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Автор: Johnston David Название: A Brief History of Justice ISBN: 1405155779 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781405155779 Издательство: Wiley Рейтинг: Цена: 3018 р. Наличие на складе: Поставка под заказ. Описание: A Brief History of Justice traces the development of the idea of justice from the ancient world until the present day, with special attention to the emergence of the modern idea of social justice. Автор: Rawls Название: Theory Of Justice ISBN: 019825055X ISBN-13(EAN): 9780198250555 Издательство: Oxford Academ Цена: 2738 р. Наличие на складе: Поставка под заказ. Описание: A Theory of Justice by John Rawls is one of the books by which our age will be remembered: perhaps the most important work of moral and political philosophy of the twentieth century, a classic to stand alongside Kant and Mill. Rawls argues that the correct principles of justice are those that would be agreed to by free and rational persons, placed in the 'original position' behind a veil of ignorance: not knowing their own place in society; their class, race, or sex; their abilities, intelligence, or strengths; or even their conception of the good. Accordingly, he derives two principles of justice to regulate the distribution of liberties, and of social and economic goods. In this revised edition the work is presented as Rawls himself wishes it to be transmitted to posterity, with numerous minor revisions and amendments and a new Preface in which Rawls reflects on his presentation of his thesis and explains how and why he has revised it. Автор: Beckerman, Wilfred (Emeritus Fellow, Balliol Colle Название: Justice, Posterity and the Environment ISBN: 0199245096 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780199245093 Издательство: Oxford Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 22254 р. Наличие на складе: Поставка под заказ. Описание: In rich countries, environmental problems are seen as problems of prosperity; in poor countries they are seen as problems of poverty. What exactly are our obligations to future generations? Are they determined by their "rights", or intergenerational justice, or by "sustainable development"? Автор: Cupit, Geoffrey (Lecturer, Department of Political Название: Justice as Fittingness ISBN: 0198238622 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780198238621 Издательство: Oxford Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 3080 р. Наличие на складе: Поставка под заказ. Описание: Presenting a theory of the nature of justice, this text maintains that injustice is to be understood as a form of unfitting treatment - typically the treatment of people as less than they are. It offers a discussion of what is at issue when people take differing views on what justice requires. Описание: This book offers a normative approach to moderate minority nationalism and sets out principles that could aid conflict resolution in multinational states. It argues that the social ontology of group agency enables the alignment of group and individual rights. Автор: Hassoun Название: Globalization and Global Justice ISBN: 1107010306 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781107010307 Издательство: Cambridge Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 9722 р. Наличие на складе: Поставка под заказ. Описание: The face of the world is changing. The past century has seen the incredible growth of international institutions. How does the fact that the world is becoming more interconnected change institutions' duties to people beyond borders? Does globalization alone engender any ethical obligations? In Globalization and Global Justice, Nicole Hassoun addresses these questions and advances a new argument for the conclusion that there are significant obligations to the global poor. First, she argues that there are many coercive international institutions and that these institutions must provide the means for their subjects to avoid severe poverty. Hassoun then considers the case for aid and trade, and concludes with a new proposal for fair trade in pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. Globalization and Global Justice will appeal to readers in philosophy, politics, economics and public policy. Описание: Examining the relationship between environmental sustainability and social justice, this text sets out to answer such questions as: if future generations are owed justice, what should we bequeath them?; is "sustainability" an appropriate medium for environmentalists to express their demands? Автор: Hill, Jr, Thomas E. Название: Virtue, Rules, and Justice ISBN: 0199692009 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780199692002 Издательство: Oxford Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 14037 р. Наличие на складе: Поставка под заказ. Описание: Thomas E. Hill, Jr., interprets, explains, and extends Kant's moral theory in a series of essays that highlight its relevance to contemporary ethics. The book is divided into four sections. The first three essays cover basic themes: they introduce the major aspects of Kant's ethics; explain different interpretations of the Categorical Imperative; and sketch a 'constructivist' reading of Kantian normative ethics distinct from the Kantian constructivisms of Onora O'Neill and John Rawls. The next section is on virtue, and the essays collected here discuss whether it is a virtue to regard the natural environment as intrinsically valuable, address puzzles about moral weakness, contrast ideas of virtue in Kant's ethics and in 'virtue ethics,' and comment on duties to oneself, second-order duties, and moral motivation in Kant's Doctrine of Virtue. Four essays on moral rules propose human dignity as a guiding value for a system of norms rather than a self-standing test for isolated cases, cont Автор: Nine, Cara Название: Global Justice and Territory ISBN: 0199580219 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780199580217 Издательство: Oxford Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 12052 р. Наличие на складе: Поставка под заказ. Описание: Historical injustice and global inequality are basic problems embedded in territorial rights. We ask questions such as: How can the descendants of colonists claim territory that isn't really 'theirs'? Are the immense, exclusive oil claims of Canada or Saudi Arabia justified in the face of severe global poverty? Wouldn't the world be more just if rights over natural resources were shared with the world's poorest? These concerns are central to territorial rights theory and at the same time they are relatively unexplored. In fact, while there is a sizable debate focused on particular territorial disputes, there is little sustained attention given to providing a general standard for territorial entitlement. This widespread omission is disastrous. If we don't understand why territorial rights are justified in a general, principled form, then how do we know they can be justified in any particular solution to a dispute? As part of an effort to remedy this omission, in this book Cara Ni Three years before his death, Michel Foucault delivered a series of lectures at the Catholic University of Louvain that until recently remained almost unknown. These lectures--which focus on the role of avowal, or confession, in the determination of truth and justice--provide the missing link between Foucault's early work on madness, delinquency, and sexuality and his later explorations of subjectivity in Greek and Roman antiquity.Ranging broadly from Homer to the twentieth century, Foucault traces the early use of truth-telling in ancient Greece and follows it through to practices of self-examination in monastic times. By the nineteenth century, the avowal of wrongdoing was no longer sufficient to satisfy the call for justice; there remained the question of who the "criminal" was and what formative factors contributed to his wrong-doing. The call for psychiatric expertise marked the birth of the discipline of psychiatry in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as well as its widespread recognition as the foundation of criminology and modern criminal justice. Published here for the first time, the 1981 lectures have been superbly translated by Stephen W. Sawyer and expertly edited and extensively annotated by Fabienne Brion and Bernard E. Harcourt. They are accompanied by two contemporaneous interviews with Foucault in which he elaborates on a number of the key themes. An essential companion to "Discipline and Punish," "Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling" will take its place as one of the most significant works of Foucault to appear in decades, and will be necessary reading for all those interested in his thought. Описание: This innovative book is the first to couch the debate about animals in the language of justice, and the first to develop both ideal and nonideal theories of justice for animals. It rejects the abolitionist animal rights position in favor of a revised version of animal rights centering on sentience. Автор: Altman, Andrew; Wellman, Christopher Heath Название: A Liberal Theory of International Justice ISBN: 0199604509 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780199604500 Издательство: Oxford Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 4244 р. Наличие на складе: Невозможна поставка. Описание: Controversial new theory Argues against prevailing orthodoxy Tackles key questions in contemporary international politics Cross disciplinary This book advances a novel theory of international justice that combines the orthodox liberal notion that the lives of individuals are what ultimately matter morally with the putatively antiliberal idea of an irreducibly collective right of self-governance. The individual and her rights are placed at center stage insofar as political states are judged legitimate if they adequately protect the human rights of their constituents and respect the rights of all others. Yet, the book argues that legitimate states have a moral right to self-determination and that this right is inherently collective, irreducible to the individual rights of the persons who constitute them. Exploring the implications of these ideas, the book addresses issues pertaining to democracy, secession, international criminal law, armed intervention, political assassination, global ООО "Логосфера " Тел:+7(495) 980-12-10 www.logobook.ru

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Phu Wiang National Park, Wiang Kao District, Phu Wiang District, Pink District, and Chum Phae District cover a total area of 380 square kilometers. Tourists must think of dinosaurs when they think about Phu Wiang National Park. No one imagined that the highlands of modern-day Thailand would be home to dinosaurs until 1976 when uranium resources in Phu Wiang National Park were discovered. Geologists uncovered a chunk of bone during the voyage. And when it was transferred to French scientists for analysis, the results revealed a bone from a dinosaur’s left knee. From then till now, the explorers have been continuously excavating. Story of Phu Wiang National Park This national park is constantly reminding visitors of dinosaurs. Nobody has previously suspected that the Isan plateau was once home to dinosaurs. Until 1976, when a uranium survey team uncovered a relic, which was studied by French experts and determined to be a dinosaur’s left knee bone. After that, there has never been an end to real execration till now. Phu Wiang National Park, which spans 380 square kilometers in Khon Kaen Province’s Wiang Kao, Phu Wiang, Si Chomphu, and Chum Phae districts, is home to a variety of noteworthy sites. Geologists discovered dinosaur remains on the hill, Pratu Ti Ma, which was the first site. The dinosaur was 15 meters tall and had a long neck and tail. Because this is a new species of plant-eating dinosaur, it was given the name Phuwiangosaurus Sirindhornae in honor of H.R.H Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn. Over ten teeth of a meat-eating dinosaur have also been discovered at this location. As a result, geologists and biologists assumed the long-necked dinosaur was prey for the owner of these teeth. One of these teeth stands out from the rest. Scientists discovered that it belonged to a previously unknown dinosaur species after doing research. As a result, it was given the name Siamosaurus Suteethorni in honor of its discoverer, Mr. Warawuth Suteethorn. Tourists can visit the second and third locations nearby if they are interested in seeing the site, which is not far from the headquarters. The oldest Siamotyrannus Isanensis fossils discovered here date back 120-130 million years. This suggests that the tyrannosaurus came from Asia. These fossils are presently on display at the Department of Mineral Resources’ museum. There are 68 dinosaur footprints at the eighth location, which date back 140 million years. The majority of them are members of the world’s tiniest meat-eating dinosaur species, which walked on two legs. There is one larger footprint among these that is thought to belong to Carnosaurus. The distance between these locations and the headquarters is 19 kilometers. By automobile, it takes about an hour to get there, and a four-wheel drive is suggested. Geologists discovered dinosaur babies, small crocodiles, and mussels in many locations dating back 150 million years. Topography of Phu Wiang National Park The area’s general morphology is a hollow-circle-shaped mountain range. A basin sits in the center. It is made up of mountains with varying degrees of steepness. The highest point in the westernmost mountain range is 844 meters above sea level. The highest point in the area is 470 meters above sea level, on a mountain to the southwest. Dinosaur fossils can be found to the north of the inner mountain area. The foothills’ lowest point is 210 meters above sea level. The Khorat plateau is home to Phu Wiang National Park. The piling of sediments on the soil, which is more than 4,000 meters thick, is the reason for this. The red sediment, also known as the Khorat stone, is a sedimentary layer that is almost entirely red and consists of stone units, Khao Phra Wihan, stone pillars, Phu Phan stone, and Khok gravel. Sludge and quaternary mud had accumulated on the rocks. In the present day, a survey of the uranium line in the area is also underway. The upstream source of Huai Sai Khao is Phu Wiang National Park, which flows into Nam Phong Huai Bang, leaving Huai Nam Lai, which will flow into Chern Huai Ruea, Huai Khum Poon, Huai Nam Bon, and Huai Maew, both Nam Phong, Hua Yong. The Chern River, meanwhile, drains into the Ubol Ratana Dam. Climatic characteristics of Phu Wiang The southeast monsoon has an impact on Phu Wiang National Park. As a result, it is divided into three seasons: Summer lasts from March to April, with the greatest average temperature of 36.5 degrees Celsius in April. The rainy season lasts from May to October, with an average annual rainfall of 1,199 mm. 16.6 degrees Celsius in December Fauna and Flora on Phu Wiang National Park The forest conditions of Phu Wiang National Park can be categorized into three types: dry evergreen forest, which covers the largest area; wet evergreen forest, which covers the smallest area; and wet evergreen forest, which covers the smallest area. Deciduous forest and mixed forest are the next two types of forest. The majority of the dry evergreen forests may be found in the northern section of the national park and stream area. Takhian Hin, rosewood, Sompong, Krabok, Macha Mong, Klang, Klang, Hemp, Daeng, Sakae Saeng, and other plants are essential. Orchid, Chan Pha, Khok Turmeric, White Krachia, and other ground and epiphytic plants. Dipterocarpa declens In comparison to dry evergreen forests, forest covers the foothills in the lower area. The Phu Pratu Tee Ma area and the continuation of the mountains surrounding the Phu Wiang Mountain Range, as well as the foothills of the surrounding mountains of Phu Wiang, are home to this species. Rubberwood, wattle, antimony, teng, nest, wild yor, ebony crow, anchor, bird’s foot, and other plants are important. Acacia, grass, pek, wild jasmine, brittle, cauliflower, fenpan, and black stem fern are some of the lower ground flora. Mixed deciduous forest is found between the dry evergreen and deciduous dipterocarp forest boundaries, as well as within some deciduous dipterocarp forests. Some regions near Phu Pratu Tee Ma and the outer slopes of the Phu Wiang Mountain Range are home to this species. Pradu, Salao, Tabaek Yai, Rak, Rakfah, Thong Lang Pa, Katsai, and other plants are essential. Wild boars, foxes, macaques, spotted eagles, wild hare, multicolored squirrels, leprechauns, white-cheeked flying squirrels, northern chipmunk, flying squirrels, bats, white-bellied bats, guinea pigs, pheasant ducks, red ducks, white-tailed hawks, and hawks are among the wild animals that live in the Phu Wiang forest Wads, wads, king cobras, chikra doves, wild birds, field quail, striped quail, wads, wads, etc. Travel to Phu Wiang National Park Travel by car Khon Kaen Province is 86 kilometers from Phu Wiang National Park. Through Ban Fang District, take National Highway No. 12 (Khon Kaen – Chum Phae). Nong Ruea is a district in Nong Ruea. At the crossroads of the Phu Wiang District, It divides along Provincial Highway No. 2038 for about 38 kilometers through Phu Wiang District and the National Park Protection Unit at Pha Wor. 1 (Pak Chong Phu Wiang) to Phu Wiang National Park Office at Phu Pratu Tee Ma, a distance of roughly 48 kilometers. Thais pay 40 baht for adults and 20 baht for children; foreigners pay 200 baht for adults and 100 baht for children, plus a service fee. Except on public holidays, Thai travelers receive a 50% discount Monday through Friday. Information about the campground The camping ground, It’s a camping site that’s near to nature, calm, and shaded, and free of outside intrusion. A tourist information center is not far away. The bathrooms and shower rooms are spotless and up to date. There are approximately 6-7 rooms, which is sufficient for travelers. However, there is no hot water or power. As a result, flashlights, lanterns, power banks for cameras and mobile phones, mosquito repellants, and no welfare shops must be prepared. You must cook your meal and provide your grilling equipment. And there isn’t even a phone signal here. Lodges and tent sites are available for rent in the national park, with prices ranging from 1,200 to 3,000 baht. A facilities A tourist center, restaurants, lodges, and a camping ground are all available. Officers at Phu Wiang National Park, P.O. Box 1, Nai Mueang Subdistrict, Phu Wiang District, Khon Kaen Province 40150 Telephone 08 5852 1771, National Park Office Department of National Parks Wildlife and Plant Species Tel. 0 2562 0760, or website www.dnp.go.th are available to assist visitors. Interesting site of Phu Wiang National Park. Tad Fa Waterfall Tad Fa Waterfall is in the Phu Wiang National Park district, Non-Sung Village, Nai Mueang Subdistrict, Wiang Kao District, Khon Kaen Province, with the vastness of the Phu Wiang Mountains that cover an area of five districts in Khon Kaen Province, namely Phu Wiang District, Pink District, Chum Phae District, Wiang Kao District, and Nong Na Kham District. Tad Fa Waterfall is a medium-sized waterfall in the Tad Fa National Park. In the north of the Phu Wiang Mountains, there is only one layer, which is around 30 meters high and 30 meters broad. Huai Tad Fa marks the border between Khon Kaen Province’s Phu Pha Man District and Phetchabun Province’s Nam Nao District. It pours through the forest and into the basin below, eventually transforming into the tears of the sky that we see today. Even though it is a small waterfall, the highlight is the white stream that comes down in layers, making you feel more refreshed, especially when combined with the lush foliage all around. Because there are a basin and dunes at the bottom. During the dry season, when the water table is low. Water will seep into the sand basin as it falls from the waterfall cliff. As a result, visiting during that time is not recommended. The rainy season is the finest time to visit Tad Fa Waterfall since, aside from being refreshing, it is also the most beautiful. We will also be able to take in the breathtaking sight of the waterfall. How to Get to the Tad Fa Waterfall If you’re traveling by automobile, take Highway 12 between Khon Kaen and Chum Phae. For around 48 kilometers, pass via Ban Fang and Nong Ruea districts. To enter, turn right at the intersection. Take Highway No. 2038 until you reach Phu Wiang District, then take the Phu Wiang – Ban Muang Mai route until you reach the 30th kilometer and turn left at the entrance. Ban Pho Reservoir is a reservoir in Ban Pho, Vietnam. Continue straight for approximately 8 kilometers. When you arrive at the Phu Wiang National Park Office, drive for about 6 kilometers into the national park until you reach a parking area, then walk for another 200 meters to see Tad Fa Waterfall. Google location: https://goo.gl/maps/DeVan5dGf1fnzV4BA Dinosaur Park Si Wiang It is a 25-rai public park located along Highway No. 2038 on the approach to Phu Wiang National Park, with the park as a backdrop. The Phu Wiang mountain range is where you’ll find it. The dinosaur park is designed to look like a park in the park’s region. There is a garden and a sitting table with a model of little and giant dinosaurs. Some people may cry and move at the same time. Travel To go to Phu Wiang National Park, take the same route. Si Wiang Dinosaur Park can be found on the left-hand side of the road after traveling 70 kilometers from Khon Kaen to Phu Wiang District and then another 7 kilometers from the district. Disabled and elderly facilities are available. Parking There is no disabled parking available. However, the parking lot is a large space along the park’s connecting route. There’s a tiny park with life-size dinosaur statues. For visitors to Phu Wiang National Park and the Phu Wiang Dinosaur Museum, it has become an activity area, a rest stop, and a tourism destination. This dinosaur park was constructed in the year B.E. 2007 with the help of many different sectors. The Phu Wiang National Park has been designated as the responsible agency for the time being. With workers to facilitate the welfare shop (even if the area is beyond the park’s boundaries). Many dinosaur statues are available for viewing and photographing. Viewpoint Pha Chom Tawan Khon Kaen Province’s “Phu Wiang National Park” features a “Pha Chom Tawan Viewpoint” where you can enjoy the lovely dawn and sea mist. Another notable feature of the park is the exquisite beauty of the sea of mist near Chom Tawan Cliff, which is visible during the rainy season when the weather permits. until it is dubbed “Khon Kaen’s Unseen Sea of Fog Viewpoint”. Wiang Kao District is home to Pha Chom Tawan Viewpoint. The Tad Fa Waterfall is around 2.5 kilometers away, while the Tad Fa camping area is about 3 kilometers away. You may view it by driving up in a sedan. The viewing region is distinguished by a rock terrace formed by the elevation of tectonic plates and faults that form a cliff, which provides a spectacular view of the valley below as well as views of the Ubonrat Dam Reservoir. In Khon Kaen Province, there is another spectacular dawn location. Traveling from Khon Kaen to Pha Chom Tawan Through Ban Fang District, take National Highway No. 12 (Khon Kaen – Chum Phae). District of Nong Ruea Turns right onto Highway No. 2038 for 18 kilometers to Phu Wiang District, a distance of around 48 kilometers. then take the Phu Wiang – Ban Muang Mai route. Turn left at the entrance of Ban Pho Reservoir for a distance of 8 kilometers to Phu Wiang National Park Office until the 30th kilometer. Then travel for about 10 kilometers up the hill to Tad Fa Waterfall, which is about 2 kilometers away.

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Health screening saves lives through early detection Death Percentage for Diseases Ischaemic Heart Disease Cancer is the top killer in Singapore and cancer cases continue to rise. It is more common than you would think. In Singapore, about 39 people are diagnosed with cancer everyday, 15 people die of cancer everyday, and in a family of 4, 1 person may succumb to cancer in their lifetime.1 Between 2013 to 2017, the 3 most common cancers are colorectal, breast and lung cancer.1 Most patients who have cancer may appear and feel well at the early stages of disease. Screening for cancer especially those at risk, for example, who have a family history of cancer, is beneficial in terms of detecting pre-cancerous or early stage cancer on blood tests and/ or imaging studies. Other top causes of death are heart and cerebrovascular diseases. Risk factors for these diseases include high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity and lack of exercise. Men are more prone to these diseases and women are somewhat protected until menopause. At times, heart diseases like a heart attack are known to be silent killers whereby patients do not have symptoms of chest pain and blockage of the heart vessels is only found out on CT scan. Cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke happens when blood supply to the brain is interrupted causing a ‘brain attack’ – it is often related to background uncontrolled high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels. With regular screening using a simple blood pressure machine and blood test measuring cholesterol levels, a lot of heart and cerebrovascular diseases can be prevented and controlled at the root cause. Eating well, exercising regularly and resting sufficiently are all essential for maintaining a healthy body and mind. They help to prevent conditions such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes, which can lead to life-threatening conditions such as stroke or heart attacks. Whilst habits and environment are acquired, genetics also play a role in occurrence of diseases and also determines the risk for health conditions such as obesity-related diseases like diabetes, heart diseases, some forms of cancer, arthritis and Alzheimer’s diseases. Research has shown that 5 to 10% of cancers are genetically linked.2 Certain types of cancers like breast and ovarian cancers ‘run in the family’. Thus, if you have a genetic predisposition or family history of such cancers, our doctors may suggest a more thorough check and screen. Health screening generally comes with blood panels, radiological scans, doctor’s consult and review aiming to detect diseases in patients who are apparently healthy. A typical health screening session takes about 1 to 3 hours to complete and costs about $250 onwards. It is a worthy investment towards having the assurance of good health and also safeguards against potentially hefty medical bills and time associated with treatments. Treatment for any disease when captured early is more effective compared to when the disease is detected at a late stage, enabling better quality of life which is priceless. 1Common Types of Cancer, Singapore Cancer Society. URL: https://www.singaporecancersociety.org.sg/learn-about-cancer/cancer-basics/common-types-of-cancer-in-singapore.html. Last accessed: 26 February 2021. 2The Genetics of Cancer. National Cancer Institute. URL: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics#:~:text=Inherited%20genetic%20mutations%20play%20a,individuals%20to%20developing%20certain%20cancers. Last accessed: 26 February 2021. All Time Favourites Health screening for ladies Women age > 50 years, once in two years Women age 40-49 years, once a year Women < 40 years, optional Mirror mirror on the wall, who is the fairest of them all? Outer beauty attracts, inner beauty captivates. And one important ingredient to having that beauty from within is being healthy. Physical health is no doubt, key, apart from mental and emotional balance. Wonder why health screening is advocated at 40 onwards? When a woman is in her 40s, she undergoes a few changes such as slowing of metabolism and hormonal fluctuations. As such, it is important to keep several basic elements in check like weight, blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol levels. In addition, routine breast examinations should be continued, looking for breast lumps. For sexually active women, PAP smear / ThinPrep is recommended to look for cervical cancer once every 3 years. If ThinPrep is chosen, it can also test for human papillomavirus (HPV), a virus mainly contracted during sexual encounters and is responsible for cervical cancer. Ovarian and endometrial cancers should not be forgotten especially in women who have a family history. The signs of cancer, particularly gynecologic cancers, can be vague. Hence, regular health screening can save lives. Health Screening for Men Men ≥ 40 years, once a year Men ≤ 40 years, optional The number 1 killer for men in Singapore is cancer. Testicular cancer is the most common type of cancer amongst young men (< 40 years) but is highly treatable, particularly when detected at an early stage. As men get older (> 50 years), prostate cancer becomes a concern, more so if there is a family history – regular screening in the form of digital rectal examination (DRE) and blood prostate specific antigen (PSA) are hence, important. In the UK, a trial of trying out a MRI prostate for prostate cancer screening is underway to see if it should eventually be offered routinely on the National Health System; its aim is to detect prostate cancer early where it would be curable. It is also known that throughout life, men are at higher risk of heart disease and stroke, compared to women. These have been researched and thought to be related to adaptiveness in coping with stressful events physiologically, behaviorally, and emotionally. Given these predispositions, it is good that screening for cardiovascular risk factors and cancer are carried out especially after 40 years of age. Dementia is diagnosed when a person’s thinking and memory capacity degrades to a point that it impacts daily living. The mind becomes perplexed, simple tasks become challenging and as there is increasing loss of function, the person is robbed of his or her independence and becomes socially isolated. Worldwide, around 50 million people suffer from dementia. Every year, 10 million new cases are found. In Singapore, 1 in 10 people aged 60 and above may have dementia. Dementia affects younger patients between 35 and 65 years old too. In this group, it is called young onset dementia (YOD) and Singapore has seen an alarming rate of younger people being diagnosed with this disease with numbers set to increase. The role of imaging in dementia is to look for degenerative change such as in Alzheimer’s disease, exclude brain tumours and assess for early dementia or progression of disease. Early diagnosis enables early treatment to slow the progression of dementia and to better manage the effects of the disease. It also identifies and control vascular risk factors like high blood pressure and diabetes which increases the risk of dementia. Friend or Foe Allergy Screening for 59 of the most common allergies Ah-chooooooo…… ever encounter a situation of runny nose, hives, swollen and watery eyes with no apparent cause or suspect in sight? You may be suffering from an allergy. Allergies are your body’s reaction to a normally harmless substance such as pollen, molds, animal dander, latex, certain foods and insect stings. Allergic reactions can range from common symptoms such as itchy eyes or fatigue, to more sever and even life-threatening conditions such as asthma attacks and anaphylactic shock. Worldwide, allergic rhinitis, or more commonly know as hay fever, affects between 10% and 30 % of the population.1 Findings from a 2009 to 2010 study of 38,480 children (infant to 18) indicated that 8% have a food allergy.2 Allergies are particularly common in children. While some go away as a child gets older, many are lifelong and becomes a chronic condition. Adults can develop allergies to things they were not previously allergic to. Most people live with their symptoms and either suffer or avoid situations needlessly. Simple tests are now available to identify the causes accurately to help better manage allergies and improve the quality of life. 1 World Health Organization. White Book on Allergy 2011-2012 Executive Summary. By Prof. Ruby Pawankar, MD, PhD, Prof. Giorgio Walkter Canonica, MD, Prof. Stephen T. Holgate, BSc, MD, DSc, FMed Sci and Prof. Richard F. Lockey, MD. 2 Gupta, R, et al. The Prevalence, Severity and Distribution of Childhood Food Allergy in the United States. Pediatrics 2011; 10.1542/ped.2011-0204. Pain in the Neck Tackling neck and back pain Neck and back pain are common especially when working at a desk for long periods of time due to poor posture, or from repetitive use from manual labour. Most times, the pain would resolve after some rest or simple exercises. However, there are occasions when neck and back pain should be taken seriously particularly when there is associated numbness or weakness in the upper and lower limbs, issues with urinating or passing motion and fever. These are ‘’red flags” that should ring your alarm bells and require medical attention. Back to Basics Curb the Pain Whilst some of us have no choice but to lead a crazy-busy life, do not forget to listen to our body when it is crying in pain. Amongst the top causes of chronic pain are headaches, neck and low back pain. Frequent headaches are not uncommon in the general population and often dismissed as tension headache or migraine. However, a headache could be due to a more serious cause such as a growing tumour, a bleeding stroke or a ballooning brain vessel about to burst and therefore, needs to be evaluated early as these conditions are potentially fatal. The other common sites where aches and pains are felt are in the neck and lower back. This is usually due to degenerative disc disease with or without nerve root involvement. When there is prolonged pain related to other symptoms such as pain at rest, disturbed gait, bladder and bowel dysfunction, investigations need to be under way particularly to exclude cord compression and/ or cancer. You should not have to suffer in pain with current advances in diagnostic and treatment options. Knowing that your vital organs and structures are in good shape and function is reassuring. ‘Portrait’ was curated to ‘paint a picture’ of almost your whole body, assessing different elements in the form of anatomy, physiology and biochemistry. At Quantum, this is done by capitalising on our imaging expertise where we provide purposeful imaging, risk assessment and laboratory tests. Tailoring packages to fit like a glove with add-on tests/exams.

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What is a Cyst? A cyst is a sac-like structure of membranous tissue filled with substances that could be liquid, semi-solid, or gaseous. They are mostly non-cancerous. However, cancer can sometimes cause the growth of a cyst. They can be formed in almost any part of the body (on the face, back, hand, etc.), but they are not a normal part of any tissue. A cyst has a distinct membrane and a wall that serves as an outer portion. There are growths on the body that look like cysts but are not. They are called pseudocysts because they are not real cysts. Several factors cause the formation of cysts and pseudocysts. However, the type formed is determined by the cause. The causes include genetics, infections, duct blockage, and chronic inflammation. Picture Courtesy: Verywellhealth What are the Types of Cysts? There are several types, and they differ in appearance and size depending on their location and type. Some can occur as part of some health conditions, such as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) or Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD). A cyst can result in an abscess if it becomes infected and filled with pus. - Ganglion Cysts – These are round, fluid-filled lumps of tissue. It is found in the joints of ankles, hands, wrists, and feet. It is usually harmless, painless, and has no cause for concern unless its growth puts pressure on other structures. Its cause is mostly uncertain, but it may occur due to injury, trauma, or overuse. It occurs mostly in women than in men. Picture Courtesy: Orthobethesda - Pilonidal Cyst – This type forms at the top of the buttocks in the cleft. Its formation usually occurs after puberty if hairs become embedded in the skin. It contains hair, debris, and dirt and is claimed to be caused by several factors, such as hormonal changes, growing hair, and friction from clothes or sitting for too long. A pilonidal cyst can become painful and even infected. When infected, pus and blood may ooze out from it, resulting in a foul odor, it becomes swollen, causes severe pain, etc. Picture Courtesy: medicinenet - Sebaceous Cyst – These are incredibly slow-growing, benign lumps filled with sebum. It can be located on the face, neck, or torso. It is caused when the sebaceous glands are damaged, blocked, or traumatized. The sebaceous gland produces oil for the hair and the skin. It is not life-threatening, but large cysts can be uncomfortable and sometimes painful. Picture Courtesy: Sciencephoto - Breast Cyst – A cyst in the breast can be referred to as a lump. These breast lumps are mostly non-cancerous because they do not affect the individual’s health. However, some may be a sign of cancer. When fluid accumulates near the breast glands, breast cysts can develop. Women between the ages of 30s and 40s suffer more from this condition. One should constantly monitor the breast to know when changes occur. If there is any change, one should seek advice from a healthcare professional as soon as possible. Picture Courtesy: dasarimd - Perineural Cyst – This is also called the Tarlov cyst. It is found as a fluid-filled sac in the sacral area of an individual’s spine. The cause of this is uncertain, but it may occur from trauma such as injuries. It is rarely symptomatic, causing pain in the buttocks, legs, or lower back. It occurs mostly in women than in men. Picture Courtesy: obstetanesthesia - Ovarian Cysts – They occur as fluid-filled sacs on one or both ovaries. There are different types of ovarian cysts, and they may be pathologic or develop as part of the reproductive cycle. It often develops in women of menstrual age, but it may lead to cancer if it occurs after menopause. They can be either asymptomatic or symptomatic. The symptoms include: i. Pains when the bowels are in motion. ii. Pains in the lower back or thighs. iv. Tender breasts. v. Painful intercourse. vi. Pains in the pelvis before and during the menstrual cycle. Cyst rupture or ovarian torsion is associated with severe symptoms of fever, sharp pelvic pains, dizziness, etc. Picture Courtesy: Bharatia - Epidermoid Cysts – These are small-sized lumps caused when keratin builds up underneath the skin. It may also occur if a hair follicle within the skin has been traumatized. The genetic condition called Garner’s syndrome can cause epidermoid cysts in rare cases. They are non-cancerous and grow slowly. They are mostly located on the face, back, head, neck, and genitals. It appears as a bump with a tan, yellowish, or skin-colored coloration filled with a thick substance. It may become red, swollen, or painful if it has inflammation or infection, but they are generally painless. - Pilar Cyst – These are round, skin-colored smooth bumps that are painless, firm, and grow slowly. They usually develop on the skin’s surface and are mostly found on the scalp. They are benign and can be caused by protein buildup in a hair follicle. - Mucous Cyst – A mucous cyst appears as a small pinkish or blueish soft nodule. It is a painless swelling filled with fluid that develops on the lip or mouth if the salivary glands are filled with mucus. It occurs due to a traumatized oral cavity in cases of lip biting, disruption of the salivary gland, piercings, or lack of proper dental hygiene. They are usually short-lived but become permanent if untreated. - Branchial Cleft Cyst – A branchial cleft cyst is a birth defect caused by the improper development of the tissues on the neck, collarbone, or branchial cleft. It appears as a lump on one or both sides of the neck or below the collarbone. It is mostly harmless but can cause skin irritation or infection or, in a few cases, cancer. A symptom common in both children and adults is swelling and tenderness and an infection in the upper respiratory tract. To avoid infection in the future, healthcare experts advise complete surgical removal. Picture Courtesy: Clevelandclinic - Baker’s Cyst – Also known as a popliteal cyst, a baker’s cyst is a swollen fluid-filled lump that develops at the back of the knee. Baker’s cyst is caused by problems such as arthritis, cartilage injury, or inflammation from repetitive stress that affects the knee joint. Symptoms of Baker’s cyst include pains, cyst rupture, swelling behind the knee, bruises on the knee and calf, restricted motion, tightness, etc. Often, it does not need treatment and resolves on its own. In cases where treatment is needed, physical therapy, fluid draining, and medication are utilized. Picture Courtesy: myhealth What is a Pseudocyst? What are the types of pseudocysts? Pseudocysts are false cysts because they have no defined lining as cysts do. They, however, share other characteristics with cysts. Types of Pseudocysts - Cystic Acne – This is the most severe kind of acne caused by a combination of bacteria, oil, dry skin cells, and hormonal changes that have clogged the skin pores. It usually occurs in individuals who have oily skin types. It results from the formation of cysts under the skin and appears on the face, neck, chest, arms, and back. Cystic acne is characterized as red or skin-colored, large, pus-filled bumps that are usually painful. It improves with age. - Folliculitis (ingrown hair follicle) – This is a term used to describe conditions of the skin that result in inflammation in a hair follicle. It is usually infectious, and its formation results from the growth of hair into the skin. Folliculitis occurs in people who practice different methods of hair removal, which include shaving and waxing. It appears as a red, yellow, or white bump under the skin with or without visible central hair. A type of folliculitis is an ingrown hair cyst. Another condition known as pseudofolliculitis (razor bumps) develops when bumps appear close to ingrown hair. This condition is not infectious. Picture Courtesy: health - Chalazion – Chalazion is a painless small lump caused by an obstructed meibomian gland. It is found on the upper or lower eyelid. Although it is usually painless, it becomes painful, red, and swollen when infected. It may resolve without treatment, but it may lead to vision difficulty if it grows too big. Picture Courtesy: Northamptoneye How to identify a Cyst? Generally, cysts are found as bumps or small lumps under the skin. Depending on their size and location, they may not be easily noticed. They differ in size, and they usually grow slowly. Most of the cysts are painless and are not a cause for concern. They become problematic when infected, large-sized, impinging on a nerve or blood vessel or the function of an organ, developing on a sensitive part of the body. While some are harmless, others, such as the ovarian cyst due to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), can lead to problems in the functioning of the ovaries and reproductive system. When Do I Need to See a Doctor For A Cyst? Some cysts can become infectious, and when they do, they can be very uncomfortable, painful, or inflamed. When these happen, help should be sought from a healthcare expert. The healthcare expert will examine the cyst. Sometimes, a tissue sample is removed from the cyst for a test to be run on it. When carefully examined, if it is a symptom of cancer, it will be detected and then treated. How are cysts treated? The first step to treating or getting rid of a cyst is to avoid popping or squeezing it because such acts can cause infection. A typical home remedy is applying a warm compress to it. This helps drain the fluid in the cyst, hence, hastening the healing process. Sometimes, it will improve on its own over some time, while in other cases, medical care and treatment will be required. Factors such as the type, location, size, and degree of discomfort of a cyst determine the treatment option for a cyst. When medical care is sought after, the healthcare expert may employ one of the following treatments. - Draining the fluids and other contents in the cyst using a surgical needle. - Prescribing medications such as corticosteroid injection to help reduce cyst inflammation. - Surgically removing the cyst on the conditions that the draining did not work or if there’s difficulty getting to an internal cyst. Can Cysts and Pseudocysts be prevented? There are very few cases where a cyst or pseudocyst development can be prevented. - A case where a cyst can be prevented is in individuals who have the tendency to develop ovarian cysts. The development of new ovarian cysts from forming is by utilizing hormonal contraceptives. - A pilonidal cyst can be prevented by practicing proper hygiene, which involves cleaning and drying the affected area of the skin. Avoid sitting for too long at a spot. - The formation of a chalazion can be prevented by avoiding the clogging of the oil ducts on the eyelid. This can be done by properly cleaning the eyelid close to the eyelash line. In conclusion, cysts and pseudocysts are tissue pockets filled with fluid and other substances and can be on any body part. While most are painless and not a cause for alarm, others can be uncomfortable and painful, especially when infected or ruptured. Avoid cyst popping to prevent infection or inflammation. It is advised to seek medical help so that the cyst is appropriately examined to determine if it is a symptom of cancer. What Causes Cysts? Tumors, genetics, defect in cells, trauma (injury), chronic inflammatory conditions, defect in an organ of a developing embryo, parasites, blockage of a duct, etc., may cause cysts. - Why do Cysts and Pseudocysts form? Cysts and pseudocysts form due to various reasons. A few of them are listed below: - Inherited diseases - Chronic inflammation - Blockages in the ducts. - Injury to the blood vessels. - Poor hygiene. - What are the signs and symptoms of cysts? Most of the cysts are asymptomatic. However, the signs and symptoms of cysts widely depend on the type of cyst, location, and severity. A few of them are listed below: - Lump under the skin - Pain and pressure - Discharge from the cyst - Tenderness is present around the cyst area.

