluent German and was certainly a better fit among his Western counterparts at the time. Most observers then thought Putin's foreign policy objective was for Russia to become a European country and believed that one of Putin's personal aims was to be perceived as a modern leader who was strengthening Russian democracy. Since then, the situation has changed. Not only does Russia not appear to be eager to join the EU, but it also chooses to be on somewhat confrontational terms with some of the most influential Western countries. Putin's Russia is not aiming to approximate its political system to the democracies of the West; on the contrary, today the Putin administration defends the concept of sovereign democracy and claims that European countries have their own problems with democracy. Russia and the United States At Putin's first meeting with U.S. President George W. Bush, the American immediately warmed to the new Russian leader, and initial predictions were that their relationship would herald a new era of Russia-U.S. cooperation and that the scars of the Cold War might finally be healed. This view was further embedded when Putin was the first leader to offer his support to the United States after the terrorist attacks of 9/11. Since then, however, relations have chilled to the point that Vice President Dick Cheney harshly criticized Russia - a move that was followed by Putin attacking the American "unilateral" foreign policy at a security summit in Munich. Since then, the United States and Russia have been at odds over missile defense, independence for Kosovo and how best to deal with Iran. Although Putin and Bush still seem to have a close personal relationship despite the wide geo-political divide between them, this may not be the case with the next U.S. president, who could well take a tougher line with Russia. Russia and the EU Relations between Russia and the EU have evidently suffered since Russia's emergence as an economically strong and stable nation state on the Union's eastern border. Problems have arisen over energy security and the protection of European companies' rights in Russia - notably over the treatment of Royal Dutch Shell - and disagreements between Russian and Ukraine over energy supply. Russia has also become increasingly concerned about U.S. and European influence in the new EU member states on its borders. The Russia-EU partnership and cooperation agreement appears likely to lapse in December, and negotiations for a new one have yet to begin. The start of these negotiations was blocked last year by Poland over a Russian embargo on Polish meat imports. Estonia, another vehemently anti-Russian former Warsaw Pact country and EU member, had a recent run-in with the Russian government over the removal of a Soviet war memorial from the central square in Tallinn. On the other hand, Moscow continues to host a stream of European heads of government, hoping to win lucrative contracts for their companies. Italian utility ENI has recently entered the market, as has French oil company Total. The enlarged EU seems to be having serious problems forming a coherent policy on the resurgent bear, with some countries going for a strongly negative position and some concerned with protecting their business interests. Russia and the UK Although the UK is currently the EU member with the worst political relations with Russia, paradoxically, it is the country with potentially the best business relationship with Russia (see here). The UK has demonstrated concern on a number of occasions with regard to Russia's slide away from democracy and the protection of private property - apparently seeing the YUKOS affair as a watershed moment in this regard. What has made the situation worse is the decision by the British courts to shelter a number of individuals wanted for prosecution by the Russian state - notably the exiled tycoon Boris Berezovsky, who openly preaches revolution in Russia from his Mayfair mansion; and the Chechen separatist Akhmed Zakayev, whom Russian officials regard as a terrorist but who spends his time fraternizing with British intellectuals and giving lectures on Russian brutality in Chechnya. This group of Russian exiles in London recently entered the news due to the poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko, a former KGB agent with a UK passport. The Litvinenko affair has reached fever pitch, culminating in recent tit-for-tat diplomatic expulsions from London and Moscow. However, both sides have maintained throughout the affair that business relations should not be affected. It is difficult, though, to see for how long the two can remain totally separate. An important theme that has affected all of Russia's relations with the West has been a changing of the guard at the leadership levels in several European states and such a change is due to come in the United States. With these changes in leadership, a new generation has emerged that has more experience with the modern post-Soviet Russia and a better understanding of the political mentality that has emerged in Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union, particularly French President Nicolas Sarkozy, the son of Hungarian immigrants, and Angela Merkel, the first East German Chancellor of the reunified German state. The emergence of a new leader in Russia will also be an important step in the development of Russia's relationships with the West. Russia and the East Russia's perceived intention to become the leader of a bloc whose interests are opposed to - or at least not in line with - the thinking of NATO countries, has become another aspect of its apparent falling out with many of the main Western powers. Russia has consistently aggravated attempts by the UN Security Council to deal firmly with issues such as Iran's nuclear program, North Korea and the rise of a Hamas-led government in Palestine. Russia's proximity to a number of these regimes has proved to be a double-edged sword for the world's leading industrialized powers since, on one hand, Russia is often an obstacle to their desired aims in dealing with such regimes, but, on the other, often represents the main line for negotiation with them. The main worry for the Western powers may be not that Russia is often keen to represent the interests of these nations, but that Russia seems to be keen to establish a bloc that can be a counterweight to NATO power. While current problems between Russia and the West are pragmatic, if they become ideological, this would clearly represent a very negative development. Russian Policy in the CIS and Baltic States Russia's relations with its closest neighbors have changed dramatically in Putin's eight years in the Kremlin. To a significant degree, this has contributed to the deterioration of Russia's relations with Western democracies. As the Soviet Union collapsed in the 1990s, Russia was too focused on its own internal politics to be able to make a great effort to stop its influence from decreasing dramatically with its former partners, and aimed only to maintain friendly political relationships with the former Soviet republics, trying to preserve its remaining economic ties. Since its resurgence, Russia has attempted to bring some of these countries back into its sphere, with varying degrees of success. The color revolutions in Ukraine and Georgia have seen these two countries set their sights on NATO and the EU, which has caused friction with Moscow and resulted in difficulties over trade and, in the case of Georgia, a heightened level of tension around Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The Baltic States, along with Poland, have become the leaders of an anti-Russia movement in the EU, which has often resulted in economic retaliation from the Russian side. In Central Asia, Russia has had more success in building relationships with the former republics, but a new power struggle has emerged in the region, largely focused on control of the area's wealth of natural resource. The Russians remain on top of this battle for influence, but are being forced to compete on a more level playing field with the United States and China. Most recently, the new theme of energy emerged in Russia's dealings with other countries of the former Soviet Union. Russia is trying to defend its monopoly in distributing gas to world markets from Central Asia and was a major opponent of the construction of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, which bypasses Russia. On the other hand, Russia is rather aggressively increasing the prices it charges for energy supplies to Georgia, Ukraine, Moldova, Armenia and Belarus. Relations with this latter group of countries have become more commercially based, and, in fact, are already forcing these energy-importing economies to conduct reforms aimed at greater liberalization and centralization of the economy. These changes may result in decreased dependencies of these countries on Russia both politically and economically, probably contrary to Russia's own aspirations. The Challenge of the WTO Membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO), a goal embraced first by Yeltsin, has long been an important post-Soviet aim for Russia, and was, for some time, dangled as a carrot after the break-up of the Soviet Union, despite the protests of some Russian business leaders. In 1999, Putin made WTO membership a clear policy priority, and although Russia has been making slow progress towards membership of the organization for some time, there seems to have been a lack of momentum in the process recently, owing largely to a lack of political will. A recent economic embargo on Georgia even seemed to take negotiations back a step, as Georgia suspended the bilateral trade agreement it had already signed with Russia. The Russians have now completed bilateral WTO talks with the United States, but the removal of the Jackson-Vanik amendment may have become more difficult under a U.S. Congress more inclined towards isolation. At a recent meeting of the working group on Russia's WTO accession, new issues reportedly arose. Now, in the final year of Putin's rule, WTO accession has become a much more realistic target than it was eight years ago, but somehow still remains a target that is difficult to hit. A major factor in Russia's emergence on the world stage has been its new role as a global economic power. Although it cannot yet be seen as a fully developed economy, Russia is considered a major energy source and the continuing search for energy security has increasingly seen the West turning to Russia's huge reserves of natural resources. Russia is demonstrating economic growth rates that are sustainably above the growth rates of developed nations - a factor that has allowed it to become one of the world's top 10 economies in terms of GDP. It is also surrounded by countries that are also demonstrating very high growth rates. Simultaneously, the high oil prices have allowed the Russian government to pay down Russia's international debt, meaning that many of the Western nations that lent money to Russia during the 1998 crisis now have less leverage. Another important factor is the huge opportunity Russia's emerging middle class constitutes for sellers of Western goods, and the massive boost being given to the international capital markets by the arrival of Russian companies and investors. All this adds up to Russia increasingly becoming an economic power worth reckoning with on the global stage, which adds to general confidence in the country's foreign-policy initiatives.

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The legendary from the forgotten. We’ll never find what we’re looking for. Historically speaking, audiences have loved tragedies and the dramatic genre continues to be popular in our contemporary times. Français Two forms that are most frequently talked about and compared are comedy and tragedy. Othello. As a result, a moral lesson has been given to the audience. Supreme Court Cases Involving School Attendance, How To Get Headphones To Work On Samsung Galaxy, Perseverance Is The Key To Success Essay Std 10, What Things Lead Peter To Become Suspicious About His Surroundings. He is accused of manslaughter as a result of his hubris and he becomes an outcast who dies alone. It will encourage you to tell the truth. Street Law Morse V Frederick, In other words, the main reason for the tragedy of the commons is the fact that humans are selfish when it comes to common goods, which are places that are open for everyone to use. Everyday, he comes back tired and stressed but still keeps on going.

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When working as an educator in the early childhood profession, documenting child observations is simply a means of gathering information about a child to inform your programming and ensure you are planning appropriate activities, strategies and experiences for each individual child and also the whole group. Observing is obviously the act of looking and watching, but in our profession, we need to take that one step further. It also encompasses the skills of listening, questioning, reflecting and documenting what we actually see and then interpreting succinctly in order to identify and support a child’s strengths, needs, interests and development. Educators use the information provided by child observations as just one way to support and challenge a child’s development and individual learning journey. An ‘observation’ can take many different forms and not all will suit every early learning service, educator, child or play experience. I know this can easily become a source of confusion and frustration for educators as some are told to use specific methods like learning stories only and others are told to use set templates or a digital app that the entire service is using. How many child observations do educators need to do? In my opinion, the most meaningful observations (and also most useful to both educator and child) are those the educator feels confident using and can use to link to their forward planning and day to day activities and routines with the children. Ideally, leaders and coordinators will support their educators by ensuring they are using a flexible system that works well for their skill set and service type. Observations do not need to be limited to one type of form, template or app and a combination of a few can work very effectively and meet different needs. If you work under the early years learning framework (EYLF) in Australia, please know that there is no regulation that states you need to use a specific documentation format and with what frequency. The frequency of your observations will depend upon the number of children in your care, the environment you work in and your centre or scheme expectations – there is no set magical number for compliance. Try and think about your observations telling the child’s story and how often you might need to add observations and reflections to keep the story rolling along without big gaps!! An observation here and there or because you ‘have to meet your weekly obs quota” is again a waste of your time and does nothing to support the child on their learning journey. What you do need to demonstrate with the majority of early years frameworks and guides is written evidence of a planning cycle which can show you are observing, noticing, recording, planning and evaluating. There also needs to be written evidence of children’s progress towards the Learning Outcomes. Once you have your own system in place it’s not as time-consuming as it seems I promise. To put a system of regular observing and documenting in place though you first need to understand what tools or templates to use - what will suit you the best or have you already been told to use a certain type? If you would like some help remembering the different observations formats I mention throughout this article and how to best use them in your own planning cycle documentation you can download a quick guide here. What Child Observation Template do educators have to use? There are many types of observation styles and all have something to offer when used in the right context. You will find you get the most useful results from exercising your judgement and using the method that you understand the best and that also suits the children you have in your care. You don’t just need to do learning stories or anecdotal observations or checklists. This is a bit of a myth and unfortunately, educators in both centre and family day care settings are often told they can only record their observations in the style deemed necessary by service management and this is where many educators become overwhelmed and resentful - because the system they are told they must use is not very flexible and guidance and training around how to use it effectively is lacking. If you tell a story make sure it is adding to a child’s journey not just stating the obvious. Make it work for you – I like to take photos while still engaging with the children in their play and then come back later at rest time or after hours to review and add text if necessary to complete the story. An observation does not always need text. The key is to try a variety of styles to build a picture of the child, a group of children and whole of service to inform and support your planning. Keep in mind that no matter the style you use you should always include the following information if possible... It’s helpful to you as an educator and the children you are observing to incorporate a variety of different assessment and observation methods – remember there is no specific Australian regulation about what app, form, template or system you have to use and you don’t need to limit yourself to one format either! If this is something your leader or coordinator is asking you to do then perhaps initiate a conversation around why you are being asked to only use one type of assessment tool and if there is an option for you to use a couple instead of one. Below you will find an example of my photo observation templates which I have probably used the most frequently over the years because they best suit my programming style. They are simple, the photos usually tell the story and are the main focus – the text I add incorporates the language of the EYLF and the child’s voice. There is no need to write to much, a few lines are sufficient – just make sure it is meaningful. if you feel these types of simple templates would work for you can find them in my resource shop and download the pack HERE. Easy Methods for Observation Recording & Assessment As an Educator, you can actually choose to use a little of everything to capture the children’s learning if you need to…just make sure it is significant and not just there to fill a portfolio, show a photo in an app or to check off some boxes on a template! You might settle on one template or style or you might use 3 or 4. Just make sure whatever you use is useful! You need to take the time to experiment a little and work out what suits you and how you work rather than just automatically using what you have seen work for others. Some observation formats also suit certain experiences, activities and conversations better so it can take a little trial and error and work experience before you fully understand this and how best to record your observations. The idea of documenting observations for children’s individual records is so that you can identify and note strengths, interests and goals. There are many ways of doing this and I have shared a few suggestions for you to consider below – I have split them into two categories to show how various forms of observation and documentation can give you different levels of information to assess learning and extend with. Some you could combine to get a better overall picture e.g. – ideally, you would not just use a developmental checklist on its own as there is not enough background information – you might add it to another observation format like an anecdotal record to help you identify the learning outcome area you want to focus on and give you a clearer picture. Other types of observation can provide you with all the detailed information you need to further analyse and extend as you forward plan. For example, a running record or learning story will no doubt give you enough information to move forward with on its own. Remember that you don’t need to do all of the things, all of the ways, all of the time to share the story of a child's learning journey meaningfully!! You should also aim to keep them simple and easily understood by parents so that you can effectively communicate the learning that is taking place. So, leave out all the complicated outcome numbers, codes and waffly words and just record what you see as best you can! What child observation methods can educators use to record quick, brief observations? Short sticky note jottings I like to always have a pad of sticky notes in my pocket or close by on the sign-in table. Quick and unobtrusive to just add a few dot points then stick straight away into your daily diary or onto a form like the one in my baby and toddler planning toolkit. Parent Communication Methods Our Day Forms, My Day Forms, parent communication booklets, photo collages, the information saved to a family’s folder in the cloud (read more about how I set up a digital portfolio for my family daycare families using dropbox here) Daily & Weekly Reflections Diary notes, reflections on the program, environment, group dynamics, what worked or didn’t and why, family input, changes in behaviour or routines etc. Incorporate information compiled from a dedicated space and system for both educators and parents to write notes about current interests and learning – another way I like to incorporate either Dropbox or sticky notes and a special book that parents can stick their note straight into for you to review later and you can also reply. Photo Source - Educator Sarah Hart some educators and consultants prefer not to use these as a tool (which is definitely their right as we don’t need to use all possible forms of observation remember!) but I do feel if checklists are used as a simple guide while always keeping top of mind that all children develop differently and reach milestones on their own timeline; then they can be a valuable source of information regarding a child’s progress against the common developmental milestones. It's up to you as an educator to decide what the information you collect tells you about the child as a whole! That is where your analysis and additional assessment sources come in. Developmental checklists are made up of some common milestone targets that are often reached by children within predictable age ranges…but they are not a ‘must do by…’ list! This is the format I have used most often over the years. They are usually a short and simple story of the play and actions you saw but written in the past tense. I like to combine this method with the sticky note jottings or reflections because I can unobtrusively make a few dot points here and there and then tell the story in full when I have the time to sit and focus. This allows you to stay in the moment with the younger children. You write the observation from the point you began observing the experience to the end of that particular event. Children’s Work Samples Use mark-making, drawings, photos of projects – group or individual, construction, crafts, photos of group play or interactions with educators, messy play, sensory play etc. Collect evidence of the work and then add a little text description of what you saw occurring as the event happened or for younger children only just beginning to talk or verbalise with sound, you might record their exact words/sound. You can then link to relevant learning outcomes and milestones. Apps & other digital devices This category consists of any audio, video, family communication apps etc. that you might use or yoiur service requires you to use. Not sure how you are supposed to remember all of these and want something to refer back to? Download the ‘Child