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Flashcards in Wound management Deck (52) In wound healing, when does the inflammatory phase occur? Outline the inflammatory phase of wound healing - Initiates inflammation of tissue - Haemorrhage followed by haemostasis - Produces heat, redness, swelling, pain - Localised vasodilation, oedema and serous-type ooze When does the debridement phase of wound healing occur? From day 0 Outline the debridement phase of wound healing - Migration of leukocytes - Phagocytosis removing and destroying bacteria - Cellular debris removed When does the proliferative phase of wound healing occur? Day 3 up to 4 weeks Outline the proliferative phase of wound healing - Repair of damaged tissues - formation of a repair framework and granulation tissue - Wound contraction and epithelialisation When does the remodelling phase occur in wound healing? Day 20 to years Outline the remodelling phase of wound healing - Repaired tissue is replaced by collagen - Wound continues to contract - Tissue regains some elasticity and protective barrier function Discuss the rate of epithelialisation of a superficial wound in relation to the presence of a scab Much slower to epithelialise when covered normally by a dry scab is present What are the ideal properties of a dressing to promote granulation tissue formation? - Provides moist environment Outline the desirable properties of a dressing in the case of chronic granulation tissue Something that actively debrides the tissue and helps re-stimulate growth of healthy granulation tissue List the broad types of wound dressing What is the primary function of adherent/debridement wound dressings? Control wound infection and debride infected/neccrotic wounds Give examples of adherent/debridement dressings - Wet-to-dry, dry-to-dry - Saline soaked or dry sterile gauze applied directly on wound's surface Outline the management of adherent/debridement dressings - Change at least every 24hours - Should peel away necrotic tissue/debris - Fresh granulation tissue handled carefully to avoid compromising the progression of the wound - May need analgesia/sedation as removal can be painful Give examples of non-adherent wound dressings - Perforated polyurethane membranes - Paraffin gauzes - Vapour permeable films Give examples of perforated polyurethane membrane dressings What are the indications for use of a perforated polyurethane membrane dressing? Post operative wound where the incision site and sutures require protection throughout the immediate post-op period Explain the contraindications for use of a perforated polyurethane membrane dressing Should not be used in granulating wounds as they lack the ability to provide the ideal healing environment for the granulation process, may disrupt healing on removal What are paraffin gauze dressings? Dressings comprising a thin, cotton netting impregnated with soft paraffin Briefly describe the use of paraffin gauze dressings - Applied as primary layer over open wound - Should have secondary layer over gauze to act as absorbent layer and draw exudate away from wound Explain the function of paraffin gauze dressings Prevent dressing stickig to the wound and to support healing under moist and aseptic conditions What wounds is the use of paraffin gauze dressings most suited to? Skin wounds, burns, skin graft sites, traumatic injuries where skin loss is evident Give example of vapour permeable film dressings What is the main function of vapour permeable film dressings? Promote moist wound healing and provide protective barrier, allows for vapour exchange at wound surface while maintaining moist environment Briefly describe the use of a vapour permeable film dressing The thin membrane of the dressing should be stretched over the wound, with the edges sticking to the skin surface (can be tricky to apply) What wounds are vapour permeable films suited to? Small or shallow wounds producing little exudate only, as this becomes trapped underneath the dressing What is the primary function of absorbent dressings? Provide absorbent layer for wounds producing high volumes of exudate, such as large, extensive wounds undergoing the granulation process Give examples of absorbent dressings - Foams e.g. Allevyn, Tielle - Super-absorbent dressings e.g. Eclypse Explain the use and properties of foam dressings - Absorb wound exudates while maintaining a moist environment suitable for granulation and epithelialisation to take place - Outer layer of dressing prevents strike through - Can absorb up to 10x their own weight - Protective barrier over wound - No debriding properties Explain the use and properties of super-absorbent wound dressings - Used for wounds experiencing large volumes of exudates and moisture management may be proving tricky - Contain polyacrylate polymers which have hydroactive properties so can hold and retain large volumes of fluid What is the function of active dressings? Gently debride the wound's surface, provide moist wound environment, encourage wound granulation Give examples of active dressings - Hydrocolloids e.g. Granuflex, Tegasorb - Hydrogels e.g. Intrasite Gel and Nugel Outline the properties of hydrocolloid wound dressings - Microgranular layer of natural or synthetic polymers within adhesive polymer matrix - Usually semipermeable outer membrane and have antioxidant property by releasing small quantities of hydrogen peroxide - Absorb and hold wound exudates, pressure exerted on wound bed Give examples of the polymers found in hydrocolloid dressings What is the benefit of the hydrogen peroxide released by hydrocolloid dressings? Assists in minimising cellular metabolism and proliferation Which types of wounds are suited to use of a hydrocolloid dressing? Chronic granulation tissue or necrotic tissue Which types of wounds are hydrocolloid dressings unsuitable for? Care in presence of infection, therefore unsuitable for early stages of wound debridement Outline the care required when using a hydrocolloid dressing - Need to monitor closely for healthy granulation tissue to establish how it is reacting to these dressings - Wound may become enlarged slightly due to debridement properties Describe the use of hydrogel dressings When applied to the wound, should be covered with a semi-permeable adhesive layer to maintain a moist environment Outline the advantages of hydrogel dressings - Debriding action of hydrogels is atraumatic compared to wet-to-dry or surgical debridement (less pain on application and removal) - Encourages formation of granulation tissue - Application provides analgesia - Debriding action means they can be used in infected wounds and actively assist in removal of bacteria and debris Give examples of antimicrobial wound dressings - Silver dressings - Manuka honey - Polyhexamethylene biguanide PHMB) What types of wounds are well suited to the application of silver dressings? - Chronic infeciton - Delayed healing - Large open wounds at risk of colonisation How should silver dressings be used? Use with suitable secondary layer to absorb wound's exudates Briefly characterise the antimicrobial activity of silver dressings Powerful broad-spec antimicrobial with goof activity against Staphlococcus and Pseudomonas spp. Briefly characterise antimicrobial the activity of manuka honey as a wound dressing Topical, broad spec antimicrobial effects including against resistant strains of bacteria Outline the properties of manuka honey dressings - Wound debridement - Optimal moist environment Which wounds are best suited to use of manuka honey? - Dirty, sloughing, necrotic wounds that require debridement and infection management - Abscesses, bite/puncture wounds and other grossly contaminated wounds Briefly describe the use of manuka honey dressings - Appropriate preparation and lavage of wound first - Secondary sterile dressing placed on top to allow absorption of exudates When is the use of manuka honey contraindicated and why? - Arterial or actively bleeding wounds, as it may encourage further haemorrhage - Or if patient has a known anaphylactic response to bee venom Characterise and explain the antimicrobial properties of polyhexamethyl biguanide (PHMB) dressings - Antiseptic mode of action and effective against broad spectrum of bacteria - PHMB molecules insert into bacterial membrane, destroy bacterial integrity, rupture cell membrane

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Last Sunday, I finally made up my mind to go for a run, which is once in a blue moon act. But I didn't record how long I have run. From the start, Somehow I sensed it wouldn't last for long. I wonder if you have ever had difficulty breathing while doing exercises? Like there is simply not enough oxygen for you, gradually the sense of losing control of your own body consumed you. This was exactly what I felt that day. This experience made me start to wonder what exactly happened inside me and if there is any correlation between my fast-pumping heart and the feeling of lacking oxygen. CURIOSITY LEADS TO ACTION I started to google how I can improve my sports performance in general. A word called “Heart rate” caught my attention. It’s not an unfamiliar word, on the other hand, we encounter it quite often in our daily life. When one meets his or her loved one, he or she will feel the changes in heart rate. We can also indicate a person’s heart rate races dramatically when he or she is doing intense exercise. However, we rarely know that by monitoring our heart rate, we can improve our cardiovascular fitness as well as athletic performance. BUT, WHAT’S HEART RATE EXACTLY? According to Google, Heart rate (or pulse rate) is the speed of the heartbeat measured by the number of contractions (beats) of the heart per minute (bpm). The American Heart Association states the normal resting adult human heart rate is 60–100 bpm. CORRELATION BETWEEN HEART RATE AND EXERCISES - Oxygen demand leads to pumping heart Your muscles use oxygen to generate energy, so it increases sharply when you exercise. The higher demand for oxygen stimulates a rise in heart rate, so that’s why you feel your heart pumps fast while doing intense workouts. According to statistics, blood flow to your muscle can be 25 to 50 times greater than when you are at rest. - Conditioning effect We human beings are good at adapting to new environments since ancient times, likewise, your heart gets stronger in response to regular exercise. In other words, you will be a better performer if you keep training in a sustainable way. As a result, your resting heart rate will decrease as heart finesse improves because it can deliver the same amount of blood with fewer beats right now, which means your heart became stronger. HOW TO ENHANCE ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE Cardiovascular exercise relies on frequency, intensity and duration. Heart rate will help you to judge your exercise intensity. By monitoring it, you can customize your training process. To improve your cardiovascular fitness, it’s necessary to get a grasp on your MHR(Maximum heart rate), the number of beats a heart makes in a minute under maximum stress, knowing it will enable trainers to structure the training process around specific training zones. HOW TO CALCULATE MHR There are several ways to measure your MHR(maximum heart rate, the simplest is to subtract your age from 220, for example, if you are 22, your max heart rate would be 198. However, as we can see, this formula doesn’t take various factors such as gender and age into consideration. The other formulas are as follows: Gulati formula(women only):206-(0.88*age) The HUNT formula(men and women who are active):211-(0.64*age) Tanaka formula(men and women over age 40):208-(0.7*age) 5 HEART RATE ZONES There are five different heart rate zones, from very light to maximum. - Zone 1 (50-60% predicted max heart rate) Exercises like golf,and low-intensity yoga are all included in this zone - Zone 2 (60-70% predicted max heart rate) This zone has been shown to increase your general endurance and burn more fat for you to maintain a healthier shape. - Zone 3 (70-80%predicted max heart rate) This is the zone in which that lactic acid starts building up in your bloodstream. - Zone 4 (80-90% predicted max heart rate) In this zone, your speed endurance will be improved and Carbs will be used for energy. - Zone 5 (90% - 100 predicted max heart rate) HOW TO MONITOR YOUR HEART RATE The most convenient way to do it is by using heart rate monitors. There are basically two types of heart rate monitors for you to choose from: chest strap monitors and armband monitors. Most of the chest straps are made of a long, elastic band, a small electrode pad that sits against your skin, and a snap-on transmitter. They use electrocardiography to record the electrical activity of your heart Most optical heart rate monitors glean data through “Photoplethysmography”（PPG）or the process of using light to measure blood flow. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO TYPES Chest heart rate monitors are commonly acknowledged as more accurate than armband ones. The sensor is placed nearer to the heart, allowing it to capture a strong heartbeat signal. On the other hand, armband ones may prove to be more convenient to check on especially in cold weather and various situations Chest Heart rate monitors consist of two elements: a monitor/transmitter and a receiver. When a heartbeat is detected, a radio signal is transmitted, which the receiver uses to display/determine the current heart rate. This signal can be a simple radio pulse or a unique coded signal from the chest strap (such as Bluetooth, ANT, or other low-power radio links). The armband heart rate monitors use optics to measure HR by shining light from an LED through the skin and measuring how it scatters off blood vessels. I love doing exercises to release the tension accumulated during the daytime, beyond that, I need something to make sure I won’t be in a dangerous zone while challenging my limit, so I figured it’s time to buy a heart rate monitor to remind me not to work too hard to lose my precious life. I didn’t need one with so many extra functions and was unwilling to spend too much on a HRM, so I searched on Amazon and decided to see the options available. By comparing and reading the comments below, I decided to buy it from a brand called coospo, I have nerve heard of it before, but after visiting their website and Amazon page, I decided to give it a try. As I mentioned above, there are two types of HRM, I personally prefer a chest strap one, so I bought the H808s, they also got armband ones like HW807, maybe I would get that one when the weather turns cold. So please allow me to give you a short review of this product. With a moderate price(now.$32.99), the coospo H808s heart rate monitor can be connected to my device through Bluetooth and ANT➕, which takes little time. And not even once did it lose connection in halfway. Also, the heart rate monitor is adjustable from 65 to 95cm, so I feel quite comfortable while wearing it. Most importantly, I really need to know whether it is functioning well during my workouts, so the “beeps” sound helps a lot. It’s also compatible with third-party apps like Nike➕running, Apple Health, DDP yoga,and polar beat. Connections with GPS units, smartwatches and fitness equipment are also possible. I go to the gym a lot, so I found it helpful when using the treadmill. On the other hand, their HW807 armband heart rate monitor has several features that caught my attention: - By using coospo exclusive APP Heartool, I can customize my maximum heart rate value and heart rate zone between 150-220bpm. - Tracking real-time heart rate zones with different color LED lights. Support heart rate variability (HRV) function. - Maximum Heart Rate 180bpm Vibration Reminder when I exercise too strongly, This heart rate monitor armband will remind me through the vibration that my exercise state is too intense and I need to rest. I didn’t know what HRV means in this context, so as usual, I did some research: Heart rate variability is where the amount of time between your heartbeats fluctuates slightly. These variations are very small, adding or subtracting a fraction of a second between beats. These fluctuations are undetectable except with specialized devices. While heart rate variability may be present in healthy individuals, it can still indicate the presence of health problems, including heart conditions and mental health issues like anxiety and depression. Your heart beats at a specific rate at all times. That rate changes depending on what you're doing at the time. Slower heart rates happen when you're resting or relaxed, and faster rates happen when you're active, stressed or when you’re in danger. There is variability in your heart rate based on the needs of your body and your respiratory patterns. Your body has many systems and features that let it adapt to where you are and what you’re doing. Your heart’s variability reflects how adaptable your body can be. If your heart rate is highly variable, this is usually evidence that your body can adapt to many kinds of changes. People with high heart rate variability are usually less stressed and happier. In general, low heart rate variability is considered a sign of current or future health problems because it shows your body is less resilient and struggles to handle changing situations. It's also more common in people who have higher resting heart rates. That’s because when your heart is beating faster, there’s less time between beats, reducing the opportunity for variability. This is often the case with conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, heart arrhythmia, asthma,anxiety and depression. Overall, I consider buying the coospo H808s Heart rate monitor as a worthwhile investment. In a long term, having something to track the change in your body is a rewarding thing as self-development can not be achieved in one day but you will definitely see the growth in the end.

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In the past decade, nearly 50 mansions have been demolished and replaced in the historic Chicago suburb of Kenilworth. Four demolition permits are currently pending review, while permits have been approved for two other historically significant houses. To slow the teardown trend, Kenilworth has enacted a nine-month waiting period between issuance of a demolition permit and initiation of the teardown process. However, the village does not have a historic preservation ordinance, and local officials generally support the rights of property owners to demolish and replace their houses. The National Trust for Historic Preservation included Kenilworth on its 2006 list of the 11 most endangered places nationwide (Black 2006). The practice of demolishing and replacing houses in high-priced areas generates passionate controversy. The fight to save the Skiff House in Kenilworth is illustrative (Nance 2005). That property at 157 Kenilworth Avenue is one of the premier locations in one of Chicago’s most expensive suburbs, three blocks west of Lake Michigan and five blocks from the commuter train station in the village center. The house was built in 1908 for Frederick Skiff, the first director of Chicago’s Field Museum of Natural History. This beautiful and historically significant house was designed by the architectural firm of Daniel H. Burnham, who was considered the preeminent architect in America at the turn of the twentieth century. He oversaw the construction of the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition and helped design a series of lakefront parks as part of the 1909 Plan of Chicago. Plans to demolish the Skiff House shortly after it was purchased in 2004 for $1.875 million created an uproar. While many neighbors supported the owner’s right to tear down the property—after all, they might want to do the same—others saw it as an assault on the community’s character. “Save 157 Kenilworth” signs began to appear in front yards throughout the village, and a neighborhood group, Citizens for Kenilworth, led a campaign to save the house. After months of controversy, and only days after an auction to sell off valuable parts of the house before demolition, a neighbor purchased the house for $2.35 million in order to save it. Historic houses continue to be torn down in Kenilworth and elsewhere, but not all teardowns generate controversy. Residents of many Chicago suburbs have been supportive of the teardown trend. Naperville is a representative case. Founded in 1831 and incorporated in 1857, Naperville grew slowly until plans for the East-West Tollway (I-88) were announced in 1954. The population grew from 7,013 in 1950, to 21,675 in 1960, to 140,106 today. Naperville’s downtown has undergone a renaissance over the last decade, attracting new restaurants, shops, and residences. Although the city has a historic district just to the east of the downtown area, teardown activity has been concentrated in what were formerly more humble areas. Small, older houses are being purchased for about $400,000 and replaced by much larger houses that may sell for $1 million. The teardown trend in Naperville is illustrated by one small house being sold as a teardown, with an announcement of an upcoming public hearing posted in the yard. It is likely to be replaced by a house that is similar to the recently constructed house next door (see pages 6 and 7). Though teardown activity is not entirely without controversy in Naperville, it does not generate the same passion as the Skiff House did. How Widespread is the Teardown Phenomenon? Nationwide the teardown phenomenon has attracted much media and public attention. The decennial Census of Population and Housing offers a way to quantify the practice using the “net replacement method.” For example, suppose the Census lists 10,000 housing units in an area for 1990 and 10,500 units in 2000—an increase of 500 units. Now suppose the Census shows that 800 housing units were built during the decade. Then 300 of the newly built units must have simply replaced existing units. The 300 replacement units are a crude but nonetheless enlightening measure of teardown activity in that community. Figure 1 shows counties where at least one census tract had a net replacement rate in excess of 4 percent. Teardown activity is clustered in older urban areas in the Northeast, Midwest, and California. In fact, the map does not look substantially different from a map of population density in the United States. This simple analysis shows that replacement of the preexisting housing stock is an extensive phenomenon that is national in scope. Nevertheless, it is surprisingly difficult to track teardown activity on a case-by-case basis. The classic teardown is a house whose sale is followed by the issuance of both demolition and building permits, but timing is a key factor in tracking these permits. If a demolition permit is issued four years after a sale, was the house really sold as a teardown? Similarly, a building permit may be issued long after a dilapidated house was demolished, yet this situation is not what most people have in mind when they think of teardowns. Some teardowns are carried out by the current owner without a sale. Other houses are so extensively remodeled that they are effectively teardowns, even though no demolition permit is issued. Even when data on sales, demolition permits, and building permits are available, it is difficult to merge the different sources of information since they frequently come from different agencies that vary in the quality of their database management. The National Trust for Historic Preservation has described the Chicago metropolitan area as the “epicenter of teardowns.” Aside from Kenilworth, teardowns are common in both the city of Chicago and its suburbs. The Village of Skokie (2005) surveyed 20 of its neighbors in Chicago’s near north suburbs and compared the number of detached single-family housing unit demolition permits from 2000 to 2003 to the total number of such units as reported in the 2000 U.S. Census. Thirteen of the 20 communities reported demolition permits representing more than 1 percent of the housing stock over the four-year period. Richard Dye and I (forthcoming) have used data from Chicago and six suburban communities to document the degree of teardown activity in the region. We were able to obtain data on house sales and demolition permits for Chicago; one of its suburbs to the west, Western Springs; the northwest suburb of Park Ridge; and four suburbs on the North Shore—Glencoe, Kenilworth, Wilmette, and Winnetka. Between 1996 and 2003, the number of demolition permits ranged from 29 in Kenilworth to 273 in Winnetka and 12,236 in Chicago. Of course, Kenilworth has only 2,494 residents, whereas Winnetka’s population is 12,419, and Chicago has 2.9 million residents. Figure 2 shows the number of demolition permits as a percentage of total housing units for each community. More than 9 percent of Winnetka’s housing stock was torn down between 1996 and 2003, and teardown rates were also quite high in Winnetka and Kenilworth. Even Chicago, with more than 400,000 housing units, had a demolition rate near 3 percent. These six suburbs were not chosen randomly. All had high median incomes in 2000, ranging from $73,154 in Park Ridge to more than $200,000 in Kenilworth. All of these suburbs have stations on commuter train lines to downtown Chicago, little or no vacant land on which to build, and good schools and other local public services. In other words, demand to live in these suburbs is high. Teardown activity in Chicago is concentrated in comparable neighborhoods within the city, such as Lincoln Park, West Town, and Lakeview on the near north side. The Costs and Benefits of Teardowns Teardowns can impose significant social costs. Local residents often complain that new houses destroy the character of a neighborhood. Those houses may be built to the limits of the zoning code, tower above their neighbors, and reach to the edge of the property line. Sometimes neighbors simply dislike the design of new buildings, particularly those that replace historic houses. When tall apartment buildings replace single-family houses or two-family houses in the city, neighbors complain of the loss of sunlight, lack of parking spaces, and increased traffic congestion. The construction process itself can be noisy and disruptive. New, expensive houses may cause assessments to increase in the neighborhood. And, teardowns may reduce the stock of affordable housing. Teardowns also carry some benefits, however. In places that rely on the property tax to fund local services, the additional revenue from high-priced replacement houses is often quite welcome. Not all teardown buildings are historic, architecturally significant, or mourned when they are demolished. Some teardowns are simply eyesores. Some of the new houses being built today will eventually be viewed as historically significant properties in their own right. Once entire blocks are rebuilt, the new housing no longer looks out of place. It is surprising to discover how stark and incompatible some properties built in the early 1900s appear in historic photographs taken before trees grew and the neighborhood filled in with similar houses. It also is important to recognize that teardowns may help to curb sprawl. One reason people move to the urban fringe is to build a new house in a contemporary construction style. Allowing people to tear down a small, outdated house and replace it with a modern house may induce them to stay in centrally located areas. In general, encouraging housing and economic growth helps maintain the vitality of previously developed areas, which is a strategic complement to anti-sprawl policies designed to limit growth at the fringe. Local jurisdictions have been creative in responding to teardowns. Some policies are designed to the slow the amount of teardown activity by making it more costly, through demolition fees and fines for illegal demolitions. Others, such as a moratorium on new demolition permits or an enforced waiting period between permit issuance and the time when demolition can start, are simply designed to cool a potential teardown fever. Such policies also raise the cost of teardowns by making developers wait for some time after purchasing a property before being able to recoup their costs. Complementary policies include landmark designation and historic district designation, which make it more difficult or even impossible to tear down existing structures. Policies on the other side of the balance sheet may give developers an incentive not to demolish existing structures. Communities may offer tax breaks to owners who rehabilitate existing houses rather than demolish them to build new ones. Or, owners may be granted variances from restrictive zoning provisions in order to enlarge rather than demolish an existing house. At the same time, jurisdictions often use zoning to influence the type of new housing that is built in their community. Lot-coverage and floor-area restrictions are used to ensure that new structures do not dwarf their neighbors. Other policies include maximum building sizes; set-back and open space requirements; and restrictions on such design elements as garage and driveway locations, roof pitch, bulk limits, solar access, and the alignment of the new house with neighboring structures. Many communities have design review boards that can revoke building permits for structures that are not in compliance. These standards are not always clear beforehand, however, and they can increase the level of uncertainty for developers, delay construction, and raise costs. Even if communities do not attempt to curb teardown activity, they often adopt policies designed to reduce the disruption caused by new construction. The builder may be required to notify neighbors when construction is about to begin, and a time window may be imposed for completion of the building. Construction activity may be limited to certain hours of day, the site may need to be fenced, and work vehicle and dumpster location requirements are often imposed. Communities also may require that contractors be bonded and certified. How successful are these policies in slowing the rate of teardown activity? As we have seen, the Skiff House was saved because Kenilworth’s nine-month waiting period between permit issuance and the start of demolition provided enough time for a buyer to step forward before the house was razed. However, the potential for profits in such transactions make it difficult to stop teardowns completely. If a developer can purchase an existing property for $300,000, demolish it for $20,000, and spend $400,000 to build a new house according to current construction standards, then he has incurred $720,000 in costs. With new upscale houses routinely selling in excess of $1 million in communities with many teardowns, it should not be surprising that developers continue this practice. Implications for Land Values Assessors encounter enormous difficulties in placing a value on land in built-up areas. When few vacant lots exist, it is nearly impossible to find enough sales of vacant land to assess the value of land accurately. In the absence of direct land sales data, land values can be estimated by subtracting construction costs less depreciation from the sale price of improved properties in the area. Statistical analysis of mass appraisal data can account for such structural characteristics as square footage in order to control for the contribution of the building to total property value. With a complete set of these characteristics, the residual from the regression reflects the contribution of location to property value—in other words, land value. Unfortunately, any unobserved structural characteristic will also be part of the residual. Teardowns can help estimate the value of land in developed areas. Consider the earlier example of a property that is purchased for $300,000, demolished for $20,000, and replaced by a million-dollar house. If the developer could purchase a vacant lot of the identical size next door for $290,000, which property would he prefer? If there is no salvage value for parts of the existing house, it will cost the developer $320,000 before it is possible to build on the lot with the existing house. Yet the vacant lot is available in the same general location for $30,000 less. The vacant lot is preferable even though it does not include a house—in fact, it is preferable precisely because it does not include an existing structure. If the price of the vacant lot rises to $310,000, the developer still obtains a lot that is ready to build upon for $10,000 less than the cost of building on the neighboring lot. Only at $320,000 will the developer be indifferent between the two lots. It follows that the value of land in this case is $320,000. This key insight leads to an extremely useful method of valuing land in areas experiencing teardowns. The value of land is simply the sales price of a teardown property plus any demolition cost. An important implication of this line of reasoning is that only location determines the value of a teardown property; characteristics of the structure are irrelevant except insofar as they influence demolitions costs or salvage value. This implication is somewhat surprising to people who think that a historic house has intrinsic value. Though it is tempting to think that the Skiff House in Kenilworth is worth approximately $2 million because of its historic and architectural value, a vacant lot next door would sell for nearly the same price. Any house near Lake Michigan in Kenilworth will sell for well more than $1 million. The conclusion to be drawn is simply that land is expensive along Chicago’s North Shore. Richard Dye and I (forthcoming) test the prediction that only location characteristics influence sales prices in our sample of seven communities in the Chicago area. Our measures of location include such variables as lot size, distance from the nearest commuter train station, and proximity to Lake Michigan. Structural characteristics include such variables as building size, age, and whether the house is built of brick and has a basement, garage, or fireplace. We identify teardowns as houses for which a demolition permit was issued within two years of a sale. As predicted, structural characteristics do not significantly influence the sales price of teardown properties. Teardowns are purchased for the land underneath. The teardown phenomenon is not new. Houses have been demolished and replaced for as long as they have been built. American cities grew rapidly in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and again in the years just after World War II. Tastes now appear to be changing toward larger houses with spacious rooms and high ceilings. Many people find the existing housing stock less desirable than new construction. In this situation, it is not surprising that buyers purchase, demolish, and build new houses, especially in high-demand areas. The trick for local governments is to keep the costs of teardown activity from overwhelming the less obvious benefits. Daniel P. McMillen is professor in the Department of Economics and the Institute for Government and Public Affairs at University of Illinois at Chicago. He has published widely in urban economics, real estate, and applied econometrics. He is a visiting fellow in 2006–2007 at the Lincoln Institute. Black, Lisa. 2006. Kenilworth added to list of endangered historic towns. Chicago Tribune, May 20. Dye, Richard, and Daniel P. McMillen. Forthcoming. Teardowns and land values in the Chicago metropolitan area. Journal of Urban Economics. Nance, Kevin. 2005. Teardown ‘madness has to stop’: Developer rescues historic Burnham house, but says it’s just a start. Chicago Sun-Times, November 6. Village of Skokie. 2005. Comprehensive Plan Appendix C: Near north suburban housing activity study. http://www.skokie.org/comm/Appendix%20C.pdf.

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The history of Greece can be traced back to Stone Age hunters. Later came early farmers and the civilizations of the Minoan and Mycenaean kings. This was followed by a period of wars and invasions, known as the Dark Ages. In about 1100 BCE, a people called the Dorians invaded from the north and spread down the west coast. In the period from 500-336 BCE Greece was divided into small city states, each of which consisted of a city and its surrounding countryside. There were only a few historians in the time of Ancient Greece. Three major ancient historians, were able to record their time of Ancient Greek history, that include Herodotus, known as the 'Father of History' who travelled to many ancient historic sites at the time, Thucydides and Xenophon. Most other forms of History knowledge and accountability of the ancient Greeks we know is because of temples, sculpture, pottery, artifacts and other archaeological findings. The Bronze Age: The Greek Bronze Age started around 2800 BCE and lasted till 1050 BCE in Crete while in the Aegean islands it started in 3000 BCE. The information that is available today on the Bronze Age in Greece is from the architecture, burial styles and lifestyle. The Bronze Age is known as so because of the invention and introduction of the metal bronze. This metal made its entry into Greece in 3000 BCE. The class system in society started with the arrival of metal depending on their value and availability. Bronze was expensive and copper was to be brought from other areas. The richer class could afford the metals and this was proved by the excavations found wherein people where buried with metal jewelry. The Bronze Age was also characterized by the burial systems. They were simple pits or graves carved into rocks. These graves were either for one person or a complete family. These burial pits and the remains give us important information on the nutrition and diseases of those eras. Also they give us an insight on the people's minds on their beliefs on human behavior and after life. The settlements of the Early Bronze Age lived on hills or on low plains, which were close to water. Such regions may have been more fertile for agricultural and settling purposes. The houses were made of stone foundations and mud walls. They had the provision of kilns for cooking and stone counters for sleeping, storage or for cooking. Goods were stored in containers made of wood or reed or simply dug into the ground. The economy of the villages depended on production of tools, weapons, agriculture and art and architecture. In crops they grew cereals and legumes. Also they introduced olive trees and wine. In animal husbandry they reared sheep's and goats. The need for more metals and goods lead to introduction of different colonies and barter creating set-up for trade. Major production that contributed to the economy included pottery, stone carving, textile and metal carving. Arts and crafts included ceramic pottery, which were painted in earthy colors. Manufacture of tools was from bone, metals and stones using advanced technology. Figurines reflected the social and lifestyle habits. Weaving also constituted an important part, but the remains were lost in time because they were of perishable nature. The Early Bronze Age paved the way for Minoans and the Mycenaean Greeks, which was characterized by its prosperity and the rich empires. The Minoan Civilization: Knossos was the capital city of Minoan culture that centered on the island of Crete. The Minoan civilization at Knossos represented a cultural high point in the Mediterranean Sea. According to Greek mythology, it was the capital of King Minos and the home of the labyrinth. Many details about the Minoan culture in Knossos remain lost to history. What is known about Knossos comes mainly from archaeological findings, specifically those of Sir Arthur Evans. During the Bronze Age, Minoan culture arose on the island of Crete. Many Minoan cities along the northern coast and the mountainous interior were constructed beginning around 2000 BCE. The Minoan cities were built with few defenses, which indicated that the Minoans controlled the sea and depended on their ability to keep raiders from reaching Crete. Commerce flourished at Knossos, and goldsmiths, sculptors, painters, and seal makers were patronized by the royal court and provided high-quality products. Minoan pottery and other artifacts have been found as far away as Egypt and Asia Minor. Knossos was largely destroyed around 1700 BCE, possibly because of an earthquake or tidal wave. The Minoans rebuilt the city only to see it destroyed again, possibly by the Mycenaean invasion ain the mid-15th century BCE. The central palace at Knossos was determined to be more than 226,000 square feet in area. Archaeologists found that the palace was the center of royal power but that it also had religious and administrative facilities. The complex included approximately 1,400 rooms, plus courtyards and corridors. The walls were faced with plaster or gypsum sheets and decorated with mosaics that emphasized animals, fish, and plants. The most famous examples include blue dolphins and scenes of young men and women leaping over the horns of charging bulls. The bull theme of the frescoes was repeated on many of the pillars, which had a horn-like taper toward the bottom. Other architectural features of the palace at Knossos included light wells to provide natural lighting in interior rooms and large stairways. Frequent doorways provided partitions and easy access to different rooms. At least some rooms served as bathrooms with functioning toilets and running water; the water was carried through sun-baked clay pipes. There was also a sanitation system that featured an elaborate scheme of drains, pipes, and conduits. Reflective pools installed into the floors provided extra elements. The Minoans of Knossos also developed an alphabet, now known as Linear A, from their earlier hieroglyphics. The Phoenicians used the Minoan alphabet, and the Mycenaeans later adopted it as their first written alphabet, which became known as Linear B. After the Mycenaean invasion in the mid-15th century BCE, Minoan civilization declined, and although the Mycenaeans withdrew from Crete after several centuries, a unique Minoan culture no longer existed. Knossos continued to exist, albeit as an ordinary Greek city until Roman occupation, which lasted through the fourth century CE. The Mycenaean Civilization: The Mycenaean Age dates from around 1600 BC to 1100 BC, during the Bronze Age. Mycenae is an archaeological site in Greece from which the name Mycenaean Age is derived. Mycenae site is located in the Peloponnese, Southern Greece. The remains of a Mycenaean palace were found at this site, accounting for its importance. According to Homer, the Mycenaean civilization is dedicated to King Agamemnon who led the Greeks in the Trojan War. The palace found at Mycenae matches Homer's description of Agamemnon's residence. The amount and quality of possessions found at the graves at the site provide an insight to the affluence and prosperity of the Mycenaean civilization. Prior to the Mycenaean's ascendancy in Greece, the Minoan culture was dominant. However, the Mycenaeans defeated the Minoans, acquiring the city of Troy in the process, according to Homer's Illiad (some historians argue this is Myth rather than fact). Mycenaean culture was based around its main cities in Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos, Athens, Thebes, Orchomenos, and Folksier. The Mycenaeans also inhabited the ruins of Knossos on Crete, which was a major city during the Minoan era. Mycenaean and Minoan art melded, forming a cultural amalgamation that is found on Crete (figurines, sculptures and pottery). During the Mycenaean civilization the class diversification of rich and poor, higher classes and lower became more established, with extreme wealth being mostly reserved for the King, his entourage and other members of the royal circle. Like the Minoans, the Mycenaeans built grand palaces and fortified citadels, with administrative and political powers firmly under royal authority. Mycenaean society was to some extent a warrior culture and their military was ever prepared for battle, be it in defense of a city or to protect its wealth and cultural treasures. The Mycenaeans were bold traders and maintained contact with other countries from the Mediterranean and Europe. They were excellent engineers and built outstanding bridges, tombs, residences and palaces. Their tombs known as 'beehive tombs' were circular in shape with a high roof. A single passage made of stone led to the tomb. A variety of possessions, including arms and armor, were buried with the dead, while the more affluent might also be buried with gold and jewelry. Interestingly, rather than being buried in a sleeping position, Mycenaeans were interred in a sitting position, with the richer classes sometimes being mummified. The Mycenaeans invented their own script known as Linear B, which was an improved derivative of Linear A (a language commonly accepted as Minoan or Eteocretan). End of the Mycenaean Civilization: There are two theories about the end of the Mycenaean civilization. One is population movement, the second internal strife and conflict. According to the first theory the Dorians lauched a devastating attack, although this hypothesis has been questioned because the Dorians had always been present in the Greece of that time. Alternatively, it could have been the 'Sea People' who attacked the Mycenaeans. The Sea People are known to have attacked various regions in the Levant and Anatolia, so perhaps this reading of events is more credible. The second theory suggests an internal societal conflict between the rich and poor, with the lower classes becoming impoverished towards the end of the Late Helladic period and rejecting the system under which they were governed. By end of the LH III C, the Mycenaean civilization had come to an end with the cities of Mycenae and Tirynth completely destroyed. The end of the Mycenaean civilization heralded the start of the Greek Dark Ages. The Dark Ages During the Dark Ages of Greece the old major settlements were abandoned (with the notable exception of Athens), and the population dropped dramatically in numbers. Within these three hundred years, the people of Greece lived in small groups that moved constantly in accordance with their new pastoral lifestyle and livestock needs, while they left no written record behind leading to the conclusion that they were illiterate. Later in the Dark Ages (between 950 and 750 BCE), Greeks relearned how to write once again, but this time instead of using the Linear B script used by the Mycenaeans, they adopted the alphabet used by the Phoenicians “innovating in a fundamental way by introducing vowels as letters. The Greek version of the alphabet eventually formed the base of the alphabet used for English today.” (Martin, 43) Life was undoubtedly harsh for the Greeks of the Dark ages. However, in retrospect we can identify one major benefit of the period. The deconstruction of the old Mycenaean economic and social structures with the strict class hierarchy and hereditary rule were forgotten, and eventually replaced with new socio-political institutions that eventually allowed for the rise of Democracy in 5th c. BCE Athens. Notable events from this period include the occurrence of the first Olympics in 776, and the writing of the Homeric epics the Iliad and the Odyssey. The next period of Greek History is described as Archaic and lasted for about two hundred years from (700 – 480 BCE). During this epoch Greek population recovered and organized politically in city-states (Polis) comprised of citizens, foreign residents, and slaves. This kind of complex social organization required the development of an advanced legal structure that ensured the smooth coexistence of different classes and the equality of the citizens irrespective of their economic status. This was a required precursor for the Democratic principles that we see developed two hundred years later in Athens. Greek city-states of the Archaic epoch spread throughout the Mediterranean basin through vigorous colonization. As the major city-states grew in size they spawn a plethora of coastal towns in the Aegean, the Ionian, Anatolia (today’s Turkey), Phoenicia (the Middle East), Libya, Southern Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, and as far as southern France, Spain, and the Black Sea. These states, settlements, and trading posts numbered in the hundreds, and became part of an extensive commercial network that involved all the advanced civilizations of the time. As a consequence, Greece came into contact and aided in the exchange of goods and ideas throughout ancient Africa, Asia, and Europe. Through domination of commerce in the Mediterranean, aggressive expansion abroad, and competition at home, several very strong city-states began emerging as dominant cultural centers, most notably Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes, Syracuse, Miletus, Halicarnassus among other. The Classical Age The flurry of development and expansion of the Archaic Era was followed by the period of maturity we came to know as “Classical Greece”. Between 480 and until 323 BCE Athens and Sparta dominated the Hellenic world with their cultural and military achievements. These two cities, with the involvement of the other Hellenic states, rose to power through alliances, reforms, and a series of victories against the invading Persian armies. They eventually resolved their rivalry in a long, and particularly nasty war that concluded with the demise of Athens first, Sparta second, and the emergence of Macedonia as the dominant power of Greece. Other city-states like Miletus, Thebes, Corinth, and Syracuse among many others played a major role in the cultural achievements of Classical Greece. Early in the Classical era Athens and Sparta coexisted peacefully through their underlying suspicion of each other until the middle of the 5th c. BCE. The political and cultural disposition of the two city-states occupied the opposite ends of the spectrum. Sparta was a closed society governed by an oligarchic government led by two kings, and occupying the harsh southern end of the Peloponnesus, organized its affairs around a powerful military that protected the Spartan citizens from both external invasion and internal revolt of the helots. Athens on the other hand grew to an adventurous, open society, governed by a Democratic government that thrived through commercial activity. The period of Pericles’ leadership in Athens is described as the “Golden Age”. It was during this period that the massive building project, that included the Acropolis, was undertaken. The Classical Period produced remarkable cultural and scientific achievements. The city of Athens introduced to the world a direct Democracy the likes of which had never been seen hitherto, or subsequently, with western governments like Great Britain, France, and USA emulating it a thousand years later. The rational approach to exploring and explaining the world as reflected in Classical Art, Philosophy, and Literature became the well-grounded springboard that western culture used to leap forward, beginning with the subsequent Hellenistic Age. The thinkers of the Classical Greek era have since dominated thought for thousands of years, and have remained relevant to our day. The teachings of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle among others, either directly, in opposition, or mutation, have been used as reference point of countless western thinkers in the last two thousand years. Hippocrates became the “Father of modern medicine”, and the Hippocratic oath is still used today. The dramas of Sophocles, Aeschylus, Euripides, and the comedies of Aristophanes are considered among the masterpieces of western culture. The art of Classical Greece began the trend towards a more naturalistic (even in its early idealistic state) depiction of the world, thus reflecting a shift in philosophy from the abstract and supernatural to more immediate earthly concerns. Artists stopped merely “suggesting” the human form and began “describing” it with accuracy. Man became the focus, and “measure of all things” in daily life through Democratic politics, and in cultural representations. Rational thinking and Logic became the driving force behind this cultural revolution at the expense of emotion and impulse. The Hellenistic Era The Hellenistic Age marks the transformation of Greek society from the localized and introverted city-states to an open, cosmopolitan, and at times exuberant culture that permeated the entire eastern Mediterranean, and Southwest Asia. While the Hellenistic world incorporated a number of different people, Greek thinking, mores, and way of life dominated the public affairs of the time. All aspects of culture took a Greek hue, with the Greek language being established as the official language of the Hellenistic world. The art and literature of the era were transformed accordingly. Instead of the previous preoccupation with the Ideal, Hellenistic art focused on the Real. Depictions of man in both art and literature revolved around exuberant, and often amusing themes that for the most part explored the daily life and the emotional world of humans, gods, and heroes alike. The autonomy of individual cities of the Classical era gave way to the will of the large kingdoms that were led by one ruler. Several Greek cities became dominant in the Hellenistic era. City-states of the classical Greece like Athens, Corinth, Thebes, Miletus, and Syracuse continued to flourish, while others emerged as major centers throughout the kingdoms. Pergamum, Ephesus, Antioch, Damascus, and Trapezus are few of the cities whose reputations have survived to our day. None were more influential than Alexandria of Egypt however. Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Great himself in 331 BCE and very quickly became the center of commerce and culture of the Hellenistic world under the Ptolemies. Alexandria hosted the tomb of Alexander the Great, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, the faros (lighthouse) of Alexandria, and the famed Library of Alexandria that aspired to host the entire knowledge of the known world. Many famous thinkers and artists of the Hellenistic era created works that remained influential for centuries. Schools of thought like the Stoics, the Skeptics, and the Epicurians continued the substantial philosophical tradition of Greece, while art, literature, and poetry reached new heights of innovation. Great works of art were created during the Hellenistic Era. In Architecture, the classical styles were further refined and augmented with new ideas. Public buildings and monuments were constructed on larger scale in more ambitious configuration and complexity. Hellenistic Greece became a time of substantial maturity of the sciences. In geometry, Euclid’s elements became the standard all the way up to the 20th c. CE., and the work of Archimedes on mathematics along with his practical inventions became influential and legendary. Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth within 1500 miles by simultaneously measuring the shadow of two vertical sticks placed one in Alexandria and one in Syene. The fact that the earth was a sphere was common knowledge in the Hellenistic world.