Observation Methods - Quick Guide’ HERE. Yes you will need to record more comprehensive or ongoing observations and assessments at times - but how? Photo stories of play and learning Compile photos of a child engaged in an activity or experience an add a few lines to describe what you saw happening. I find this method particularly effective to help you communicate the learning and progress taking place from those ‘simple’ everyday play moments to help families understand that their child’s routines, play and interactions are important at home and during care. I like to keep the text very brief and easy to read and insert the photos into a document or collage that help to show the steps or changes that took place. You could add a few more In this format, educators write in the present tense and include detailed information about the event as it unfolds recording the child's exact words & actions. Use running records to help you better understand behaviours & explore developmental skills or challenges emerging. Aim to record your running records in a set time period. Often seen as a more time-consuming method to record an observation as they tend to be lengthy text descriptions accompanied by photos to tell a story - not only about the moment and experiences taking place but also including an educator’s input and analysis on the learning that has taken place in the moment and what the child can do (not what they can’t). However, they can be a story about just one event or you can add a little here and there to them over time which makes them a useful tool for observing younger children. A bit like a learning journal or portfolio – but on a smaller scale! I personally have not used learning stories very often as I think it is very easy for the story to become (unintentionally) a little too subjective unless the educator knows the child extremely well already (in regard to family life, culture, behaviour, wellbeing, social skills etc) and is confident in their skills and the process of writing observations. However, they can be a good option for families as they are usually easier to understand as they are in a storytelling format – but then, remember they still need to have the time to look through and read. Also, a good option to help educators include a few brief observations taken over a longer time frame into a final more comprehensive assessment. As long as the educator writing the observation is mindful of their own possible subjectivity or making inappropriate assumptions on the child’s actions because of their own values or feelings, learning stories can be a useful method for assessing learning. To simplify and summarise... all you need to remember is that the observations you are recording must be meaningful, they must be specific, and they must support you to support the child’s learning journey and their steps forward. If it doesn’t, then you have wasted your time and the child in your care hasn’t benefited either. It really doesn’t matter what template you use…just use it effectively! If you would like to reflect back on this information make sure to pin it so you can find it easily again! A Little About Me Jodie Clarke is an early childhood professional supporting educators who want and need to stay passionate about the work they do! She has 30 years hands-on experience in the early childhood and human services sectors across many different roles. Jodie is mum to 3 in Australia and has already helped thousands of educators with their work through her popular blog posts, activity ideas, online training and e-books.

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What is continuity of measure? A continuity test is like a simplified resistance/ohms measurement. A basic method is to apply a voltage across the resistor and measure the current OR apply a current and measure the voltage. Then through R = V/I you can calculate the resistance. Imagine you applied 100 V DC but your meter can only handle 10 V when in the continuity test mode. Are measures continuous? And thus a measure is continuous from above and from below. That is, either one of these continuity properties is enough to guarantee countable additivity. What is probability continuity? CONTINUITY OF PROBABILITIES Consider a probability space in which = R. The sequence of events An = [1,n] converges to the event A = [1, ∞), and it is reasonable to expect that the probability of [1,n] converges to the probability of [1, ∞). Is probability measure continuous? A singular continuous (or just singular) probability measure is one whose distribution function is differentiable (and hence continuous) but whose derivative is 0 on "almost" the entire real line (all except a set of probability 0). What is continuity in writing? In fiction, continuity is a consistency of the characteristics of people, plot, objects, and places seen by the reader or viewer over some period of time. Related advise for What Is Continuity Of Measure? Is continuity the same as resistance? Generally speaking, continuity indicates whether or not current will flow in a circuit. Resistance indicates how much current will flow. What are the 3 types of measurement? The three standard systems of measurements are the International System of Units (SI) units, the British Imperial System, and the US Customary System. Of these, the International System of Units(SI) units are prominently used. How do you define continuity of a function? continuity, in mathematics, rigorous formulation of the intuitive concept of a function that varies with no abrupt breaks or jumps. Continuity of a function is sometimes expressed by saying that if the x-values are close together, then the y-values of the function will also be close. What is continuity theorem? Theorem: If f(x) and g(x) are continuous at x=a, and if c is a constant, then f(x)+g(x), f(x)−g(x), cf(x), f(x)g(x), and f(x)g(x) (if g(a)≠0) are continuous at x=a. In short: the sum, difference, constant multiple, product and quotient of continuous functions are continuous. How do we measure probability? In mathematics, a probability measure is a real-valued function defined on a set of events in a probability space that satisfies measure properties such as countable additivity. |hide Authority control| What are the properties of continuous probability distribution? Continuous probability distribution: A probability distribution in which the random variable X can take on any value (is continuous). Because there are infinite values that X could assume, the probability of X taking on any one specific value is zero. Therefore we often speak in ranges of values (p(X>0) = . What are four common types of continuous distribution? Other continuous distributions that are common in statistics include: Is the CDF a measure? The cumulative distribution function (in short, cdf) of a probability measure µ is a function F : X → [0, 1] defined by F(x) = µ(≤ x). What is a continuous random variable? A continuous random variable is one which takes an infinite number of possible values. Continuous random variables are usually measurements. Examples include height, weight, the amount of sugar in an orange, the time required to run a mile. (Definition taken from Valerie J. How do you write continuity? How do you show continuity in an essay? Continuity is All About Linking Nouns and Adjectives For instance, each subsequent sentences' noun connects to the preceding one. The same goes for paragraphs. This creates continuity so that the reader can easily follow the concept. What is continuity in a book? In fact, no Department of Defense definition exists for the term "continuity book." In order to share a common understanding of the term, this article defines continuity book as a reference document produced by an individual to share relevant information concerning a duty or position on which he/she has knowledge. How do I check continuity? Is continuity good or bad? If you're using a multimeter, set it to the “Continuity” function, or select a midrange resistance setting, in ohms. If the tester lights up, beeps or shows 0 resistance, it means that electricity can flow freely between those terminals, and in most cases, that means that the device is good. What is continuity in teaching? Continuity is the repetition of important concepts within the curriculum vertical or over time. This ensures that the students develop mastery of the important concept or idea. One simple way to look at continuity is the idea of repeat and expand. A teacher shares an idea one way. What are the 5 types of measurement? Types of data measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. What are the 7 basic units of measurement? The seven SI base units, which are comprised of: What are the four types of measurements? You can see there are four different types of measurement scales (nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio). Each of the four scales, respectively, typically provides more information about the variables being measured than those preceding it. Is IQ discrete or continuous? IQ test scores don't increment in decimals, but in whole numbers (e.g., 138, 140, 150 etc.). In other words, IQ tests only provide discrete scores [not continuous] (No body can get an IQ score of 115.568). What type of variable is gender? For example, gender is a nominal variable that can take responses male/female, which are the categories the nominal variable is divided into. A nominal variable is qualitative, which means numbers are used here only to categorize or identify objects. What is economic continuity? Continuity simply means that there are no 'jumps' in people's preferences. In mathematical terms, if we prefer point A along a preference curve to point B, points very close to A will also be preferred to B. Continuity is, therefore, a sufficient condition, but not a necessary one, for a system of preferences. How do you use continuity in a sentence? What is the formal definition of continuity? We can define continuity at a point on a function as follows: The function f is continuous at x = c if f (c) is defined and if. . In other words, a function is continuous at a point if the function's value at that point is the same as the limit at that point. How do you find the continuity of a point? For a function to be continuous at a point, it must be defined at that point, its limit must exist at the point, and the value of the function at that point must equal the value of the limit at that point. Discontinuities may be classified as removable, jump, or infinite. Why do we care about continuity? The importance of continuity is easiest explained by the Intermediate Value theorem : It says that, if a continuous function takes a positive value at one point, and a negative value at another point, then it must take the value zero somewhere in between. What is squeeze theorem in calculus? The squeeze (or sandwich) theorem states that if f(x)≤g(x)≤h(x) for all numbers, and at some point x=k we have f(k)=h(k), then g(k) must also be equal to them. We can use the theorem to find tricky limits like sin(x)/x at x=0, by "squeezing" sin(x)/x between two nicer functions and using them to find the limit at x=0. What is the probability of 9? Probabilities for the two dice |Total||Number of combinations||Probability| What is stochastic probability? In probability theory and related fields, a stochastic (/stoʊˈkæstɪk/) or random process is a mathematical object usually defined as a family of random variables. Stochastic processes are widely used as mathematical models of systems and phenomena that appear to vary in a random manner. What is probability measure example? Probability Measure Examples For a roll of one six-faced die, the sample space (Ω) = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. If A = 1, 3, 5 is the event that the roll is odd, then P(A) = ½. How do you calculate continuous probability? What is the most widely used continuous probability distribution? The most widely used continuous probability distribution in statistics is the normal probability distribution. The graph corresponding to a normal probability density function with a mean of μ = 50 and a standard deviation of σ = 5 is shown in Figure 3. Like all normal distribution graphs, it is a bell-shaped curve. What is the most important continuous distribution? The normal, a continuous distribution, is the most important of all the distributions. What is continuous distribution? A continuous distribution is one in which data can take on any value within a specified range (which may be infinite).