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Open Source and Diversity Open source still has a long way to go before software, and software development alike, becomes more equitable. Open source has proved useful in building a community of developers and creating high-quality products, but it is also reveals some of the worst parts of humanity. Discrimination is embedded in small parts of open source practices and licenses, and it is important to shed light on these issues in order to make the open source community more diverse and inclusive. Github’s mission is to “support a community where 27 million people learn, share, and work together to build software.” However, it is also a place where code contains extremely “racist, sexist, and homophobic language.” The developer community is intended to be self-policing, but how can we ensure that open source maintains its freedom while, at the same time, placing restrictions on abusers of open source platforms? Analogous to political leaders, open source leaders must set good examples and promote inclusivity in open source projects. Former president of the Open Source Initiative (OSI), Russ Nelson, did just the opposite. Nelson was removed from his position a mere month after taking office for racist posts. Though he claimed that the mission of the OSI was extremely important to him and that he hoped “the community could continue its focus on working together to advance the integration of open source software into the wider society,” his personal blog included one post that read, “blacks are lazy.” While some immediately brought attention to his racist remarks, others in the open source community claimed that this was simply an “unfortunate circumstance” for Nelson to be in. Open source community leaders must value diversity in order to maintain the freedom and fairness reiterated in the open source mission. Frannie Zlotnick, a Github data scientist who leads the Open Source Survey, believes that open source project managers can increase diversity by making sure “that all of their employees have a chance to contribute to open source on the job.” This would allow employees from all walks of life to become familiar with open source and have their voices heard within the community. Patricia Torvalds, daughter of Linus Torvalds, describes how many open source leaders argue that the tech world is a meritocracy and that “if someone is good enough at their job, their gender or race or sexual orientation doesn’t matter.” A meritocracy “assumes a level playing field, in which everyone has access to the same resources, free time, and common life experiences to draw upon. It fails to take into account the barriers marginalized people face in contributing to open source projects. Torvalds points out that the meritocracy argument is a cop-out and that “the lack of diversity is a mistake, and that we should be taking responsibility for it and actively try to make it better.” One of the ways open source projects attempt to honor diversity is by including a Code of Conduct. A Code of Conduct “establishes expectations for behavior for your project’s participants” and is intended to breed positivity and “facilitate healthy, constructive community behavior.” However, simply including a Code of Conduct doesn’t immediately protect people from harassment or discrimination. It is the duty of a project maintainer to ensure that the guidelines in the code of conduct are followed. In order to place responsibility into the owners of the repository, open source project leaders should include a Contributor Covenant. The Contributor Covenant details a pledge for contributors and maintainers to “make participation in our project and our community a harassment-free experience for everyone” regardless of gender, sexual orientation, race, and so on. Another way to make open source more inclusive is to include better documentation in a variety of languages. Research shows that only 21% of open source developers speak English as a first language. Breaking this language barrier involves communicating clearly and avoiding use of technical jargon that might exclude contributors. Research shows that overuse of technical jargon might also be related to gender issues, as men report higher levels of confidence in their coding capabilities and tend to use complicated language to demonstrate their skills. Statistics also reveal how gendered the technical world is. Of 5,500 open source developers surveyed, 95% of respondents were male, and according to the U.S. Census Bureau, “black, Asian, and Latino programmers account for a total of about 34 percent of programmers in the US.” Proponents of free software and open source raise a fair point about the security of individuals being at risk when groups of people are able to control users by limiting software for their own personal interests. The strictness of free software licensing in preventing future derivatives of software from switching licenses actually protects individual rights. Open source allows for more flexibility in licensing, but this can be a problem when it comes to making software more equitable. Licenses such as the MIT License and the Apache License allow developers to suddenly trade the benefits of Open Source for the interests of a single corporation. This raises issues of class and power, which oftentimes come hand in hand with racial discrimination, as the interests of marginalized groups of people are often cast away for the interests and monetary gain of individuals or corporations. One example in which we witness the problem with incorporating proprietary software and open source software is seen in the case of Google and Android. Google’s Android licensing integrates aspects of proprietary software. For example, much of the core code, such as the code required for the Android Open Source Project (AOSP) to boot, is not open. The confusion about whether or not Android is actually an open source project might be related to the unclear distinction between Google Android and the Android Open Source Project. Google Android adopts proprietary software practices, some of which can be problematic when it comes to making software more equitable. Companies can convert open source software to proprietary software as soon as the open source status becomes a monetary disadvantage. In many cases, this reduces the ability for all groups of people to use or contribute to Android, particularly people who are not financially well off. Why is diversity in open source so important? As artificial intelligence technology becomes increasingly powerful, it is important that we train systems to respect everyone equally. In 2016, Microsoft released Tay the Twitter bot, an AI chatbot that learned from tweets. Shortly after Tay was released, the chatbot was trained to tweet all sorts of “misogynistic, racist, and Donald Trumpist remarks.” This example shows how susceptible AI is to human biases, revealing the worst parts of humanity. Another reason is that software is intended to meet the needs of many groups of people. One argument for increased diversity in open source is the idea of “vendor lock-in,” which is when a company is tied down to a single supplier. In the open source world, we can think of vendors as contributors. A narrow community of developers limits “the range of experiences from which we can draw.” It is easier to catch bugs and find quicker solutions in a team with many diverse members. While small, micro tasks such as writing single lines of code might not benefit from diversity, larger and more important tasks such as code design certainly will. If the goal of open source is to create better products, then the diversity of contributors will translate into the applicability of software for a wider audience. Lack of diversity impacts the quality of open source consumer applications because people with more diverse background can help figure out how to make software more user friendly. Data from the Open Source Survey backs up the fact that lack of diversity and negative experiences on open source projects actually impact the quality of the project. Approximately 21% of people have witnessed or experienced a negative interaction while contributing to an open source project, and of these people, 8% chose to stop contributing. Project leaders lose talented developers by failing to enforce a positive, inclusive working environment. To demonstrate how pervasive this bad reputation open source has, more than 50% of contributors have witnessed a negative interaction on an open source project. In order to create better products and address the needs of all groups of people, we must ensure that every voice is heard. Making the open source community more diverse is the necessary first step towards a more equitable future. Levi, Ran. “The History of Open Source & Free Software.” Curious Minds(audio blog), June 3, 2016. Accessed December 18, 2017. https://www.cmpod.net/all-transcripts/history-open-source-free-software-text/. “The Open Source Definition (Annotated).” Open Source Initiative. Accessed December 18, 2017. https://opensource.org/osd-annotated. “Build Software Better, Together.” GitHub. Accessed January 18, 2018. https://github.com/about. Horn, Leslie. “There Is Blatant Racist and Sexist Language Hiding in Open Source Code.” Gizmodo. February 1, 2013. Accessed January 18, 2018. https://gizmodo.com/5980842 Broersma, Matthew. “Open Source Head Sacked in Racism Row.” ITworld. March 8, 2005. Accessed January 18, 2018. https://www.itworld.com/article/2810378/open-source-tools/open-source-head-sacked-in-racism-row.html. Open Source Survey. Accessed January 18, 2018. http://opensourcesurvey.org/2017/. Finley, Klint. “Diversity in Open Source Is Even Worse Than in Tech Overall.” Wired. June 7, 2017. Accessed January 18, 2018. https://www.wired.com/2017/06/diversity-open-source-even-worse-tech-overall/. “Contributor Covenant: A Code of Conduct for Open Source Projects.” Contributor Covenant. Accessed January 18, 2018. https://www.contributor-covenant.org/. “Torvalds 2.0: Patricia Torvalds on Computing, College, Feminism, and Increasing Diversity in Tech.” Opensource. August 3, 2015. Accessed January 18, 2018. https://opensource.com/life/15/8/patricia-torvalds-interview. “Your Code of Conduct.” Open Source Guides. Accessed January 18, 2018. https://opensource.guide/code-of-conduct/. Irwin, Emma. “Diversity and Inclusion: Stop Talking and Do Your Homework.” Opensource. September 1, 2017. Accessed January 18, 2018. https://opensource.com/article/17/9/diversity-and-inclusion-innovation. Stallman, Richard. “What is free software?” GNU Project. April 4, 2017. Accessed December 18, 2017. https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.en.html. Kerner, Sean Michael. “Is Android Really Open Source?” EWEEK. January 17, 2018. Accessed January 18, 2018. http://www.eweek.com/blogs/first-read/is-android-really-open-source. Vincent, James. “Twitter taught Microsoft’s friendly AI chatbot to be a racist a**hole in less than a day.” The Verge. March 24, 2016. Accessed January 18, 2018. https://www.theverge.com/2016/3/24/11297050/tay-microsoft-chatbot-racist. Cotton, Ben. “Why the Open Source Community Needs a Diverse Supply Chain.” Opensource. November 21, 2017. Accessed January 18, 2018. https://opensource.com/open-organization/17/11/inclusivity-supply-chain. Gruman, Galen. “What’s Really Behind Silicon Valley’s Apparent Racism?” InfoWorld. August 2, 2016. Accessed January 18, 2018. https://www.infoworld.com/article/3098607. Ronacher, Armin. “Diversity in Technology and Open Source.” Armin Ronacher’s Thoughts and Writings. Accessed January 18, 2018. http://lucumr.pocoo.org/2017/6/5/diversity-in-technology/.

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Questions About the Bible – Part 4 |By: Dr. Norman Geisler; ©1999| |The final installment in this series explains why the Apocryphal books and the Gnostic gospels are generally not considered canonical. Dr. Geisler also explains, on the basis of manuscript evidence, how you can be sure that “the Bible in your hand is God speaking to you.”| Questions About the Bible-Part Four (excerpted from When Skeptics Ask, Victor Books, 1990) How Was the Bible Put Together? What About the Apocrypha? The Apocrypha is a set of books written between the third century B.C. and the first century A.D. It consists of fourteen books (fifteen if you divide the books differently) which are found in the several ancient copies of important Greek translations of the Old Testament and reflect some of the Jewish tradition and history that came after the time of Malachi (the last Old Testament prophet). Most of the Apocrypha was accepted as Scripture by Augustine and the Syrian church in the fourth century and was later canonized by the Catholic Church. The apocryphal books are alluded to in the New Testament and by the early church fathers and have been found among the Dead Sea Scrolls at Qumram. However, these books were never accepted by the Jews as Scripture and are not included in the Hebrew Bible. Though the New Testament may allude to them (e.g., Heb. 11:35), none of the allusions are clearly called the Word of God (Paul quotes pagan poets too, but not as Scripture). Augustine admitted that it has secondary status to the rest of the Old Testament. One reason for supporting it was that it was included with the Septuagint (a Greek translation), which he considered to be inspired; but Jerome, a Hebrew scholar, made the official Latin Vulgate version of the Old Testament without the added apocryphal books. Those churches that have accepted the Apocrypha have done so long after it was written (fourth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries). The fathers who cited these writings are offset by others who vehemently opposed them, such as Athanasius and Jerome. In fact, these books were never officially added to the Bible until A.D. 1546 at the Council of Trent. But this is suspect in that they accepted these books on the basis of Christian usage (the wrong reason) just twenty-nine years after Martin Luther had called for some biblical support for beliefs like salvation by works and prayer for the dead (which the Apocrypha provides: 2 Maccabees 12:45-46; Tobit 12:9). As for the Qumram finds, hundreds of books have been found there that are not canonical; this offers no evidence that they accepted the apocryphal books as anything other than popular literature. Finally, no apocryphal book claims to be inspired. Indeed, some specifically deny that they are inspired (1 Maccabees 9:27). If God did not inspire it, then it is not His Word. What About the Gnostic Gospels? The Gnostic gospels and the writings related to them are part of the New Testament pseudepigrapha, which means “false writing.” They are so called because the author has used the name of some apostle rather than his own name, for example, the Gospel of Peter and the Acts of John. These were not written by the apostles, but by men in the second century (and later) pretending to use apostolic authority to advance their own teachings. Today we call this fraud and forgery. For the people who advance these writings as legitimate Christian tradition, this poses no problem, because they think that much of the New Testament was written in the same way. The books teach the doctrines of the two earliest heresies, both of which denied the reality of the Incarnation. They said that Jesus was really only a spirit that looked like a man; so His resurrection was just a return to spiritual form. They claim to provide information about Jesus’ childhood, but the stories they record are highly unlikely and are not from eyewitnesses. No one ever accepted these as Scripture in any sense except the heretical factions which created them. They are not a legitimate part of the Christian tradition, but a record of the myths and heresies which arose outside of the mainstream of Christianity. How Reliable Are Our Modern Bibles? Nowhere in the Bible is there a promise of purity of the text of Scripture throughout history, but there is a great deal of evidence that suggests that the Bibles we read are extremely close to the original, inspired manuscripts that the prophets and apostles wrote. This evidence is seen in the accuracy of the copies that we have. Such reliability helps support our claim that the Bible is valuable as a historical account as well as a revelation from God. Since each testament has its own tradition, we must deal with them separately. Old Testament Manuscripts If we want to know about the Old Testament, we must look to its keeper, the Jewish religion. What we find is, at first, not encouraging. Keeping a manuscript written on animal skins in good shape for 3,000-4,000 years is not easy, and the Jews did not even try. Rather, out of respect for the sacred writings, they had a tradition that all flawed and warn-out copies were to be ceremoniously buried. Also, the scribes who standardized the Hebrew text (uniting all of its oral traditions and adding vowels, which written Hebrew does no t have) in the fifth century, probably destroyed all copies which didn’t agree with theirs. So we only have a few manuscripts that date from the tenth century of the Christian era, and only one of these is complete. That’s the bad news. Here’s the good news. The accuracy of the copies we have is supported by other evidence. First, all of the manuscripts, no matter who prepared them or where they were found, agree to a great extent. Such agreement from texts that come from Palestine, Syria, and Egypt suggests that they have a strong original tradition from way back in history. Second, they agree with another ancient source of the Old Testament, the Septuagint (Greek translation), which dates from the second and third century. Finally, the Dead Sea Scrolls provide a basis of comparison from 1,000 years before our manuscripts were written. That comparison shows an astonishing reliability in transmission of the text. One scholar observed that the two copies of Isaiah found in the Qumram caves, “proved to be word for word identical with our standard Hebrew Bible in more than 95 percent of the text. The 5 percent of variation consisted chiefly of obvious slips of the pen and variations in spelling.” The main reason for all of this consistency is that the scribes who made the copies had a profound reverence for the text. Jewish traditions laid out every aspect of copying texts as if it were law, from the kind of materials to be used to how many columns and lines were to be on a page. Nothing was to be written from memory. There was even a religious ceremony to perform each time the name of God was written. Any copy with just one mistake in it was destroyed. This guarantees us that there has been no substantial change in the text of the Old Testament in the last 2,000 years and evidence that there was probably very little change before that. New Testament Manuscripts For the New Testament, the evidence is overwhelming. There are 5,366 manuscripts to compare and draw information from, and some of these date from the second or third centuries. To put that in perspective, there are only 643 copies of Homer’s Iliad, and that is the most famous book of ancient Greece! No one doubts the text of Julius Caesar’s Gallic Wars, but we have only 10 copies of it and the earliest of those was made 1,000 years after it was written. To have such an abundance of copies for the New Testament from dates within 70 years of their writing is amazing. With all those manuscripts, there are a lot of little differences. It is easy for someone to leave the wrong impression by saying that there are 200,000 “errors” that have crept into the Bible when the word should be “variants.” A variant is counted any time one copy is different from any other copy and it is counted again in every copy where it appears. So when a single word is spelled differently in 3,000 copies, that is counted as 3,000 variants. In fact, there are only 10,000 places where variants occur and most of those are matters of spelling and word order. There are less than 40 places in the New Testament where we are really not certain which reading is original, but not one of these has any effect on a central doctrine of the faith. Note: the problem is not that we don’t know what the text is, but that we are not certain which text has the right reading. We have 100 percent of the New Testament and we are sure about 99.5 percent of it. But even if we did not have such good manuscript evidence, we could actually reconstruct almost the entire New Testament from quotations in the church fathers of the second and third centuries. Only eleven verses are missing, mostly from 2 and 3 John. Even if all the copies of the New Testament had been burned at the end of the third century, we could have known virtually all of it by studying these writings. Some people have balked that inerrancy is an unprovable doctrine because it refers only to the original inspired writings, which we don’t have and not to the copies that we do have. But if we can be this certain of the text of the New Testament and have an Old Testament text that has not changed in 2,000 years, then we don’t need the originals to know what they said. The text of our modern Bibles is so close to the original that we can have every confidence that what it teaches is truth. This chapter has shown that the Bible is the Word of God. This teaching stands on no lesser authority than Jesus Christ Himself, who confirmed the inspiration of the Old Testament and promised the New Testament. The testimony of Jesus and the apostles is that the Bible is inerrant in what it teaches about all matters, down to the tenses of verbs and the very last letters of words. Also we have a great deal of evidence to show that the Bibles we have in our hands represent the original manuscripts with a very high degree of accuracy, like no other book from the ancient world. The Bible in your hand is God speaking to you. - Gleason Archer, Jr., A Survey of Old Testament Introduction (Chicago: Moody, 1964), p. 19. See also N.L. Geisler and W.E. Nix, General Introduction to the Bible (Chicago: Moody, 1968), pp. 249=266).

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Receive KAIST news by email! Type your e-mail address here. by recently order by view order KAIST Develops Fiber-Like Light-Emitting Diodes for Wearable Displays Professor Kyung-Cheol Choi and his research team from the School of Electrical Engineering at KAIST have developed fiber-like light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which can be applied in wearable displays. The research findings were published online in the July 14th issue of Advanced Electronic Materials. Traditional wearable displays were manufactured on a hard substrate, which was later attached to the surface of clothes. This technique had limited applications for wearable displays because they were inflexible and ignored the characteristics of fabric. To solve this problem, the research team discarded the notion of creating light-emitting diode displays on a plane. Instead, they focused on fibers, a component of fabrics, and developed a fiber-like LED that shared the characteristics of both fabrics and displays. The essence of this technology, the dip-coating process, is to immerse and extract a three dimensional (3-D) rod (a polyethylene terephthalate fiber) from a solution, which functions like thread. Then, the regular levels of organic materials are formed as layers on the thread. The dip-coating process allows the layers of organic materials to be easily created on the fibers with a 3-D cylindrical structure, which had been difficult in existing processes such as heat-coating process. By controlling of the withdrawal rate of the fiber, the coating's thickness can also be adjusted to the hundreds of thousandths of a nanometer. The researchers said that this technology would accelerate the commercialization of fiber-based wearable displays because it offers low-cost mass production using roll-to-roll processing, a technology applied to create electronic devices on a roll of flexible plastics or metal foils. Professor Choi said, “Our research will become a core technology in developing light emitting diodes on fibers, which are fundamental elements of fabrics. We hope we can lower the barrier of wearable displays entering the market.” The lead author of the published paper, Seon-Il Kwon, added, “This technology will eventually allow the production of wearable displays to be as easy as making clothes.” Picture 1: The Next Generation Wearable Display Using Fiber-Based Light-Emitting Diodes Picture 2: Dip-Coating Process to Create Fiber-Based Light-Emitting Diodes Picture 3: Fiber-Based Light-Emitting Diodes KAIST Researchers Develops Hyper-Stretchable Elastic-Composite Energy Harvester A research team led by Professor Keon Jae Lee (http://fand.kaist.ac.kr) of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at KAIST has developed a hyper-stretchable elastic-composite energy harvesting device called a nanogenerator. Flexible electronics have come into the market and are enabling new technologies like flexible displays in mobile phone, wearable electronics, and the Internet of Things (IoTs). However, is the degree of flexibility enough for most applications? For many flexible devices, elasticity is a very important issue. For example, wearable/biomedical devices and electronic skins (e-skins) should stretch to conform to arbitrarily curved surfaces and moving body parts such as joints, diaphragms, and tendons. They must be able to withstand the repeated and prolonged mechanical stresses of stretching. In particular, the development of elastic energy devices is regarded as critical to establish power supplies in stretchable applications. Although several researchers have explored diverse stretchable electronics, due to the absence of the appropriate device structures and correspondingly electrodes, researchers have not developed ultra-stretchable and fully-reversible energy conversion devices properly. Recently, researchers from KAIST and Seoul National University (SNU) have collaborated and demonstrated a facile methodology to obtain a high-performance and hyper-stretchable elastic-composite generator (SEG) using very long silver nanowire-based stretchable electrodes. Their stretchable piezoelectric generator can harvest mechanical energy to produce high power output (~4 V) with large elasticity (~250%) and excellent durability (over 104 cycles). These noteworthy results were achieved by the non-destructive stress- relaxation ability of the unique electrodes as well as the good piezoelectricity of the device components. The new SEG can be applied to a wide-variety of wearable energy-harvesters to transduce biomechanical-stretching energy from the body (or machines) to electrical energy. Professor Lee said, “This exciting approach introduces an ultra-stretchable piezoelectric generator. It can open avenues for power supplies in universal wearable and biomedical applications as well as self-powered ultra-stretchable electronics.” This result was published online in the March issue of Advanced Materials, which is entitled “A Hyper-Stretchable Elastic-Composite Energy Harvester.” YouTube Link: “A hyper-stretchable energy harvester” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBByFvPVRiU&feature=youtu.be Figure: Top row: Schematics of hyper-stretchable elastic-composite generator enabled by very long silver nanowire-based stretchable electrodes. Bottom row: The SEG energy harvester stretched by human hands over 200% strain. Light Driven Drug-Enzyme Reaction Catalytic Platform Developed Low Cost Dye Used, Hope for Future Development of High Value Medicinal Products to Treat Cardiovascular Disease and Gastric Ulcers A KAIST research team from the Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, led respectively by Professors Chan Beum Park and Ki Jun Jeong, has developed a new reaction platform to induce drug-enzyme reaction using light. The research results were published in the journal Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, as the back cover on 12 January 2015. Applications of this technology may enable production of high value products such as medicine for cardiovascular disease and gastric ulcers, for example Omeprazole, using an inexpensive dye. Cytochrome P450 is an enzyme involved in oxidative response which has an important role in drug and hormone metabolism in organisms. It is known to be responsible for metabolism of 75% of drugs in humans and is considered a fundamental factor in new drug development. To activate cytochrome P450, the enzyme must receive an electron by reducing the enzyme. In addition, NADPH (a coenzyme) needs to be present. However, since NADPH is expensive, the use of cytochrome P450 was limited to the laboratory and has not yet been commercialized. The research team used photosensitizer eosin Y instead of NADPH to develop “Whole Cell Photo-Biocatalysis” in bacteria E. coli. By exposing inexpensive eosin Y to light, cytochrome P450 reaction was catalyzed to produce the expensive metabolic material. Professor Park said, “This research enabled industrial application of cytochrome P450 enzyme, which was previous limited.” He continued, “This technology will help greatly in producing high value medical products using cytochrome P450 enzyme.” The research was funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea and KAIST's High Risk High Return Project (HRHRP). Figure 1: Mimetic Diagram of Electron Transfer from Light to Cytochrome P450 Enzyme via Eosin Y, EY Figure 2: The back cover of Angewandte Chemie published on 12 January 2015, showing the research results KAIST Develops a Method to Transfer Graphene by Stamping Professor Sung-Yool Choi’s research team from KAIST's Department of Electrical Engineering has developed a technique that can produce a single-layer graphene from a metal etching. Through this, transferring a graphene layer onto a circuit board can be done as easily as stamping a seal on paper. The research findings were published in the January 14th issue of Small as the lead article. This technology will allow different types of wafer transfer methods such as transfer onto a surface of a device or a curved surface, and large surface transfer onto a 4 inch wafer. It will be applied in the field of wearable smart gadgets through commercialization of graphene electronic devices. The traditional method used to transfer graphene onto a circuit board is a wet transfer. However, it has some drawbacks as the graphene layer can be damaged or contaminated during the transfer process from residue from the metal etching. This may affect the electrical properties of the transferred graphene. After a graphene growth substrate formed on a catalytic metal substrate is pretreated in an aqueous poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) solution, a PVA film forms on the pretreated substrate. The substrate and the graphene layers bond strongly. The graphene is lifted from the growth substrate by means of an elastomeric stamp. The delaminated graphene layer is isolated state from the elastomeric stamp and thus can be freely transferred onto a circuit board. As the catalytic metal substrate can be reused and does not contain harmful chemical substances, such transfer method is very eco-friendly. Professor Choi said, “As the new graphene transfer method has a wide range of applications and allows a large surface transfer, it will contribute to the commercialization of graphene electronic devices.” He added that “because this technique has a high degree of freedom in transfer process, it has a variety of usages for graphene and 2 dimensional nano-devices.” This research was sponsored by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, the Republic of Korea. Figure 1. Cover photo of the journal Small which illustrates the research findings Figure 2. Above view of Graphene layer transferred through the new method Figure 3. Large surface transfer of Graphene Breakthrough in Flexible Electronics Enabled by Inorganic-based Laser Lift-off Flexible electronics have been touted as the next generation in electronics in various areas, ranging from consumer electronics to bio-integrated medical devices. In spite of their merits, insufficient performance of organic materials arising from inherent material properties and processing limitations in scalability have posed big challenges to developing all-in-one flexible electronics systems in which display, processor, memory, and energy devices are integrated. The high temperature processes, essential for high performance electronic devices, have severely restricted the development of flexible electronics because of the fundamental thermal instabilities of polymer materials. A research team headed by Professor Keon Jae Lee of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at KAIST provides an easier methodology to realize high performance flexible electronics by using the Inorganic-based Laser Lift-off (ILLO). The ILLO process involves depositing a laser-reactive exfoliation layer on rigid substrates, and then fabricating ultrathin inorganic electronic devices, e.g., high density crossbar memristive memory on top of the exfoliation layer. By laser irradiation through the back of the substrate, only the ultrathin inorganic device layers are exfoliated from the substrate as a result of the reaction between laser and exfoliation layer, and then subsequently transferred onto any kind of receiver substrate such as plastic, paper, and even fabric. This ILLO process can enable not only nanoscale processes for high density flexible devices but also the high temperature process that was previously difficult to achieve on plastic substrates. The transferred device successfully demonstrates fully-functional random access memory operation on flexible substrates even under severe bending. Professor Lee said, “By selecting an optimized set of inorganic exfoliation layer and substrate, a nanoscale process at a high temperature of over 1000 °C can be utilized for high performance flexible electronics. The ILLO process can be applied to diverse flexible electronics, such as driving circuits for displays and inorganic-based energy devices such as battery, solar cell, and self-powered devices that require high temperature processes.” The team’s results were published in the November issue of Wiley’s journal, ‘ Advanced Materials, ’ as a cover article entitled “ Flexible Crossbar-Structured Resistive Memory Arrays on Plastic Substrates via Inorganic-Based Laser Lift-Off.” ( http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201402472/abstract ) This schematic picture shows the flexible crossbar memory developed via the ILLO process. This photo shows the flexible RRAM device on a plastic substrate. 마지막 페이지 4 KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea Copyright(C) 2020, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, All Rights Reserved.

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God’s name is Jehovah and is understood to mean “He Causes to Become.” Jehovah is the almighty God, and he created everything. He has the power to do anything he decides to do. In Hebrew, God’s name was written with four letters. In English, these are represented by YHWH or JHVH. God’s name appears in the original Hebrew text of the Bible nearly 7,000 times. People all over the world use different forms of the name Jehovah, pronouncing it in the way that is common in their language. 2 THE BIBLE IS “INSPIRED OF GOD” The Author of the Bible is God, but he used men to write it. This is similar to a businessman telling his secretary to write a letter that contains his ideas. God used his holy spirit to guide the Bible writers to record his thoughts. God’s spirit guided them in various ways, sometimes causing them to see visions or have dreams that they would then write down. These are teachings in the Bible that explain a basic truth. For example, the principle “bad associations spoil useful habits” teaches us that we are affected for good or for bad by the people with whom we associate. (1 Corinthians 15:33) And the principle “whatever a person is sowing, this he will also reap” teaches us that we cannot escape the results of our actions.—Galatians 6:7. 5 PROPHECIES ABOUT THE MESSIAH 6 JEHOVAH’S PURPOSE FOR THE EARTH Jehovah created the earth to be a paradise home for humans who love him. His purpose has not changed. Soon, God will remove wickedness and give his people everlasting life. 7 SATAN THE DEVIL Satan is the angel who started the rebellion against God. He is called Satan, which means “Resister,” because he fights against Jehovah. He is also called Devil, which means “Slanderer.” This name was given to him because he tells lies about God and deceives people. Jehovah created the angels long before he created the earth. They were created to live in heaven. There are more than a hundred million angels. (Daniel 7:10) They have names and different personalities, and loyal angels humbly refuse to be worshipped by humans. They have different ranks and are assigned a variety of work. Some of this work includes serving before Jehovah’s throne, delivering his messages, protecting and guiding his servants on earth, carrying out his judgments, and supporting the preaching work. (Psalm 34:7; Revelation 14:6; 22:8, 9) In the future, they will fight alongside Jesus in the war of Armageddon.—Revelation 16:14, 16; 19:14, 15. Anything that we feel, think, or do that is against Jehovah or his will is sin. Because sin damages our relationship with God, he has given us laws and principles that help us to avoid intentional sin. In the beginning, Jehovah created everything perfect, but when Adam and Eve chose to disobey Jehovah, they sinned and were no longer perfect. They grew old and died, and because we inherited sin from Adam, we too grow old and die. 11 GOD’S KINGDOM 12 JESUS CHRIST God created Jesus before everything else. Jehovah sent Jesus to earth to die for all humans. After Jesus was killed, Jehovah resurrected him. Jesus is now ruling in heaven as King of God’s Kingdom. 13 THE PROPHECY OF THE 70 WEEKS The Bible prophesied, or foretold, when the Messiah would appear. This would be at the end of a period of time called the 69 weeks, which began in the year 455 B.C.E. and ended in the year 29 C.E. How do we know that it ended in 29 C.E.? The 69 weeks began in the year 455 B.C.E. when Nehemiah arrived in Jerusalem and began to rebuild the city. (Daniel 9:25; Nehemiah 2:1, 5-8) Just as the word “dozen” makes us think of the number 12, so the word “week” reminds us of the number 7. The weeks in this prophecy are not weeks of seven days but are weeks of seven years, in line with the prophetic rule of “a day for a year.” (Numbers 14:34; Ezekiel 4:6) This means that each week is seven years long and that the 69 weeks add up to 483 years (69 x 7). If we count 483 years from 455 B.C.E., it takes us to the year 29 C.E. This is exactly the year when Jesus was baptized and became the Messiah!—Luke 3:1, 2, 21, 22. 14 THE FALSE TEACHING OF THE TRINITY The Bible teaches that Jehovah God is the Creator and that he created Jesus before all other things. (Colossians 1:15, 16) Jesus is not Almighty God. He never claimed that he was equal to God. In fact, he said: “The Father is greater than I am.” (John 14:28; 1 Corinthians 15:28) But some religions teach the Trinity, that God is three persons in one: the Father, the Son, and the holy spirit. The word “Trinity” is not in the Bible. This is a false teaching. The holy spirit is God’s active force, his invisible power in action that he uses to do his will. It is not a person. For example, early Christians “became filled with holy spirit,” and Jehovah said: “I will pour out some of my spirit on every sort of flesh.”—Acts 2:1-4, 17. 15 THE CROSS When true Christians worship God, they do not use the cross. Why not? The cross has been used in false religion for a long time. In ancient times it was used in nature worship and in pagan sex rites. During the first 300 years after Jesus’ death, Christians did not use the cross in their worship. Much later, Roman Emperor Constantine made the cross a symbol of Christianity. The symbol was used to try to make Christianity more popular. But the cross had nothing to do with Jesus Christ. The New Catholic Encyclopedia explains: “The cross is found in both pre-Christian and non-Christian cultures.” Jesus did not die on a cross. The Greek words translated “cross” basically mean “an upright stake,” “a timber,” or “a tree.” The Companion Bible explains: “There is nothing in the Greek of the [New Testament] even to imply two pieces of timber.” Jesus died on an upright stake. 16 THE MEMORIAL Jesus commanded his disciples to observe the Memorial of his death. They do this each year on Nisan 14, the same date that the Israelites celebrated the Passover. Bread and wine, which represent Jesus’ body and blood, are passed around to everyone at the Memorial. Those who will rule with Jesus in heaven eat the bread and drink the wine. Those who have the hope of living forever on earth respectfully attend the Memorial but do not eat the bread or drink the wine. In the English edition of the New World Translation, the word “soul” is used to describe (1) a person, (2) an animal, or (3) the life of a person or an animal. Here are some examples: A person. “In Noah’s day . . . a few people, that is, eight souls, were carried safely through the water.” (1 Peter 3:20) Here the word “souls” refers to people—Noah and his wife, their three sons, and the sons’ wives. An animal. “God said: ‘Let the waters swarm with living creatures [“souls,” footnote], and let flying creatures fly above the earth across the expanse of the heavens.’ Then God said: ‘Let the earth bring forth living creatures [“souls,” footnote] according to their kinds, domestic animals and creeping animals and wild animals of the Genesis 1:20, 24.earth according to their kinds.’ And it was so.”— The life of a person or an animal. Jehovah told Moses: “All the men who were seeking to kill you [“seeking your soul,” footnote] are dead.” (Exodus 4:19) When Jesus was on earth, he said: “I am the fine shepherd; the fine shepherd surrenders his life [“soul,” footnote] in behalf of the sheep.”—John 10:11. In addition, when a person does something with his “whole soul,” this means that he does it willingly and to the best of his ability. (Matthew 22:37; Deuteronomy 6:5) The word “soul” can also be used to describe the desire or appetite of a living creature. A dead person or a dead body can be referred to as a dead soul.—Numbers 6:6; Proverbs 23:2; Isaiah 56:11; Haggai 2:13. The Hebrew and Greek words translated “spirit” in the English edition of the New World Translation can mean different things. Yet they always refer to something invisible to humans, such as the wind or the breath of humans and animals. These words may also refer to spirit persons and to the holy spirit, which is God’s active force. The Bible does not teach that a separate part of a person keeps on living after he dies.—Exodus 35:21; Psalm 104:29; Matthew 12:43; Luke 11:13. Gehenna is the name of a valley near Jerusalem where garbage was burned and destroyed. There is no evidence that in Jesus’ time animals or humans were tortured or burned alive in this valley. So Gehenna does not complete destruction.—Matthew 5:22; 10:28.symbolize an invisible place where people who have died are tortured and burned forever. When Jesus spoke of those who are thrown into Gehenna, he was talking about 20 THE LORD’S PRAYER This is the prayer Jesus gave when teaching his disciples how to pray. It is also called the Our Father prayer or the model prayer. For example, Jesus taught us to pray this way: “Let your name be sanctified” We pray for Jehovah to clear his name, or reputation, of all lies. This is so that everyone in heaven and on earth will honor and respect God’s name. “Let your Kingdom come” We pray for God’s government to destroy Satan’s wicked world, to rule over the earth, and to make the earth into a paradise. “Let your will take place . . . on earth” We pray for God’s purpose for the earth to be fulfilled so that obedient, perfect humans can live forever in Paradise, just as Jehovah wanted when humans were created. 21 THE RANSOM Jehovah provided the ransom to save humans from sin and death. The ransom was the price needed to buy back the perfect human life that the first man, Adam, lost and to repair man’s damaged relationship with Jehovah. God sent Jesus to earth so that he could die for all sinners. Because of Jesus’ death, all humans have the opportunity to live forever and become perfect. 22 WHY IS THE YEAR 1914 SO IMPORTANT? The prophecy: Jehovah gave King Nebuchadnezzar a prophetic dream about a large tree that was chopped down. In the dream, a band of iron and copper was put around the tree’s stump to stop it from growing for a period of “seven times.” After that, the tree would grow again.—Daniel 4:1, 10-16. What the prophecy means for us: The tree represents God’s rulership. For many years, Jehovah used kings in Jerusalem to rule over the nation of Israel. (1 Chronicles 29:23) But those kings became unfaithful, and their rulership ended. Jerusalem was destroyed in the year 607 B.C.E. That was the start of the “seven times.” (2 Kings 25:1, 8-10; Ezekiel 21:25-27) When Jesus said, “Jerusalem will be trampled on by the nations until the appointed times of the nations are fulfilled,” he was talking about the “seven times.” (Luke 21:24) So the “seven times” did not end when Jesus was on earth. Jehovah promised to appoint a King at the end of the “seven times.” The rulership of this new King, Jesus, would bring great blessings for God’s people all over the earth, forever.—Luke 1:30-33. The length of the “seven times”: The “seven times” lasted for 2,520 years. If we count 2,520 years from the year 607 B.C.E., we end up at the year 1914. That was when Jehovah made Jesus, the Messiah, King of God’s Kingdom in heaven. 23 MICHAEL THE ARCHANGEL Michael is the Leader of God’s army of faithful angels. Revelation 12:7 says: “Michael and his angels battled with the dragon . . . and its angels.” The book of Revelation says that the Leader of God’s army is Jesus, so Michael is another name for Jesus.—Revelation 19:14-16. 24 THE LAST DAYS This expression refers to the time period when major events would happen on earth just before God’s Kingdom destroys Satan’s world. Similar expressions, such as “the conclusion of the system of things” and “the presence of the Son of man,” are used in Bible prophecy to refer to the same time period. (Matthew 24:3, 27, 37) “The last days” started when God’s Kingdom began ruling in heaven in 1914 and will end when Satan’s world is destroyed at Armageddon.—2 Timothy 3:1; 2 Peter 3:3. When God brings a person who has died back to life, it is called a resurrection. Nine resurrections are mentioned in the Bible. Elijah, Elisha, Jesus, Peter, and Paul all performed resurrections. These miracles were possible only because of God’s power. Jehovah promises to resurrect “both the righteous and the unrighteous” to life on earth. (Acts 24:15) The Bible also mentions a resurrection to heaven. This takes place when those who are chosen, or anointed, by God are resurrected to live in heaven with Jesus.—John 5:28, 29; 11:25; Philippians 3:11; Revelation 20:5, 6. 26 DEMONISM (SPIRITISM) Demonism or spiritism is the bad practice of trying to communicate with spirits, either directly or through someone else, such as a witch doctor, a medium, or a psychic. People who practice spiritism do this because they believe the false teaching that spirits of humans survive death and become powerful ghosts. The demons also try to influence humans to disobey God. Astrology, divination, magic, witchcraft, superstitions, the occult, and the supernatural are also part of demonism. Many books, magazines, horoscopes, movies, posters, and even songs make the demons, magic, and the supernatural seem harmless or exciting. Many funeral customs, such as sacrifices for the dead, funeral celebrations, funeral anniversaries, widowhood rites, and some wake rituals, also include contact with the demons. People often use drugs when trying to use the power of the demons.—Galatians 5:20; Revelation 21:8. 27 JEHOVAH’S SOVEREIGNTY Jehovah is Almighty God, and he created the whole universe. (Revelation 15:3) That is why he is the Owner of all things and has sovereignty, or complete authority, to rule over his creation. (Psalm 24:1; Isaiah 40:21-23; Revelation 4:11) He has made laws for everything that he has created. Jehovah also has the authority to appoint others to be rulers. We support God’s sovereignty when we love him and obey him.—1 Chronicles 29:11. An abortion is done intentionally to cause the death of an unborn child. It is not an accident or the result of a natural reaction of the human body. From the time of conception, a child is not just another part of the mother’s body. The child is a separate person. 29 BLOOD TRANSFUSION This is the medical procedure in which whole blood or one of its four main components is transferred into a person’s body from another person or from blood that has been stored. The four main components of blood are plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. In the Bible, the word for “discipline” is not just another word for punishment. When we are disciplined, we are instructed, educated, and corrected. Jehovah is never abusive or cruel to those he disciplines. (Proverbs 4:1, 2) Jehovah sets a beautiful example for parents. The discipline he gives is so effective that a person can actually come to love discipline. (Proverbs 12:1) Jehovah loves his people, and he trains them. He gives them instruction that corrects wrong ideas and that helps them to learn to think and act in a way that pleases him. For parents, discipline includes helping their children to understand the reasons why they should be obedient. It also means teaching them to love Jehovah, as well as to love his Word, the Bible, and to understand its principles. They are invisible, wicked spirit creatures with superhuman powers. The demons are wicked angels. They became wicked when they made themselves enemies of God by disobeying him. (Genesis 6:2; Jude 6) They joined Satan’s rebellion against Jehovah.—Deuteronomy 32:17; Luke 8:30; Acts 16:16; James 2:19.

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450+ experts on 30 subjects ready to help you just now Starting from 3 hours delivery Remember! This is just a sample. You can get your custom paper by one of our expert writers.Get custom essay 121 writers online There is a reason people are afraid of the dark. For anyone who has ever seen a single horror movie, it is clear that when the lights go off the bad guys and monsters come out, and all one has to do to make them go back into hiding is turn the lights back on. In George Eliot’s novel Silas Marner, Silas’s life is reflected by this same idea. His life is put in the dark when he is accused of theft and leaves his hometown Lantern Yard only to be excluded and even more alone in his new home, Raveloe, turning him to the companionship of money rather than people. However, his inner demons go away when he adopts an orphan, Eppie, bringing his life back into light and community. The movement from darkness to light characterizes the initial exclusion and eventual rebirth in Silas Marner’s life. When Silas’s life takes a turn for the negative, there are many symbols that represent his life as one in darkness. His life is initially characterized by darkness from living in Lantern Yard. Silas, a native to Lantern Yard and a devout Christian, is watching over his town’s dying deacon at night when he has a cataleptic fit, preventing him from moving, seeing what is happening, or knowing any time has passed, when his ex-best friend William Dane comes into the house, steals the church money from the deacon’s bedside and plants Silas’s pocketknife in return as to frame Silas for the theft. This represents the first of many evils in Silas’s life, all of which occur in the night or darkness. Silas is kicked out of the church and his fiance calls off their marriage, prompting him to leave Lantern Yard for another town, Raveloe, in which his life consists of seemingly endless solitude, driving him to greedily seek company in his gold earnings from weaving. The town name of Lantern Yard is ironic yet significant because although it sounds like a place of light, it actually brings Silas nothing but darkness as he loses everything and everyone he has ever known, saying that, “The little light [Silas] possessed spread its beams so narrowly that frustrated belief was a curtain broad enough to create for him the blackness of night” (Eliot 14). Silas felt close to God right up until the moment when the casting of the lots deemed him guilty, and Lantern Yard symbolizes the dying light of Silas’s faith, which instead turns into a dark soul when he moves to Raveloe, a place that rejects newcomers. In his new town, Silas feels that “there was nothing that called out his love and fellowship toward the strangers he has come amongst; and the future was all dark, for there was no Unseen Love that cared for him” (Eliot 14). This is how Silas’s life in Raveloe continues for 15 years—no kinship or religion to bring light and joy into Silas’s life, but only darkness and hopelessness. In the midst of this, another evil arises out of the darkness—greed. Silas spends his days thoughtless at his loom, but “at night came his revelry: at night he closed his shutters, and made fast his doors, and drew out his gold” (Eliot 19). Silas begins to worship and obsess over his gold, dragging his mind into and endless loop of greed at his love for money and anxiety at the thought of losing it. However, one dark and stormy night he neglects to lock his door while leaving for an errand, and Dunsey Cass slips into his cottage without obstacle and steals his money. Soon afterwards, Silas discovers the absence of his idol, and, “The sight of the empty hole made his heart leap violently, but the belief that his gold was gone could not come at once—only terror, and the eager effort to put an end to the terror” (Eliot 40). Once again, Silas’s life is plunged into darkness as the only thing he has to cling onto is wrenched from his grasp. All of the torments in Silas’s life source from the darkness in which thieves can go unnoticed and there are no responsibilities to distract from lust and sin. However, it is these dim events and Silas’s despaired reaction to them that bring him the most light. Silas’s life changes for the best as new light comes to him through companionship. He first finds companionship in his neighbors in Raveloe though their pity for him because of the robbery. They are more able to relate to him now that he is just as poor as the rest of them, and they comfort him in the Rainbow when he tells the story of the theft of his gold. Trying their best to find the culprit of the crime and bringing Silas meals to make up for the ones he can no longer afford, they welcome Silas into the folds of their community, and although he still feels like an outsider to some, Dolly Winthrop is kind to him and becomes his best friend, and even the vain parish clerk Mr. Macey defends him to the other townsfolk. However, the real light enters Silas’s life through Eppie, his adopted daughter. Molly Farren is trudging towards the Red House in the snow when she overdoses on opium and dies with her child in her arms. Her child, seeing the light of the hearth in the open door of Silas’s cottage, stumbles in and falls asleep in front of the fire. Silas has another cataleptic fit as he opens the door because he hears the noise of Molly and Eppie walking, leaving the door wide open for Eppie to tumble in unnoticed, and when he recovers and sees her, his immediate thought is that her golden curls are actually his guineas returned. Although he is initially disappointed that she is not, she brings more light into his life than his gold ever had as he adopts her and they grow an unbelievably close bond. Her joyful presence excite the neighbors when Silas and Eppie come around, and any remaining thought of Silas as a creepy old miser disappears when they see the kind deed he has done by taking the child in and loving her as his own. Eppie leads Silas away from exclusion and despair just as “men are led away from threatening destruction; a hand is put into theirs, which leads them forth gently towards a calm and bright land, so that they look no more backward; and the hand may be a little child’s” (Eliot 134). This allusion to the story of Lot being led out of Sodom and Gomorrah by an angel shows the complete turnaround Eppie brings into Silas’s life—from loneliness to community, from darkness to light. Even though Silas’s questions about God and the casting of the lots in Lantern Yard will never be answered, Silas is content, saying, “Since the time the child was sent to me and I’ve come to love her as myself, I’ve had enough light to trusten by” (Eliot 181). Silas means by this that even though the casting of the lots caused him to lose his faith in God, he trusts in the Lord once again because He blessed him with Eppie, who brought new meaning and love into his life. Silas’s life, once in darkness representing isolation, is transformed into light and companionship. Although the darkness in Silas’s life initially brought him nothing but pain, he is eventually able to come to terms with darkness and not view it as something negative. When Silas is disappointed to find that Lantern Yard has been transformed into a factory town and he will never receive his answers about faith and the lots, Dolly consoles him that maybe the darkness is not all bad, saying, “It’s the will o’ Them above as many things should be dark to us; but there’s some things as I’ve never felt i’ the dark about, and they’re mostly what comes i’ the day’s work” (Eliot 180). Silas accepts that not all darkness is bad, but it is God’s will to keep some things in the dark while others in the light. The seemingly impossible coincidences of the timing of Dunsey entering Silas’s cottage the only time it was ever unlocked and vacant and the precise moments in which Silas fell into fits during which the church money was stolen and later Eppie walked into his cottage show that although God seemed to have abandoned Silas after the casting of the lots, He actually did not, but instead had to temporarily shed darkness on Silas’s life so that he could later be renewed with greater light than before. This reconciliation of light and darkness in Silas’s life finally allows him to have peace with his past and present life. We provide you with original essay samples, perfect formatting and styling To export a reference to this article please select a referencing style below: Where do you want us to send this sample? Be careful. 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7 actions for cities to seriously address climate change Cities are where more than half the world lives, and where all future population growth will occur. By many estimates, cities are already responsible for more than half of climate change. While Congress remains dysfunctional, cities are rapidly becoming the most interesting and innovative developers and adopters of programs to cut CO2 emissions. They increasingly are taking on the responsibility of achieving deep CO2 emission reductions that virtually all climate scientists tell us we must achieve. I participated in the recent VERGE day-long City Summit, and was impressed by how much effort and innovation around climate change reduction is occurring in cities. More than 1,000 U.S. mayors, who represent some 60 million Americans, have signed on to the U.S. Conference of Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement, committing to cut city-wide CO2 emissions below 1990 levels. Houston, Philadelphia and Los Angeles recently launched the Mayors' Nation Climate Action Agenda (PDF), a joint commitment to an inter-city cap-and-trade program to reduce CO2 emissions by 80 percent by 2050. For the most part, however, cities have not yet gotten serious about implementing substantial policies to cut CO2 emissions. Following are seven actions cities can and should take in order to reduce emissions by more than half while saving money. 1. Adopt cool roof, green roof and solar harvesting strategies Half of city surfaces are roads, parking lots, sidewalks or roofs. These generally absorb over 75 percent of the sun’s energy, converting it into heat that increases urban temperature and global warming, both of which increase smog formation and energy bills. The low reflectivity of these surfaces imposes huge unnecessary social and environmental costs. It is cost-effective today to double the reflectivity of most city roofs and paved areas. Through the work that Capital E is doing with Washington, D.C., the National Housing Trust, the American Institute of Architects and others, we have found that by adopting cool roofs, green roofs and solar PV on roofs, most cities dramatically can improve comfort and health while cutting energy costs. Cool and green roofs and solar PV should be evaluated on a full costs and benefits basis — including health — to inform policies. 2. Integrate smart-building platforms with existing systems City agencies commonly have different building energy management systems and a range of often incompatible energy using devices, controls and systems. Buildings — even LEED buildings — can be made to operate better if they are managed through a smart building platform that integrates with all existing systems, including building energy systems, controls and sensors, and uses near real-time data from these systems to optimize energy use and comfort. A strategy such as ESCO 2.0 features integrated, near real-time, smart energy data, and controls and optimization to actively manage a portfolio of buildings. A recent NRDC study (PDF) of three efficient commercial buildings, including a newly commissioned LEED building, that adopted a smart-building optimization platform called AtSite cut energy use by 8 to 17 percent with almost no new equipment investment. One advantage of an ESCO 2.0 strategy is that it allows a shift from expensive scheduled maintenance to maintenance triggered by near-real time equipment performance. Another benefit is improved comfort. This kind of open platform also allows virtually unlimited flexibility in adding in new equipment or applications. 3. Enter into long-term agreements to buy new renewable energy Today a lot of cities, among other building owners, buy short-term (typically two-year) Renewable Energy Credits. These are in essence transferrable, inexpensive accounting claims for the environmental benefits associated with renewable energy. But in reality RECs are almost entirely from projects that are already completed (often many years earlier), and the RECs have little or no impact on driving new renewable energy investments. To drive new renewable energy investments, cities should skip RECs and instead contract to buy renewable energy on terms long enough to actually allow new project financing. To do so, cities should enter into long-term purchase power agreements with renewable energy power developers to buy clean energy at fixed rates — typically below the rate they are currently paying. This long-term purchase commitment means revenue certainty for the project developer, enabling equity and debt financing for project construction. Smaller cities can band together to do larger, joint PPAs for renewable energy, in turn bringing down the cost of clean energy. These PPAs can be executed by almost any city today, would achieve real CO2 reductions and generally would cut the long-term cost of electricity. City government can invite in-city groups, such as schools and hospitals, to participate in city PPAs to enable even larger cost and environmental savings. 4. Insist that cities' energy efficiency investments be counted in cap-and-trade programs About half the U.S. population lives in states with cap-and trade programs (including California and members of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative) that place a dollar value on CO2 as a way to encourage investments that cut CO2 emissions. But while large industries, corporations and utilities can participate, cities are excluded from these programs. This makes no sense. A national initiative called CO2toEE seeks to allow energy efficiency investments by cities and other building owners to receive the value of the CO2 reductions that result from their energy efficiency investments. This initiative has broad and growing support from state and national real estate and energy organizations and NGO groups — and cities should join to push for this common-sense and important design change in carbon trading programs. The value of the CO2 received by cities would offset a significant part of the capital cost of deeper energy efficiency investments, increasing the funding for deep energy efficiency investments. By allowing city and building energy efficiency to participate, cap-and-trade markets also would become larger, deeper and more efficient, and would drive large additional investments into energy efficiency. This is essential if cities are to achieve deep reductions in their CO2 emissions. 5. Measure, count and reduce the CO2 embedded in cities' buildings and roads Most cities that count their CO2 emissions and invest in reducing CO2 still ignore the enormous volume of CO2 that results from constructing their buildings, roads and other infrastructure. Cement production is responsible for about 6 percent of the world’s CO2 emissions. A recent review of California’s 500 mile high-speed train found that it would take about a decade of CO2 emissions reductions from rail trips replacing car, truck and plane trips to offset the CO2 emissions from the production of cement required to build the train’s infrastructure. And it can take an energy-efficient building six or eight years of operations to equal the CO2 emissions from the cement used in construction. In fact, the most recent release of the national green building design standard, LEED v4, awards points for reduction of embedded CO2. What if, instead of generating CO2 emissions, cement sequestered CO2? What if cities measured their embedded CO2, and then used their infrastructure — roads, parking lots, sidewalks and their buildings — to sequester CO2? 6. Invest in new versions of ancient building products that can reduce or sequester CO2 in buildings Wood sequesters CO2, and the recent development of advanced structural wood products such as cross-laminated timber allow 10 or 20 story buildings to be built of wood. A much larger CO2 sequestration opportunity is low or negative carbon cement. Cement, first used by Mesopotamians and Romans, is also being reinvented. Cement produces almost a ton of CO2 per ton of cement (cement is made by burning limestone at over 2500 degrees.) Several companies produce low or negative carbon cement. The most interesting of these companies is Blue Planet, which sequesters flue gas from power plants in cement, sand and aggregate (cement is combined with sand and aggregate to make concrete). Blue Planet can sequester up to 1,500 pounds of CO2 per ton of cement. In its current work at the DOE National Carbon Sequestration Center and in other partnerships, Blue Planet is targeting an 80-percent CO2 reduction from fossil fuel plants, such as natural-gas fired power plants. The process also sequesters other damaging pollutants, such as PM2.5, heavy metals and NOx. 7. Incorporate best-estimate CO2 costs into design and investment decisions Even in places such as California that have active carbon markets, the market price for carbon is far below its real cost. Because climate change already imposes large costs, cities increasingly want to account for global-warming costs in their investment decisions. A dozen federal agencies, including the Treasury Department and the Environmental Protection Agency, developed a rigorous cost analysis called the social cost of carbon (PDF). First released in 2010 and updated in 2013, it found the real cost of CO2 to be in the $40/ton range, with additional identified costs not included. Based on a Congressional request, the report and its methodology were extensively reviewed by the General Accounting Office, which a few months ago issued a report that entirely confirmed the social cost of carbon analysis and findings. A good strategy — recently adopted by the Federal Green Building Advisory Committee which I chair — is to include the social cost of carbon in all construction and energy-related design decisions. In effect it is revenue neutral because it is used just to make better design decisions. While this will take years to implement in federal agencies, cities can and should move rapidly to adopt this rigorous and conservative cost of carbon in their own design and investment decisions. This would allow better, more cost-effective investment and design decisions that reflect the real cost of climate change. (British Columbia’s adoption of a substantial cost of carbon helped achieve deeper CO2 reductions, lower overall taxes and faster economic growth than other Canadian provinces that did not adopt a carbon price.) Enabled by organizations such as the Urban Sustainability Directors Network, C40 Cities and the Global Cool City Alliance, cities have become the most promising and important forum to drive deep CO2 reductions. Cities increasingly have the political will to get serious about climate change and to lead their countries to a very low-carbon future consistent with protecting the planet and future generations from the worst of climate change. The clock is ticking. This article is based on a presentation Nov. 10 at the National Academy of Sciences/Institute of Medicine. Disclosure: I work with several of the above companies and organizations as a board member/adviser/investor.

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Every day is busy at the Gachatha Farmers’ Cooperative Society coffee factory. This is a worker-owned facility located in Kenya’s central region, on the slopes of Africa’s second-highest mountain, Mount Kenya. By mid-morning, early-bird farmers are already trooping in carrying their bags of coffee berries. Before weighing, farmers pour the coffee on mats outside the weighing bay and select the berries. They then queue to get their coffee weighed and are given a slip with the day’s records. The coffee is poured to a funnel directing them to a pulper. Gachatha Farmers’ Cooperative Society has over 1,500 members who deliver coffee every day to the factory; in just one week, the factory receives as much as 100,000 kilos of coffee to process. Gachatha is one of more than 100 coffee cooperative societies that sell their coffee through Coffee Management Services, a Kenyan company that markets coffee in Kenya and Rwanda. Last year, the Gachatha Farmers’ Cooperative Society managed to sell a total of 370,000 kilos and hopes to improve this to 700,000 kilos. If you drink quality Kenyan coffee in Europe, or America, or Australia, chances are quite good you’ve tried coffees that have come through this system, even if you didn’t know it. Gachatha Farmers’ Cooperative Society is one of the best performing cooperative societies in the country, where there are more than 500 such cooperative societies dedicated to coffee cultivation. Kenya is home to around 700,000 small-scale farmers—that’s more farmers than the entire urban population of Nashville, and roughly twice as many coffee farmers as the entire national population of Iceland. These 700,000 farmers work across some 2,132 coffee estates, with many of them centered around the foothills of Mt. Kenya. While the coffee prices have improved for the farmers over the past few years, the effects of climate change have impacted the production and processing of coffee. The biggest place where this is felt might not be what you would expect: it’s in the water supply. Water in Kenya is becoming increasingly scarce, and food processing, like that of coffee, consumes relatively high volumes of water, according to studies. And water is integral to the production of coffee in Kenya, thanks to a term that you have perhaps heard before, one with deep roots presenting a complicated set of problems for the 700,000 people who make their living growing coffee here in Kenya, and the millions more who do it outside of Kenya’s borders. I’m referring to the “washed process.” In many countries where Arabica coffee is grown, water is used in flotation, pulping, and in the transport of coffee and its by-products. This study states that with wet processing, Arabica coffee is of a higher quality and fetches higher prices on the world market compared to coffee prepared via dry or “natural process” methods. Even today there are coffee buyers in Europe, the United States and beyond who refuse to purchase such “natural” processed coffees, regardless of environmental impact. While wet processing can lead to a high-quality product, it also requires large volumes of water. In Kenya, wet processing of coffee is the preferred method, and therefore being a producer of 40,000 tons per year, the country’s coffee sector uses huge amounts of water. Today in Kenya the single biggest expense for any factory in Kenya as it uses water in the process. Here at Gachatha, this issue is being confronted via the installation of eco-pulpers, which use less water and therefore reduce expenses and strain on water resources. The government is also planning to install eco-pulpers in all coffee factories in Kenya to reduce the amount used in pulping. This will help address some of the huge problems presented by water scarcity in Kenya, but it’s not a quick fix. “Our water levels are not what they used to be,” says Kamau Kuria, the Managing Director of Coffee Management Services. Kuria tells me that coffee production levels in Kenya have fluctuated in recent years due to the direct impact of climate change and water scarcity. “If we were to continue with the old technology whereby, we are using 20,000 liters to process a ton of coffee the people downstream will be lacking water. I believe using new technologies in coffee processing is the way to help farmers mitigate against climatic effects,” he tells Sprudge. Margaret Ngetha, a portfolio manager at Self-Help Africa agrees with Kuria that a shift towards a green economy and adoption of environmentally-friendly technologies is the way to go for smallholder farmers and companies. Self-Help Africa manages Agrifi Kenya Challenge Fund on behalf of the European Union and Slovak Aid. With financing from the Agrifi Kenya Challenge Fund, Coffee Management Services embarked on a project to improve efficiency in three coffee factories owned by farmer cooperative societies in the Mount Kenya region by installing modern and efficient pulping machines. “Through the fund, we want to ensure that farmers get access to knowledge, access to quality inputs, and other relevant agricultural services that will help them increase their productivity. On the company side, the fund is keen to ensure that we improve the processes, strengthen their markets, strengthen their systems, strengthen their governance. It is a holistic thing,” said Ngetha. Prior to the installation of the eco-pulper machines, Gachatha farmers spent a lot on water and labor due to the inefficiencies of older machines. Despite having a river running by the edge of its property, the factory is required to pay a fee to use the water in its factory. Kuria said that one needs to get a license and pay a fee to the local water resource management authority. He added that the purpose of the project was to introduce technological innovations to the farmers who have been stuck with the old technologies which uses a lot of water. “They use approximately 20 liters of water to a kilo of coffee. That is a lot,” he said. Peter Mathenge the Chairman of Gachatha Farmers’ Cooperative Society said that the pulping machine that they had was installed in 1963. “We were using a lot of water in pulping and much of the water was wasted,” he said. In addition to using a high amount of water, the older machine had a negative impact on quality. The machine nipped the coffee beans leading to damage on parchment, which calls for increased labor in selection after drying. All these increased expenses of the factory have a bearing on what the farmer earns after deductions. “Last year, for instance, we sold a total of 370,000 kilos of coffee and once we were paid, we retained 5% of the proceeds for the purposes of running the society,” he said. Now, Gachatha Farmers’ Cooperative Society has installed an eco-pulper from JM Estrada, a Colombian manufacturer of coffee processing machinery. Jose Estrada, the Managing Director of JM Estrada said that the machine is a five-ton per hour pulper. “Not only is it environmentally friendly but also the quality is better because we keep the fragmentation at a minimum. So, it is better quality with less amount of water,” said Estrada. With the installation of the modern eco-pulper which doesn’t nip the beans during pulping and which uses less water, Gachatha farmers will spend less and earn more. “The new machine is good as it recycles the water hence it uses less water, doesn’t nip the bean and produces good and clean coffee beans. This will translate to better prices for the farmers,” said Mathenge. The three factories will realize up to 20% less running costs, avoid pollution of the river and better grading of coffee with the new technology. “Our markets expect better quality coffee, not only on how the bean looks like but also how it tastes,” Kuria said. Apart from the installation of the modern pulping machines, Coffee Management Services is also training farmers in agronomic activities to help them increase productivity. “We do have agronomists who train farmers. We have demonstration farms whereby farmers are invited to be trained on what is needed in the coffee calendar. One of the places we make announcements is on Sundays during church where we send out announcements calling on farmers to show up for training. We do this because we know that we are dealing with a new generation of farmers who were not introduced to coffee farming in the 1960s and ’70s,” said Kuria. Self-Help Africa hopes that with the installation of eco-pulpers in the three coffee factories, there will be more investments directed at improving the coffee sector. Ngetha said that if this works and the societies demonstrate better quality, increased pricing, and less consumption of water, then other cooperatives will be interested to adopt the same technology. The government is also following suit in helping the entire coffee industry in Kenya move to eco-pulping. The ministry of agriculture announced in January 2021 that among its modernization activities for the coffee sector, it will be installing eco-pulping equipment. The government is able to do this thanks to a loan from the World Bank for the revitalization of the coffee sector. If more coffee factories install eco-pulpers, it will have an impact on the quality and quantity of the coffee produced in the country. This past year, Kenya produced 36,000 metric tons of coffee and Kuria sees a possibility of better productivity with technological innovations in the coffee value chain. “This has a bearing on Rainforest Alliance Certification for these farmers because when farmers take care of the environment and other social concerns, they get a reward for these contributions by selling their produce at a premium,” said Kuria. In this way, the entire story of modern coffee in Kenya is intertwined with conservation, adaptive technology, and the integration of green practices into the country’s coffee production chain. No single part works alone; the interconnection is integral, and the future of coffee in Kenya depends on it. Anthony Langat is a freelance journalist based in Kenya whose work has been seen in Al Jazeera, the Guardian, the US News & World Report. Read more Anthony Langat on Sprudge.

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The bewildering technological advances that we are witnessing today open the door to a more widespread use of digital currencies in the not-too-distant future. But what is the potential of these currencies and how far can they go? In this article, the last stop of our journey on the history of money, we will travel into the future to reflect on these topics and their possible implications. It is a futuristic and exciting field, given that today we have more questions than certainties. But this should not discourage us, as the great French writer Victor Hugo said: «The future has many names. For the weak it is the unattainable. For the fearful, the unknown. For the brave, it is opportunity». To begin with, it should be made clear that digital currencies already exist: the reserves held by retail banks in the central banks and the payments we make with credit cards are examples of digital money. Having said that, in this article we will go a little further, because we believe that the technological progress related to blockchain technology and the speed of electronic payment systems will allow digital money to play a much bigger role in the economy of the future. Once the technology has been improved, we will be able to begin to think about how to implement a digital currency with much more widespread use. The first question is surrounding who should implement it. There are two alternatives: private digital currencies (examples such as Bitcoin already exist) or a digital currency that has the guarantee of the central bank (which we will call CBDC, as an acronym of central bank digital currency). Private digital currencies may seem like an attractive option, but as we have seen in the article «What can we expect from cryptocurrencies?» in this same Dossier, they suffer from certain limitations which make it difficult for their use to become successfully widespread. In contrast, the institutional mechanisms which the central banks enjoy in the financial system can help their implementation to be more fruitful. Thanks to their reputation and credibility,1 central banks have the capacity to ensure that the CBDC becomes legal tender and to generate a climate of trust so that it is perceived as a reliable and safe asset. In addition, a central bank has many more resources, more information and technical capacities in order to implement an appropriate monetary policy at any given time and to preserve the digital currency’s stability as a unit of account, thus avoiding sudden fluctuations in its price. This contrasts with the pitfalls that a private digital currency would face; at the end of the day, it is difficult for a private entity that is responsible for implementing a digital currency to have the relevant tools to design a credible standard of monetary supply with socially desirable objectives, such as stability in the price and in economic activity. This leads us to an initial conclusion on this intrepid «journey into the future» we have embarked upon: a digital currency backed by the central bank will stand more chance of being successfully implemented and used than a private digital currency. For this reason, in the rest of this article we will focus on analysing how the CBDC could be implemented, before delving into its advantages and disadvantages. In all scenarios, we will assume that the CBDC coexists with cash. Broadly speaking, there are two natural ways to implement a CBDC, one of which is more limited (option 1) and the other of which is more disruptive (option 2). The first option would involve converting the euros we hold in our bank account into CBDC when making a payment or transfer, so that the transaction can be settled using the technology designed to implement the digital currency. Clearly, this first option would not affect individuals or companies when planning their domestic economies: simply, their euros would be converted into CBDC whenever they made a payment or transfer, and the underlying technology would allow the money to flow from sender to receiver without them noting any obvious change. It is worth emphasising that the creation of the CBDC would not introduce any substantial improvements in comparison to recent developments in payment systems. Two prime examples of these advances are the Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA), which sets a maximum period of one business day for the execution and settlement of euro-denominated transfers between 34 European countries, and the set of services which allow for instantaneous financial transactions to be carried out using mobile phones. Significant progress has been made in both cases, without the need for a digital currency backed by the central bank. One advantage of the CBDC in this scenario could be, perhaps, the increase in the speed of transfers between payment systems that are not interconnected, such as in the case of international transfers. This is an area in which Bitcoin and other digital currencies have already demonstrated certain advantages. The second option would go further than the mere creation of the CBDC for making payments. In option 2, the central bank would sponsor a digital currency without restrictions, which would become another asset available to individuals and households and, therefore, would compete with bank deposits and cash. This second avenue could be approached in different ways. The two most logical alternatives would be to allow individuals and companies to deposit a portion of their savings in the form of CBDC, either in digital wallets2 or directly in accounts held in the central bank. This scenario would represent a novelty in people’s daily lives: households and companies could choose to place part of their savings directly in their digital wallets or in the central bank (it should be remembered that today, only a limited group of financial institutions can deposit money in the central bank). Interestingly, there is a historical precedent that is very similar to the second alternative for bringing about option 2, albeit without the digital medium of modern times, of course: up until the early 20th century, individuals and companies were allowed to deposit their money in both the Bank of England and the Bank of Sweden. However, this practice later ended, since in the age of paper it was highly impractical and occupied a lot of space to record all the details of the large number of accounts that had been opened. From now on, we will focus on analysing the implications of option 2, since, unlike the first option, it would have significant repercussions. Let us begin by discussing its advantages. We have identified three potential benefits associated with the implementation of the CBDC. The first one would be a potential reduction in the size of the shadow economy. This is critically dependent on the degree of anonymity of the CBDC. The most reasonable solution would be for the CBDC to be anonymous in small transactions but for there to be a certain level of control starting from a particular amount. If this were the case, a CBDC that became popular thanks to its speed and ease of use might discourage the use of cash and reduce the size of the shadow economy. Various studies support this theory3 and have documented that an increase in the use of electronic payment systems decreases the size of the shadow economy. This negative relationship in the euro area can be seen in the first chart, and the figures are revealing: an increase of 100 euros per capita per year in card payments would reduce the shadow economy as a percentage of GDP by as much as 3.5 pps. The second advantage would be households’ and companies’ access to a risk-free asset (by definition, the central bank cannot go bankrupt) which, unlike cash, would involve no storage costs. Finally, a third advantage would be that the central bank could improve the effectiveness of monetary policy. Specifically, if the CBDC were to allow households and companies to open accounts directly in the central bank, the central bank could directly adjust the interest rates on the assets of households and companies. This could prove to be a useful tool in financial crises if the mechanism for transmitting monetary policy does not work well. In fact, setting an interest rate on the CBDC would also affect the deposits of retail banks, since they would have to offer a sufficiently attractive remuneration in order to prevent their customers from transferring their deposits to the central bank. In any case, the debate surrounding the benefits of such a tool should revolve around the extent to which it would improve the effectiveness of monetary policy in comparison to the instruments currently available to the central bank. It is worth remembering that in recent years, the central banks have had a much more direct influence on the costs of financing for individuals and companies, through the purchases of public debt securities (see second chart) and corporate debt that they have carried out through their various quantitative easing (QE) programmes.4 Despite the advantages we have discussed regarding this implementation of the CBDC, we would be foolish to fall into complacency, since there are also risks that are by no means insignificant. The main risk of creating a widely-used CBDC would be the risk of the central bank having an excessively important role in the distribution of resources in the economy, as well as the risk of a potential rise in the cost of credit, depending on the central bank’s actions. To understand why, it must be borne in mind that with this implementation of the CBDC, a portion of the banking deposits of households and companies held in retail banks would be converted into CBDC (either held in digital wallets or in the accounts of the central bank). Therefore, in order for the retail banks to continue to finance the demand for credit, the most natural avenue would be for them to obtain the necessary liquidity from the central bank. If the central bank decided to take on this more interventionist role as a supplier of liquidity, the retail banks would be highly dependent on the liquidity that the central bank would provide. If the central bank is able to adapt quickly and the distribution of liquidity is carried out applying the appropriate criteria, the problem would be resolved. However, if this is not the case, it could result in a rise in the cost of credit. In fact, the increased role of the central bank in distributing resources in the economy could lead to distortions in their allocation (a decentralised mechanism in the hands of the private sector will always lead to a more efficient allocation) and could complicate the setting of prices based on market criteria. This last point is only novel to a certain extent, since we can draw a parallel with the greater role that central banks have taken through their ultra-expansive QE policies in the last decade. In this regard, the Bank for International Settlements has repeatedly expressed fears that interest rates kept at abnormally low levels for such a long time are generating distortions in the valuation of some financial assets and are contributing to prolonging the upward spiral in the levels of debt of the major economies. If the central bank were to waive this interventionist role and adopt a hands-off stance to liquidity problems, on the other hand, retail banks would have to obtain the resources necessary to finance the demand for credit themselves (possibly by increasing rates on deposits, to prevent customers from transferring their money to the central bank), and this would also end up producing a rise in the cost of credit. Finally, it is worth adding that the potential dependence of the economy on the central bank could be particularly pronounced in times of recession, since it is precisely during periods of economic crisis that individuals and companies tend to be more risk averse. As a result, they would surely convert more of their assets from retail bank deposits into CBDC, which could lead to episodes of financial instability. These risks must not fall on deaf ears. In fact, they have been highlighted by the Bank for International Settlements and by the member of the ECB Yves Mersch5 when displaying their reticence with regard to the desirability of this option. In short, we end our intense journey with the conviction that the possibility of the central banks deciding to issue their own digital currency to a wide audience in the future is no pipe dream. This possibility is a prime example of how technological development is making us rethink the current system. In the next few years, the main central banks and financial bodies will spell out the advantages and disadvantages of these currencies and it will be important to closely follow the developments that arise in this field. This article contributes to the discussion by identifying possible repercussions of issuing a currency of this kind. Debate around the matter is, and will be, more than welcome, provided that the costs are thoroughly analysed and the possible implications are well understood. Javier García-Arenas and Marta Guasch 1. For further details on the central banks, see the article «From barter to cryptocurrency: a brief history of exchange» in this Dossier. 2. These wallets h could be disconnected from retail banks. They would be very similar to the wallets of today, where we keep banknotes and cash, but in a digital format. 3. For further details, see the article «The shadow economy: too great a burden» in the Dossier of the MR09/13. 4. According to data from the IMF, 9 out of the 15 billion dollars of assets acquired by the central banks that have embarked on QE programmes in the last decade are sovereign debt securities. 5. See the report «Central bank digital currencies» (2018), by the Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures of the BIS and Y. Mersch (2017), «Digital Base Money: an assessment from the ECB’s perspective», speech at the Bank of Finland.

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Revolutionary unionism, also known as industrial unionism, gradually emerged in Ireland between 1907 and 1910, reaching its peak during the Lockout of 1913 — a key moment in Irish labour history, sometimes considered its high watermark. Its rise was characterised by the emergence of important movement leaders, but also by the consequences of the migratory movements that characterised the second half of the nineteenth century, particularly in Ireland. In this piece, we will ask how the emergence of industrial unionism in Ireland fed into an international dynamic of communication between the different parts of the English-speaking industrialised (or industrialising) world and how the particularity of the Irish situation influenced the movement’s appearance in that country. In the second half of the nineteenth century, Ireland experienced massive emigration, and saw a large part of its population move to the United States, Canada and Great Britain. In America, the Irish made up a large part of the unskilled labour force. They participated in miners’ strikes as part of the Molly Maguires, an 1870s secret organisation of Irish origins, or in the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), a revolutionary union founded in 1905. Moreover, this Irish community in the United States maintained strong roots on Irish territory, through transatlantic organisations such as the Ancient Order of Hibernians and the Fenian Brotherhood. It was therefore only natural that the Irish and US trade-unionist populations interacted extensively, through the press, correspondence and migration. If Ireland has a special relationship with the United States because of its diaspora, its unique status as both a colony and constituent part of the United Kingdom was also important to the emergence of revolutionary unionism. At the beginning of the twentieth century, there was no Irish trade union, but rather Irish branches of British unions. Trade union leaders were thus regularly sent from Britain to Ireland in order organise the working masses. It was in this context that Jim Larkin arrived in Belfast in 1907. Larkin was an organiser for the National Dock Labourers’ Union, a union aligned to the current of “new unionism” in Britain, with its characteristic orientation towards unskilled workers and its greater reliance on political action than on negotiation. During his time in Ireland, Larkin gradually turned to more radical methods of struggle, earning his expulsion from the National Dock Labourers’ Union. He founded a new union, the Irish Transport and General Workers’ Union (ITGWU), which reflected the principles of industrial unionism. In addition, James Connolly, a Scot born to Irish immigrant parents who had been leader of the Irish Socialist Republican Party in Dublin from 1896, headed to the United States in 1903, where he met with Daniel De Leon, with whom he had been in contact for several years. During his stay in the United States, Connolly turned to industrial unionism, becoming involved in the IWW right from its creation. He theorised his conception of revolutionary unionism in the US and Irish contexts in a pamphlet he wrote in the United States in 1909, entitled Socialism Made Easy. This pamphlet was destined to travel around the world and was sold by the thousands of copies in Canada, Ireland, Great Britain and even Australia. The exchanges that took place between Ireland and the United States over the distribution of this pamphlet can be observed through the correspondence between two men, namely Connolly and William O’Brien. We learn that Connolly gave two hundred copies to the Socialist Party of Ireland (SPI) for distribution to socialists and workers in Ireland. James Connolly’s literary output in the United States also included the newspaper The Harp, which he published on behalf of the Irish Socialist Federation in the United States starting from early 1908. In its early days, few copies of the paper reached Ireland itself, but it was well-appreciated when it did make it across the Atlantic. In July 1909, Helena Moloney — later one of the leading female figures in Irish industrial unionism — sent a letter to The Harp’s editor regretting that she could not lay her hands on all of its issues. In early 1910, publication was transferred to Dublin, under the editorship of Larkin. The aim, here, was reach a bigger Irish audience in Ireland itself, but also in the United States, for the paper gained in authenticity by being published in the old country. The Harp retained its 800 Irish-American subscribers, but it soon had to cease publication due to libel cases and mismanagement. What we can, nonetheless, see is the general determination of the Irish, both in Ireland and the US, to share ideas through literature. This exchange of literature was possible thanks to the correspondence between James Connolly and William O’Brien, an important figure in the SPI and the ITGWU. Here we see two friends and former comrades exchanging letters on mostly political matters. Connolly regularly gave O’Brien advice on the handling of party and union affairs, and here, too, we see the principles of industrial unionism reflected. During this correspondence, O’Brien tried to convince Connolly to move back to Dublin. He succeeded: in 1910 Connolly arrived to carry out a tour of public meetings both on the island and in Britain, before then deciding to stay in Ireland. He became one of the most influential figures in the ITGWU and its leading thinker. It was starting with Connolly’s arrival in Ireland that the ITGWU mounted a turn towards true industrial unionism. Although industrial unionism remained in the minority in the Britain of the time, Irish unionists did have some influence on their neighbours. While Larkin was imprisoned in 1910, several support committees were formed in Great Britain. The one in Liverpool — Larkin’s home city — explained that it saw the ITGWU as a forerunner showing the way for the British unions. At the same time, Tom Mann returned from Australia, bringing with him the revolutionary unionist ideas he had encountered in the Australian IWW. During his tour Connolly presented the same ideas he had encountered in the United States. We can thus see a back and forth between the different regions of the industrialised and industrialising English-speaking world. These interactions exerted political influences that took form in the development of a common language and — despite certain ideological differences — common political conceptions. We can thus note a great political proximity between these different spaces. Indeed, in the writings of Debs and De Leon (in the USA), Mann (in England), and Larkin and Connolly (in Ireland) we find each of them attributing a central role to industrial organisation in the advent of socialism, along with the idea that the political organisation of the workers must follow from their organisation in the factories. However, if it is often said that revolutionary unionism rejected political parties, the concrete experiences of its actors demand that some nuance be added to such a claim. In all these cases, we can see that the party was not rejected as such, and that the industrial unionists were often also members of socialist parties. Rather, the party was simply no longer central to the road to socialism, instead becoming the means by which the class unity experienced in the factories would be expressed on the political terrain. The party must not be disembodied, but serve as the political expression of industrially organised workers. In fact, even before the appearance of revolutionary unionism this conception could be found in various forms among the different unions and political parties, adapting themselves to this new conception of achieving power. Such political affinities were also expressed through the advent of a common language and common practices. Here, we see repeated instances of the One Big Union, the idea of international socialist cooperatives (or a “commonwealth”), the practice of solidarity strikes, and direct action borrowed from continental European unionists. Another common practice was workers’ self-defence against the police and strike-breakers; initially linked to the IWW, we again find this in Ireland during the 1913 Lockout, with the creation of the Irish Citizen Army. We can observe that the common thread running through these different categories of interaction was the displacement of populations, which in turn led to the displacement of literature and ideas. Here, we can see a connection between the English-speaking world — which was mostly white, industrialised or in the process of industrialisation — and the emergence and development of revolutionary unionism. Ireland was fully part of these international interactions, as a land actively involved in the emergence of the movement in the United States, and one itself influenced by a foreign-imported industrial unionism. Irish labour was thus part of this international back-and-forth. What made it so particular was that it was perhaps the only part of the Anglophone world where revolutionary unionism was in the majority, possibly because labour activists had a means of rallying people other than workers’ issues — namely the national question, a major political concern in Ireland since the 1840s. The ITGWU set this as a founding principle of its organisation, indeed one evoked in the preamble to its first rule book: “Are we going to continue the policy of grafting ourselves on the English Trades Union movement, losing our own identity as a nation in the great world of organised labour? We say emphatically, no!” Zinn, Howard, A People’s History of the United States, New York, Harper, 2017. Coquelin, Olivier, L’Irlande en révolutions. Entre nationalismes et conservatismes : une histoire politique et sociale (18e-20e siècles), Paris, Syllepse Editions, 2018, p. 398 Ibid., p. 400-401. Collins, Lorcan, James Connolly, Dublin, O’Brien Press Ltd, 2012, p. 143. Ibid., p. 164. MS 13,908/1/16, Connolly, J., & O’Brien, W., Letter from James Connolly to William O’Brien, National Library of Ireland, 1909; MS 13,908/1/21, Connolly, J., & O’Brien, W., Letter from James Connolly to William O’Brien, National Library of Ireland, 1910 MS 13,908/1/10, Connolly, J., & O’Brien, W., Letter from James Connolly to William O’Brien and others, National Library of Ireland, 1909 MS 13,908/1/17, Connolly, J., & O’Brien, W., Letter from James Connolly to William O’Brien and others, National Library of Ireland, 1909. MS 15,679/22/3, James Larkin: A Labour Leader and an Honest Man, Liverpool: Northern Publishing Co., National Library of Ireland, 1910. Connolly, James, Socialism Made Easy , Workers’ Web ASCII Pamphlet project, 1997, p. 20. Collins, Lorcan, op. cit., p178.