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As Lindsy found out that her company was laying off 40% of its workforce due to severe budget cuts, an overwhelming fear loomed her body. She felt her throat close and started experiencing dizziness and nausea. She found herself going down the rabbit hole of many irrational thoughts. She was extremely overwhelmed by what was going on in her mind and started feeling faint. What Lindsy experienced at that moment is what we call an anxiety attack. Experiencing an anxiety attack can be confusing, scary and might leave you with more questions than answers. This blog post will go over the various signs and symptoms of an anxiety attack to help you achieve a better understanding. Here are 18 signs that you may be having an anxiety attack: - Overwhelming Fear - Sweating Profusely - Difficulty Breathing - Restricted Throat/Choking Sensation - Muscle Tension - Difficulty Concentrating - Chest Pains - Irrational Thoughts - Change in Emotions - Feeling Rushed or Pressured - Feeling Faint - Gastrointestinal (GI) Discomforts The ways that our bodies respond to anxiety are not uniform, so it is completely natural for you not to experience all of the signs above. Some symptoms are also common to be low in intensity, while others may be high and severe. Naturally, the way that you might experience an anxiety attack may be different from how another person may experience it. Note: Always consult a doctor if you have consistent anxiety attacks and it is affecting your daily life. An Overwhelming Fear We all have come across fear and anxiety at some point in our lives. Fear our body’s natural response to something it considers dangerous as it prepares us to overcome the challenge. This is usually when our body engages in our fight or flight response. It’s normal to fear, scared and anxious when you haven’t prepared for your exams, are on a first date, or are doing something you haven’t before. Fear can be: - Realistic: It is based on something that’s scary. For example, the fearing getting sick during the coronavirus pandemic. - Excessive: The fear is realistic and understandable, but the reaction may be excessive. For example, you may constantly be worrying about losing your job during the pandemic, even though you may be an essential worker. - Unrealistic: You don’t have anything to worry about and yet find yourself anxious about things that may not be in your control. You may feel worried about several things at once. For example, worrying about having no money even though you have a lot of savings and are financially secure. The fear that you feel during an anxiety attack is often extraordinarily overwhelming and tends to intensify over a period of time. Some people say it feels like someone is turning up the volume until it is too loud and starts feeling like an attack. You may find yourself engulfed by your thoughts and worries and might feel like you have no control over your thoughts. People often report the fear of going crazy. Unlike panic attacks, anxiety attacks have a specific trigger, ranging from a fight with your partner to ongoing issues at the workplace. You can often find the root cause of what is making you anxious. Since the attack develops gradually, you can experience an anxiety attack anytime 48 to 72 hours after the trigger. As anxiety starts taking over your body and it goes into fight or flight mode, you’ll find yourself being able to notice your heartbeat as it might have started beating faster. Some people report hearing their heartbeat, while others may notice pulsating veins on their forehead and chest. These usually feel like your heart is racing a million miles an hour as the feeling of impending doom takes over your body. Most people report that it feels like their heartbeat has suddenly become more noticeable and that it might be skipping a beat or fluttering. Palpitations are a physical manifestation of the panic and anxiety you may feel. As anxious thoughts start to cloud your mind, the palpitations start becoming more prominent. For some people, the anxiety-provoking thoughts seem to come into mind at night and don’t allow them to sleep at night. Instead of winding down at night, the body seems to be getting more alert resulting in the inability to fall asleep and feel restless at the same time. Even if you want to sleep, you may feel like a victim of your own thoughts as your mind jumps to the worst-case scenario while you’re in bed. Insomnia seems to intensify when you’re going through an anxiety attack and can seem incredibly overwhelming the night before the attack. Some people are able to fall asleep but are awoken by intrusive and fearful thoughts in the middle of the night, unable to go back to bed. Most people notice sweat in their armpits and hands, but it is not uncommon to find sweat on the forehead, arms, legs, face, and even feet. When this might happen depends on person to person, and you might find yourself sweating more as the feeling of dread intensifies. As the Autonomous Nervous System engages the body’s fight or flight response, you might start feeling hot and might even start sweating, even if there’s no sudden increase in the room temperature. This is the body’s natural response to fear. You might notice your body trembling and shaking when you’re feeling anxious, which can also be scary because you feel like you aren’t in control of your own body. You might notice: - Hand tremors - Twitching muscles - Chattering teeth - Body trembling - Body shaking Shaking and trembling have been long associated with anxiety and are a direct result of the fight or flight mode are engaged. These tremors are the result of the influx of hormones in your bloodstream. While the tremors aren’t dangerous, they can be uncomfortable and distressing–and, sometimes, may even cause more anxiety. During an anxiety attack, you may notice changes to your breathing, as many people report having difficulties breathing when experiencing an anxiety attack. - Hyperventilation: You tend to be over-breathing due to the chatter of thoughts in your head. Paradoxically, this can leave you feeling breathless even when you’re breathing rapidly and deeply. - Shortness of breath: Some people report feeling choked and are unable to breathe properly due to anxiety and feel that they might have gotten the wind knocked out of them. This, again, is a physical manifestation of anxiety and can make you feel like you aren’t in control of your body. Of course, this can be extremely frightening. Here are some reasons why you may be facing difficulties breathing: - Feeling tight and constricted in the chest. Restricted Throat/Choking Sensation Some people feel that they might have something stuck in the back of their throats when experiencing an anxiety attack, while others may feel like they’re choking. People also describe this as a feeling of having a lump in the throat. This is mainly due to the body’s fight or flight response as it constricts the esophagus or the food pipe by diverting the blood to more critical parts of your body, like your lungs and heart. Of course, the result might seem counterintuitive. It is natural to feel overwhelmed as the wave of anxiety and fear seems to drown you. In such a situation, it is natural for dizziness to overpower your body as you feel you might be in over your head. Some people also report feeling faint and light. There are several reasons why experts believe you might be feeling dizzy. These include: - Fight or flight response: Changes in your blood pressure due to your body’s fight or flight response being engaged causes you to feel dizzy and lightheaded. Stress hormones: Hormones like cortisol and adrenaline affect your vestibular system and may cause dizziness. Some people report feeling nauseous while having an anxiety attack. The intensity of nausea depends from person to person, and some might even end up vomiting. Here are some reasons why you may be nauseous: - As your body prepares itself to combat the stressor, the blood flow from the digestive system gets diverted to important organs, such as your heart and lungs, causing you to feel nauseous. - The sudden influx of neurotransmitters and stress hormones in your system. It is not uncommon for you to experience muscle stiffening and tension when having an anxiety attack. You may feel stiffness in your neck, hands, arms, back, and other muscle groups. Some people clench their jaws, while others feel heaviness in their shoulders. So, why do you experience muscle tension? This again brings us back to the body’s fight or flight response. Your body gets itself ready for combat by engaging the muscles to prepare for the fight. People report losing their ability to concentrate on a task when having an anxiety attack. You can’t seem to concentrate on the task at hand or what’s right in front of you as your brain is going a thousand miles an hour. Even the most minuscule task may seem overwhelming at such a time. Concentrating on something takes a lot of mental energy, which easily depletes when you’re anxious. The problem is that your mind is focusing–just not on what it should be. One of the scariest symptoms of an anxiety attack is chest pains. Some people report having sharp pain in the chest, while others report a fleeting or sudden pain. The pain may even take between a few hours and a few days to go away in some cases. This pain of the chest wall is caused due to the strong contractions of the heart muscle, which is also one of the reasons they may take longer to go away. You may feel like you’re losing all sense of control when it comes to your mind as it jumps from one uncomfortably anxious thought to another. The thoughts may be irrational, and while you may realize that they’re irrational, you still may feel helpless or like a victim of your thoughts. Most people report going down a scary rabbit hole of thoughts or their mind taking them out on an uncomfortable rollercoaster ride. The trains of thought may or may not be interconnected. For example, some people may worry about one single thing while others worry about multiple aspects of their lives at the same time. Change in Emotions Feeling heavy emotions like anger, fear, panic, frustration, tension, worry, etc., is intensified when you’re having an anxiety attack. How you may be experiencing your