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This report presents Northeast Slavery Records Index (NESRI) records, focused on above locality, to promote a more complete understanding of the history of enslavement and the lives of enslaved people. The report is organized in six sections with information customized for the selected state, county and city/town. - General introduction to the types of enslavement records available. - Presentation of numerical census records – total numbers of free and enslaved people at various times. - Presentations listing individual enslavers and the people they enslaved. Records of enslaved persons may include their names, and point to additional records documenting events in their lives. Records of enslavers practically always include their names, and point to additional records that document the numbers of people they enslaved and events like purchases, sales, and emancipations. - Presentations listing enslaved people who enlisted and fought, on both the American and the British sides, in the Revolutionary War. - Presentations of additional information about this place such as homes and buildings where enslavement took place, and information about resistance such as the underground railroad. - A Topical Search section, permitting further online search and analysis of slavery records in the locality. Whenever the report says “No records found” this means that for the locality specified there were no records in the database for the table involved. That may be because the records have not yet been located and indexed, or it may be because the category of activity did not take place in the locality. For example, some counties may not have records of enslavement taking place, but might have records of underground railroad support for fugitives. Also, records relating to shipping may be more common in coastal localities. Our research is ongoing, so our records and reports are always being updated. Section One: The Records The follow is a table summarizing the records in NESRI for the area you selected. This provides a general idea of the records available, however the meaning of the records becomes more clear in later sections. Counties and localities may appear from other states, and that is usually because of a transaction across state lines. When you see a “+” next to an item, you can click on the “+” to expand the information presented. You can click on numbers and access the records counted. Section Two: Census Records This table summarizes enslaved population census records for the area selected, such as the U.S. Census records and other colonial census records. The next table presents the same type of information – numbers of enslaved people – by adding up the numbers of enslaved people in the actual census household level records based on house-to-house interviews by census takers. If you click on a number in this table, the census records that have been counted are displayed. In some cases the number of enslaved persons in the displayed records is less than the number of records in first census tables above. They should be approximately or exactly the same. The most common reason for a difference is that some parts of the household level records completed by the census taker are now unreadable, damaged or deteriorated. Therefore the totals calculated at the time the census are correct, but they can no longer be completely reconciled to the household records. Section Three: Records about Enslaved People and Their Enslavers These tables presents household census records and other individual level records for the area selected. The first table lists the names of enslaved people. These do not come from census records (because the names of enslaved people were not recorded in the early U.S. Censuses. Instead, these come from public and private documents like birth registrations, emancipations, military enlistments and church records. Of particular importance are the birth records that name the mother and child as well as the enslaver. The TAGs are explained in Section Six. You can click on “View Details” to access more information about each enslaved person. It goes without saying that this may be the most important table in the entire report. Finding and remembering the names of enslaved people is a way to begin to remember them as individuals with families and personal life accomplishments and events. The next table lists the enslavers. The names come from U.S. Census Records, and also from the same records from which we retrieved the names of the enslaved. When an enslaver appears on more than one record they are grouped together. If you click on the column heading “Number of Enslaved” the table will be resorted presenting records for the largest numbers of enslavements first. The next table lists newspaper advertisements for enslaved people who fled from their enslavers. They name the enslaved person as well as the enslaver, and they sometimes provide meaningful descriptions of the enslaved person. This table provides a list of sales of enslaved people. Some sales are between two people, and others are general auctions. These documents are frequently callous and disturbing, particularly when children are offered for sale without their parents. This table presents records of other types of enslavers – the investors in slave ships. The report identifies the investor, the ship, and information about the place of construction and registration, destinations, and number of persons enslaved. The next table presents narratives, biographies and autobiographies of enslaved people. The next table presents enslavers who were elected or appointed governance officials for the jurisdiction of the report. This project is evolving, focusing initially on the highest level officials. Overtime, county and town/city officials will be included. For this reason the table will not initially have content for many towns and cities. Section Four: Enslaved Soldiers in the Revolutionary War This section presents records about enslaved people who enlisted and fought in the Revolutionary War on the British or American sides. We have indexed 454 British-side and 3,822 American-side records for enslaved people from the NESRI states. Records of enslaved people who fought on the British side are based on passenger lists of ships, arranged through the Treaty of Paris that resolved the War, providing for these enslaved people to be emancipated for emigration to Canada. Records of enslaved people who fought on the American side are based on a remarkable book, Eric G. Grundset, editor, Forgotten Patriots – African American and American Indian Patriots in the Revolutionary War: A Guide to Service, Sources, and Studies, (Daughters of the American Revolution, 2008), that attempts to list all of the enslaved and indigenous people who fought in the Revolutionary War, providing extensive documentation for each listed person. We have indexed this list for the NESRI states so that it can be accessed in the context of other records. The table below presents records from both datasets for the locality specified for this report – the American side and the British side. In the table, records carrying the tag code “BON” are for those who fought on the side of the British, because the lists were called the “Book of Negroes.” These records provide the name of the emancipated person along with information about his or her military assignment, and the name of the ship and the date of departure from New York. The records also name the enslaver who is to be compensated by the British. In the entire record names included President George Washington and first Chief Justice John Jay. Records that carry the first three letters “DAR” are for those who fought on the American side. - DARENS: The record shows that this person was enslaved at or before the time of enlistment. Typically the records says “slave of” and names the enslaver. Some records explain that the enslaved person was sent as a “substitute” for a member of the enslaver’s family. - DARFRE: The record shows that this person was not enslaved at the time of enlistment, and apparently volunteered. We included these people, while identifying their status, so that more can be learned in the future about their status and decision. For example, many were likely to have been enslaved in the past and we want to learn about their enslavement. - EIP: If the record has the tag “EIP” this means that the enslaved person was not an African American or Black person, but was an enslaved indigenous person – referred to in the past as “Indians.” We include them in our records because they were enslaved. - DAR?: These records are not dispositive either way. Black people fought in the Revolutionary War, but often the records are not clear whether they were free or enslaved before, during or after their war service. Therefore we include these people to honor their service and to encourage further research into their personal histories. For example, in 1778 enslaved people could join the 1st Rhode Island Infantry and be emancipated and their owners reimbursed, so they might have been enslaved before enlistment but free while serving. Also, certain records like pension records did not include enslaved people because they were not thought to be eligible for pensions, so these people not only lost their pension but also lost a historical record of their military service. The records are indexed by location – where the enlisted enslaved person resided – but many of the records did not list a location. We will produce general index to these records in a separate essay. Section Five: Other Records About The Area Since we are providing a report about a locality, some of the available information we can provide pertains to places and things, not people. This table presents links to memorials and works of art, such as pictures in museums, that depict enslavers and enslaved persons from the area. This table places of interest such as houses that still exist, that at one time housed enslaved people. The report also lists houses that served as outposts on the “Underground Railroad” helping enslaved people to reach freedom. The last table presents “Advocates” – people who directly assisted enslaved people for fugitives from enslavement. In some cases these people may appear earlier in this report as enslavers, but appear here because subsequently their views and actions about slavery changed so that they opposed slavery and assisted those who fled enslavement. Section Six: Further Online Research Further research on your locality’s records is possible using our Topical Search table. This table allows you to search for records that have been “tagged” according to topics of interest. For example, the Tag “FES” identifies records where the enslaver is a woman, or “CHILD” identifies records of sales where enslaved children were sold separately from parents. This table is empty first, and you populate it by selecting a tag and clicking on the SEARCH button. You can then repopulate it by selecting another tag and searching again.

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Most of us know our sign of the zodiac, but what is the story behind the sign? Read on for the story of Libra… Libra marks the advent of the autumn equinox in the northern hemisphere. The scales of Libra represent this temporary state of balance in nature, and the closest equality of the hours of darkness and daylight. Quality: Cardinal (it instigates) Affirmation: I (seek to) Balance Ruling planet: Venus Body: Lower back, buttocks, kidneys, bladder Tissue salt: Nat Phos (sodium phosphate) Colour: Indigo Blue Flower: Rose, Hydrangea Birthstones: Sapphire- September birthdays. Opal- October birthdays Lucky Number: 6 (community, childhood) Tarot card: Justice Minor Arcana cards: 2, 3, 4 Swords Libra (which technically, though I don’t know anyone who actually pronounces it this way, is pronounced Ly-bra as in Library) is a small but distinct constellation next to the constellation Virgo in the evening sky. It looks rather like a lopsided diamond and is visible in the northern hemisphere between April and July and is most visible directly overhead at midnight in June. It is 29th in size of the 88 known constellations and is is bordered by the head of Serpens to the north, Virgo to the northwest, Hydra (the biggest constellation) to the southwest, Lupus to the south, Scorpius to the east and the serpent bearer, Ophiuchus to the northeast. Libra, like Cancer, is fainter from Earth than other constellations, and contains no spectacular first magnitude stars, but it contains a very old galaxy cluster that is thought to be around 10 billion years old, the same age as The Milky Way, our own galaxy. Libra also contains a red dwarf star, Gliese 581, which has three orbiting planets, one of which may possibly be suitable for life. This system is about 20 light years from Earth. Libra though recognized as an asterism long before, was only formally classified as a constellation by the Romans, and used to be regarded, not as a constellation in its own right, but as part of the neighbouring constellations Scorpio and Virgo. This legacy explains the names of its brightest stars; a binary star about 77 light years from Earth. α Librae. called Zubenelgenubi, in Arabic “the Southern Claw” in Arabic. The second-brightest star is β Librae, or Zubeneschamali, the Arabic for “The Northern Claw.” Once upon a time, about three thousand years ago and until AD 730, the Sun used to move into the constellation of Libra at the time of the northern autumnal equinox (c. September 23) and stay there until about October 23. This changed over time, owing to the wobble of the Earth, owing to an effect called the precession of the equinoxes so that since 2002, the Sun has actually appeared in the constellation of Libra from October 31 to November 22. HOWEVER This does not affect the dates or the meaning of the zodiac sign of Libra which is based, not on the science of the astronomy in real time, but on an arithmetic model. Mythology and History Libra was known in Babylonian astronomy as MUL Zibanu (the “scales” or “balance”) with an alternative name, the Claws of the Scorpion. In ancient Greece too, Libra was seen as the Scorpion’s Claws. The scales were sacred to the Babylonian sun god Shamash, who was the patron of truth and justice, so that since these very early times, Libra has been associated with law, fairness and civility. Libra was first recognised as a constellation in its own right in ancient Rome, when it began to represent the scales held by Astraea, or Dike, who in Greek mythology was actually associated with Virgo. In ancient times, the stars of Libra, The Scales, were also intermingled with those of Scorpius by the Greeks, but were always considered as a separate group by the Romans. According to the writer Manilius, whether this was factually correct or not, more Roman judges were born under the sign of Libra than under other zodiac signs. Venus and Libra Libra, like Taurus, is traditionally ruled by Venus, planet of love, beauty, friendship, diplomacy- and also wealth, because wealth provides luxuries. Everything has its shadow side of course, and Venus can also mean over indulgence, undue materialism, or uncontrolled desires or obsession. The Libra Archetype The Archetype of Libra is The Judge. All zodiac signs are archetypes, meaning something that is considered to be a perfect or typical example of a particular kind of person or thing, The zodiac signs paint a ‘typical’ portrait of a person born at a particular time of year, in a particular season. A baby born in summer arrives into a different physical environment from a winter baby; differences of parental diet, especially in the days long before supermarkets where food was a matter of seasonal availability, plus other environmental factors; temperatures, hours of daylight exposure and so on, with potential physical effects on that baby’s makeup and development. Libra is one of the three zodiac air signs, the others being Gemini and Aquarius. Libra is the only sign that is not represented by a human or animal, but the scales signify the collective and enduring human hunger for justice, as well as Libra’s own especially keen personal need for balance, order, and equality. Many astrologers view Libra as an especially lucky sign because it occurs during the peak of the year when the rewards of hard work are harvested. Libra is suave, clever and extremely easy to like. The classic Libra subject has charm and can be a great listener with sharp observation skills and acute perception. Because Venus, the goddess of love, rules Libra, the Libra subject is especially, even acutely sensitive to beauty in anything, whether it is a person, nature, art, or music. They dislike loud noises, nastiness, and vulgarity, as they are naturally extremely civilized people. They can sometimes be a little tiring to be with as they are constantly re-assessing and adjusting their thinking, and can be restless, more changeable even than Gemini. Late Libra may show some of the more negative Scorpio traits. They may be touchy and thin-skinned, and tend not to handle criticism as dispassionately as they dispense it. But Libra on a good hair day, when it is sunny side up, smart as anything, smiling, civilized, ready to be amused, that lollipop face, what’s not to like? The archetypal human face in the Tarot representing Libra is the Queen of Swords, though of course in real life, this may represent male or female. This court card represents a queen of keen observational and analytical capabilities, combining intellect and instinct. She has worked hard, given her best service, learned many life lessons, may well have experienced much loss, and while often charming, has a certain air of aloofness. Many seek her out for her wise advice, and receive fair,considered advice. In her most negative aspects she may be vindictive. These archetypes are based on thousands of years of observation, but of course there is no such thing in reality as THE Libra personality. You are a unique individual. Your zodiac sign (also known as your sun sign) is a major keynote, but nothing like the full picture in real life – or even in astrology. But your decan, which depends on where your birthday falls within your zodiac sign, digs just a little deeper. If you don’t feel like a ‘typical’ Libra, perhaps you are a second or third decan Libra, rather than a ‘most typical’ first decan Libra. What are the decans? The decans have been described as ‘the thirty six faces of astrology.’ The Zodiac, a portion of sky as seen from earth, represents an imaginary belt or wheel; a circle of 360 degrees. This circle was seen as divided in Tropical or Western astrology into twelve ‘slices,’ of approximately thirty degrees each. Each slice represents a zodiac sign named after a chosen constellation appearing inside this belt of sky, giving us the zodiac signs we are familiar with today. Astrologers then sub-divided each of these 12 signs into three parts of ten degrees each. Every degree – every birth date -supplies added insights or texture in respect of character and potential destiny. The first ten days of a zodiac sign are the first decan. The next ten days or so are the second decan, and the last ten days or so are the third decan. “If you’ve ever wondered why people born in the same sign seem different, decans can help answer this puzzle,” – astrologer Rachel Lang. Libra First Decan Dates: 23 September – 2 October Planetary rulers: Traditional –Moon / Modern –Venus Tarot card: Two of Swords – Truce, pause, standoff, taking stock, information gathering, indecision, obstinate, none so blind as will not see, refusal to engage Libra-Libra gets a double dose of Venus glamour, as both its planetary ruler and sub-ruler; here is the most ‘typical’ Libra subject; sensitive, perceptive, attractive and well-balanced, keenly intuitive and extra sensitive to beauty, the arts and fashion. They are clever as anything, strategic thinkers, great at seeing patterns, dealing with data. They are diplomats, cool operators, experts at avoiding unpleasant conversations. They are sensitive to loud noises and dislike crowds. They hate conflicts, arguments and will avoid direct confrontation, though this is not always helpful. This means they may also avoid uncomfortable decision-making – or indeed any decision-making and may put off a boring job in the hope that someone else will deal with it, though they are perfectly capable of doing it themselves. Libra is not known for nothing as ‘the iron fist in the velvet glove.’ They can turn away, cut you out cold, and you may never find out why. There will be a reason, but they don’t do those kinds of conversation, for all their essential kindness and usual generosity of spirit. First decan Libra for all their gifts can be self-critical and prone to anxiety or sudden mood swings. They really, really need their space. Libra Second Decan Dates: 3 -12 October Planetary rulers: Traditional – Saturn / Modern – Uranus Tarot card: Three of Swords. Sorrow, stress, separation, love triangles, karma, making peace with the past. All signs must learn to deal with loss. Important to note, none of these messages are intended for Libra alone, and may simply represent Libra timing in a reading. Libra-Aquarius, ruled by stern Saturn and rebellious Uranus is not only brilliantly clever, but dutiful, patient, wise, and inventive, even downright psychic, more curious about subjects like astrology than other Librans. Here is a thinker with a strongly independent streak – even a little quirky. This Libran is urbane, naturally sophisticated, and much sought after for their wit, knowledge, sparkling company and good advice. They are known for combining artistic gifts with a logical, rational scientific way of thinking. The writer’s father was a second decan Libran; an academic author and scholar of French philosophy, and an exhibiting artist, a painter, with powerful ESP. All Librans have good earning potential above average, but this decan, ruled by disciplined Saturn, though not remotely mean, is careful, especially prone to saving up for a rainy day, or with an eye to leaving money for their dependents. Never underestimate them. If a second Libra thinks something is wrong or unethical, if they disapprove of something they may react with a shocking finality, bringing down the sword of judgement. It’s the same with all Librans but the second decan Libra, while oh so polite….will coolly tell you to your face what they do not approve of. Libra-Aquarius, inspiring devotion and respect, is an enigma, remote and distant, like a kindly priest or a shaman, or a shining lone star. Libra Third Decan Dates: 13- 22 October Planetary rulers: Traditional – Jupiter / Modern – Mercury Tarot card- Four of Swords: rest, bed, recovery, retreat, regrouping after mental or physical exhaustion Libra-Gemini is known for above average physical attractiveness and typically looks younger than their actual age, with a rounded face, bright, keen eyes, medium build, and a light to medium build, usually above average height. Knowledge is power to this most restless Libran. They need to feel up to date, well informed. They may not necessarily share what they know, unless they feel challenged or contradicted. They can be competitive and also secretive, not because they are deceitful, but to avoid the risk of hassle. They cannot bear dealing with bad news, or to be the bearer of bad tidings. Libra decan 3 is not the one to volunteer to handle this. They are capable of aggression, but still, are more timid, more of an introvert that many would take them for on first acquaintance. They may have found themselves cast in the role of outsider at some period of their lives. This may have proved a formative experience, or it may have dented their confidence and given them a bit of a hang-up. They take themselves very seriously, and are serious about money, and about their obligations, and make excellent family providers. They do need to feel that whatever they do for their loved ones was entirely their own idea, and do not respond well if they get the idea they are being pressured, but a bit of praise goes a long way with Decan 3 Libra. They are kindly, and they notice things, but they don’t tend to give out a lot of feedback. They are born judges, but it can seem as if other people’s problems aren’t entirely real to them, and if they’re in the wrong, they may never admit it for fear of being judged themselves. This decan in particular craves travel, and is known for a love of the sea. They have a tendency to become restless, withdrawn and irritable when bored, or when they can’t travel as much as they would like. Pandemic travel restrictions really might have been quite a frustration for this Libra subject. Libra Season 2021 This will not be a quiet news month on the global stage or in the media. It promises to be pretty interesting, and possibly at times, a bit too interesting, reflecting lively and intense astrological transits, particularly until the Mars square Pluto conjunction 21,22 and 23 October, which suggests we take special care how we go, avoiding getting into confrontations, and when going out and about. On the other hand, we could get a lot of stuff sorted out this Libra season, spurred on helpful bursts of Mars energy. Libra is laid back, or at least, quietly focused, going about its business. But this Libra season, 2021, is in all probability, not a case of business as usual. For more about the decans: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decan_(astrology) For more about The Chaldeans: https://erenow.net/common/astrology-and-religion-among-the-greeks-and-romans/2.php The Tarot: History, Symbolism, and Divination by Robert M Place: https://www.amazon.com/Tarot-History-Symbolism-Divination/dp/1585423491?tag=horoscopeco07-20

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) should be used to remove arsenic from drinking water.5. Extraction and distribution of arsenic free groundwater from deep aquifers: If other alternatives are costly and complicated potable drinking water can be extracted and distributed from deep aquifers.6. Removal of arsenic from water collected from the existing contaminated sources by filtration: Water filters should be used at drinking water treatment plant or at each individual household source.7. Removal of arsenic from the existing water sources: The sources of arsenic contamination must be controlled and arsenic contaminated soil and shallow groundwater aquifers should be cleaned to prohibit the future contamination.8. In-situ remediation of arsenic contaminated groundwater: This can be achieved by using iron filings permeable walls.9. Implementation of efficient water supply system: A safe and long lasting efficient water supply system should be implemented for the whole country.10. Development of sewage and waste disposal system: An efficient sewage and waste disposal system should be developed to prevent the contamination of soil and water supplies.Principally, the best solution appears to be the restoration of natural river flow andgroundwater level. The natural groundwater level that existed prior to 1975 shouldbe restored. The flushing of arsenic contaminants may take a long time but thesewill be diluted by the restoration of natural rivers and groundwater aquifers. Thus,the severity of arsenic contamination will be reduced gradually. Besides, this willprovide plenty of water for drinking, irrigation, and industry. 11 CONCLUDING REMARKSArsenic contamination is not peculiar to Bangladesh alone. This is a globalproblem. There are other countries in the world that had experienced or goingthrough this problem. The great difference is the degree and velocity of thisenvironmental disaster in Bangladesh for the number of people at risk is higherthan other countries. Even this problem is not as severe as in the neighboringWest Bengal, where the similar disaster is taking place. In fact, arseniccontamination is not as severe or as wide spread in anywhere as it is inBangladesh. Thousands of arsenic affected patients have already been identified.If the people continue to use arsenic contaminated water, millions will lose theirhealth or die within a few decades. Those who will survive are in a danger ofcarrying genetic diseases to future generation. Unfortunately, the basic facts inBangladesh are that the people in the affected regions are still unaware of arseniccontamination and its hazardous effects. The governmental efforts are much lessthan needed to mitigate the crisis. Hence, the immediate involvement ofinternational community is urgent to combat the slow onset disaster and save thepoor people.Economically and technologically, Bangladesh is not in a firm position to solvethe arsenic crisis herself. She needs the help of the international community.Environmental experts and funds are desperately needed to save the lives ofmillions of people affected by deadly arsenic. The international community hasthe economic resources, environmental experts, and technologies to mitigate thearsenic contamination in groundwater. The support of United Nations, donorcountries, donor organizations, agencies, and individuals is essential to save thesuffering people from the devastating arsenic disaster. RECOMMENDATIONSAlthough groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh has been declared anational disaster by the government, its seriousness is yet to be fullycomprehended. If the following recommendations for research and developmentare successfully carried out, the remediation of arsenic contamination will bemuch easier.1. It is highly desirable to form a research group with geologists, hydrologists, geo-chemists, water supply and environmental engineers, and public health experts to conduct in-depth investigation on the sources and causes of arsenic contamination in groundwater.2. A comprehensive research plan should be developed to determine the geological, hydrogeological and geochemical factors controlling the chemical reactions generating and releasing arsenic to groundwater. 12 3. A national groundwater resources management policy be established in order to limit the indiscriminate abstraction of groundwater.4. It is highly recommended that every donor projects in arsenic mitigation by- law ensure community participation for smooth running in future.5. A comprehensive water distribution system should be implemented and an efficient monitoring system should be established to provide potable water and to prevent future arsenic contamination in drinking water.6. An effective sewage disposal system should also be established to accompany any deployment of water distribution system.7. Guidelines on the disposal of arsenical wastes should be established to minimize the contamination in soil and water.8. An estimate of annual arsenic use in agriculture is required and the short-term or long-term environmental impact of arsenic use in cultivation should be assessed.9. The population exposed to the arsenic contamination should be advised about the arsenic in drinking water, the sources of arsenic-free water, and the importance of compliance with treatment programs including the nutrition. REFERENCES1. Talukder, S.A., Chatterjee, A., Zheng, J., Kosmus, W., “Studies of Drinking Water Quality and Arsenic Calamity in Groundwater of Bangladesh”, Proceedings of the International Conference on Arsenic Pollution of Groundwater in Bangladesh: Causes, Effects and Remedies, Dhaka, Bangladesh, February 1998.2. Khan, A.W. et. al., “Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater and Its Effect on Human Health with Particular Reference to Bangladesh”, Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp.65-73, 1997.3. Daily Star Report, “An Urgent Call to Save a Nation”, The Daily Star, A national daily newspaper of Bangladesh, 10 March 1999.4. Smith, A.H., Lingas, E.O., and Rahman M., “Contamination of Drinking- Water by Arsenic in Bangladesh: a Public Health Emergency”, Bulletin of World Health Organization, Vol. 78, No. 8, WHO, pp.1093-1103, 2000.5. Ahmad, S.A. et. al., “Arsenic Contamination in Ground Water and Arsenicosis in Bangladesh”, International Journal of Environmental Health Research, Vol. 7, pp.271-276, 1997.6. Biswas, B.K. et.al. “Detailed Study Report of Samta, One of the Arsenic- Affected Villages of Jessore District, Bangladesh”, Current Science, Vol. 74, pp.134-145, 1998. 13 7. Chowdhury, T.R., et. al., “Arsenic Poisoning in the Ganges Delta”, Nature, Vol. 401, pp.545-546, 1999.8. SOES & DCH, “Summary of 239 Days Field Survey from August 1995 to February 2000”, Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in Bangladesh, A Survey Report Conducted by the School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India and Dhaka Community Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2000.9. New Nation Report, “Immediate Government Steps Needed, Millions Affected by Arsenic Contamination”, The New Nation, A daily newspaper of Bangladesh, 11 November 1996.10. www.dainichi-consul.co.jp/english/arsen.htm, “Arsenic Calamity of Bangladesh”, On-line Arsenic Page, Dainichi Consultant, Inc., Gifu, Japan, 2000.11. Daily Star Report, “8500 Arsenic Patients Detected in Country”, The Daily Star, A national daily newspaper of Bangladesh, 11 September 2000.12. Independent Report, “Remedies for Arsenic Poisoning”, The Independent, A national daily newspaper of Bangladesh, 16 March 1998.13. Karim, M.M., Komori, Y., and Alam, M., “Subsurface Arsenic Occurrence and Depth of Contamination in Bangladesh”, Journal of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp.783-792, 1997.14. Mortoza, S., “Arsenic Contamination – Too Formidable a Foe”, On-line Article from West Bengal & Bangladesh Arsenic Information Center, Water Environment International, Corporate Office in Resource Planning and Management, Dhaka, Bangladesh.15. NMIDP, “Groundwater Development Potential”, National Minor Irrigation Development Project, Bangladesh Water Development Board, 1996.16. Mandal, B.K., Chowdhury, T.R., Samanta, G., Mukherjee, D.P., Chanda, C.R., Saha, K.C., Chakraborti, D., “Impact of Safe Water for Drinking and Cooking on Five Arsenic-Affected Families for 2 Years in West Bengal, India”, The Science of Total Environment, Vol. 218, pp.185-201, 1998.17. Nickson, R.T., McArthur, J.M., Ravenscroft, P., Burgess, W.G., and Ahmed, K.M., “Mechanism of Arsenic Release to Groundwater, Bangladesh and West Bengal”, Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 15, pp.403-413, 2000.18. Karim, M., “Arsenic in Groundwater and Health Problems in Bangladesh”, Water Resources, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp.304-310, 2000.19. Farmer, J.G., and Johnson, L.R., “Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic Based on Urinary Concentrations and Speciation of Arsenic”, Br. J. Ind. Med., Vol. 42, pp.342-348, 1990.20. Arnold, H.L., Odam, R.B., and James, W.D., “Disease of the Skin”, Clinical Dermatology, 8th Edition, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, USA, p.121, 1990.21. Dhar, R.K., Biswas, B.K., Samanta, G., Mandad, B.K., Chakraborti, D., Roy, S., Jafar, J., Islam, A., Ara, G., Kabir, S., Khan, A.W., Ahmed, S.A., Hadi, A.A., “Groundwater Arsenic Calamity in Bangladesh”, Current Science, Vol. 73, No. 1, pp.48-59, 1997. 14 GROUNDWATER ARSENIC CONTAMINATION IN BANGLADESH: CAUSES ... Description: GROUNDWATER ARSENIC CONTAMINATION IN BANGLADESH: CAUSES, EFFECTS AND REMEDIATION1 Md. Safiuddin Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Read the Text Version No Text Content!

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In Wyoming, a county prosecutor’s office considered charges against library employees for stocking books like “Sex Is a Funny Word” and “This Book Is Gay.” In Oklahoma, a bill was introduced in the state Senate to prohibit public school libraries from keeping books on hand that focus on sexual activity, sexual identity or gender identity. In Tennessee, the McMinn County Board of Education voted to remove the Pulitzer Prize-winning graphic novel “Maus” from an eighth-grade module on the Holocaust because of nudity and curse words. Parents, activists, school board officials and lawmakers around the country are challenging books at a pace not seen in decades. The American Library Association said in a preliminary report that it received an “unprecedented” 330 reports of book challenges, each of which can include multiple books, in the fall. “It’s a pretty startling phenomenon here in the United States to see book bans back in style, to see efforts to press criminal charges against school librarians,” said Suzanne Nossel, chief executive of free-speech organization PEN America, even if efforts to press charges have so far failed. Such challenges have long been a staple of school board meetings, but it isn’t just their frequency that has changed, according to educators, librarians and free-speech advocates — it is also the tactics behind them and the venues where they play out. Conservative groups in particular, fueled by social media, are now pushing the challenges into statehouses, law enforcement and political races. “The politicalization of the topic is what's different than what I’ve seen in the past,” said Britten Follett, chief executive of content at Follett School Solutions, one of the country’s largest providers of books to K-12 schools. “It’s being driven by legislation; it’s being driven by politicians aligning with one side or the other. And in the end, the librarian, teacher or educator is getting caught in the middle.” Among the most frequent targets are books about race, gender and sexuality, like George M. Johnson’s “All Boys Aren’t Blue,” Jonathan Evison’s “Lawn Boy,” Maia Kobabe’s “Gender Queer” and Toni Morrison’s “The Bluest Eye.” Spreading word online Several books are drawing fire repeatedly in different parts of the country — “All Boys Aren’t Blue” has been targeted for removal in at least 14 states — in part because objections that have surfaced in recent months often originate online. Many parents have seen Google docs or spreadsheets of contentious titles posted on Facebook by local chapters of organizations such as Moms for Liberty. From there, librarians say, parents ask their schools if those books are available to their children. “If you look at the lists of books being targeted, it’s so broad,” Nossel said. Some groups, she noted, have essentially weaponized book lists meant to promote more diverse reading material, taking those lists and then pushing for all the included titles to be banned. Advocacy group No Left Turn in Education maintains lists of books it says are “used to spread radical and racist ideologies to students,” including Howard Zinn’s “A People’s History of the United States” and Margaret Atwood’s “The Handmaid’s Tale.” Those who are demanding certain books be removed insist this is an issue of parental rights and choice, and that all parents should be free to direct the upbringing of their own children. Others say prohibiting these titles altogether violates the rights of other parents and the rights of children who believe access to these books is important. Many school libraries already have mechanisms in place to stop individual students from checking out books of which their parents disapprove. Author Laurie Halse Anderson, whose young adult books have frequently been challenged, said that pulling titles that deal with difficult subjects can make it harder for students to discuss issues like racism and sexual assault. “By attacking these books, by attacking the authors, by attacking the subject matter, what they are doing is removing the possibility for conversation,” she said. “You are laying the groundwork for increasing bullying, disrespect, violence and attacks.” Tiffany Justice, a former school board member in Indian River County, Florida, and a founder of Moms for Liberty, said that parents should not be vilified for asking if a book is appropriate. Some of the books being challenged involve sexual activity, including oral sex and anal sex, she said, and children are not ready for that kind of material. “There are different stages of development of sexuality in our lives, and when that’s disrupted, it can have horrible long-term effects,” she said. “The bottom line is if parents are concerned about something, politicians need to pay attention,” Justice added. “2022 will be a year of the parent at the ballot box.” A surge — from the left, too Christopher M. Finan, executive director of the National Coalition Against Censorship, said he has not seen this level of challenges since the 1980s, when a similarly energized conservative base embraced the issue. This time, however, that energy is colliding with an effort to publish and circulate more diverse books, as well as social media, which can amplify complaints about certain titles. “It’s this confluence of tensions that have always existed over what’s the proper thing to teach kids,” Finan said. “These same issues are really coming alive in a new social environment,” he added, “and it’s a mess. It’s a real mess.” Book challenges aren’t coming only from the right: “Of Mice and Men” and “To Kill a Mockingbird,” for example, have been challenged over the years for how they address race, and both were among the library association’s 10 most-challenged books in 2020. In the Mukilteo School District in Washington state, the school board voted last week to remove “To Kill a Mockingbird” — voted the best book of the past 125 years in a survey of readers conducted by The New York Times Book Review — from the ninth-grade curriculum at the request of staff members. Their objections included arguments that the novel marginalized characters of color, celebrated “white saviorhood” and used racial slurs dozens of times without addressing their derogatory nature. While the book is no longer a requirement, it remains on the district’s list of approved novels, and teachers can still choose to assign it if they wish. In Virginia, controversy has been frequent. Most recently, on Jan. 27 a Virginia Senate committee killed legislation that would have required parental consent for students to check out sexually explicit books from school libraries. Sen. Bill DeSteph, R-Virginia Beach, introduced the bill after parents across the state complained about library books that included graphic depictions of sex acts. It was one of several school-related issues that animated Republican Gov. Glenn Youngkin’s victory in November. In other instances, efforts to ban books are more sweeping, as parents and organizations aim to have them removed from libraries, cutting off access for everyone. Perhaps no book has been targeted more vigorously than “The 1619 Project,” a bestseller about slavery in the U.S. that has drawn wide support among many historians and Black leaders and which arose from the 2019 special issue of The New York Times Magazine. It has been named explicitly in proposed legislation. Political leaders on the right have seized on the controversies over books. Youngkin, of Virginia, rallied his supporters by framing book bans as an issue of parental control and highlighted the issue in a campaign ad featuring a mother who wanted Toni Morrison’s “Beloved” to be removed from her son’s high school curriculum. In Texas, Gov. Greg Abbott demanded that the state’s education agency “investigate any criminal activity in our public schools involving the availability of pornography,” a move that librarians in the state fear could make them targets of criminal complaints. The governor of South Carolina asked the state’s superintendent of education and its law enforcement division to investigate the presence of “obscene and pornographic” materials in its public schools, offering “Gender Queer” as an example. The mayor of Ridgeland, Mississippi, recently withheld funding from the Madison County Library System, saying he would not release the money until books with LGBTQ themes were removed, according to the library system’s executive director. George M. Johnson, author of “All Boys Aren’t Blue,” a memoir about growing up Black and queer, was stunned in November to learn that a school board member in Flagler County, Florida, had filed a complaint with the sheriff’s department against the book. Written for readers aged 14 and older, it includes scenes that depict oral and anal sex and sexual assault. “I didn’t know that was something you could do, file a criminal complaint against a book,” Johnson said in an interview. The complaint was dismissed by the sheriff’s office, but the book was subsequently removed from school libraries while it was reviewed by a committee. At a school board meeting where the book was debated, a group of students protested the ban and distributed free copies, while counterprotesters assailed it as pornography and occasionally screamed obscenities and anti-gay slurs, according to a student who organized the protest and posted video footage of the event. Johnson made a video appearance at the meeting and argued that the memoir contained valuable lessons about consent and that it highlighted difficult issues that teenagers are likely to encounter in their lives. A district committee reviewed the book and determined it was “appropriate for use” in high school libraries, but the decision was overruled by the county superintendent, who told the school board that “All Boys Aren’t Blue” would be kept out of libraries, while new policies are created to allow parents to have more control over which books their children can access. Several other young adult titles that had been challenged and removed were restored. Jack Petocz, a 17-year-old student at Flagler Palm Coast High School who organized the protest against the book ban, said that removing books about LGBTQ characters and books about racism was discriminatory and harmful to students who may already feel that they are in the minority and that their experiences are rarely represented in literature. “As a gay student myself, those books are so critical for youth, for feeling there are resources for them,” he said, noting that books that portray heterosexual romances are rarely challenged. “I felt it was very discriminatory.” Fear and losing out So far, efforts to bring criminal charges against librarians and educators have largely faltered, as law enforcement officials in Florida, Wyoming and elsewhere have found no basis for criminal investigations. And courts have generally taken the position that libraries should not remove books from circulation. Nonetheless, librarians say that just the threat of having to defend against charges is enough to get many educators to censor themselves by not stocking the books to begin with. Even just the public spectacle of an accusation can be enough. “It will certainly have a chilling effect,” said Deborah Caldwell-Stone, director of the American Library Association’s office for intellectual freedom. “You live in a community where you’ve been for 28 years, and all of a sudden you might be charged with the crime of pandering obscenity. And you’d hoped to stay in that community forever.” She said that aggressively policing books for inappropriate content and banning titles could limit students’ exposure to great literature, including towering canonical works. “If you focus on five passages, you’ve got obscenity,” she said. “If you broaden your view and read the work as a whole, you’ve got Toni Morrison’s ‘Beloved.’ ” The Associated Press contributed.