emotions depends upon your unique situation. Most people report a change in their emotions before experiencing the other symptoms. However, there are individual differences in the order you may experience these symptoms. There are no hard and fast rules. Feeling Rushed or Pressured You might be feeling like you’re in a rush, and there’s not enough time for you to do what you want to. You feel the need to hurry at all times. Hurry sickness is a common symptom of anxiety where you feel overwhelmed with everything that you need to do and feel like you’re under immense pressure, even if you aren’t. There may be several reasons why you may be experiencing this: - Fight or Flight mode: As your body prepares itself, it’s natural for you to want to address the cause of the anxiety as quickly as possible so that you can get relief. Performance: If something is contingent on your performance, you may feel immense pressure. Many people report having mild headaches that grow in intensity while experiencing an anxiety attack. You might be able to feel these headaches on both sides of the head and might also experience stiffness in the shoulder and neck. While experts agree that there’s a relationship between headaches and anxiety, they still aren’t sure why it happens. Here are some possibilities: - Anxiety increases your odds of getting a headache f you’re already prone to getting headaches. You might be experiencing a tension headache due to stress, lack of rest, dehydration, etc. Feeling lightheaded, dizzy, or unsteady is another symptom of an anxiety attack. You might start feeling faint when you’re overwhelmed by your thoughts and might even feel like going to bed. However, some people report feeling faint even if there is no obvious trigger. One of the most common reasons this happens is a drop in your blood pressure, also known as vasovagal syncope. Another reason why you may feel faint is due to hyperventilation, which is an unnatural breathing pattern that ends up depriving your brain of oxygen. Gastrointestinal (GI) Discomforts It is common to experience gastrointestinal problems such as heartburn, stomach ache, bloating, cramps, and loose stools without any apparent physical cause during an anxiety attack. For some people, these symptoms may even intensify over a few days. This usually happens because your body channels blood flows from the digestive system to critical organs as it prepares to fight the stressor. This is also one f the reasons why people with chronic anxiety experience issues like irritable bowel syndrome. Anxiety Attacks vs Panic Attacks It is very common for people to believe that anxiety and panic attacks are the same. However, that isn’t the case. Let’s take a look at some of the differences between the two. How to deal with Anxiety Attacks Experiencing an anxiety attack can be scary, even if you have experienced one before. Let’s take a look at a few ways in which you can deal with anxiety attacks: - Recognizing the anxiety attack: Things become less scary when you realize that you’re having an anxiety attack and understand why you’re experiencing the symptoms you have. This helps reduce the feeling of impending doom and allows you some room to apply other techniques. - Relaxation exercises: Deep relaxation exercises such as Jacobson’s Progressive Muscle Relaxation can help alleviate some of the physical symptoms of anxiety while also easing your mind. - Mindful physical activity: Indulging in a physical activity like a walk or cycling can help relieve some of the mental chatter in your mind as you focus on your immediate physical surroundings. - Deep breathing: Deep breathing exercises can help slow down the pace of your racing thoughts while also relieving some of your physical symptoms. It can help you decrease your heart rate as you focus more on breathing and less on your ideas. - Challenge your thoughts: If possible, challenging and rationalizing your thoughts using logic can also help you get relief from your symptoms. Remember: If you believe you are experiencing anxiety attacks consistently and they are disrupting your daily life, consult a doctor. While not all of the symptoms above may be felt, there may be a combination ranging from mild to severe, depending on the situation. Living with anxiety and having anxiety attacks can not only be challenging but can also be exhausting, both emotionally and physically. In such a tumultuous and sensitive time, it is essential to know that help is out there and that there is light at the end of the tunnel, no matter how faint it may seem at the moment. A mental health professional can help you manage, address, and overcome the challenges you may be facing due to anxiety.

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Upper Woodford - Demonstrating strategic restoration and management STREAM (LIFE05 NAT/UK/000143) Upper Woodford - Demonstrating strategic restoration and management STREAM (LIFE05 NAT/UK/000143) This webpage is currently under construction. Comments with regards to the contents or possible lack would be gratefully appreciated. The FORECASTER Team Key features of the case study In the following section, background and motives of the restoration project which led to the initiation of the project are introduced Drivers and pressures The river Avon and its catchment faced many threats during the last decades. Aiming to turn wetlands into arable land, drainage were undertaken thus resulting in many parts of the river channels being widened, deepened and natural bed material removed. The river ecosystem also faced nutrients pollution due to an agricultural intensive use of fertilizers as well as significant water abstraction. Although agriculture was considered as the main human pressure, public water supply & sewage, diffuse pollution from tracks, roads, fishery management, etc. also affected the Avon river ecosystems. Despite all those threats, the river Avon and its tributaries still contains some of the most rare threatened species and habitats in Europe and were thus designated as a Special Area of conservation (SAC) while the Avon Valley was designated as a special protection area (SPA) for birds (NATURA 2000). To protect those threatened species and habitats, a conservation strategy for the River Avon SAC was undertaken in 2003 to identify measures in place to address the impacts, but also gaps where new actions were needed. This conservation strategy generated two major partnership projects: - the STREAM LIFE-Nature Project focusing on restoration of the river Avon SAC, - the Living River Project which focused on wider biodiversity of the River Avon system and on engaging communities in its conservation. A range of other projects were also underway to address threats to the river and its valley such as The River Avon Landcare and Catchment friendly farming addressing diffuse pollution as well as the advisory services of the Wessex Chalk Streams project and the Forest Friendly Farming project. The Upper Woodford on the river Avon restoration were undertaken in the framework of the LIFE project STREAM among five others restoration sites: Amesbury on the river Avon, Chilhampton on the river Wylye, Fovant on the river Nadder, Blashford on the Dockens Water, and Woodgreen on the river Avon. The LIFE project STREAM aimed to address the pressures inflicted upon river ecosystems by restoring habitats in River Avon and Avon Valley for protected species but also by integrating the management of the river and valley to the whole restoration planning. In order to achieve those objectives, the STREAM project board set specific goals before implementing any restoration measures, which are introduced below. First of all, the project planned to integrate the management valley to the whole restoration planning by addressing the effects of past engineering and land drainage and by demonstrating innovative techniques and proven habitat enhancement methods. The project also foresaw to restore suitable conditions for the River Avon SAC habitats and species. Details of how the project was planned specie by specie are introduced below: - River habitats improvement for the plant community by creating more suitable habitats through an increase of flow speed and cleaning gravels. - Improvements of habitats for Bullhead (Cottus gobio) by developing ways to introduce and retain woody debris. - Increase of the availability of habitats for Desmoulin's whorl snail (Vertigo moulinsiana) and work with Living River to remove invasive plant species. - Establish more appropriate water level management in the Avon Valley for the Bewick’s swan (Cygnus columbianus) by developing hatch operating protocols and a ditch restoration programme. - Establish more suitable habitat for breeding and for young Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and develop guidance on measures to reduce entrapment and facilitate fish passage. - Sensitive management of ditch networks in order to provide spawning habitat for brook (Lampetra planeri) and sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) - Establish more appropriate water level management in the Avon Valley and increase understandings in the effect of human disturbance to protect the Gadwal (Anas strepera) population. With regards to Upper Woodford on the river Avon restoration site, the project aimed to demonstrate a range of techniques that increase flow and substrate diversity, providing a ‘tool-kit’ of techniques that fishing clubs could use. The following section introduces which measures were prepared, implemented and whether they were successful in reaching their related goals A broad range of restoration measures were implemented in the frame of the LIFE project. In total, restoration work led to the creation of 0.36 ha of new spawning area for Atlantic salmon, bullhead and lamprey and the enhancement of approximately 7 km of river and banks. Regarding to Upper Woodford on the river Avon restoration site, the river channel was reshaped and small islands and flow deflectors created. Details of how the measures were implemented are introduced below. - use of brushwood, flint and chestnut stakes to create vegetated islands - construction of a vegetated causeway just above water level to narrow the channel and create a stillwater area - building log weirs to encourage variation