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Download This Complete Project Topic and Material (Chapter 1-5 With References and Questionnaire) Titled The Effects of Classroom Management and Control on the Academic Performance of Senior Secondary Student. Here on Projectgate. See Below for the Abstract, Table of Contents, List of Figures, List of Tables, List of Appendices, List of Abbreviations, and Chapter One. Click the Download Now Button Below to Get the Complete Project Work Instantly. Project Topic and Material on The Effects of Classroom Management and Control on the Academic Performance of Senior Secondary Student The Project File Details - Name: The Effects of Classroom Management and Control on the Academic Performance of Senior Secondary Student - Type: PDF and Ms Word (Doc) - Size: [72Kb] - Length: Pages This study investigated the effects of classroom management and control on the academic performance of students in Ojo Local Government Area, Lagos State. The study concentrated on the influence of such variables as classroom management, good classroom management and classroom sitting arrangement. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested for the study as follows: i. Classroom management has no significant relationship with students’ academic performance. ii. There is no significant relationship between good classroom management and students’ academic performance. iii. Student’s classroom sitting arrangement has not significant relationship with their academic performance. The main instrument used for this study was questionnaire administered on two hundred students randomly selected from five secondary schools in the study area. The data generated from the questionnaire were analyzed using Pearson Product – Moment Correlation Coefficient (r). The results reveal that, in Ojo Local Government Area, I. Classroom management has significant relationship with academic performance. II. There is significant relationship between good classroom management and students’ academic performance. III. Students’ classroom sitting arrangement has significant relationship with their academic performance. Based on these findings, the researcher therefore recommended that school authorities, government, teachers should always do their best to provide the enabling environment for the intellectual development of their students. Being that, such will build and inculcate in them desirable learning habits. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Arranging the physical environment of the classroom is one of the most important ways to improve the learning environment and prevent behavior problems before they actually occur. This research work shows that the physical arrangement of the classroom affects both the behavior of teachers and students. It discusses the importance of a well-arranged classroom and gives guidelines on how to achieve this. The issue of classroom management is a continuous exercise, which a teacher has to cope with any time he enters the classroom. Wong and Rosemary (2001) see classroom management as what the teachers do to organize students’ space, time and materials so that instruction in content and students learning can take place. The teacher has to cope with the activities of the students in the class giving the students the deserved attention. This may be seemingly difficult because each student in the class needs different things at a point in time. It is the responsibility of the teacher to pay attention to the needs of the individuals in the class. However, Prophy (2002) observe that a lot of activities go on in the classroom simultaneously even when a teacher gives the same problem for the students to solve. Some of the students may get stuck on the way, while some may neglect the problem and do something else. Others may finish solving the problem because they understood it while some may prefer doing correction of a previous work. This simple explanation points to the fact that at any point in time, each student needs different attention, different things, different kinds of encouragement and different materials. A teacher who will cope with this situation must be knowledgeable in the skills necessary for managing classroom activities and taking care of accommodating the individual needs simultaneously in the classroom. Classroom management could pose a problem to the teacher, if he lacks the competence to create the setting, decorate the room, arrange the chairs, speaking to children and listen to their responses, putting routines in place and then executing, modifying and reinstating them, developing rules and communicating those rules to pupils. The action perform by a teacher on each of these variables mentioned above will determine the academic achievement and behaviour of the students. It is the duty of the teacher to create a good learning environment. This creation of good learning environment involves how a teacher manages or ensures both physical space and cognitive space. The way the teacher prepares the classroom physically could determine the level of students’ participation in lesson. A physical management of the classroom could make the classroom warm and inviting, while distracting features of a room are eliminated. The physical arrangement of the classroom should match the teachers’ philosophy of learning. Pupils should also have easy access to necessary materials. The teacher has to manage the cognitive space properly. This refers to the expectations the teacher sets for students in the classroom and also the process of creating motivational climate. An effective teacher is expected to create classroom management practices that will make the students see the need for learning. This could happen where the teacher develops plans of what to achieve and rules and procedure to be followed by both teachers and students especially at the beginning of the term. Lewis (2000) says that setting limits for students make them behave better and know what to do. The rules will show the expected behaviours in the classroom such as how students interact with peers and teacher while procedure will spell out how things are done. The rules are best made by both teachers and students. Teachers should also encourage the students to see the need for the activities in which they are involved and that of others. This will encourage them to put in their best. Teacher should be able to take appropriate decisions at an appropriate time. Brophy (1998) says that teacher should always be attentive to students’ individual behaviour and learning needs. This means that for a teacher to maintain a learning environment, he needs to actively monitor the activities of the students. Active monitoring from classroom research, involves watching behaviour closely, intervening to correct bad behaviour before it escalates. Jones (1996) says that teacher must monitor both students’ behaviour and learning by keeping eyes out for when students appear stuck, when they need: help, redirection, correction and encouragement. Teacher must always anticipate learners’ actions and reactions during a lesson in order to deal precisely with any problem that could occur. Another important factor in classroom management is the communication pattern used by both teachers and students. The communication style of a teacher has a lot of influence in the achievement of students. Cowley (2003) says that, effective teacher will describe objective clearly, give accurate instructing for assignment and respond to students questions and understand the needs of the students. Communication should be made in clear language, which will enhance students understanding. Students should be encouraged to make their own contribution freely and they should be made to understand that their contribution is valued. However, discipline is an integral aspect of classroom management; Discipline is an instrument that mouldes, shapes, corrects and inspires appropriate behaviour. Gieger (2000) observed that behaviour management is necessary in order to maintain discipline. He suggested that every teacher must exhibit firmness, tenderness and gentleness in order to cope with and curb students’ misbehaviour. Nearly every teacher agrees that classroom management is an important aspect of successful teaching. Fewer agree on how to achieve it, even fewer claims the concept of classroom management is operating in their own classrooms. Classroom management and discipline are terms often used interchangeably are not synonymous. Teachers asked to defined classroom management in one word have given the following responses: discipline, control and consequences. Discipline was always the first word they choose. In recent times, however, teachers have responded with the following words: organization, control, positive climate and incentive. In effect, discipline has become a much smaller part of the term classroom management. Classroom management is much more than any of these words or the sum of these words (Charles, 1992; Wolfang, 1995). Classroom management involves how the teacher works, how the class works, how the teacher and students works together and how teaching and learning happen. For students, classroom management means having some control in how the class operates and understanding clearly the way the teacher and the students are to interact with each other. For both teachers and students, classroom management is not a condition but a process. Many teachers, especially beginning teachers cite classroom management as an ever present concern (Roger and Freiberg, 1994, Veenman, 1984). A meta-analysis of the past 50 years of classroom management research identified classroom management as the most important factor, even above student aptitude, affecting student learning (Wang, Haertel, & Walberg, 1994). But contrary, to popular belief, classroom management is not a gift bestowed upon some teachers. While it’s true that some teachers adapt to classroom management easily, making it look to their colleagues like they posses some innate talent, classroom management is a skill-a skill that can be taught like any other and most importantly, a skill that like any other must be practiced to achieve proficiency. Although much has been written about classroom management, teachers have not been taught comprehensive, practical methods of improving classroom management and little emphasis has been placed on “helping teachers understand the issues in effective classroom management and the relationship among various strategies” (Jones & Jones 2004 P.I) many teachers try classroom management ideas and strategies, tossing them spontaneously and inconsistently into the classroom, then become discouraged when the classroom they hope for does not materialize. Effective classroom management does require specific skills such as planning, organizing and reflecting as well as an aptitude for teamwork and perseverance. It requires a great deal of commitment initially, then willingness to adjust ones thinking and actions as one learns what works and what does not work. How can our native’s educational goals and objectives be attained if our classroom and learning environments are defective and plagued with teachers who are not active and aggressive and generally non-conforming to classroom management. If effective curriculum implementation is necessary to the success of improved academic performance of students, it follows therefore that its management must be of utmost concern to teachers and other stakeholders in the education sector. It is on the heels of the fore going that the researcher intends to investigate the effects of classroom management on the academic performance of students in Ojo Local Government Area, Lagos State. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The widespread good academic performance of students in almost all subjects offered in schools has very often been blamed on a member of other factors neglecting one of the most important ones – classroom management. It is very obvious nowadays that there is no proper classroom management in our schools whereas, a controlled and well ordered classroom management is a sine qua non for good academic performance of students even in the class. It is against this background that, this work aims at investigating the effects of classroom management on the academic performance of students in the class. PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The purpose of the study is to investigate the effects of classroom management on academic performance of students in Ojo local Government Area, Lagos State. Specifically, the work is aimed at ascertaining whether: i. Classroom management affects student’s academic performance. ii. Classroom management has relationship with students’ academic performance. iii. Classroom arrangement has relationship with the academic performance of students. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The place of classroom management in the overall development of students especially in academic performance in schools needs not to be over- emphasized. This is because the classroom serves as a dressing room where future leaders are dressed before they go out to display what they have on the field of play. This research will therefore be relevant to teachers as it will encourage them to adequately prepare themselves with all the knowledge and skills required to fully harness the potentials in the students through proper management of the classroom. It would also help school managers – head teachers and proprietors to adequately stock the classroom with the right personnel and facilities that will enhance the academic performance of the students. This study will help the government/policy makers in framing their educational policies as it affects the sizes of classroom, furniture and other relevant facilities in the classroom environment, thereby correcting the cases of overcrowding, poor ventilation, lack of other teaching – learning aids in the classroom and even the dream of qualified teachers. Also, the work would be of great help to curriculum planners in the analysis of student’ learning conditions, motivational pattern reinforcements and punishment. Thus facilitating planning based on facts rather than assumptions which will in turn result in the development of an effective and efficient curriculum. To achieve the listed purposes/objectives, the following research questions are posed. i. Does classroom management affect students’ academic performance? ii. Is there any significant relationship between good classroom management and student’ academic performance? iii. Can student’ academic performance in the class be traced to their classroom management? The following hypotheses are formulated. I. Classroom management has no significant relationship with students’ academic performance. II. There is no significant relationship between good classroom management and students’ academic performance. III. Student’s classroom sitting arrangement has not significant relationship with their academic performance. SCOPE/DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY The research effect concentrates on some selected schools in Ojo Local Government Area. The schools selected for the study are as follows: i. Osolu High School, Irewe Ojo ii. Ivery Grammar School, Ibeshe iii. Egan High School, Ojo iv. Awori College, Ojo v. Ojo High School DEFINITION OF THE TERMS For the purpose of clarity, the following terms are defined as they are used in the study: CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT: this involves the way and manner the classroom environment is manipulated by the teacher with a view to bringing the best out of the students in terms of achieving educational objectives. ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: this refers to educational attainment in terms of grades or scores obtained by the students in a standardized test.

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The 100 most Interesting, unknown and amazing facts are here. Read and enjoy… 1. SKEPTICISMS is the longest word that alternates your hands when typing! 2. TAPHEPHOBIA is the fear of being buried alive! 3. The sentence “The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog.” has every letter of the English alphabet! 4. You know you are born with 300 bones, but when you get to be an adult, you only have 206! 5. Honey is the only food that doesn’t spoil for years. You can store it in a jar and it will still be fit to eat after 3,000 years. 6. The only 15 letter word that can be spelled without repeating any letter is “UNCOPYRIGHTABLE.” 7. The longest single-syllabled word in the English language is “SCREECHED.” 8. Thomas Alva Edison, lightbulb inventor, was afraid of the dark! 9. A cockroach can live several weeks with its head cut off, it dies because of starvation! 10. The most used letter in the English alphabet is ‘E’, and whereas ‘Q’ is the least used! 11. Like fingerprints, everyone’s tongue and Lips prints are different! 12. Dolphins will sleep with one eye open !! 13. Dogs can hear sounds which you can’t !! 14. The Penguin is the only bird which can swim, but not fly! 15. Of all the words in the English language, the word SET has the most definitions! 16. Do you know Rice paper does not have any rice in it! 17. Humans blink their eyes over 10,000,000 times a year! 18. 12+1 = 11+2, and “twelve plus one” is an anagram of “eleven plus two.” 19. If you start counting at one and spell out the numbers as you go, you won’t find the letter “A” used until you reach 1,000.In the same way 0-99 Spellings there are no a, b, c letters. 20. The heart symbol was first used to denote love in the 1250. Prior to that, it represented ‘foliage’. 21. Every second, Americans collectively eat one hundred pounds of chocolates. 22. Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone,has never called his wife or mother because they both were deaf. 23. An octopus has three hearts. 24. Star fish has no Brain. 25. Gold Fish has Short Time memory loss. 26. In 32 years. There are about 1 billion seconds! 27. Do you know When You Fall in Love You Lose Two Close Friends. 28. In 1999, the founders of Google actually tried to sell it to Excite for just US$1 million. Excite turned them down. 29. When a Google employee dies, their spouses receive half pay from the company for 10 years and their children US$1,000 per month until they turn 19. 30. Google intends to scan all known existing 129 million unique books before 2020. 31. Every minute, 2 million searches are performed on Google. 32. Google is developing a computer so smart which can program itself. 33. The average person spends about 3 months of his/her lifetime sitting on the toilet. 34. Computer Keyboards can carry more than 200 times as many bacteria as a toilet seat. 35. 600,000 hacking attempts are made to Facebook accounts every day in the world. 36. ‘Al Pacino’ was the first “face” appeared on Facebook. 37. Facebook is primarily blue because Mark Zuckerberg suffers red-green colour blindness 38. Facebook, Twitter and The New York Times have been blocked in China since 2009 39. You can’t block Mark Zuckerberg on Facebook 40. The “Like” button on Facebook was originally going to be called “Awesome” Recommended for you : - Best General Knowledge for All posts - Most commonly confused British- American words list - Awesome websites to visit when bored 41. Facebook is estimated to spend around $30 million a month on hosting alone. 42. Beer is claimed to help prevent cardiac disease and cognitive decline. 43. It’s illegal to take Indian currency (Rupees) out of India 44. In West Bengal, India, cows must have a Photo ID Card. 45. The first mobile phone call was made in 1973 by Martin Cooper, a former Motorola inventor 46. Abraham Lincoln, Walt Disney, Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg, Henry Ford, Thomas Edison and Steve Jobs, all of them had no college degree. 47. Over 100,000 new dot com domains are registered on the web every day. 48. Nose prints are used to identify dogs, just like humans use fingerprints! 49. Sleeping through winter is HIBERNATION, while sleeping through summer is ‘ESTIVATION’. 50. Before trees were common, the Earth was covered in giant mushrooms. 51. Antarctica is the coldest, windiest, highest and driest continent on Earth. 52. Over 90% of American movies made before 1929 are lost, no copies are known to exist. 53. Bruce Lee was so fast, they actually had to run his films slower so you can see his moves. 54. After watching Star Wars, James Cameron decided to quit his job as a truck driver to enter the film industry. 55. There is a food substitute intended to supply all daily nutritional needs, known as “Soylent”. 56. Coconut water can be used (in emergencies) as a substitute for blood plasma. 57. Dynamite is made with peanuts. 58. ‘149-0’ is the highest score ever made in a Soccer game 59. FIFA has more member countries than the U.N. 60. If you have a pizza with radius Z and thickness A, its volume is =Pi*Z*Z*A 61. The original 2014 World Cup’s ball was produced in Pakistan. 62. Ancient Babylonians did math in base 60 instead of base 10. That’s why we have 60 seconds in a minute and 360 degrees in a circle. 63. Your nose can remember 50,000 different scents. 64. Your body has enough iron in it to make a metal nail 3 inches long. 65. Sweat itself is odourless. It’s the bacteria on the skin that mingles with it and produces body odour. 66. Ears and Nose never stop growing. 67. If the human eye was a digital camera it would have 576 megapixels. 68. 2,520 is the smallest number that can be exactly divided by all the numbers 1 to 10. 69. 123 – 45 – 67 + 89 = 100. 123 + 4 – 5 + 67 – 89 = 100. 123 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 + 8 – 9 = 100. 1 + 23 – 4 + 5 + 6 + 78 – 9 = 100. 70. There are 177,147 ways to tie a tie, according to mathematicians. 71. Newton invented/discovered calculus in about the same amount of time the average student learns it. 72. Your brain uses 20% of the total oxygen and blood in your body. 73. There’s more bacteria in your mouth than there are people in the world. 74. In a lifetime, your brain’s long-term memory can hold as many as 1 quadrillion (1 million billion) separate bits of information. 75. The highest recorded body temperature in a human being was a fever of 115.7°F (46.5°C). 76. Abraham Lincoln’s son, Robert, was saved from a train accident by Edwin Booth, brother of his father’s killer, John Wilkes Booth. 77. FIDO, Abraham Lincoln’s dog, was also assassinated. 78. Charles Darwin and Abraham Lincoln were born on the same day. 79. Lack of oxygen in the brain for 5 to 10 minutes results in permanent brain damage. 80. The pathologist who made Einstein body’s autopsy stole his brain and kept it in a jar for 20 years. 81. Long-term mobile phone use significantly increases the risk of brain tumours, a study found. 82. PHOBOPHOBIA is the fear of having a phobia. 83. HIPPOPOTOMONSTROSESQUIPPEDALIOPHOBIA is the fear of long words. 84. Apple iPad’s retina display is actually manufactured by Samsung. 85. Apple’s co-founder sold all his shares for $800.Today, they would have been worth US$35 billion. 86. A group of owls is called a Parliament. 87. Charlie Chaplin once lost in a Charlie Chaplin look-alike contest. 88. The founder of Match.com lost his girlfriend to a man she met on Match.com 89. A group of crows is called a “murder”. 90. Benjamin Franklin wrote “Fart Proudly”, a scientific essay about farts. 91. Mobile phones have 18 times more bacteria than toilet handles. 92. Scientists have developed a way of charging mobile phones using urine. 93. NOMOPHOBIA is the fear of being without your cellphone or losing your signal. 94. More People In The World Have Mobile Phones Than Toilets. 95. The king of hearts is the only king without a moustache on a standard playing card! 96. STEWARDESSES is the longest word typed with only the left hand. 97. The names of all the continents end with the same letter that they start with. 98. The Black Box found in aircraft is orange in colour. 99. Camel’s milk does not curdle. 100. The letter ‘J’ does not appear anywhere in the periodic table of the elements. If you like this ,then share it and have fun…

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Combining concentrating solar power (CSP) with thermal energy storage shows promise for increasing grid flexibility by providing firm system capacity with a high ramp rate and acceptable part-load operation. When backed by energy storage capability, CSP can supplement photovoltaics by adding generation from solar resources during periods of low solar insolation. The falling cost of solar photovoltaic (PV)–generated electricity has led to a rapid increase in the deployment of PV and projections that PV could play a significant role in the future U.S. electric sector. The solar resource itself is virtually unlimited; however, the actual contribution of PV electricity is limited by several factors related to the current grid. The first is the limited coincidence between the solar resource and normal electricity demand patterns. The second is the limited flexibility of conventional generators to accommodate this highly variable generation resource. At high penetration of solar generation, increased grid flexibility will be needed to fully utilize the variable and uncertain output from PV generation and to shift energy production to periods of high demand or reduced solar output. Energy storage is one way to increase grid flexibility, and many storage options are available or under development. In this article, however, we consider a technology already beginning to be used at scale—thermal energy storage (TES) deployed with concentrating solar power (CSP). PV and CSP are both deployable in areas of high direct normal irradiance such as the U.S. Southwest. The role of these two technologies is dependent on their costs and relative value, including how their value to the grid changes as a function of what percentage of total generation they contribute to the grid, and how they may actually work together to increase overall usefulness of the solar resource. Both PV and CSP use solar energy to generate electricity. A key difference is the ability of CSP to utilize high-efficiency TES, which turns CSP into a partially dispatchable resource. The addition of TES produces additional value by shifting the delivery of solar energy to periods of peak demand, providing firm capacity and ancillary services, and reducing integration challenges. Given the dispatchability of CSP enabled by TES, it is possible that PV and CSP are at least partially complementary (Figures 1 and 2). |1. Concentrating on CSP technology. Crews are shown installing mirrored parabolic troughs at the Solana Generating Station in Arizona. The 280-MW concentrating solar power (CSP) plant is scheduled for completion in 2013. CSP technology uses mirrors to reflect and concentrate sunlight onto receivers that collect the sun’s heat. Courtesy: Dennis Schroeder| |2. Storing solar energy. These tanks at the Solana plant will hold molten salts. Those liquid salt fluids remain very hot for several hours, so the energy stored in them can be recovered to produce steam that can be expanded in the steam turbine on demand to produce electricity later in the day. Courtesy: Dennis Schroeder| The dispatchability of CSP with TES can enable higher overall penetration of the grid by solar energy by providing solar-generated electricity during periods of cloudy weather or at night, when PV-generated power is unavailable. Such systems also have the potential to improve grid flexibility, thereby enabling greater penetration of PV energy (and other variable generation sources such as wind) than if PV were deployed without CSP. Challenges of Solar Deployment at High Penetration The benefits and challenges of high PV penetration (feeding high percentages of solar generation to the grid) have been described in a number of analyses. At low penetration, PV could displace the highest cost generation sources and may also provide reliable capacity to the system. Figure 3 shows a simulated system dispatch for a single summer day in California with PV penetration levels from 0% to 10% (on an annual basis). This figure is from a previous analysis that used a production cost model simulating the western U.S. This particular scenario illustrates how PV reduces the need for peaking capacity due to its coincidence with demand patterns. As penetration increases, the value of PV capacity drops. This can be observed in Figure 3, where the peak net load (normal load minus PV) stays the same between the 6% and 10% penetration curves. Beyond this point, PV no longer adds significant amounts of firm capacity to the system. |3. Syncing up with demand. This chart, showing a simulated dispatch in California for a summer day with PV penetration from 0% to 10%, illustrates how PV has the ability to reduce the need for peaking capacity due to its coincidence with demand patterns. Each set of curves represents a 24-hour day. Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)| Several additional challenges for the economic deployment of solar PV occur as penetration increases. These are illustrated in Figure 4, which shows the results of the same simulation, except on a spring day. During this day, the lower demand could result in PV displacing lower-cost base-load energy, should CAISO dispatch PV first. At 10% PV penetration in this simulation, PV completely eliminates net imports, and California could export energy to neighboring states, if the cost of the exported power were attractive. Several factors limit the ability of conventional generators to reduce output to accommodate the variability of renewable generation. One is the rate at which generators can change output, particularly in the evening, when they must increase output rapidly in a high-PV scenario. Another limitation is the overall ramp range, or generator turndown ratio. This represents the ability of power plants to reduce output, which is typically limited on large coal and nuclear units. Accommodating all of the solar generation, as shown in Figure 4, requires nuclear generators to vary their output, which is not current practice in the U.S. nuclear industry. Most large thermal power plants cannot be shut down for short periods of time (a few hours or less), although brief shutdowns would be required to accommodate all the energy generated during the period of peak solar output. Additionally, many plant operators have limited experience with cycling large coal plants, and extensive cycling could significantly increase the cost of maintenance. (See “Mitigating the Effects of Flexible Operation on Coal-Fired Plants” and “Make Your Plant Ready for Cycling Operations” in the August 2011 issue of POWER or the magazine’s archives at https://www.powermag.com.) |4. The impact of diminished demand. Simulated dispatch in California for a spring day is shown with PV penetration from 0% to 10%. During this day, the lower demand results in PV displacing lower-cost baseload generation, if PV is dispatched first. Source: NREL| The ability to “de-commit” or shut down power plants may also be limited by the need to provide operating reserves from partially loaded power plants. As the amount of PV on the system increases, the need for operating reserves also increases due to the uncertainty of the solar resource, as well as its variability over multiple time scales. Previous analysis has demonstrated the economic limits of PV penetration due to generator turn-down limits and supply/demand coincidence. Because of these factors, at high penetration of solar energy, increasing amounts of solar generation may need to be curtailed. Generator constraints would likely prevent the use of all PV generation potentially available in Figure 4’s 10% scenario. Nuclear plant operators would be unlikely to reduce output for such a short period. Furthermore, PV generation could be offsetting other low- or zero-carbon sources such as wind and geothermal generation. Although the percentage of solar energy on the U.S. grid is currently far too small to result in significant impacts, the curtailment of wind energy is an increasing concern. Though a majority of wind curtailments in the U.S. are due to transmission limitations, curtailments due to excess generation during times of low net load (as happened last year in the Pacific Northwest with Bonneville Power Administration) are a significant factor that will increase if grid flexibility is not enhanced. One measure of a flexible grid is the ability of the aggregated set of generators to rapidly change output at a high rate and over a large range. Flexibility depends on many factors, including these: - Generator mix. Hydro and gas-fired generators are generally more flexible than coal or nuclear ones. - Grid size. Larger grids are typically more flexible because they share a larger mix of generators and can share operating reserves and a potentially more spatially diverse set of renewable resources. - Use of forecasting in unit commitment. Accurate forecasting of the wind and solar generation units reduces the need for operating reserves. - Market structure. Some grids allow more rapid exchange of energy and can more efficiently balance supply from variable generators and demand. - Other sources of grid flexibility. Some locations have access to demand response, which can provide an alternative to partially loaded thermal generators for provision of operating reserves. Other locations may have storage assets such as pumped hydro. Increasing Solar Deployment Using CSP An alternative to storing solar-generated electricity is storing solar thermal energy via CSP/TES. Because TES can only store energy from thermal generators such as CSP, it cannot be directly compared with other electricity storage options, which can charge from any source. However, TES provides some potential advantages for bulk energy storage, including round trip efficiency in excess of 95%. As part of our assessment, we used a reduced form dispatch model designed to examine the general relationship between grid flexibility, variable solar and wind generation, and curtailment. We calculated the hourly electrical output of a CSP plant with 8 hours of storage. Figure 5 illustrates the importance of dispatchability at high solar penetration over a four-day period. The figure shows two CSP profiles. The “non-dispatched CSP” line (in blue) is the output of CSP alone, without thermal storage; it aligns with PV production when the sun shines, as you would expect. Without storage, the result would be significant CSP curtailment because the sum of CSP and PV generation exceeds the grid energy requirement at that time. The orange line is the actual dispatched CSP but with the effect of TES included, showing its response to the net demand pattern after wind and PV generation are considered. It shows how a large fraction of CSP energy is sent to energy storage to be shifted toward the end of the day, thus allowing the system to absorb more of the PV generation in the middle of the day. In the first day, this ability to shift energy eliminates curtailment of PV generation. |5. CSP: the dispatchable renewable energy. Simulated system dispatch is shown from April 7 to 10 with 15% contribution from PV and 10% from dispatchable CSP. This chart illustrates the importance of dispatchability at high solar penetration. The figure shows two CSP profiles. The blue line at the bottom of the chart is the non-dispatched CSP without thermal storage, which aligns well with PV generation. The red line denotes the thermal storage used to shift energy to the end of the day. Source: NREL| On the other days, the wind and PV resources exceed the “usable” demand for energy in the early part of the day, resulting in curtailed energy even while the CSP plant is storing 100% of thermal energy. However, overall curtailment is greatly reduced. The addition of CSP/TES can increase the overall penetration of solar by moving energy delivery to the grid from periods of low net demand in the middle of the day to morning or evening. Figure 6 also demonstrates the importance of dispatchability to reduce curtailment and increase the overall penetration of solar via the ability to shift solar energy over time. However, the analysis to this point assumes that CSP and PV are complementary only in their ability to serve different parts of the demand pattern. We have not yet considered the additional benefits of CSP to provide system flexibility by replacing baseload generators and generators online to provide operating reserves. |6. Achieving a good balance. This chart depicts the curtailment of solar, assuming an equal mix (on an energy basis) of PV and CSP. This demonstrates how the addition of CSP and TES can increase the overall penetration of solar by moving energy from periods of low net demand in the middle of the day to morning or evening. Source: NREL| Adding a highly flexible generator such as CSP/TES can potentially reduce the possible generation constraints on the system. In the near term, this means that fewer conventional generators will be needed to operate at part load during periods of high solar output. In the longer term, the ability of CSP/TES to provide firm system capacity could replace retiring baseload generators. CSP plants with TES add system flexibility because of their fast ramp rate and large operating range relative to large baseload generators. Many CSP plants, both existing and proposed, are essentially small steam (Rankine cycle) plants whose “fuel” is concentrated thermal energy. Few of these plants are deployed, so it is not possible to determine their performance with absolute certainty. However, historical performance of the SEGS VI power plant located in Kramer Junction, Calif., and small gas-fired steam plants provides some indication of CSP flexibility. These plants operate at well over a 50% capacity range with only about a 5% increase in heat rate at 50% load. This provides a strong indication that CSP plants should be able to provide high flexibility. Implementing a flexible grid, as described above, with solar thermal and PV plants requires CSP plants that are more flexible in operation than conventional fossil-fueled plants. Because it is not possible to determine the exact mix of generators that would be replaced in high renewables scenarios, we consider a range of possible changes in the minimum generation constraints resulting from CSP deployment. CSP flexibility is defined as the fraction of the CSP-rated capacity that is assumed to reduce the system’s potential generation constraint. For example, deployment of a CSP plant with TES that can operate over 75% of its capacity range could replace a baseload plant that normally operates over 50% of its range. In this scenario, each unit of CSP could reduce the minimum generation constraint by 25% of the plant’s capacity. This very simplistic assumption illustrates how the dispatchability of a CSP plant could allow for a lower minimum generation limit and allow for greater use of wind and PV. As a result, as CSP is added, the grid can actually accommodate more PV than in a system without CSP. This is illustrated conceptually in Figure 7, which also shows a four-day period. CSP still provides 10% of the system’s annual energy, but now we assume that the use of CSP allows for a decreased minimum generation point, and the decrease is equal to 25% of the installed CSP capacity. In this case about 21 GW of CSP reduces the minimum generation point from about 18 GW to 13 GW. This generation “headroom” allows for greater use of PV, and enough PV has been added to meet 25% of demand (up from 15% in Figure 5). As a result, the total solar contribution is now 35% of demand. By shifting energy over time and increasing grid flexibility, CSP/TES enables greater overall solar penetration and greater penetration of PV. |7. CSP boosts PV penetration. Simulated system dispatch from April 10 to 13 is shown with 25% contribution from PV and 10% from dispatchable CSP, where CSP reduces the minimum generation constraint. By shifting energy over time and increasing grid flexibility, CSP enables greater overall solar penetration and, in particular, greater penetration of PV. Source: NREL| The potential overall impact of the flexibility introduced by CSP/TES and the corresponding opportunities for increased use of PV are shown in Figure 8, which builds on Figure 6 by adding the energy supplied by CSP/TES. The figure assumes that each MW of capacity of CSP energy reduces the minimum generation constraint by 25% of its capacity, and an equal mix of PV and CSP/TES on an energy basis. In this case, the addition of CSP/TES allows PV to provide 25% of the system’s energy with very low levels of curtailment. |8. The power of grid flexibility. The curtailment of solar is shown, assuming an equal mix (on an energy basis) of PV and CSP. The chart illustrates the potential overall effect of grid flexibility introduced by CSP and the corresponding opportunities for increased use of PV. Source: NREL| The relationship between the reduction in minimum generation constraint and potential increase in PV penetration is illustrated in Figure 9, which shows how much more PV could be incorporated at a constant marginal curtailment rate of 20% when CSP is added. In this scenario, the x-axis represents the fraction of annual system energy provided by CSP. Increased penetration of CSP results in a linear decrease in minimum generation constraints. The figure illustrates two CSP flexibility cases. In one scenario, each unit of CSP reduces the minimum generation constraint by 20% of its capacity; in the other, the CSP flexibility is assumed to be 40%. These amounts are not meant to be definitive but represent a possible impact of CSP in reducing minimum generation constraints. |9. A dynamic duo. The figure shows the relationship between reducing generation constraints through the addition of CSP/TES and the potential increase in PV penetration. CSP flexibility is defined as the fraction of the CSP rated capacity that is assumed to reduce the system’s minimum generation constraint. Source: NREL| Further Quantifying the Benefits of CSP Deployment This analysis is a preliminary assessment of the potential benefits of CSP in providing grid flexibility using reduced form simulations with limited geographical scope and many simplifying assumptions. Gaining a more thorough understanding of how CSP can enable greater PV and wind penetration will require detailed production simulations using security-constrained unit commitment and economic dispatch models currently used by utilities and system operators. Future and ongoing studies at NREL and elsewhere will evaluate the benefits of TES in more detail. To perform these simulations, production cost models will need to include the ability of CSP to optimally dispatch the solar energy resource. These simulations will consider the operation of the entire power plant fleet, including individual generator characteristics and constraints, and the operation of the transmission system. These simulations will provide a better estimate of the benefits of grid flexibility enables by CSP deploying TES. — Paul Denholm, PhD (email@example.com), a senior analyst, and Mark Mehos (firstname.lastname@example.org), a principal program manager, work at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. This article is based on an abridged version of the report titled “Enabling Greater Penetration of Solar Power via the Use of CSP with Thermal Energy Storage.” The full report (Technical Report NREL/TP-6A20-52978) is available electronically at no cost at http://www.osti.gov/bridge.

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Shakespeare presents love as a polarizing force through both Romeo and Juliet and a selection of his sonnets. Unrequited and courtly, it evokes feelings of great anguish yet when reciprocated and true, brings great joy, albeit in fleeting moments. Spiritual love can evolve into a pure entity, transcending physical attraction and even death – also allowing the protagonists of the play to transcend the bitter feud of their families. Shakespeare first presents the idea of unrequited love in Romeo and Juliet as being afflictive and filled with despair – Romeo is a typical Petrarchan, courtly lover in Act 1 Scene 1; his feelings of love have not been reciprocated by Rosaline, and this causes him to dwell on his emotional torment. Romeo shuts himself in his room and ‘makes himself an artificial night’, he isolates himself in complete darkness to represent his state of deep depression and suffering. He uses the exaggerated cliches of typical Petrarchan poetry to illustrate his suffering, for example “Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health”. Here, the lightness of the feather could represent the lightness one feels during love, contrasting with the heaviness of lead, to represent how unrequited love causes a heavy heart. Romeo uses these oxymorons to blend the joys of love with the emotional anguish of unrequited love and also to demonstrate his mixed emotions felt for Rosaline. These descriptions additionally show us that most of his understanding of love has been taken from the typical courtly/ Petrarchan love – they are filled with the feelings of great torment usually accompanied with this type of love. Courtly love is an idealized, infatuated form of love in which a courtier devotes himself to an unattainable woman (usually married). Romeo’s use of traditional Petrarchan cliches portray him as a young, inexperienced lover who is more fixated on the concept of love depicted in Petrarchan poetry, rather than actually being in love. The Elizabethan audience Romeo and Juliet would have been performed to would have been very aware of the idea of courtly/ Petrarchan love in poetry, as they were heavily exposed to the poetry of Sir Thomas Wyatt and Sir Philip Sidney. Unrequited love that causes torment and great suffering is similarly explored in Sonnet 28. In the poem, the speaker personifies day and night as forces that, though usually are at odds with one another, work together to “oppress” him. They “shake hands” – usually the oppression brought by the toils of day would be “eas’d by night”, in that the speaker could rest but he complains that this is not the case as he is plagued by thoughts of how far away he remains from his love. The speaker hopes the ‘oppression’ of day and night may be stopped with flattery. “Thou art bright and dost him grace when clouds do blot the heaven” – the speaker’s object of affection is ‘bright’; when it is cloudy his beloved takes the place of the sun so day can be just as beautiful. He also flatters the night with ‘when sparkling stars twire not, though gild’st the even’ – again ‘thou’ refers to the beloved of the speaker (the fair youth), who shines to make the night beautiful when the stars ‘twire not’. Because of the misery felt by the speaker in Sonnet 28 during both day and night, he can be linked to Romeo in Act 1 Scene 1, who similarly suffers the torment of his unrequited love during both day and night. Romeo suffers from ‘still-waking sleep’ and we learn from Benvolio and Lord Montague that he walks the streets of Verona “an hour before the woshipp’d sun peer’d forth from the golden window of the east”, “with tears augmenting the morning’s dew”. Thus, like the speaker in Sonnet 28, Romeo finds no rest or relief from his suffering at night. The use of the opposites of day and night in Sonnet 28 also links to the oxymorons used by Romeo in Act 1 Scene 1; the contrasts used by the speaker and Romeo again highlight their mixed emotions and distressed state of mind. The love between Romeo and Juliet is presented as being spiritual and sacred, highly contrasting with Romeo’s past infatuation for Rosaline. Romeo and Juliet’s entire first conversation is an intertwined fourteen line sonnet in which they develop a complicated religious metaphor. The sonnet is typically associated with the theme of love; it is clear that the pair are falling in love but also the rigid, ‘flawless’ form of a sonnet suggests their shared love will be perfect. The fact that Romeo and Juliet share the sonnet is significant, as their love is shared, contrasting with unrequited love Romeo had for Rosaline at the beginning of the play, and also contradicting the love described in typical Petrarchan sonnets. Shakespeare also presents the love between Romeo and Juliet as spiritual and sacred, through the use of the extended metaphor in the shared sonnet. However before the shared sonnet, Romeo notices her from a distance and describes her using light images which suggest the physical attraction felt for her, for example ‘she doth teach the torches to burn bright! ’ Rosaline was always associated with dark imagery, but throughout the play Juliet is always portrayed in light, white images, suggesting her purity but also the fact that she shall bring Romeo out of his darkness of courtly love and teach him to love profoundly. These contrasts of light and dark imagery are further explored when he compares Juliet to “a rich jewel in an Ethiope’s ear” upon seeing her from across the ballroom. ‘Rich jewel’ obviously signifies that she is precious and he imagines Juliet shining out against darkness. Darkness is an important aspect of their love, as they can only be together when the day is over. Romeo’s contrasts of Juliet against dark images could signify that her beauty contrasts with and stands out against the darkness of the night they meet in. During the sonnet, Romeo compares Juliet to a ‘holy shrine’ and his lips to ‘two blushing pilgrims’; the use of ‘holy shrine’ illustrates that Romeo’s love for Juliet is elevated, but also the religious metaphor and the purity of the sonnet shows that their love is sacred. The religious overtones associate their love with purity and sacredness, transcending the physical attraction experienced when they first meet. The fact that the sonnet so naturally fits into the dialogue of the scene highlights the compatibility of the two– they speak in shared verse, complementing each other to create a fixed meter and rhyme scheme. There may also be a darker purpose to Shakespeare’s use of the sonnet form here. It echoes the opening sonnet, reminding the audience that Romeo and Juliet are ‘star cross’d lovers’ and doomed to a tragic fate. Shakespeare also explores a true, pure love in Sonnet 116. Shakespeare infuses marital language to demonstrate a true love; traditional marriage vows are echoed in the word ‘impediment’ and in his choice to describe true love as a ‘marriage’ of true minds. Although there is some ambiguity in whether the sonnet is describing a platonic or romantic love, the use of the word ‘alter’ could also suggest a wedding altar – again infusing marital language, suggesting that the love implied is romantic. The quote ‘the marriage of true minds’ itself, suggests the joining together of two compatible intellects, associating with the compatibility of Romeo and Juliet where their shared sonnet seems to fit their dialogue naturally. Spiritual love is also explored in Sonnet 116, presented through Shakespeare’s choice to use the word ‘minds’ rather than a physical image (such as bodies), implying that the love described supersedes physical attraction to a spiritual level. By describing love using ‘star’, it implies that it is celestial; further illustrating that the love presented is spiritual. The power of love and its ability to transcend even death is also explored in both Sonnet 116 and Romeo and Juliet. Some words of the sonnet are repeated, for example ‘alter’ and ‘alteration, and ‘remover’ and ‘remove’; these specific words again highlight that true love is spiritual as beauty may fade but this true love does not. However, these words also suggest that love is unchanging and eternal. The repetition emphasises that love has a sense of constancy (it is everlasting), which links to the end of Romeo and Juliet, where Romeo say’s “Thus with a kiss I die” and Juliet mirrors with “I will kiss thy lips; Haply, some poison yet doth hang on them”. Their love is perpetual – their love which birthed with a kiss now ends with one. Love outlasting death in both Sonnet 116 and Romeo and Juliet again presents love as being eternal and everlasting. For example, in Romeo and Juliet in Act 5 Scene 3, Romeo says “Shall I believe that unsubstantial death is amorous”; he asks this bitterly, believing that Juliet is so beautiful that death has preserved her to be death’s own lover, suggesting that Juliet – along with her love for Romeo – lives on after death. The audience is aware that Romeo is seeing the physical signs of Juliet’s recovery from drug-induced sleep – it is ironic that his attraction to her even in death encourages him to press onward with his own suicide, just as she is about to awaken. Throughout this scene, death becomes an act of love for Romeo, as he thinks that suicide will allow him to be reunited with Juliet. Shakespeare also demonstrates the true love having the ability to transcend death in Sonnet 116 through ‘but bears it out to the edge of doom’, with ‘doom’ referring to doomsday. Here, love can stand the width of time and does not change appearance or position, thus suggesting everlasting love can overcome even death. Shakespeare uses language associated with extremes to show the power of love, confirming love as a positive force that triumphs over the prospect of “doom”. As Romeo and Juliet are the only two characters in the entirety of the play that can dismiss their families’ feud, it implies the power of their love. Love is also shown to empower Juliet as her language and actions are quite forward and mature. While love seems to bring out Romeo’s rash nature and resulting naivety, Juliet (in contrast) appears mature for her years. She encourages him to make the first move when she says ‘Saints do not move; though grant for prayer’ meaning that saints (usually as they are represented by statues) do not move, but she could also be referencing the other meaning of the word ‘move’ (to start something) suggesting her reluctance to make the first move, but also hinting that his ‘prayer’ is likely to be granted, encouraging him to kiss her. This is surprising for the era as in Shakespeare’s day women were subservient to men; the man would always be dominant in the relationship. Juliet’s forwardness demonstrates how she defies common convention and her maturity as a lover, but also how her love for Romeo empowers her. Shakespeare demonstrates how the themes of love and hate are inextricably linked in his presentation of how Romeo and Juliet seem to never be able to escape the feud between their families. At the very beginning of the play, we see a fight between servants of the Montagues and the Capulets in the streets of Verona, revealing how the conflict between the two families has infiltrated every layer of society; from the servants to the lords. Romeo and Juliet are the only two characters that can dismiss the feud, highlighting the fact that their shared love is unchanging and true. For example, in Act 2 Scene 2, Juliet says “That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet; so Romeo would, were he not Romeo call’d”; she tells Romeo that a name is a meaningless convention and refuses to believe that Romeo is defined by his name, therefore implying that the two can love each other without fear of the social repercussions. However, earlier on in the play, Tybalt says “talk of peace? I hate the word, as I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee. ” This again shows the bitterness of the hate between the Montagues and the Capulets; he suggests the two families will never achieve peace. However the feuding between the Montagues and the Capulets, both families belonging to aristocracy, was not seen as something uncommon by the Elizabethan audience. The upper classes were notorious for fighting each other in order to increase their economic and social influence. Clashes of supporters of two households in the streets of the city were often seen during Elizabeth’s reign – the authorites obviously did not approve and Prince Escalus’ appearance and speech in the first scene was common to Shakespeare’s audience. The themes of love and hate being linked is further presented throughout Romeo and Juliet, where scenes of love between the ‘star-cross’d lovers’ are often followed by scenes of hate and violence. For example in Act 2 Scene 4 (the scene before the marriage of Romeo and Juliet) Tybalt, Juliet’s cousin, challenges Romeo to fight a duel with him; no other characters but the lovers can dismiss the feud, also illustrating that their love is true and sincere. Shakespeare also presents strong themes of erotic love and lust in both Romeo and Juliet and Sonnet 128 as being more associated with infatuation than true, romantic love. We see that in Romeo and Juliet, many characters perceive love in terms of sexual conquest rather than affection. For example, Juliet’s nurse’s seems to associate marriage with sexual intercourse and having children and this is shown when she quotes her husband “thou wilt fall backwards when thou com’st to age” after Juliet had fallen over when she was younger. This suggests that she sees sex as the main aspect of marriage. This is further highlighted in the quote “women grow by men”, referring to Juliet’s potential coupling with Paris and the way she will increase her social status in marrying him. Alternatively, the nurse may be suggesting the literal consequences of sex – pregnancy – linking to her previous ideas about sex and child bearing being the predominant factor in marriage, rather than love. Similar ideas are evident in the attitude of Mercutio, where he advises Romeo to sexually conquer other women to move on from Rosaline, shown in the quote “prick love for pricking”. Here, the image of a rose is used ironically; the image is traditionally affiliated with romantic love, highlighting Mercutio’s crudeness and the way in which he objectifies women. His views may derive from the fact that the women of Shakespeare’s day had very little ascendency and were viewed as beneath men in social hierarchy; they were considered property and often viewed as objects for men to sexually possess. Ideas about erotic love are also explored in Sonnet 128, where Shakespeare describes the act of the ‘dark lady’ playing a virginal using many sexual innuendoes, implying his lust for her. ‘I envy those jacks that nimble leap, to kiss the tender inward of thy hand’ expresses his desire to physically possess his mistress, ‘the dark lady’; he is jealous that the keys get to touch his lady’s fingers, emphasizing his longing to be intimate with her. With thy sweet fingers when thou gently sway’st’ demonstrates the soft way in which his mistress plays the virginal; the speaker is jealous of his mistress’ touching the instrument rather than him and fantasizes about kissing the woman in the same tender, controlling manner that she uses when playing. The speaker’s desire to be physically intimate with his mistress is also highlighted in the quote ‘At the wood’s boldness by thee blushing stand! referencing how he ‘blushes’ at the key’s braveness in jumping up and touching the ‘dark lady’s’ hands. Alternatively, the ‘wood’s boldness could connote a man’s erection – thus illustrating the speaker’s sexual lust towards her. The image of a man’s erection is further suggested in the next line ‘To be so tickled, they would change their state’, however this line may also be referring to the speaker’s lips, which if were to be ‘tickled’ like those keys are, would gladly be transformed into wood and change places with the keys. The use of imagery to represent the male genitalia can further be linked back to Mercutio when he taunts Romeo about Rosaline in the quote “Now will he sit under a medlar tree, and wish his mistress were that kind of fruit as maids call medlars”. A medlar is a small, round fruit with an apricot-like cleft that opens up when ripe and ready to eat; Mercutio equates this with the female genitalia, which remain closed until said lady is ready to ‘open up’, further highlighting his crudeness and how he reduces love to sex. Mercutio says that Romeo wants to be around ‘medlars’ and that he wishes Rosaline was like a medlar (ripe and ready to ‘open up’), demonstrating his ideas about love, in relation to them being purely sexual. Mercutio furthers the sexual imagery with “open et caetera” (in Shakespearian English this refers to the ‘open’ female genitalia), and “poperin pear”, referring to the male genitalia, but also possibly sounding like “pop her in”; Mercutio wants Romeo to engage in sexual relations with Rosaline. Structurally, this passage of speech highlights Romeo’s maturity and the difference in his perceptions of love, in comparison to Mercutio’s objectification of women. It features in Act 2 Scene 1, directly in between the scene in which Romeo and Juliet meet and fall in love and the famous balcony scene, Act 2 Scene 2, in which their love is further developed. Mercutio’s use of crude language again emphasizes how lust in Romeo and Juliet is presented as being a form of infatuation, in comparison to a true, spiritual love.

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- Category: History - Hits: 1835 Bannu (Urdu: بنوں; Pashto: بنو [ˈbanu], in the local Pashto dialect called Bana) The City of the Bannu District is located in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It is an important trade centre. Bannu city was erected by Sir Herbert Edwardes in 1848, and was formerly called Dullipnagar and the fort as Dullipgarh, and then name of the city changed to Edwardesabad and the fort named as Fort Edwardes in 1874. The name was again changed as 'Bannu' in 1902 when Bannu was separated from Punjab and included in the territorial boundaries of NWFP (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). The town of Bannu lies in the north-west corner of the district. It was a military base, especially in actions against Afghanborder tribes, and still stationed with troops till this day. The town is located 79 miles (127 km) south of Kohat, and 89 miles (143 km) north of Dera Ismail Khan. A thorough research has been done recently by the Archaeologists at the ruins of Akra and Sheri Kla. Of the early history of District Bannu prior to 1000 BC, nothing can be stated with any certainty beyond the fact that it remained a part of Khurrasan and that its inhabitants were Hindus settled around Akra area (not built by them), followed by occupation of the land by the Achaemenian Dynasty and the inhabitants thus adopted Parsis religion; and that later on, the country was formed an integral portion of the Graeco-Bactrian Empire of Kabul from time to time who first adopted Greek Mythology,and then were followers of Budhism during their late periods. Hindu Shahi Rulers were Hindus who remained in possession of the land until invasion by the Ghanavids followed by the Muslims dynasties. In 1802-1808 AD, it was for the first time annexed to Punjab in a treaty between Shah Shujah of Kabul and Maharaja Ranjith Singh. This is sufficiently testified by relics of antiquity, which, have from time to time been discovered in the district. Subsequent to the attacks by the Muslim General Muhallib bin Abi Suffra in 664 AD, from Khurrassan, Hindus had colonized the place for 200 years ago, calling it Sat Ram, and remained in possession until Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni destroyed it and them. Coins and other antiquities establish the settlement here of Hindus, Parsis, Budhists, and of races acquainted with Greek art, also of Muhammadans in later times. The timeline events have been investigated into and given in the book ‘Tarikhe Aqwame Bannu’ which have added to the history since all the doubts have been nullified with proofs in the said book. Further discoveries of relic’s antiquities from Til Kafor Kot, add to the presence of the Hindus in the area. The ruins of Til Kafir-Kot lie a few miles to the south of the debauchment of the river Kurram into the Indus, upon a spur of the Khissor hills, which enters the Isakhel tahsil from the neighbouring district of Dera Ismail Khan. They occupy a commanding situation immediately overlooking one of the channels of the Indus. The outer walls composed of immense blocks of stone, some 6 feet by 3 wide and 3 deep, with the exposed side smoothly chiselled are of great strength. In the centre are the remains of several Hindu temples or sanctuaries, the domes of which are very perfect, with steps leading up to them. The carving, representing idols and other designs, both inside and outside, is in a good state of preservation. No pottery, bones, or coins, are believed to have been yet found among these ruins. In Mianwali there at Mari is a picturesque Hindu ruin crowning the gypsum hill there locally called Maniot, on which the "Kalabagh Diamonds" are found. Its centre building served as a Hindu temple. The ruins themselves have once been extensive. The temples are very similar in style to those at Til Kafir-Kot, but larger and better preserved in two cases. The massive fortifications are however what make Til Kafir-Kot chiefly remarkable. The stone used in building the temples both at Kafir-Kot and at Mari is a kind of travertine full of petrifaction of leaves, sticks, grass, etc. etc. It is said to be found in the neighbourhood of Khewra in the Salt Range. The above, together with two sentry-box-like buildings near Nammal, and several massive looking tombs constructed of large blocks of dressed stone in the Salt Range, comprise all the antiquities above ground. There can be no doubt many remain concealed beneath the surface which accident alone will reveal. Thus the encroachments of the Indus, and even of the Kuram near Isakhel, often expose portions of ancient masonry arches and wells. The only other antiquity worth mentioning is a monster "bauli" at Van Bhachran which is said to have been built by order of Sher Shah Surri. It is in very good preservation, and is similar to those in the Shahpur district. Within historical times, Bannu had never been a theatre for great events, nor had its inhabitants ever played a conspicuous part in Indian history except during the Durrani and Sikh period and the second half of the 20th century (during the British time). The secret of its insignificance was that it lies off all the great caravan routes between Hindustan and Kabul. No doubt that the valley has been occasionally traversed by conquering armies from the west; but in fact such armies first debouched upon either by the Khyber or the Kurram route, which latter commences at the head of the Miranzai Valley in the Kohat district. Thus Timur Lang (Tamerlane) when in 1398, marched via Bannu and Dang Kot on the Indus into the Punjab, came by this Kurram "route," and a century later (1505 AD) when Babur ravaged Bannu, his army had advanced by the Khyber Pass to Kohat and thence to Bannu. The only advantage to the armies passing through this territory was that they camped here for some time since the area was lush green and the animals of the columns had to be grazed at grassy lands, it being the utmost requirement of logistics, i.e. horses, camels and cattle. It therefore seems erroneous to write of Bannu as being a "highway" between India and Kabul. Under the circumstances it appears only reasonable to attribute the historical un-importance of Bannu due to its isolation. Mahmud of Ghazni ravaged the district, expelling its Hindu inhabitants, and reduced the country to a desert. Thus there was no one to oppose the settlement of immigrant tribes from across the border from Khurrassan. TIME-LINE HISTORY OF BANNU VALLEY ARRIVAL OF THE TRIBES IN BANNU VALLEY The order of their descending from areas around Bannu was as follows: 1. The Bannuchis who in 1285 AD displaced the three small tribes of Angal, Mangals and Hannis, as well as a settlement of Khattaks, from the then marshy but fertile country on either bank of the Kurram. 2. The Niazis, who some hundred and fifty years later spread from Tank over the plain now called Marwat, then sparsely inhabited by pastoral Jats. 3. The Marwats, a younger branch of the same tribe, who within one hundred years of the Niazis colonization of Marwat area, followed in their wake, and drove them farther eastward into the countries now known as Isakhel and Mianwali, the former of which the Niazis occupied after expelling the Awans they found there, and reducing the miscellaneous Jat inhabitants to quasi-serfdom. 4. Lastly, the Darweshkhel Wazirs, whose appearance in the northern parts of the valley as permanent occupants, is comparatively recent, dating only from the close of the 18th century, and who had succeeded in wresting large tracts of pasture lands from the Khattaks and Bannuchis, and had even cast jealous eyes on the outlying lands of the Marwats, when the beginning of British rule put a final stop to their encroachments. - Jats and Awans of Bannu - Syeds of Bannu - Hindus of Bannu - More about the tribes in Bannu THE LEADING FAMILIES OF BANNU Clarification as To the Categorization of Families in Bannu Some families in Bannu have been classed as leading families, front-line families and progressing families, with difference in them defined as under. The leading families are those who attained distinction in Bannu prior to the Durranis domination of the area, politically and social recognized by other sister clans as well, and thereafter continuously recognized as leading families by the British as well. Some of these families acted and are still acting as front-line families too. They are only a few in numbers in all the three tribes. The front-line families are those who by virtue of their political status after 1900 AD, and were even accepted as leaders among the three tribes, who from time to time exercised political influence as well as status de tribes. They are a few among the Marwats and Bannuchis and none among the Wazirs. The progressing families are those who by virtue of their hard work either raised themselves to a political distinction among their clans or in the community; or otherwise had obtained distinct service positions in the government sector;, or exercised a partial political influence, since 1947 till this date. Many tides and waves that came upon the leading families of Bannu either turned them gradually into ashes or otherwise made them to exercise painstaking in uplifting the standard of their lives. None in Bannu came up with a golden spoon in his mouth but what he exerted for was achieved by him. The present weakening of the families as compared to the past are related to the generic lessening of their manpower due to genetic problems OR carelessness, lake of education, spending of luxurious life in their limited available land inherited by them, excessive hospitality as lambardars of their villages, and internal prolonged feuds. Many of them do realize that the importance of time, wealth, education and mental and physical exertion to achieve their goals in social and political life were not achieved by them or their ancestor; some mainly blaming their forefathers who spent lavishly in their youth. Yet, one thing is worth mentioning here that they somehow did not walk on the manly footprints of their forefathers who gained through exertion and not through merrymaking and that they ate what was left to them and still eating those what were earned by them. The preaching of ulemas to their forefathers that they should not educate themselves or that they shall not accept government services as firangis were kafirs, was an unseen blow on their heads the taste of which is being suffered by their existing successors. Every drop of rain falling on ground does not flourish fertility and every pond of water is not used. So is the case of some human beings in Bannu who though prosperous cannot be taken as important as integral parts of the society since they never attributed to the collective cause for the district. Families do matter and blood counts in analyzing the personality of a man. It is said that many attain dignity by virtue of indignity in hidden ways. But there are persons in this part of the district who died of starvation but never left the essence of honour that had been the principal base of their life. In this regard, one name comes up, i.e. the great Dilasa Khan of Daud Shah, a man of great honour, who died in isolation but never threw down his sword on ground in the face of the Sikhs and then before the British. Likewise, many appeared on the soil of this land who preferred to die an honourable death in silence and did not expose the insanity of some environmental issues that flourished around him or suddenly taken over by insanity. Every man who is financially strong cannot be taken as a man of principles and dignity, although his apparent status may be an appealing one. Indignity does not make a prolonged dignity of someone but a prolonged dignified way of living and dealing makes a person an integral part of the written history. An individual cannot make a family alone; many in lines are considered together inclusive of his sons and grandson. Some men in history, at the soil of Bannu, had acquired distinction by their personal merit. Their places were filled by their sons; however, some of them had neither the strength nor the individuality of character which rendered one man worthy of being a chief over his fellows. And this went on even if the chief was not intelligent or otherwise lacked resources. He, once imposed, was accepted by the respective community because he was successor to his father. The following paragraphs show as to how the different sections of the tribes, had and have, their ways of living. 99.5% of people in Bannu are Sunni Muslims. Bannu was the terminus railway station of Bannu-Mari Indus Narrow gauge (762 mm or 2 ft 6 in) railway line. This railway line was closed in 1991. Tarikhe Aqwame Bannu (Author: Jahangir Khan Sikandri) Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh Edition)

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16、ft —→ Satirist (讽刺大师) in the English language (来源：英语杂志 http://www.EnglishCN.com) —→ A modest Proposal (温和的建议) —→ Gulliver‘s Travels (格列佛游记) 17、Fielding —→ Father of the English novel (英国现代小说之父) 第一个写小说的是乔叟 —→ 小说类型为：Modern novel —→ The History of Tom Jones， a Foundling (一个弃儿的历史) 18、He was also the first person to approach the genre (类型) with a fully worked-out theory of the novel. (用小说理论进行创作的第一人) 19、Goethe (歌德) —→ 德国文学第一人 —→ The Sorrows of Young Werther (少年维特的烦恼) 郭沫若翻译 —→ Faust (浮士德) —→ Poetry and Truth (诗和真理) Autobiography (自传体) 20、Schiller (席勒) —→ He was a founder of modern German literature. 多产的作家 Schiller and Goethe are the chief representatives of German classicism —→ The Robber (抢劫者) —→ Cabal and Love (阴谋与爱情) —→ Wilhelm Tell (威廉如是说) 21、Kant (康德) —→ Waterhead of modern philosophy (当代哲学的源头) nebular hypothesis (那不勒假说 or 星云假说) —→ General History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens (自然发展史和天体理论) nebular hypothesis在这部作品中提出 —→ Critique of Pure Reason (论纯粹的推理) rationalism with empiricism (把理论主义与经验主义融为一体)在上书中 human knowledge is limited to the phenomenal world. 局限于外部世界 22、The Musical Enlightenment (音乐启蒙运动)名词解释 By the beginning of the 18th century the art of creating music had become almost entirely (完全) rationalized (理性化)。 It came to its richest fruition (高潮) in the works of Bach (巴赫) and Handel (亨德尔)。 Bach and Handel represented a trend (趋势) towards greater regularity (规律性) of style in the clearly defined types and forms， in a series (系列) of standardized formulas (公式)。 —Bach created a synthetic art (人为艺术) which summarized (总结) all the developments of the Baroque era. —为 Haydn (海顿)， Mozart， and Beethoven 打下基础的人是Bach —Schumann said， “Music owes as much to Bach as Christianity does to its Founder.” —combination (结合) of the Italian traditions of solo (独奏为主) and instrumental style， the English choral (合唱) tradition. —→ Messiah (米赛亚)轻歌剧教会音乐 ☆ 25、The Baroque Period was followed by the Classical Period， roughly between 1750 and 1820. 26、Classical Period 三大代表：Haydn (海顿)， Mozart， and Beethoven. 27、以上三位代表为：Viennese School (维也纳流派) 28、Haydn (海顿) —→ Austrian —→ London symphonies (伦敦交响乐) 以交响乐为主 29、Mozart (莫扎特) 歌剧成就最高 英年早逝(文学上为：Keats) —→ Operas (歌剧) —→ Don Giovanni (唐璜) —→ The Marriage of Figaro (费加罗的婚礼) 论述简答一、What is the historical context for the Enlightenment to develop？ 1、The American War of Independence (美国独立战争) of 1776 ended British colonial (殖民) rule over that country and got victory in 1783. ☆ The Declaration of Independence (独立宣言) 2、The French Revolution broke out in 1789. The seizure (占领) of the Bastille (巴士底狱)。 The first French Republic was born in 1792. ☆ Declaration of the Rights of Man (人权宣言) 3、 The Industrial Revolution (工业革命) the 1760‘s — the 1830’s， beginning with the invention of the steam engine， rapidly (迅速的) changed the face of the world (世界的面貌)， and ushered in a completely new age. (开创了一个崭新的时代) 二、What is the great significant of the Industrial Revolution？ (只要问到工业革命就答这个) 1、The introdution引入 of machines which reduced the need for hand labour in making goods. 2、The substitution (替代) of steam power for water， wind， and animal power. 3、The change from manufacturing (手工作坊) in the home to the factory system. 4、New and faster method of transportation (交通方式) on land and on water. 5、The growth of modern capitalism and the working class. (两大阶级的对立) 1、Romanticism名词解释Romanticism was a movement in literature， philosophy， music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement (狂飙运动) in Germany. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations (灵感) above those of society. As a reaction (反应) to the industrial revolution (工业革命)， it looked to (承上启下) the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature (与大自然的直接接触) for inspiration (灵感)。 Romanticism gave impetus (动力支持) to the national liberation movement (民族解放运动) in 19th century Europe. 2、The literary and philosophical trend (倾向) in the Romantic philosophy was represented by Transcendentalism.(先验论) 3、the theoretical (理论上的) groundwork (基础) for capitalism was Adam Smith‘s the wealth of Nations. 4、Brotherhood最早由犬儒派提出，惠特曼的草叶集也提到5、French revolution with its slogans (口号) of liberty (自由)， equality and universal brotherhood. 6、Blake —→ Songs of Innocence (清白之歌) happy world —→ Songs of Experience (经验之歌) bitter world (苦涩) 7、The Laker poets (The Lakers) ① Wordsworth —→ Lyrical Ballads (抒情民谣) 与 Coleridge 合写

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NCERT Solutions for Class 9th Computer Science : Chapter 1 Basics of Internet A. Multiple Choice Questions: 1. ARPANETstands for- (a) Advanced Real Projects Air Network (b) Advanced Research Preparation Agency Network (c) Advanced Recruitment Process Agency Network (d) Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ► (d) Advanced Research Projects Agency Network 2. In 1990s, the internetworking of which three networks resulted into Internet? (a) WWW, GPS and other private networks (b) ARPANET, NSFnet and other private networks (c) ARPANET, NSFnet and other public networks (d) ARPANET, GPS and NSFnet ► (b) ARPANET, NSFnet and other private networks 3. Web search engines works with the help of two programs. Which are they? (a) Web crawler and Cascading Style Sheet (b) Spider and Indexer (c) Web server and web crawler (d) None of the above ► (b) Spider and Indexer 4. Web Site is a collection of ______________. (a) Audio and video files (c) Web pages (d) All of the above ► (d) All of the above 5. AOL, iGoogle, Yahoo are examples of ______________. (a) Web Site (b) Web Page (c) Web Portal (d) None of the above ► (c) Web Portal 6. ______________is distributed computing over a network, and involve a large number of computers connected via real-time communication network such as the Internet. (a) Cloud Computing (b) Thin Client Computing (c) Fat Client Computing (d) Dumb terminal Computing ► (a) Cloud Computing 7. A ______________ is a web site like any other, but it is intended to offer personal opinions of people on their hobbies, interests, commentaries, photo, etc. ► (b) Blog 8. ______________ protocol defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands. 9. URLs are of two types: (a) Absolute & Relative (b) Static & Dynamic (c) Absolute & Dynamic (d) None of the above ► (a) Absolute & Relative 10. DNS is an acronym for ______________. (a) Domain Name Security (b) Domain Number System (c) Document Name System (d) Domain Name System ► (d) Domain Name System B. Answer the Following questions 1. Define the following terms: (a) URL: The web browser addresses of internet pages and files are known as URL. Full Form is Uniform Resource Locator. (b) FTP: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard protocol used on network to transfer the files from one host computer to another host computer using a TCP based network, such as the Internet. (c) Blogger: A person who writes a blog is simply known as a blogger. (d) ARPANET: A project started in 1969 to connect computers at different universities and U.S. defence is known as ARPANET. (e) Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules that governs the communication between computers on a network. (f) Blog: A blog is a web site like any other, but it is intended to offer personal opinions of people on their hobbies, interests, commentaries, photo blogs, etc. (g) TCP/IP: TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic point-to-point meaning each communication is from one point (or host computer) in the network to another point or host computer communication protocol on the Internet. (h) HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, is a set of standards that allows users of the World Wide Web to exchange information found on web pages on internet. 2. Define WWW. How is it different from the Internet? The World Wide Web (WWW) is an internet based service, which uses common set of rules known as Protocols, to distribute documents across the Internet in a standard way. The Internet is a massive network of networks. It connects millions of computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with any other computer as long as they are both connected to the Internet whereas The World Wide Web, or “Web” for short, or simply Web, is a massive collection of digital pages to access information over the Internet. 3. Briefly explain the various types of servers. 1. Mail Server: Mail Servers provides a centrally-located pool of disk space for network users to store and share various documents in the form of emails. 2. Application Server: An application server acts as a set of components accessible to the software developer through an API defined by the platform itself. 3. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Server: FTP uses separate control and data connections between the client and the server. FTP users may authenticate themselves in the form of a username and password, but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it. 4. Database Server: A database server is a computer program that provides database services to other computer programs or computers using client-server model. 5. Domain Name System (DNS) Server: A name server is a computer server that hosts a network service for providing responses to queries. It maps a numeric identification or addressing component. 4. Differentiate between static webpage and a dynamic webpage. |A static web page often called a flat page or stationary page, is a web page that is delivered to the user exactly as stored. A static web page displays the same information for all users, such versions are available and the server is configured to do so. Such web pages are suitable for the contents that never or rarely need to be updated. ||A dynamic web page is a web page which needs to be refreshed every time whenever it opens in any of the web browsers to display the updated content of the site. 5. Simran has a hobby of writing articles and short write-ups. She wants to share her views with the world. Suggest what she can do to make her views public and share her thoughts with everyone. Simran can set up a personal blog on Internet where she can write her views and her thoughts will be shared with the world. It is advisable to start with Google Blogger or WordPress. 6. What is a Search Engine? How does it work? Search engines are the programs which are needed to extract the information from the internet. A search engine works in the following order: 1. Web crawling: Web search engines work by storing information about many web pages. These pages are retrieved by the program known as Web crawler – which follows every link on the site. Web crawler may also be called a Web spider. 2. Indexing: Indexing also known as web indexing, it stores data to facilitate fast and accurate information retrieval. 3. Searching: A web search query fetches the result from the web search engine entered by the user to meet his information needs. 7. What is a Web Server? What are the various services provided by web servers, these days? Web server helps to deliver web content that can be accessed through the Internet. The most common use of web servers is to host websites, as the internet is not only used to fetch the information but there are other uses such as gaming, data storage or running business applications. Various services provided by web servers are: 1. Cost Efficient: Web server is the most cost efficient method to use, maintain and upgrade. Traditional desktop software costs companies a lot in terms of finance. 2. Resource Sharing: Web Server has the capability to store unlimited information such as Google Drives, Cloud computing etc. 3. Data Sharing: With the help of web servers one can easily access the information from anywhere, where there is an Internet connection using Google docs such as Documents, Excel sheets, Drawings, Powerpoint presentations etc. 4. Backup and Recovery: As all the data now a days is stored on web servers, backing it up and restoring the same is relatively much easier than storing the same on a physical device. 8. What is a Web Page? How does it work and how is it different from a website? A Web page also known as Electronic Page, is a part of the World Wide Web. It is just like a page in a book. A Web page can contain an article, or a single paragraph, photographs, and it is usually a combination of text and graphics. It works in following manner: → The server receives the request for a page sent by your browser. → The browser connects to the server through an IP Address; the IP address is obtained by translating the domain name. → In return, the server sends back the requested page. A web page is one single page of information, while a website is made up of a number of different web pages connected by links known as Hyperlinks. 9. What is meant by Cloud Computing? Cloud Computing is distributed computing over a network, and has the ability to run a program or application on many connected computers at the same time. It is used, where various computing concepts that involve a large number of computers are connected via real-time communication network such as the Internet. 10. What is a Web Site? How does it differ from a Web Portal? Web portal is a medium by which users access the resources, while a website is a destination in itself. Portals and websites are distinct entities which are linked together, but they should not replace each other. A website is also a portal, if it broadcast information from different independent resources where as Web Portal refers to a website or services that provide varied resources and services such as email, forums, search engines and online shopping malls. 11. What are the various steps involved while creating a Web Site? Explain. Steps involved while creating a web sites are: Step 1: Hosting – The first step in constructing a website is to decide about the web hosting provider for your site. You can go either with free hosting or paid one. Step 2: Domain Name – A domain name provides extra branding for your site and makes it easier for people to remember the URL. Step 3: Plan a Web site – After deciding the domain and your URL, you can start planning your site. You need to decide the audience aimed at. Choose category of website whether it is about news, product or reference. Step 4: Build Your Website Page by Page – For building a website you need to work on one page at a time. Step 5: Publish Your Website – After the completion of the design now it is the time to publish your website on web. Do it with tools on hosting service or with FTP clients like Filezilla. Step 6: Promote Your Website – There are many ways to promote a website such as submit your website’s sitemap to search console of major search engine, work on search engine optimisation, word of mouth, email, and advertising. Step 7: Maintain Your Website – Maintenance is the last step of constructing a site which helps in keeping your site updated with the latest trends of market. 12. Name some softwares used to create a Website. Some softwares used to create a Website are: 2. CoffeeCup Free HTML Editor 3. Microsoft Web Essential 4. Adobe Muse 13. What do you mean by a Web Browser? A browser is a software that lets you view web pages, graphics and the online content. Browser software is specifically designed to convert HTML and XML into readable documents. Most popular web browsers are Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera Web, Safari etc. 14. What is meant by SSL? The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a protocol, uses Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Transport Control Protocol (TCP) for managing the security of a message transmission on the Internet. SSL uses the public-and-private key encryption system, which also includes the use of a digital certificate. 15. Discuss the various types of blogs. Various Types of Blogs are: 1. Personal Blogs: Most Popular, Sharing of stories according to interest of person specific. For example cbsesolution.com 2. News and views: A number of news and television companies having professional journalists who post stories and views about the latest events. Visitors can comment their opinions as well. TimesofIndia is a popular example of the same. 3. Company blogs: Many companies run blogs to let their customers and clients know about the new products coming up or progress being made on some project. For example paytm.com/blog 4. Micro-blogs: This is a new type of blog where you post very short comments that others can follow and a powerful way for professionals to keep in touch with each other. Twitter is the best 16. People now a days are pursuing blogging as their career. But, still there are many who refuse to go for the same. Discuss your views on the topic. With the advancement of IT & technology, there are many more who are opting their career as Blogger. Development of web is very crucial. Lots of people come over the web for Information and providing same is the main aim of bloggers. Despite this there is earning also. As the income through advertistment and other sources on blog increases more people are moving into this field. But also there are many who refuse to go for the same as there is no fixed income. Blog is totally dependent on you. If you unfit for one month then your income will collapsed automatically. It is also time consuming process. You need to be patient because you don’t start earning in a single day. Readership takes time to develop within people. 17. Briefly explain the elements of a website. Elements of websites are: 1. Good Visual Design: A site must be appealing and if required, must be professional. It reflects company, products and services. 2. Screen Resolution: As we know that websites are displayed on the screen of electronic devices and every device has different resolution. We need to make sure that website looks good at this setting and must work nicely for other resolutions too. 3. Colour Scheme & Text Formatting: To make the website presentable appropriate colour scheme must be used. Always use 2 or 3 primary colours that reflect the purpose of site. 4. Insert Meaningful Graphics: Graphics are important, as they provide the site a legible and interactive appearance. 5. Simplicity: Keep the site simple and allow for adequate white space. Don’t overload site with complex design, animation, or other effects to impress your viewers. 6. Relevant Content: Include relevant information along with style, to help the visitors to make a decision. 7. Navigation: Keep the site simple and well organized. Don’t use fancy Navigation Bar in website. Place all the menu items at the top of your site, or above the fold on either side. 8. Minimal Scroll: While surfing the sites for information users do not like scrolling the page instead they need to see all the information on one screen. 9. Consistent Layout: Always use a consistent layout in the whole website which will help you to retain the theme of the site. 10. Cross-platform/browser Compatibility: Today many open source browsers are being used by the users. Create a website which should be platform independent. C. Lab Session 2. Name all the websites related to e-commerce. 3.Create your e-group on a social networking site and share your opinions and views on environment. Students can do themselves. Choose Facebook, Create a group and add members and share your views. 4. Name all the personal types of blogging sites 5. List all the popular search engines in the market. 9. Identify the category of these sites and complete the table. www.olx.in – advertising, selling, buying used goods. www.facebook.com – social networking www.icicibank.com – e-banking www.irctc.co.in – e-rail online rail ticket booking system. www.merriam-webster.com – e-dictionary

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|2||Myanmar (formerly Burma)||653,290| How many countries start with the letter M? There are 18 countries that start with the letter M. What European countries start with the letter M? There are quite a few European countries that start with the letter M. Monaco, Macedonia, and Malta are all European countries that start with M. Montenegro is another country in Europe that starts with M. Interesting facts about letter M countries Mexico is located in North America, bordering the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. It’s the home to ancient ruins such as Teotihuacan, stunning beaches such as Cancun and Playa del Carmen, colonial towns like San Miguel de Allende, and vibrant metropolises like Mexico City. Fun facts about Mexico include its Day of the Dead celebration (Dia de los Muertos), which honors deceased loved ones with colorful decorations and lively festivities. Myanmar (formerly Burma) is located in Southeast Asia, bordering India and Bangladesh. Despite being off-the-beaten-path for many travelers, Myanmar offers visitors an incredibly rich cultural experience. From centuries-old temples to the unique hill tribe cultures, there’s much to explore in this beautiful country. Fun facts about Myanmar include its elaborate gold-leafed pagodas and the fact that it’s home to the longest teak tree in the world. Other interesting things about Myanmar include its traditional puppetry and folk music. Morocco is located in North Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It’s a popular destination for its vibrant cities, stunning beaches, and fascinating culture. Morocco is also home to some of the most impressive architecture in the world, including the Hassan II Mosque and the medina of Fez. Fun facts about Morocco include its colorful markets (souks), which sell everything from spices to handmade goods. Other interesting things about Morocco include its camel races and traditional Berber music. Malaysia is located in Southeast Asia, bordering Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei. It’s a popular destination for its beautiful beaches, lush rainforests, and unique blend of cultures. Malaysia is home to the Petronas Twin Towers, which are the tallest twin towers in the world. Fun facts about Malaysia include its diverse cuisine, which is a fusion of Chinese, Indian, and Malay flavors. Other interesting things about Malaysia include its traditional dance and music, as well as its many festivals celebrating different cultures. Mozambique is located in Southeast Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean. It’s a popular destination for its pristine beaches, coral reefs, and friendly people. Mozambique is also home to some of the largest elephants in Africa. Fun facts about Mozambique include its Portuguese colonial history and the fact that it’s one of the world’s poorest countries. Other interesting things about Mozambique include its traditional ceremonies and dances. If you’re looking for a truly unique travel experience, Mozambique is a great choice. Madagascar is located in Southeast Africa, off the coast of Mozambique. It’s a popular destination for its stunning beaches, unique wildlife, and friendly people. Madagascar is home to some of the world’s most exotic animals, such as lemurs and fossas. Fun facts about Madagascar include its French colonial history and the fact that more than 90% of its wildlife is found nowhere else on Earth. Other interesting things about Madagascar include its traditional music and dance, as well as its many national parks and reserves. Mali is located in West Africa, bordering Algeria to the north; Mauritania to the west; Senegal to the south-west; Guinea to the south; Cote d’Ivoire to the south-east; Burkina Faso to the east. It’s a popular destination for its ancient mosques and mud-hut villages. Fun facts about Mali include its traditional music, which is played on the kora (a harp-like instrument) and the balafon (a xylophone-like instrument). Other interesting things about Mali include its vibrant festivals, such as the Timbuktu Festival of Arts and Culture. Malawi is located in Southeast Africa, bordering Lake Malawi (the third-largest lake in Africa). It’s a popular destination for its stunning lakes and beaches. For the tourists who want to get away from the crowded beaches of Lake Malawi, there are many other options for things to do. Fun facts about Malawi include its British colonial history and the fact that it’s one of the world’s poorest countries. Other interesting things about Malawi include its traditional ceremonies and dances, as well as its many national parks and reserves. Mauritania is located in Northwest Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean. It’s a popular destination for its stunning beaches and dunes. Tourists can also enjoy the Mauritanian desert, which is one of the largest deserts in the world. Even more, Mauritania is home to some of the world’s largest salt mines. Some of the interesting things worth noting about Mauritania are its traditional music and dances, as well as the camel caravans that transport goods throughout the country. Moldova is located in Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea and Romania. Tourists should consider visiting Moldova because of its wine country, incredible landscapes, and affordability. Fun facts about Moldova include that it is the only country in the world with a double-headed eagle on its flag and that it has more than 1000 rivers! If you’re looking for an interesting and affordable European destination to visit, Moldova should be at the top of your list! Mongolia is located in East Asia and is bordered by Russia and China. It is a landlocked country with a population of just over three million people. Mongolia is known for its nomadic culture and its beautiful landscape. The capital city of Ulaanbaatar is home to about half of the country’s population. Tourists should consider visiting Mongolia because it is a unique and fascinating place with a rich history and culture. Some fun facts about Mongolia include the fact that it’s the world’s largest landlocked country. Also, it has the world’s lowest population density, with only six people per square kilometer. Besides, Mongolia was once the largest contiguous empire in human history, covering more than 33 million square. The Mongolian language is also one of the world’s oldest languages, dating back to the 13th century. Lastly, Mongolia is home to some of the world’s rarest animals, including the snow leopard and the Gobi bear. Mauritius is located in the Indian Ocean and is a popular tourist destination for its white sandy beaches and lush vegetation. The island was first uninhabited and only discovered by sailors in the 16th century. Mauritius is home to some of the world’s rarest animals, including the pink pigeon and flying fox. Tourists should consider visiting Mauritius for its natural beauty and unique wildlife. Other interesting and fun facts about Mauritius include the fact that Mauritius is the only country in the world with a national flag that includes all of the colors of the Olympic rings. Also, the island was named after Prince Maurice of Nassau. Mauritius is also home to the oldest post office in the world, which has been in operation since 1639. Montenegro is a small country located in southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, and Albania. Montenegro has a population of about 620,000 people and its capital city is Podgorica. Montenegro is a beautiful country with many interesting places to visit. Some of the most popular tourist destinations include Kotor, Budva, Herceg Novi, Ulcinj, and Tivat. Montenegro also has some great beaches that are perfect for swimming, sunbathing, and relaxing. Micronesia is located in the western Pacific Ocean and consists of more than 600 islands. The country is a great place to visit for its natural beauty, diverse culture, and friendly people. Fun facts about Micronesia is that the average life expectancy in Micronesia is 75 years. There are over 25 different languages spoken in Micronesia. Besides, the currency of Micronesia is the US dollar. There are also many activities to keep tourists busy, such as snorkeling, diving, hiking, and fishing. The people of Micronesia are also very welcoming and hospitable. If you’re looking for an off-the-beaten-path destination to visit, Micronesia is a great option. Maldives is located in the Indian Ocean south of India. It is made up of over 1200 islands, most of which are uninhabited. Maldives offers stunning white sand beaches and crystal clear waters making it a popular tourist destination for honeymooners and divers alike. The Maldives is the lowest country in the world with an average elevation of only about five feet above sea level. With its serene beauty and endless activities such as diving, snorkeling, and sunbathing, the Maldives is perfect for those looking to relax on a beautiful beach during their vacation. Additionally, with its close proximity to India, visitors can also enjoy exploring another fascinating culture while on holiday. Malta is located in the Mediterranean Sea and is a popular tourist destination for its sunny weather and beautiful beaches. The country is also home to many historical sites, including the city of Valletta which was founded in 1566. Malta is a great place to visit if you’re looking for a mix of history and relaxation. Malta is also one of the world’s smallest countries with a population of just over 400,000 people. If you’re looking for a more bustling and urban environment, Malta may not be the best choice for you. Marshall Islands is located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean and it is made up of 29 atolls. These make for stunning beaches, coral gardens, and lagoons. If you are looking to get away from it all and enjoy a pristine beach, then this is the place for you! Did you know that there are only about 70,000 Marshallese people living on these islands? This means that if you visit, you will have plenty of elbow room on the beach! The Marshall Islands offer an incredibly unique experience in the middle of nowhere. With crystal clear waters, white-sand beaches, and friendly locals, it’s hard not to fall in love with this country! Add to that some world-class snorkeling and diving, and you have the perfect recipe for a relaxing vacation. Monaco is located on the French Riviera and is known for its luxury hotels, casinos, and yachts. The Prince of Monaco is one of the wealthiest people in the world. Monaco is a great place to visit if you enjoy the outdoors and want to experience a luxurious lifestyle. Some of the interesting things to see and do in Monaco include visiting the Prince’s Palace, taking a ride on the world’s oldest working railway, or checking out the Monte-Carlo Casino. Even more interesting is that Monaco only has a population of about 38,000 people!

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Your car’s fuel pump is perhaps the most important part of its fuel delivery system. A fuel pump is needed to move fuel from the tank to your engine’s cylinders. When a fuel pump starts to go bad, it can significantly affect the drivability of your car. In this article, we’ll be going over what exactly it means when your fuel pump stops working, the symptoms of a failing fuel pump that you should look out for, how to prolong your fuel pump’s life, and of course, how to start your car if you have a bad fuel pump. - Fuel Pump Overview - What Happens When Your Fuel Pump Goes Bad - How To Start a Car With a Bad Fuel Pump - Symptoms of a Bad Fuel Pump - How to Prolong Your Fuel Pump’s Life Fuel Pump Overview Fuel pumps are standard equipment for all modern cars that use internal combustion engines. In decades past, some cars didn’t have fuel pumps and instead used gravity feed fuel tanks, but this is no longer the case. The type of fuel pump your car has depends on its fuel delivery system. In older carburetor cars, the fuel pump is usually driven mechanically by the engine and is located closer to the engine itself. In newer cars with fuel injection, fuel pumps are usually operated electrically and are located closer to the fuel tank or even inside the tank. Modern fuel-injected cars may use two pumps in their fuel systems. The first pump is usually a larger, low-pressure one that moves the fuel outside the tank, and the second pump is a smaller, high-pressure one that sends the fuel to the injectors. What Happens When Your Fuel Pump Goes Bad As we’ve mentioned, the fuel pump in your car is needed to pump fuel from the tank to the engine. When your engine is running at speed, it needs a consistent supply of fuel in order to operate correctly. Being unable to receive the right amount of fuel can throw off the air/fuel ratio in the cylinders, resulting in poor engine performance. If your fuel pump is failing, your engine may be getting too much or too little fuel, and in either case, this is not good for your car’s performance. An engine that is receiving too little fuel (running lean) will be prone to misfiring and may stall at lower speeds. An engine that is receiving too much fuel (running rich) will run far less efficiently and emit far more pollutants than normal. If the state of your fuel pump is really bad, however, your car will be totally unable to start or run, which is obviously not something you want to have happen to you. How To Start a Car With a Bad Fuel Pump If your fuel pump is indeed going bad, it may be next to impossible to get your car started to begin with. However, there’s one thing you can try that might make a difference. If your fuel pump is incapable of generating enough pressure on its own to start the car, you might be able to compensate by applying some external pressure of your own. At the very least, this might be able to help you start and run your car for long enough to get to a repair shop. As for how to provide your fuel with external pressure, you might have to do a little experimenting and see what works. One thing you could try, however, is connecting an air pump to your gas tank and running it until the tank itself becomes pressurized. Other than this, if your fuel pump goes kaput, there’s really no feasible way to start your car in spite of this. Some sources state that keeping your engine hot can also make it easier to start your car when your fuel pump is dying, although there doesn’t seem to be much of a basis for these claims. Symptoms of a Bad Fuel Pump It is important to know that your fuel pump is actually bad, before proceeding to trying to start a car when the pump might not be at fault. Fuel pumps are generally very reliable, and can last about 100,000 miles without needing replacement. Hence it is more likely to become bad on older cars. But rest assured that If your fuel pump is indeed on its last legs, you’ll receive plenty of warning before it fails entirely. A failing fuel pump has several different symptoms, so pay attention for the following signs that your fuel pump is going bad: 1. Engine Sputtering When Driving Fast A engine that sputters when you’re moving at speed is one of the biggest signs of a bad fuel pump. As you know, your engine needs a steady supply of fuel to run correctly, particularly when the engine is turning over quickly. Sputtering happens when your pump can’t deliver the right amount of fuel at the right pressure to your cylinders. 2. Low Fuel Pressure If you’re able to measure your car’s fuel pressure, this can be an accurate way to determine if your fuel pump is going bad. A faulty fuel pump won’t be able to supply your engine fuel at the right pressure, so low fuel pressure can be an indication of a bad fuel pump. There are a few different ways you can check your car’s fuel pressure. The easiest way is to simply use a fuel pressure gauge. To use a fuel pressure gauge, you need to connect it to your injector rail. Most modern cars, and especially old ones, should have a testing point for fuel pressure on the injector rail in the form of a Schrader valve. After connecting your pressure gauge to the valve, turn the key to the “on” position (not the “start” position. If your fuel pump is working, it should come on and start sending fuel to the injectors. If the fuel is coming in with enough pressure, the fuel pressure gauge should indicate this. 3. Surging Engine If your fuel pump is sending too little fuel to the cylinders, your engine will start sputtering. On the other hand, if your fuel pump is sending too much fuel to the cylinders, this can cause your engine to start surging unexpectedly. You’ll be able to tell if your engine is surging if your engine starts suddenly gaining revs even when you’re not actively pressing the gas pedal. 4. Poor Fuel Economy An engine that is running too rich will end up wasting fuel, since more fuel is being sent to the engine than it can actually burn. This, of course, can happen if your fuel pump’s pressure is too high. Pay attention to your car’s normal gas mileage, and take note if your mileage is starting to go way down for no apparent reason. The culprit could very well be a bad fuel pump. 5. Sluggish Acceleration If your fuel pump can’t provide fuel to your engine at the right pressure or volume, this can result in a vehicle that struggles to accelerate normally. If you happen to suspect that your fuel pump is on the fritz, try doing some hard acceleration on a road or another place where it’s safe to do so. A car with a bad fuel pump will accelerate a lot more weakly than it normally would. 6. Power Loss You may also notice the signs of a bad fuel pump if you try to drive with one while the vehicle in under extra load, for example if you’re driving on a steep hill or pulling some heavy cargo. Your engine needs more fuel in order to work harder in these situations, and if your fuel pump can’t supply this extra fuel, you’ll definitely notice it. Fuel pumps do normally make noise, but if your pump is operating normally then you shouldn’t be able to hear the noise over the sound of your engine. A functioning fuel pump normally makes a low humming sound, which you might be able to hear if you put your ear close to your car’s fuel tank while it’s running. A broken fuel pump, on the other hand, can be a lot noisier than normal. If you hear what sounds like a loud whining noise coming from the rear of your car while it’s running, this could be because you have a busted fuel pump. 8. Hard/No Starting If your fuel pump issues get really bad, you may find it a lot harder than normal to start your car. With a bad fuel pump, the engine may turn over several more times than normal before it is able to start. If the fuel pump has failed completely, then the engine will be completely unable to start. The starter motor will keep the engine turning over, but it will fail to run otherwise. In this case, replacing the fuel pump is probably your only option. How to Prolong Your Fuel Pump’s Life It’s all well and good to know how to deal with a fuel pump after it goes bad, but learning how to take care of your fuel pump so that it doesn’t go bad to begin with is also incredibly useful to know. Prolonging the life of your fuel pump mainly comes down to two things: your refueling habits, and the quality of fuel you put into your car. In terms of your refueling habits: - You can help preserve the life of your fuel pump by not waiting too long to refuel your car. If you can, try and make sure that your fuel tank is at least a quarter of the way full at all times. - This is because gas acts as a coolant for your fuel pump, and if there’s not enough gas to cool the pump, then the pump will obviously start to overheat. This can cause the pump to wear out more quickly. - The presence of extra fuel in the tank also helps with the longevity of the fuel pump by not requiring it to work as hard. If there is more fuel in the tank, there is also more internal pressure, which helps to move the fuel through the pump more easily. When fuel starts running low, the pump has to work harder to send the same amount of fuel through it. Any dirt or debris that gets into your gas tank can damage the fuel pump if it gets sucked in. Debris tends to accumulate at the bottom of your gas tank, so the lower your fuel levels get, the more likely your fuel pump will be sucking in unwanted bits. You should also try to avoid refueling at run-down, poorly maintained gas stations, since they might be more likely to have impurities in their gas. If their supply of gas is contaminated with water, for example, this can cause your fuel pump and other parts of your fuel system to start corroding.