in flow depth and speed - creation of “d-shape” deflectors made of brushwood to prevent bank erosion and to vary flow - three large submerged deflectors to improve the quality of in-channel gravels and extend the river margins Regarding to the whole LIFE project, although no biological targets were used since it is difficult to set meaningful criteria when monitoring only for 2 years, suitable spawning area targets were set by estimating how much spawning gravels could be created. Because rivers are complex and take several years to respond to restoration, it is not possible to draw any definite conclusions yet. However, there are encouraging signs that have already highlighted STREAM project restoration successes such as improvements in the plant community at all six restoration sites with the settlement of the water crowfoot (Ranunculus aquatilis) as well as more marginal habitats observed in the riparian zone. Precise results site by site are available here , and Hydro-morphological encouraging signs were seen through improvements in the gravel river bed at all six restoration sites. More spawning gravel beds were actually created than foreseen. At Upper Woodford on the river Avon, the built structures increased flow variability and speed and created refuge areas of slow water. Habitats for young fish were also created but may only be short to medium term as the deflectors fill with silt.Nevertheless, despite observed encouraging signs, some issues remain and the restoration work could be improved. As example, vegetation may need to be planted in the structures, as consistent high flows mean it is not yet well established Monitoring before and after implementation of the project Monitoring against project aims was considered as a key issue to evaluate how successful the restoration has been, and to identify any problems with the restoration techniques used while carrying the LIFE project. Hence, a programme of survey and monitoring were carried out as part of the of the STREAM river restoration work by an independent organization. All six rivers restoration sites were then monitored pre and post restoration. The surveys investigated the restoration works and identified their possible influence on physical habitats and ecology on the sites by collecting the following data: - Physical Biotope Mapping and Fluvial Audit - River Corridor Survey - Repeat Fixed Point Photography Besides, specific data were also collected at two reference sites that both have comparable gradient, width and flow to restored river stretches. Those two reference sites (Upper Woodford control site and Seven Hatches control site) are slightly more natural but project board pointed out that it is almost impossible to find a pristine reference site. - Channel cross-section survey - Physical habitat survey and depth - Velocity and substrate measurements - Detailed macrophyte survey - Fisheries survey The detailed monitoring protocol is available here Even though a large monitoring was carried in the frame of the LIFE project, the project board faced constraints such as timing and funding. Timing made it tricky to collect long-term pre-data as LIFE funding were only received 6 months before the official project start. Besides, funding was not available to carry a relevant post-restoration monitoring to find out river restoration successes. In addition to the monitoring programme, an audit was also carried by the River restoration Centre (RCC). This audit aimed to assess the project design and objectives using expert judgments and the experience of the River Restoration Centre; it actually compared the work on the ground and the monitoring programme results with findings from other projects (reports available here ). In the following section, ways of cooperation, interaction and information with partners, stakeholders and wider audience of the project are introduced as well as their related success in reaching their participation objectives. A large participation process was developed in the frame of the LIFE project STREAM as introduced in the following table and further below. The project built partnerships between several organizations with different backgrounds. Natural England was the project leader while the Environment Agency, Wiltshire Wildlife Trust, Hampshire & Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust and Wessex Water were partners. The LIFE project cooperation helped in building strong partnerships in the Avon catchment. Currently, those partners are still working together to undertake further actions. During the entire STREAM project, managers worked closely with the Living River Project which aimed to increase local people’s awareness and appreciation of the River Avon System. This interaction led to several achievements from the implementation of restoration (e.g., invasive plants forum and actions), to the development of best practices, or the education of communication part. Furthermore, STREAM project board consulted local people, key stakeholders before carrying out the restoration works, explaining aims and expected results and giving them a chance to raise any concerns they may have. Landowners and fishery managers were involved in the project detailed design. Besides restoration measures, the STREAM project aimed to share its experience at three different levels which are further down developed: other river restoration practitioners, local river users such as fishermen and landowners and broader general public. First of all, the project aimed to develop best practices and share them with landowners and anglers mainly with regards to the three following issues - Identifying ways to stop fish species getting trapped in the valley ditch networks - Developing a strategic programme of ditch restoration - Developing operating regimes for key sluices in the river and valley Project experiences and advices were compiled and shared in published guidance which is now used to achieve appropriate water level management at another 32 structures in the Avon catchment and are being used in other parts of the UK. - Guidance on operating sluices and hatches which can be used to help manage water levels for river and floodplain habitats and species. Further details are available in the following reports: Taylor N. (2008) STREAM Action C2: Hatch Operating Protocols. Environment Agency technical Report and Guidance on Developing Structural Operating Protocols (2009) - Planning floodplain restoration which is a way to plan floodplain restoration works whilst avoiding trapping fish in the valley ditch network. This involves using available fishery data to generate color coded maps, which are then used to assess the potential impact on fish of measures such as ditch reinstatement and new structures. Further details are available in Salomon D. (2007). Method for prioritizing fisheries in floodplain restoration The STREAM project also aimed to share its experience, lessons learnt while carrying the project, with UK and European river managers and experts by publishing advices note: - Advice note Planning River Restoration - Advice note Linking River and Floodplain Management - Advice note River restoration Site visits, workshops and seminars (e.g., UK River Restoration Centre annual conference) with other rivers practitioners were also carried. Over a hundred river experts attended the STREAM international conference in July 2009. All the events gave people a chance to discuss technical aspects of the STREAM project, visit the restoration sites and pick up tips on how to restore Europe’s rivers. Finally, besides the development of best practices, raising awareness of the river system and the project in the local community was also targeted. This public awareness were developed through project website, workshops, leaflets, posters, media publicity, open days and seminars, signs and display boards, layman’s report, community events, etc. The public joined successfully the project with more than 6000 people attending to the events, more than 17 000 people visiting the website and more than 700 volunteers participating in the restoration works. The following section gives an overview of cost and funding of the project Approximate cost: £1, 2 million %EU Funding: 40% %Water authority: co-finance £10,000 % Other partners: £27,000 Contact person within the organization Jenny WHEELDON, project manager/coordinator Extra background information As introduced above, the ecological and hydromorphological state of the Avon ecosystems can still be improved. Besides, the project managers brought up the importance of the scale of a restoration project. They came up with the conclusion that the strict interpretation of SAC boundaries is not always the most beneficial for the SAC interest species/habitats. Implement river restoration measures at a larger scale (floodplain for e.g.) would actually be way more effective and cost-effective than simply limiting the works to a tightly defined river corridor. For those reasons, project partners decided to continue the restoration work at a larger scale through the implementation of long term strategy setting out the priorities for the future (available here ) The project team made available many technical lessons learnt from every site and some tips to improve river restoration knowledge as well as guidance in most of the reports available at . Besides, specifics are available in the RRC audit report and Haskoning monitoring report. - STREAM project website - Project leaflet (language: English) - Demonstrating strategic restoration and management of the River Avon SAC. Layman’s report (language: English) - Establish environmental flows / naturalise flow regimes - Favour morphogenic flows - Narrow water courses - Initiate natural channel dynamics to promote natural regeneration - Reduce erosion - Introduce large wood - Develop riparian forest - Channelisation / cross section alteration - Alteration of instream habitat - Sedimentation and sediment input

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Armored-plated dinosaursKenneth Carpenter Ankylosauromorphs are more popularly known as the armored-plated dinosaurs. They first appeared in the Early Jurassic (~208-204 my) and became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous (65 my) (Carpenter 2001). Their fossils are known from every continent, including Antarctica (which was not ice covered during the Mesozoic) (Gasparini et al., 1996). Ankylosauromorphs are taxonomically most diverse in the last half of the Early Cretaceous (~130-112 my) and again in the later half of the Late Cretaceous (~83.5-65 my) (Carpenter and Kirkland 1998; Carpenter et al, 1999). The oldest ankylosauromorph is Scelidosaurus from the Sinemurian (204-198 my) of England (Carpenter 2001). It bears many of the hallmarks of later ankylosaurs (see below) indicating an earlier origin for the ankylosauromorphs, possibly in the Hettangian (208-204 my). Although Scelidosaurus is unequivocally an ankylosaur, its primitiveness prevents it from being assigned to any of the three ankylosaur families, grouped as the Ankylosauria (Carpenter, 2001); it is the closest sister taxon of the Ankylosauria. Ankylosauromorphs are quadrupedal ornithischians with a proportionally wider body than seen in most other ornithischians. This wide body accommodates a large gut, suggesting that hindgut fermentation (analogous to that seen in horses) was important to break down their vegetation diet. The most distinctive feature of ankylosauromorphs is the armor that encases the entire body (Carpenter 2001). The armor was undoubtedly embedded within the skin, much like the armor of crocodiles today. The armor consisted of outwardly projecting spines and larger, narrower spikes, thin walled cone-like plates, keeled nearly flat plates, solid, keeled scutes, and small rounded ossicles that filled the gaps between the larger armor, as well as covered the belly. The armor is arranged along the top and sides of the neck as bands or half-rings, in rows or alternating rows along the back, sides and tail. As in crocodiles, this armor was arranged in distinct patterns in the different genera, especially in the neck region (Carpenter, 1982, 1984, 1990). In Scelidosaurus, the armor is predominately thin-walled, laterally compressed cones, although some smaller solid scutes also occur. The armor on the neck consists of two rows, and that on the body is arranged in rows extending parallel to the body. The skull surface of ankylosauromorphs is extensively modified either by reworking of the bone surface by the overlying scales, or by fusion of armor (Vickaryous et al., 2001; Carpenter, 2001; Carpenter et al. 2001). The rough textured surface is called "ornamentation", although at one time it was thought be to exclusively fused armor (see Ankylosauria). In Scelidosaurus, remodeling of the bone is confined to the postorbital, maxilla, jugal, and mid-section of the lower jaw. Scelidosaurus retains the primitive ornithischian shaped skull, which is taller than wide, unlike the low, wide skull of the Ankylosauria. Furthermore, Scelidosaurus still retains the five pairs of skull openings characteristic of primitive ornithischians. These openings are the nares at the front of the snout, the antorbital fenestrae located in front of the orbits, the orbits, the supratemporal fenestrae located atop the skull roof, and the lateral temporal fenestra located behind the orbit. In the Ankylosauria, the antorbital and supratemporal fenestra have fused shut, and the lateral temporal fenestra is covered over in one family (Ankylosauridae). Premaxillary teeth are present in Scelidosaurus, as well as primitively in the Ankylosauria (Carpenter 2001). The characteristic cropping beak of the Ankylosauria is not developed in Scelidosaurus, suggesting that it was a selective feeder. The cheek region in Scelidosaurus is not inset to the great extent seen in the Ankylosauria The cheek teeth are leaf-shaped, much like those of the primitive ornithischian, Lesothosaurus. Wear facets on the teeth indicate a puncture-crushing method of food processing between the teeth (Barrett, 2001). In many, but not all, ankylosaurs, the teeth are modified and are less leaf-shaped, especially by the development of a cingulum, or expansion of the crown just above the root. The vertebral column in ankylosauromorphs consists of seven or eight cervicals, about 16 dorsals, three or four sacrals, and around 40 or more caudals. The neck region is typically short, whereas the trunk is very long. The pelvis retains the three pairs of bones seen in other dinosaurs, the large upper ilium, the lower, forward positioned pubis, and the lower, rearward projecting ischium. However, ankylosauromorphs have modified these bones from the standard ornithischian pattern. The ilium is expanded horizontally and angled away from the midline, thus producing a wide hip to accommodate a wide gut. The width of the pelvis is even greater in the Ankylosauria than in Scelidosaurus indicating the increased importance in hindgut fermentation. The pubis retains the primitive overall shape seen in Lesothosaurus, but the pubic body is expanded and rotated to partially close the back wall of the acetabulum. This trend is continued in the Ankylosauria until it is completely closed off so that the acetabulum is a cup. The caudals are typically short near the pelvis and become elongated near the middle of the tail. The limbs of ankylosauromorphs are rather stoutly built to carry the ponderous body, even more so in the wider-bodied Ankylosauria. Traditionally, Scelidosaurus was considered the closest sister taxon to the Stegosauria and Ankylosauria (Sereno 1986; Maryanska and Osmolska, 1985; Fastovsky and Weishampel, 1996). Together, these three taxa, plus several other armored forms, constituted the Thyreophora (Sereno 1986). But a restudy of Scelidosaurus shows that it has several of the apomorphies of the Ankylosauria in the pelvis and armor, thus cannot be a close sister taxon to the Stegosauria (see above; also Carpenter 2001). On the other hand, these apomorphies occur in the Ankylosauria, so are plesiomorphic for the group. To show this relationship, the Ankylosauromorpha consists of Scelidosaurus + Ankylosauria. Barrett, P.M. 2001. Tooth wear and possible jaw action of Scelidosaurus harrisoni Owen and a reviw of feeding mechanisms in other thyreophoran dinosaurs. Pp. 25-52, in K. Carpenter (ed.). The Armored Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington. Carpenter, K. 1982. Skeletal and dermal armor reconstruction of Euoplocephalus tutus (Ornithischia: Ankylosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous Oldman Formation of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 19:689-697. Carpenter, K. 1984. Skeletal reconstruction and life restoration of Sauropelta (Ankylosauria: Nodosauridae) from the Cretaceous of North America. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 21, p. 1491-1498. Carpenter, K. 1990. Ankylosaur systematics: example using Panoplosaurus and Edmontonia (Ankylosauria, Nodosauridae). Pp. 282-298 in K. Carpenter and P. Currie (eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches. Cambridge University Press, New York. Carpenter, K. 2001. Phylogenetic Analysis of the Ankylosauria. Pp. 455-483 in K. Carpenter (ed.). The Armored Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington. Carpenter, K. and J.I. Kirkland. 1998. Review of Lower and Middle Cretaceous ankylosaurs from North America. Pp. 249-270 in S.G. Lucas, J.I. Kirkland and J.W. Estep (eds.), Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin No. 14. Carpenter, K., J.I. Kirkland, D. Burge and J. Bird. 1999. Ankylosaurs (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) of the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, and their stratigraphic distribution. Pp. 244-251 in D.Gillette (ed). Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah. Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication 99-1. Carpenter, K., J.I. Kirkland, D. Burge and J. Bird. 2001. Disarticulated skull of a new primitive ankylosaurid from the Lower Cretaceous of Eastern Utah. Pp. 211-238 in K. Carpenter (ed.). The Armored Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington. Gasparini, Z., X. Pereda-Suberbiola and R. Molnar. 1996. New data on the ankylosaurian dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of the Antarctic Peninsula. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 39:583-594. Fastovsky, D.E., and D.B. Weishampel. 1996. The Evolution and Extinction of the Dinosaurs. Cambridge University Press, New York. Maryanska, T. and H. Osmolska. 1985. On ornithischian phylogeny. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 30:137-150. Sereno, P. C. 1986. Phylogeny of the bird-hipped dinosaurs (Order Ornithischia). National Geographic Research, 2:234-256. Vickaryous, M.K., A.P. Russell and P.J Currie. 2001. Cranial ornamentation of ankylosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): re-appraisal of developmental hypotheses. Pp. 318-340 in K. Carpenter (ed.). The Armored Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington. Acknowledgments: Thanks to Greg Paul for permission to use the image of Scelidosaurus. All other illustrations are Copyright © 2001, Kenneth Carpenter. Thanks also to Katja Schulz for assisting in getting these pages onto the Tree of Life. Page copyright © 2002 Page: Tree of Life Ankylosauromorpha. Armored-plated dinosaurs. Authored by Kenneth Carpenter. The TEXT of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License - Version 3.0. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. For the general terms and conditions of ToL material reuse and redistribution, please see the Tree of Life Copyright Policies. - First online 10 January 2002 Citing this page: Carpenter, Kenneth. 2002. Ankylosauromorpha. Armored-plated dinosaurs. Version 10 January 2002 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Ankylosauromorpha/15738/2002.01.10 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/

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Traditional eLearning Vs Microlearning Vs Nano learning What is microlearning? Microlearning is learning that is delivered in brief content modules. These micro-sized chunks can be finished quickly, as and when the learner has the opportunity. Existing content is reframed into concentrated learning activities with clear objectives. Learning progresses quickly as students complete a series of these “microunits”. At first glance, the definition of microlearning is simple. Microlearning is an approach to training characterized by brief learning modules comprising bite-sized learning activities delivered over mobile devices and designed for quick consumption. They are built in chunks, between three and ten minutes long — short enough to keep a learner’s attention focused from beginning to end. And they are served up just in time at the point of contact — exactly when and where they are needed. (Surge9, 2019) Microlearning can be delivered in different formats: audio-visual (e.g. videos, or podcasts) text or series of texts (e.g. short blogs) or visual (poster, infographic) All of these are different and effective ways in which microlearning can be delivered to mobile users. What is nano learning? Nano learning is similar to microlearning, but the learning sessions are designed to be even smaller. Nano learning delivers modules within 2 minutes with a focus on teaching one skill within the learning objective. They are laser-focused and attain learning objectives quickly. (Chandra,2021) The trend for ever shorter content can be seen on social platforms. YouTube, the leader in video sharing (including a lot of “how to“ content) has over two billion monthly users, but users are turning to Tik Tok for even shorter, snappier, and arguably more nano content. YouTube videos can be half an hour or more, whilst Tik Toks average about a minute. TikTok has over a billion users already, and they are gradually asserting their dominance in the social media space. Characteristics of Micro and Nano learning Both micro and nano learning are designed to be delivered on mobile devices, either in “micro-moments”, when learners have downtime to partake in learning, or “in the flow of work”, to answer specific questions and queries learners have whilst completing work tasks. Of smartphone users, 91% look up information on their smartphones while in the middle of a task. (Dawn, 2022) The popularity of this micro style of learning has increased along with the rise of mobile devices and it also recognises the limited time modern learners have for training (some would argue it also corresponds with a decline in attention spans). Whether or not our attention spans are declining is up for debate (Kings College, 2022) but certainly, we are constantly toggling between tasks and screens as part of our daily lives. Back in 2014, Deloitte found that the average employee already answered 110 emails per day, but couldn’t spare more than 24 minutes per week for training. That’s precisely one percent of a 40-hour workweek. The modern workplace is fundamentally incompatible with every 30-minute e-learning course. (Surge9, 2019) In our home lives, we may quickly turn to a YouTube or Tik Tok tutorial for advice on anything on how to fix our washing machine, or how to put up a shelf, and there is no reason why we would expect less in our work lives. We want the information at the point of need, and we want it delivered in the quickest and easiest way possible. Learning has had to adapt, which means taking a fundamentally different approach to learning design. Creating a successful micro or nano learning course goes far beyond simply chopping up existing content into ever smaller parts. The time spent designing and preparing a microlearning course will go far beyond its delivery time, being succinct takes effort, as Mark Twain is reported to have said “I didn’t have time to write you a short letter, so I wrote you a long one.” Each information section in a micro-course needs to be extremely focused and users must be kept engaged. Successful courses target users’ needs through machine learning and also have elements of gamification to keep learners in an interactive feedback loop that cements new information. Microlearning works well when it can be focused on single learning objectives delivered in ways that engage the user. Popular apps like Duo Lingo, a language learning app, and Noom, a health and nutrition app both use a gamification approach with interactive exercises and quizzes to keep users engaged and “lessons” that can be completed in one to two minutes, both these apps also use machine learning. Noom also integrates machine learning with “real-life” coaches who are on hand to offer support and advice. 7 taps is a growing software platform that allows users to easily create microlearning courses using templates and collaborative tools. It allows users to create and deliver engaging micro-courses in 15 minutes. A microlearning approach to creating microlearning! The prevalence of user-friendly tools to create short video and image reels works in two ways, we become used to consuming this type of content and it fits better with our busy lives, but we are also able to use these tools to easily create our own UGC (user-generated content). This gives companies the opportunity to combine corporate learning content with curated content from individuals. The best person to explain and demonstrate a task within the business is probably the person who does it every day, and with these tools they can quickly contribute content to company wide learning programs. Advantages and Disadvantages of Micro and Nano learning It is easy to see how micro and nano learning suits the modern learner, and done well, they can be a valuable way to keep your learners engaged and up to date with the latest developments. They can be part of an ongoing personal development plan, and because of the way they are delivered (in small chunks) learners can quickly see their progress, which in turn can keep them motivated. Courses can be delivered in multiple modes video, audio, or text, which makes them accessible to all users and meets different learning needs. They can also offer quick refresher or reinforcement of existing knowledge or act as a “look up” in the flow of work. Micro courses can also be delivered on a smaller budget than more involved eLearning courses, although they can still be time-consuming to develop. Microlearning is a style of learning that suits some topics better than others, it needs to be aligned to very specific outcomes. It is useful to reinforce the knowledge that already exists, but on its own might not be enough to deliver more complex concepts. As learners take these courses in micro-moments in their day, there is a possibility that learning could become very fragmented. Also, because these courses require less in terms of time commitment, users may be less committed to the outcome. It is also essential that your microlearning strategy reinforces and works with your long-term goals and that there is no conflict of interest. A key point is that the learning world works differently from the consumer world, where algorithms and machine learning are working to keep users locked in. In learning, the problem is different. We don’t want people to be “addicted” to the learning platform, we want them to learn something, apply it, and then go back to work. (Bersin, 2018) Delivering microlearning courses is not a magic bullet and it won’t, on its own, foster a learning culture in your organisation. Microlearning should be part of your learning strategy, not a standalone plan. It is highly recommended that you integrate micro and nano learning as part of your learning strategy. This way of delivering learning can be effective if it is focused on very specific outcomes or used to reinforce the existing knowledge of users. It has become part of our lives, so users will “look up” information to help them with work tasks whether or not this is officially provided by their organisations learning platform. Microlearning is here, and organisations should capitalise on it by building their own micro-content. Companies that embrace these new ways of delivering learning will reap the rewards, and it can help to build a learning culture of engaged and motivated employees who are committed to ongoing development. However, microlearning on its own is only a tool and will only be effective in an organisation if it is within the context of a wider learning strategy and supported by a leadership that puts value on personal development and skills. Join us for our next FREE webinar, where Kate Udalova, Founder & CPO at 7taps, will join us to talk about Microlearning and real use cases adopted by different types of organizations. Arpana (2021) Nano Learning- What is it and will it work? https://moonpreneur.com/blog/what-is-nano-learning/ Laverty (2020) Nanolearning: The Future of Learning https://trainingindustry.com/articles/content-development/nanolearning-the-future-of-learning/ Buljan (2021) Microlearning 101: An Evolving eLearningTrend Maestrolearning (2017) How Duolingo Brought Microlearning to the Masses https://maestrolearning.com/blogs/how-duolingo-brought-microlearning-to-the-masses/ Growth Engineering (2019) The Best Microlearning Examples in Action https://www.growthengineering.co.uk/microlearning-examples-in-action/ Chandra (2021) Why Micro and Nano Learning are the hot new trends in Learning https://edcircuit.com/why-micro-and-nano-learning-are-the-new-hot-trends-in-learning/#:~:text=Microlearning%20Vs.,and%20attain%20learning%20objectives%20quickly. Surge9 (2019) A Definition of Microlearning https://surge9.com/definition-microlearning/?gclid=CjwKCAjw_b6WBhAQEiwAp4HyIEhVUErle1IaJ7aoDXzMTO5wL76Ndl1WUj4M2t-rPXh3xkS1hRqDmRoCNQoQAvD_BwE Ramaswamy (2015) How Micro-Moments Are Changing the Rules https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/marketing-strategies/app-and-mobile/how-micromoments-are-changing-rules/ Dawn (2022) Micro-Learning : Learning In Small Bites https://focusu.com/blog/micro-learning-learning-in-small-bites/ Fuller, Langer & Sigelman (2022) Skills-Based Hiring Is on the Rise https://hbr.org/2022/02/skills-based-hiring-is-on-the-rise Avelino (2021) 10 Microlearning Challenges https://www.edapp.com/blog/10-microlearning-challenges/ Bersin (2018) A New Paradigm For Corporate Training: Learning In The Flow of Work https://joshbersin.com/2018/06/a-new-paradigm-for-corporate-training-learning-in-the-flow-of-work/Kings College (2022) Are attention spans really collapsing? Data shows UK public are worried – but also see benefits from technology https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/are-attention-spans-really-collapsing-data-shows-uk-public-are-worried-but-also-see-benefits-from-technology

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