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Voynich Reveals Star Maps of Plant Origins by Hillary Raimo (SURSA) Excerpt taken from Jason Kings “The Cannabible III”. “Are You Sirius? Take a look at the word cannabis. Ever wonder what it means? Cannabis is a Greek word, though its root is African. In Greek, canna means ‘canine’ or ‘dog’ and bis or bi is the number two. So cannabis is the ‘two dog plant’! That in itself is interesting to me. But the pot thickens. There is a cannabis-loving tribe in Mali, West Africa called the Dogon tribe. A fairly well-documented group, the Dogons were visited by Herodotus, a Greek traveler and chronicler, around 300 BC. He was fortunate enough to have visited the Dogons during a year-long celebration that took place every 50 years. Explaining their celebration, the Dogons pointed to the brightest star in the Winter sky, Sirius, and said it was the ‘Two-Dog Star’ and that it was the home of the ‘two-dog plant’, cannabis. The two-dog plant, they said, was brought to our planet from the Goddess from the Two Dog Star. Their yearlong celebration was in honor of that star. All of this would be easy to dismiss if not for the fact the Dogons possessed specific knowledge about the Sirian system for thousands of years before scientists with modern telescopes and equipment could catch up and prove them right. The Dogons had specific knowledge about Sirius B, a white dwarf star, which they call Po Tolo. They knew that it was white, that it was extremely small, and that its the heaviest star in its grouping. They were able to describe its elliptical orbit with Sirius A, its 50 year orbital period, and the fact that the star rotated on its own axis. Sirius B is invisible to the naked eye abd is so difficult to observe, even through a telescope, no pictures were taken until 1970. They also described a third star in the Sirius system, which they called Emme Ya. In 1995, when two French astronomers published the results of a multi-year study that was apparently a small, red dwarf star within the Sirius star system, the Dogon idea of there being a Sirius C, aka Emme Ya, was suddenly taken much more seriously. If the Dogons were correct in all of their other knowledge about Sirius, why would they not be dead on with their claims of cannabis being from Sirius. It is, after all, named after that “Two-Dog Star’. Note: The Dog Star was highly venerated in ancient Mesopotamia, where its old Akkadian name was Mil-lik-ud (Dog Star Of the Sun) and in Babylonia, where it was called Kakkab-lik-ku (Star Of The Dog). The assyrians called Sirius Kal-bu-sa mas (the Dog of the Sun) and in Chaldea, it was known as Kak-shisha (The Dog Star That Leads)”. The Voynich Manuscript is made out of vellum. Vellum is from the Latin word “vitulinum” meaning “made from calf”. Today vellum is made out of a synthetic material. Not real calf skin. What was written in this book was vital information. Really important information. Information that showed a tracking of origin sources for certain power plants. Where did they come from? I believe this book traces the star map of human origins. Through the plants harvested from them. The true history of this will be held safe within the indigenous cultures of our planet. Those who have not forgotten their true natures, connections, and have kept the stories well protected and true. Like the Dogon. Information back in 1912 was dangerous. When Wilfed Voynich made the decision to become the keeper of this book and bring it to the attention of many at that time. He was in a sense bringing the map forward in time and into the minds of consciousness then, during a renaissance. Renaissance, the enlightening of the mind and blending of the higher senses with love, joy and happiness. Plants love all of that. Science today has proven that. How long has it been since the world has experienced a true renaissance? Wilfred did a courageous thing bringing the images forth. Acting like symbols within peoples mind, opening up knowledge and activating memories, the images invoked the memory associated with the star system and that aspect would connect to us multidimensionally. The star charts in the Voynich clearly show very specific star alignments. One stood out clearer then others, the seven sisters – Pleiades. I believe that the star origin of the power plants used in this book are known to the indigenous peoples of this planet. Match the plant to the star system it represents, is from, connects one too when ingested, or perhaps even tells the trail of humanity throughout the ages. It is coded truth. Complete heresy for the time. Opposite of what most believed. Opposite to what some wanted you to believe. It kept the truth safe. It shares with us a glimpse into other worlds, small and large. It shows us the combinations (constellations) that we can trace for mutlidimensional reasons. When people ingest DMT they report seeing the same visuals. The same experience. The meaning they place on that experience is what differs. How is that possible unless it is real? Are the vision experiences of those who consume power plants so similar because what we are exposed to is another reality? Again it is simply our translation of the meaning of it that differs. These findings are universal on this planet. the same landscape is seen, just different meaning applied. If plants really do open up the portals, if they truly align our bodies and minds with the right frequency to see them, to connect with the beings there (another common experience by users) are we actually traveling to them in our light bodies? Our body naturally produces receptors for cannabis and DMT. We sometimes need more. When our body develops cancer, our body opens these receptors. We are biologically built to receive the remedy. But it is illegal in our modern day country. So if our body is waiting for the medicine, by way of opening the receptors, and we can’t give it to ourselves, we die. We ingest other kinds of ‘medicine’ that is extremely harsh on the body and makes someone somewhere lots of money. Medicine for profit is not a natural system. Meanwhile the plant kingdom offers the true remedy. Big pharma doesnt want you to know this about yourself. That you already come hardwired to receive the remedies of ailments freely in nature. You just have to understand it and how it all works together. You have been cut off. Separated from the language of nature. Intentionally by forces on this planet that do not want to lose money or control or the synthetic form of power they have come to love so well. In that you have also been cut off to your star families. Alien issues implanted into your minds to keep you far away. Distractions of silly debates back and forth, anything to keep the knowledge out. No more Garden of Eden for you. Eve ingested the truth and saw beyond this world. She was kicked out of the boys club because she saw it differently. This book shows us the reconnection. It is multidimensional. It is the keeper of the trail of stars we have understood in our faraway past. It heals the issues implanted to keep us cold. When the human body is in love, the chemicals produced in the mind include DMT compounds. So if we have an illness of consciousness, anything that is not love, we increase our DMT levels and this helps to remedy that. We feel reconnected, it is a reboot of the consciousness. DMT flows through everything, it is love and it is in all, this is truth. Plants help to reconnect this for us by way of knowing their power, their medicine. DMT is also illegal today. So when we have a sickness of consciousness and our bodies need more medicine, we cannot get it. Although we can love really well and produce it ourselves naturally, we can meditate and seek spiritual perfection and make it, how many people realistically make time for that? Not the majority. Not yet anyhow. This will change. And when it does, no more wool over the eyes for anyone. That means all your vulnerable spots will be exposed. Better learn to embrace this aspect of yourself, to work with it in unison to the whole. It will be a soul quake through and through. If the recipe section in the manuscript t ells us how to make potions, tinctures of immortally, perhaps they also combine star energies to show us a path as well, on some level of decoding it may. I believe it does. It shows us the line of star seeds and where they come from. Where their colonies are, others like them perhaps. Cosmic bloodlines? What constellation is our Sun part of? What do we look like from out there? Yet here we are alive and well, going about day after day in our own worlds of daily grind. Why cant that be happening anywhere else? This manuscript holds an incredible amount of information, layered in powerful and brilliant ways. If what the Dogon say about the plant is true, then that means it is real. It means we take things at face value and then observe them multidimentionally, or maybe even the other way around. If cannabis came from the star system Sirius and was planted here, and our bodies have receptors for the plant, what does that mean about us? This book opens a pandoras box. by Hillary Raimo (SURSA)

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A complicated series of choices led Maud Makemson to a unique career. Her early focus on writing and on learning languages might have prepared her to be a diplomat rather than a scientist. But early work as a teacher and journalist, in New England, the Southwest, and California led her, eventually, to earth and space science and to renown in astronomy and anthropology. In a long and varied career, she combined her abilities as an astronomer and her early studies in language to become a prolific author and traveler, using her knowledge of astronomy and language, for example, to study the ancient science of the Mayans and Polynesians. Maud Worcester Makemson was born in Center Harbor, New Hampshire, on September 16, 1891, the daughter of Ira Eugene and Fanny Davisson Worcester. After graduation from the Girls’ Latin School in Boston in 1908, she attended Radcliffe for a year studying Greek and Latin. In her high school and college studies she learned Latin, Greek, French and German, and she studied Spanish, Italian, Japanese, and Chinese during her summer vacations. After leaving Radcliffe, Makemson took a course in English composition with the New England author and teacher, Dallas Lore Sharp, and briefly taught rural school in Sharon, Connecticut. In 1911, she moved with her family to Pasadena, California, where she met and married Thomas Emmet Makemson and became the mother of three children. Although she separated from her husband—and was divorced from him in 1919—she retained his name. After her separation Makemson moved to Arizona and took up journalism, working first for the Bisbee Daily Review and then for the Arizona Gazette. During this time she became interested in astronomy, and she began to study it informally after witnessing the great aurora on May 14/15, 1921, which was visible in Arizona. Moving to California that year, she became a teacher, first teaching fourth grade in Riverside, California, and subsequently, having moved again to be near her parents’ ranch, teaching the first four grades in Palmdale. During this time, Makemson resumed her formal education with correspondence courses in trigonometry from the University of California. She also started a correspondence course in astronomy in 1922. In a summer session at the University of California at Los Angeles in 1923, she studied analytic geometry, essay writing, and journalism. A class visit that summer to Mt. Wilson Observatory, above Pasadena, convinced Makemson to apply to the University of California, where she entered as a sophomore the following month. She entered the upper division as an astronomy major in January 1924, was Phoebe Hearst scholar and assistant in astronomy in 1924–1925, and received her bachelor’s degree, Phi Beta Kappa, in 1925. After graduation, Makemson taught briefly at a rural mountain school near Mt. Shasta and then was an assistant in astronomy and physics at UCLA. After a summer as research assistant at the seismograph station of the University of California at Berkeley, she was appointed research assistant in a survey of minor planets under a grant from the National Research Council in August, 1926. While holding this position for the next three and a half years, she began her graduate studies, taking two graduate courses a semester. At the same time, she taught astronomy and physical geography in Williams Junior College, Berkeley. Summer research at Berkeley’s Lick Observatory in 1927 completed her master’s program, and she was granted the degree in December of that year. She received her PhD from Berkeley in 1930. Women in science faced almost overwhelming odds in joining the academic ranks at this time. Makemson taught for a year at the University of California (1930–1931), and she taught astronomy and mathematics at Rollins College the following year. She joined Caroline Furness’s department at Vassar in 1932 as assistant professor of astronomy, and she came under consideration for promotion when, after a long illness, Furness died in 1936. President Henry Noble MacCracken, obviously aware that Furness’s successor was, in effect, also the successor of Maria Mitchell and Mary Watson Whitney, sought the advice of Henry Norris Russell, a friend of the college and professor of astronomy at Princeton. The historian Margaret W. Rossiter sees Russell’s response as evidence both of the perceived steep difference between scientific education at men’s and women’s colleges and of his keen judgment in Makemson’s case: “After speaking at the college and talking with its faculty, Russell wrote MacCracken a long letter in which he described the anomalies of such a research position at a women’s college. Since the position required so much elementary teaching (of the sort his colleagues dubbed pejoratively ‘girls’ college astronomy”), anyone who got an outside offer would tend to leave. Since only men got such opportunities, Vassar should appoint Maud Makemson, already on its staff, as the department’s new chairman and director. Although ‘mature’ at age forty-four, she had done good work, was likely to do more, and would continue to reach the students successfully…. ‘Vassar would not lose prestige’ by her appointment.” Maud Makemson became the fourth director of the Vassar Observatory in 1936 and full professor in 1944. The author of well over a dozen research articles in scientific journals—several of them while she was still a graduate student—on the orbits of minor planets, comets, and double stars, as well as the early history of astronomy, Makemson had also begun her combination of astronomy with anthropology before becoming the director of the observatory at Vassar. In the summer of 1935, on a Vassar grant, she had gone to Hawaii to study Polynesian astronomy. The result, The Morning Star Rises: An Account of Polynesian Astronomy, was published by Yale University Press in 1941. While in Hawaii she tackled another astronomical mystery or, as The New York Times for November 17, 1935, put it: “Vassar Professor may Upset Legend….Maud W. Makemson Meets Controversy While on Trip for Astronomical Research.” By local legend, in 1736, on the night the great King Kamehameha I of Hawaii was born, a new and mysterious star, later known as Kokoiki, swept across the heavens. Working from remarkably precise accounts transcribed from unwritten sources and contradicting the legend just as Hawaiians were beginning to plan for the event’s bicentennial, Makemson concluded that the star was Halley’s comet and that it would have been visible from exactly the location noted on December 1, 1758. The Hawaiian Historical Society published Makemson’s “The Legend of Kokoiki and the Birthday of Kamehameha I” in its Annual Report for 1935, but the date of the king’s birth remains unsettled. At Vassar, Maud Makemson thoroughly engaged her students. She and they computed the orbits of a dozen minor planets, one of which she named “Vassar” and another “Maria Mitchell.” (1) One of her students, Vera C. Rubin ’48—widely recognized as the formulator of the concept of “dark matter”—remembered: “She was a very thorough teacher, demanding high quality work in return. She could be very outspoken if work was not up to her standards. Her interest in the history of astronomy was revealed in the weekly lectures on this subject which were utterly fascinating. Finally, she made a great effort to get to know her students, with a series of gatherings at her apartment throughout the year, at which words games and number games played a prominent role. On one occasion she took a roommate and me to the circus!” Makemson’s blend of knowledge and accessibility sometimes drew her into controversy. Trial lawyers went to her for critical astronomical information, and the press consulted her about all kinds of celestial phenomena, including flying saucers. Once, during World War Two, Makemson was asked by the press about a rumor that a Vassar meteorologist had predicted 15 clear days of sunny weather. She quickly denied the rumor, warning that it may have been intended to frighten farmers out of planting crops and, if so, that the government should look into it and find the person responsible. She informed the public that, “Forecasts for more than 24 hours are prohibited by the government during the national emergency, and weather maps are not distributed until a week after the date for which they are valid.” During 1941–1942 Maud Makemson held a Guggenheim fellowship for the study of Mayan astronomy. The Astronomical Tables of the Maya was published in 1943 by the Carnegie Institute of Washington, D.C. Her The Maya Correlation Problem (1946) demonstrated the correlation between the ancient Maya calendar and the Julian and Gregorian calendars .On sabbatical again from Vassar in 1948 she further pursued the subject at the University of Florida and the University of California. The Book of the Jaguar Priest (1951) presented her controversial translation of the sixteenth century Book of Chilam Balam of Tizimin—one of the only surviving records of the Itza people of the Yucatan peninsula— along with discussion of discoveries of Mayan astronomy and mythology . In 1954, Makemson extended her speculation about the power of primitive astronomy in ancient belief in an article in the Journal of Bible and Religion called, “Astronomy in Primitive Religion.” Telling “a dramatic story of a distant past when religion included the worship of the celestial bodies,” with evidence from China, Mesopotamia, ancient Rome, Greece, and Egypt, Makemson drew on the work of the pioneer French archaeoastronomer Marcel Baudouin in analyzing a map of the stars in Ursa Major and Botes incised on a fossilized sea-urchin amulet from stone-age northern Europe. “The representation,” she asserted, “of Ursa Major…is remarkable for two reasons: first because the relative positions of the stars point to a very great antiquity for the amulet; and second, because the engraver has taken pains to indicate the difference in brightness of the stars, by varying the size of the cavities.” After discussing a variety of star-worship artifacts, including a relatively contemporary account of a star cult reported by the “apostle to the Muslims,” American missionary Sameul Zwemer, she concluded “that in general the various star-cults led ultimately to the seasons of the agricultural year, and to the sun from whose light and warmth all living creatures draw their sustenance.” A Fulbright teaching fellow in Japan and Punjab during 1953–1954, Makemson retired from Vassar in 1957. Returning to California, she taught astronomy and astrodynamics at UCLA and in 1960 was co-author with Robert M. Baker of Introduction to Astrodynamics. Collaboration with Baker and others led Maud Makemson—teacher, journalist, astronomer, observatory director, and anthropologist—to yet another career, in space research with the Applied Research Laboratories of General Dynamics at Fort Worth, Texas. As a consultant to NASA’s lunar exploration program, Makemson assisted in solving a critical problem for the astronauts. As she put it in “Determination of Selenographic Positions,” published in the international journal, The Moon (1971): In 1964–1965 when I developed an approximate method for determining selenographic [moon-mapped] latitude and longitude from star altitudes observed from the Moon’s surface, the practical need of such a method seemed most remote. Now in 1970, a method for finding accurate position on the lunar surface is no longer an academic problem, but an essential factor in every selenodetic survey…. The imperceptibly revolving lunar star-sphere provides an ever available reference system, never obscured by atmospheric disturbances or diffused sunlight. The Apollo astronauts, however, reported that as they stood on the Moon’s illuminated surface, the were unable to see the stars, except with some optical aid. Makemson’s solution to the “academic problem” evolved into a way for astronauts to determine their positions on the moon when they could not use radio or radar. The astronomers could enter the coordinates of three or more stars into a computer, and a program would convert geocentric, or earth-centered coordinates into a selenocentric, or moon-based, map. Maud W. Makemson died December 25, 1977, in Weatherford Texas. She was survived by her son, Donald Worcester, a professor of history at Texas Christian University, seven grandchildren and 11 great grandchildren. Makemson was a member of the American Astronomical Society, the Association for Advancement of Science (AAS), and the American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO). She was also a member of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) and the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). - In 1931, Makemson named another minor planet “Radcliffe,” in honor of the Radcliffe Class of 1912, her original college class. Maud W. Makemson, “Astronomy in Primitive Religion” Journal of Bible and Religion, Vol. 22, No. 3 (July, 1954) Maud W. Makemson, The Book of the Jaguar Priest, New York: Henry Schuman, 1951 Maud W. Makemson, “Determination of Selenographic Positions,” The Moon, Vol. 2, Issue 3, (February, 1971) Maud W. Makemson, “Astronomy in Primitive Religion,” The Journal of Bible and Religion, 22.3 (1954) Margaret W. Rossiter, Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940 (Part I), Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984 “Maud W. Makemson, Vassar Professor, Uncovers birth Date of Ancient King” Poughkeepsie “Sun Courier”, November 17, 1935 “Vassar Professor May Upset Legend,” The New York Times, November 17, 1935 “Vassar Denies ‘15 Clear Days.’ Fears Saboteur Started Rumor” Poughkeepsie New Yorker June 4, 1943 “To Locate Yourself on the Moon, Contact Dr. Makemson” Fort Worth Star Telegram, April 15, 1971 Vassar College Special Collections Biographical file on Maud Makemson Vassar Office of College Relations, “Four Faculty Members Retiring at Vassar” May 19, 1957 CJ, MH 2008

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We learn from the world around us. Its storied history lies within every street, building, and memorial. Every statue has a unique and interesting story to tell. But while the breakthroughs of our ancestors are inspiring, their mistakes are often difficult to confront. It is rightly stated that these were men and women of their time, inhabiting a world with values that are utterly alien to most people alive today. To judge historical figures by the cultural orthodoxies of modern America is pure folly. From the slave owners of the Ottoman Empire to the witch hunters of 18th-century Europe, history is full of monsters and morons. But only through understanding our shared heritage can we hope to produce a genuinely enlightened and tolerant society. Mao’s Cultural Revolution shows us that erasure of the past, however ugly, is not the answer. The powers that be will always demand more: one more book burned, a final statue toppled. But once the objects of hate are vaporized in their entirety, there is only one thing left to disappear: people. A healthy society does not build upon the ashes of what came before it but adds to what is already there. 10 Monuments More Controversial Than The Confederate Statues 10 Edward Colston Edward Colston remains a sensitive subject in the English city of Bristol. To this day, much of the city’s landmarks are dedicated to the 17th-century merchant and slave trader. Numerous buildings bear his name, including Colston Hall and Colston Tower. Colston Avenue is home to a memorial statue that honors his philanthropic deeds. And local stores sell “Colston buns” to tourists. From 1681 to 1691, Colston served as an official for the Royal African Company. According to estimates, the mercantile company’s fleet transported 84,000 African slaves, including thousands of children. Around 19,000 slaves died while in transit to the Americas. Colston would later return to Bristol, his place of birth, and begin philanthropic work. He used some of the money made from slavery, moneylending, and sugar refining to fund the region’s almshouses, schools, and hospitals. On June 7, 2020, an angry crowd tore down the statue due to Colston’s links to the slave trade. The statue, which had stood in the city center for over 120 years, was then rolled through the streets and thrown into Bristol Harbour. It took the council four days to retrieve the bronze figure from the seabed. When questioned over the incident, Police Superintendent Andy Bennett offered the following words: “You might wonder why we didn’t intervene and why we just allowed people to put [the statue] in the docks. We made a very tactical decision that to stop people from doing that act may cause further disorder. And we decided the safest thing to do, in terms of our policing tactics, was to allow it to take place.” Ghana’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs recently removed a statue of Mohandas “Mahatma” Gandhi from the nation’s capital city, Accra. The statue, unveiled by the 13th president of India Pranab Mukherjee, was supposed to commemorate the renowned anti-colonialist’s peaceful approach to conflict. Gandhi is considered to have played a pivotal role in ending the British colonial rule of India, mobilizing working-class laborers to protest discrimination. He instructed Indian citizens to boycott British goods and resign from British-run institutions. Flash forward to 2018. Staff and students at the University of Ghana were opposed to the statue’s very existence. They argued that Gandhi had previously expressed racist opinions. The controversy surrounds Gandhi’s stint as a lawyer in South Africa during the early 1900s. At the height of the British Empire, Gandhi fought for the civil rights of Indians in South Africa—but not Africans. His detractors also claim he used the racial epithet “kaffirs” to describe “uncivilized” black people. During his early prison years, Gandhi recommended segregation between Indians and black South Africans. Following a successful #GandhiMustFall campaign, the statue was removed from the campus grounds and stored in a secure location. A year later, the statue was unveiled again at the Kofi Annan Centre of Excellence. Ghana’s High Commissioner of India stated, “We are confident that relocation of the statue to a prestigious location in Ghana will bring an end to what was a misguided campaign about certain writings of Mahatma Gandhi.” 8 Chief Pontiac In 2018, a North Carolina dealership lost its most prized mascot. Harry’s on the Hill was once home to an unusual statue: a 7-meter (23 ft) Native American fighter. First erected in 1967, the fiberglass “muffler man” was modeled after the 18th-century warrior Chief Pontiac. The chief served as an advertisement for GM’s Pontiac cars, which formerly used his likeness as a logo. Chief Pontiac encouraged tribes to attack British-occupied forts and settlements throughout the Midwest. The tribes, unhappy with new trading restrictions, attempted to drive the British from the area. A series of bloody battles ensued, eventually leading to a tentative cease-fire. In May 2018, a Native American woman had an unfortunate run-in with one of the dealership’s employees. The woman, Sabrina Arch, attempted to buy an SUV but could not afford Harry’s prices. Arch’s attempts to negotiate with the salesperson ended in failure, so she took a two-hour drive to a different dealer. After finding the right price, she took a photo of her new car and sent it to the previous sales representative at Harry’s. The response was unexpected. The salesperson, thinking he was texting a colleague, called the “cherokee lady on yukon” a “biatch.” Arch accused Harry’s on the Hill of discrimination and demanded the removal of its Indian mascot. “By having the Indian mascot up as you enter this dealership can be misleading and needs to be taken down,” Arch wrote. Harry’s complied. The salesperson was immediately fired, and within months, the statue was gone. But the story has a happy ending. A restoration company gave the chief a new lick of paint and moved him to a museum in Michigan. 7 Jefferson, Columbus, And More Since 2015, protestors have retroactively charged many American legends with racism, white supremacy, and genocide. What started out with the removal of Confederate monuments quickly turned into a purge of random historical figures. A statue of President William McKinley, a former Union Army soldier, was removed in Arcata, California. In Chicago, a bust of Honest Abe was tarred, set on fire, and eventually removed. And a statue of Joan of Arc was tagged with the words: “tear it down.” A group of students recently tore down a statue of Thomas Jefferson outside a school in Portland, Oregon. Jefferson, the nation’s third president and a key architect of the US Constitution, oversaw several plantations and owned over 600 slaves. Many protesters are also campaigning to change the school’s name to exclude all references to the Founding Father. In Richmond, Virginians toppled a statue of Christopher Columbus and hurled it into a nearby lake. In a separate incident, a crowd lassoed a Columbus statue and pulled it down in front of the Minnesota State Capitol building. The angry mob proceeded to kick the inanimate object. Throughout June, authorities nationwide have removed nearly a dozen statues of the 15th-century explorer. 6 Evo Morales Bolivia is currently undergoing a sort of mini revolution following the ousting of former president Evo Morales. First elected in 2005, the Movement for Socialism leader sought to reduce illiteracy, poverty, and an overreliance on US trade. Morales partially achieved these ambitions, initially leading to a surge in support. But the former trade unionist’s popularity began to wane after he attempted to bypass the country’s three-term limit. His participation in a fourth election led to violent protests. Morales, accused of orchestrating a power grab, fled the country and went into exile. Morales made the most of his 14-year stint in power. Statues were erected in his image, streets and buildings were renamed in his honor, and his face appeared on state-funded school computers, soccer shirts, and food products. Morales’s political opponents quickly moved to scrub his image from the public sphere. In January 2020, the country’s interim sports minister, Milton Navarro, led a group of civilians to the Evo Morales sports stadium in Quillacollo. Armed with sledgehammers, city workers tore down a statue of the disgraced leader and cast it to the ground. The authorities renamed the stadium the Quillacollo Olympic Sports Center. Navarro explained his actions to the press: “We want to go against the idolatry of Morales.” 10 Weird Things We Have Found Inside Statues 5 Comfort Women In 2017, the Filipina Comfort Women statue was unveiled along the Baywalk waterfront in the Philippine capital of Manila. The bronze statue, depicting a blindfolded woman clutching her gown, represents the Filipino women who were sexually abused during World War II. During this period, the Japanese Imperial Army established a series of “comfort stations” designed to allow troops to sexually abuse the women of occupied territories. The stations were introduced in response to the mass murders and rapes witnessed during incidents like the Rape of Nanking. The military hoped that a controlled environment would conceal the sexual violence of its troops and control the spread of venereal diseases. Around 1,000 young Filipino women were coerced or tricked into joining military brothels. After decades of denial, the Japanese government officially recognized the atrocities in 1993. While the island nation has since offered financial reparations for its past war crimes, the issue remains a sensitive one for both Japan and its neighbors. Upon learning of the statue, the Japanese embassy in Manila submitted a formal complaint and demanded to know who was responsible for its development. The Philippine government quickly reversed course. The statue was removed during the dead of night, with city workers leaving behind a massive, rubble-strewn crater. Officials told the public that the statue was temporarily removed in preparation for a drainage project. In reality, the statue was simply handed back to its creator, Jonas Roces. President Rodrigo Duterte defended the move, saying he did not wish to insult Japan. Manila Mayor Joseph Estrada echoed his leader’s sentiments: “We should bury [the past] along with the bad things that occurred in the past.” 4 John A. Macdonald In 1867, the passage of the British North America Act signaled the birth of modern Canada. Sir John A. Macdonald became Canada’s first prime minister, uniting the British colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. He was instrumental in the advancement of the Constitution of Canada and the nation’s economic and geographic expansion. Around 150 years later, a statue of Macdonald was removed from Victoria City Hall in British Columbia. The decision was made after holding “Truth and Reconciliation” talks with the region’s indigenous tribes, including the Songhees and Esquimalt Nations. According to the city mayor, Lisa Helps, the talks themselves proved problematic. “One of the things we heard very clearly from the Indigenous family members is that coming to city hall to do this work, and walking past John A. Macdonald every time, feels contradictory.” So, at a cost of $30,000, the statue was dismantled and put into storage. Macdonald’s government implemented the Indian Act, which sought to integrate the children of the First Nations into Canadian society. Over the course of a century, tens of thousands of indigenous youngsters were forced to attend Indian residential schools. Some viewed this process, in the words of former Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper, as an attempt to “kill the Indian in the child.” Stories of child abuse at the hands of the Catholic-run schools soon made the national news. To date, Canada has paid billions of dollars in reparations to those affected by the Indian Act. 3 Michael Jackson Michael Jackson’s reputation has taken a hit as of late. In early 2019, HBO aired a four-hour documentary film, Leaving Neverland, in which the pop legend was accused of committing child abuse. The film centers upon allegations made by James Safechuck and Wade Robson. The pair claimed that Jackson had molested them as children during several trips to the singer’s Neverland Ranch in California. The documentary divided opinion. Jackson’s fans rallied around the late singer, which led to an uptick in sales of his music. The Michael Jackson estate sued HBO for $100 million and accused Safechuck and Robson of inventing a scurrilous tale to make money. Meanwhile, many radio stations around the world banned the star’s music. Big companies like Louis Vuitton and Starbucks quickly distanced themselves from Jackson’s legacy. And several museums removed his displays. In 2011, the eccentric billionaire Mohamed Al Fayed unveiled a statue of Michael Jackson in London. The resin sculpture was erected on the grounds of Al Fayed’s former soccer club, much to the bemusement of local sports fans. The landmark was removed in 2013 and eventually relocated to the National Football Museum in 2014. But HBO’s controversial documentary prompted the museum to permanently remove the statue. Al Fayed offered a calm rebuke: “If some stupid fans don’t understand and appreciate such a gift this guy gave to the world, they can go to hell.” With President Xi Jinping at the reins of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), China is slowly crippling freedom of religion. The one-party surveillance state has torn down Catholic churches, shuttled Uighur Muslims into “reeducation camps,” and forced Buddhists to pledge allegiance to the CCP. Only a handful of religions are permitted in China, and each is kept on a tight leash. Xi’s goons are dispatched from the United Front Work Department to sow secular socialism, devotion to the CCP, and a resentment of Western values. The Red Dragon has used a series of bizarre excuses to justify the removal, detonation, and concealment of thousands of Buddhist statues. A 24-meter (79 ft) Shakyamuni Buddha was removed in Hunchun City on the grounds of its “disrespectful” exposure to “wind and rain.” A Guanyin statue, once a national tourist hot spot, was demolished on Xiaolei Mountain for allegedly blocking “the view for airplanes.” And the CCP instructed officials in Jilin City to detonate an impressive 29-meter (95 ft) Buddha, which had taken sculptors 11 years to carve into the mountainside. The list goes on. Party members have destroyed Buddhist structures because they were too tall, too visible, or placed at nonreligious sites. Statues dedicated to the spiritual leader have been replaced with giant teapots and disguised as lotus flowers. Over 500 golden Arhat statues in Dongyang were pulverized for having “no educational meaning.” Even paintings of Buddha are replaced with those of President Xi, Karl Marx, and Vladimir Lenin. As if Xi’s intentions were not clear enough, he told a religious conference in 2016 that his followers must serve as “unyielding Marxist atheists, consolidate their faith, and bear in mind the Party’s tenets.” Since the fall of Saddam Hussein, the sectarian divide in Iraq has continued to grow. Thousands of disenfranchised Sunni Muslims, in responding to perceived injustices at the hands of Iraq’s then-Shia prime minister, joined the ranks of ISIS. By 2014, the terrorist group had taken over one-third of the country and expanded its operations in neighboring Syria. The group conquered and pillaged key cities, taking particular delight in destroying statues and great works of art. Jihadists ransacked the Mosul Museum, toppling statues with sledgehammers. Nimrud, an archaeological dig site, was completely devastated. And the leaning Al-Hadba’ minaret (aka the hunchback) was demolished using explosive devices. The public library suffered a similar fate, resulting in the loss of thousands of precious manuscripts. Elsewhere, a 9-ton winged bull—one of two sentinels guarding the Gates of Nineveh—was razed using a jackhammer. The proud beast had the head of a human, the wings of an eagle, and the torso of a bull. Its creators believed the statue would afford spiritual protection to the Assyrian king of Mesopotamia. Throughout ISIS-controlled Iraq, such ancient treasures disappeared on an unimaginable scale. ISIS justified the carnage using a range of religious, political, and historical arguments. Islamists claimed they were following in the footsteps of the prophet Muhammad, who destroyed statues to discourage idolatry. However, it turned out the group was using stolen artifacts to fund its military efforts, which belittled its already tenuous position. Top 10 Controversial Statues Around The World We Publish Lists By Our Readers! Submit Here . . .

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When children begin to learn to play an instrument through the Suzuki method, performance is pretty much a guaranteed part of the program. Whether it’s showing Mom a new technique in the lesson or doing a different skill before a group class, a Suzuki performance is a natural part of learning, and the concept of ‘performing’ is no big deal when the child is ready to play. How Is Performance Presented in the Suzuki Method? In traditional Suzuki lessons, the teacher, student, and parent are a tight-knit group. They work as a team, rather like how a sports coach works closely with the athlete and her family. There is plenty of one-on-one between the student and teacher, but the parent is expected to help when the teacher is not there – for example, during home practice sessions. The beauty of this system is that the child is used to having observers close by at all times. Will there ever be a time when the child works on his music without supervision? Certainly, especially as the child grows and matures. But when it is ‘normal’ to have a group around you as you play, especially when the child is young, this is the first step in preparing the student for performance proficiency. Traditional Suzuki Performance Opportunities: Small Groups Depending on the Suzuki teacher and program you attend, there will usually (but not always) be opportunities to work in group classes. A group class is composed of students at approximately the same skill level. They are usually grouped by book level, so everyone generally knows the same pieces. In a group class, there will be peers and parents there, along with the teacher. Playing in an ensemble is normal – everybody wants to play, so they learn to play as a group. The teacher may have different activities to encourage dynamics, rhythm, working in sync, you name it – but there should be a purpose to the activities that are done in class. Peer Group Performances During a group class, students may be called upon to demonstrate skills or techniques. Sometimes this happens in small groups – say the class is divided in half and the two sides try to ‘play that tune’ as the teacher calls out the name of a Suzuki piece. Or maybe, the students play centipede style – the kid first in line does the first two notes of Perpetual Motion (a favorite Book 1 piece), the next one plays the next two notes, the next takes the next two, and so on until they get to the end of the piece. Is this solo playing? Yes. But it is solo practice in the comfortable setting of keeping on your toes and keeping the game going. Are the parents watching, like an audience? Sure. But why worry about it? Having Mom and Dad positively supporting you is always welcome. When the child is involved in music making, he is developing a terrific level of concentration and confidence in his skills. Suzuki Group Concerts Now, lessons and group class are great ‘starter’ places to begin your Suzuki performance training. But in the Suzuki method, there is also a frequent series of concerts that children look forward to. Sometimes, it’s a ‘play-in’ or ‘play-down.’ In these events, all the students from the program are gathered on a stage (or the front of a church, or an auditorium – whatever venue your program uses). Then, they start with one song that some children know (led by the teacher and perhaps a piano accompanist) as the parents watch from the seats. The next song is known by a few more children, so they stand and play along. This continues until all the kids are standing and playing, usually on the simplest of the Suzuki repertoire for the newest players. This is a fantastic way to keep things fun. The child sees a familiar teacher leading the music, she has classmates who are playing right next to her, and her parents are out in the audience, close enough for comfort (and primed with the video recorder, so she can watch it later, if she wants). The applause is a neat bonus – and the signal for the kids to head for their parents and the snacks afterwards! (Yes, having a carry-in snack or treat at the end is sometimes the real goal, for some kids. Go ahead and let it be that way – it makes the whole performing experience a good one.) Suzuki Solo Recitals Then, there are solo recitals. Some programs simply have a series of concerts where the students get up to play their polished tune as a solo with a piano accompanist before a group of fellow students and parents. Other programs like to do ‘graduation recitals,’ which were designed by music education founder Dr. Shinichi Suzuki to serve as stepping stones of progress. You graduate from one level of playing to the next and your solo with the pianist is proof that you have achieved proficiency in the repertoire. Some programs have both a solo recital and a graduation recital. Either way, it is a more formal event when kids get to dress up and have a reception at the end. It is great ensemble work, too, to be playing with an accompanist (some programs let you have several rehearsals with the pianist before the recital). And one last Suzuki performance venue kids usually have is the book concert. When a student has mastered all the pieces in a Suzuki book, he usually gives a little solo recital of all the music. This can be done just before a few friends, maybe the grandparents and close relatives, or before a church group or retirement center crowd. Seriously, when children play music at a retirement center, the benefit is multiplied: the elderly appreciate the change in scenery, your child gets great experience playing in a new place, and he is able to interact with many different ages of people. Practicing Performance = Comfort with Being Front and Center When a child has been through the Suzuki performance system of preparation, he is comfortable with the concept of an audience. Play in front of peers? No problem. Play with an accompanist? Been there, done that. Perform before an audition committee – maybe only three people there? That is old hat. The child has been through many different experiences that have given him performance proficiency. Performing is a natural part of living the musical life, and it isn’t a concept to worry about. Developing concentration is a side benefit to Suzuki performing. When a child is used to reviewing old pieces and memorizing music, it helps him or her prepare for musical excellence. Suzuki students are typically not taught with the music in front of them. The parents can use the music, the teacher uses the music, but the student does not. He or she learns by ear and by example from the teacher or fellow classmates. The teacher will sometimes refer to the music, as in “See, that’s an up bow” or “These crescendos need to be louder” but especially for young children, the sheet music is just a peripheral. This helps the child develop musical independence. If you can hear it in your ear as you play it, you can keep on playing even when someone else becomes distracting, whether it is the piano accompanist struggling with a page turn or someone in the audience who has a coughing fit. To help encourage students to keep concentrating on their own playing instead of the playing of others, some Suzuki students are instructed to ‘watch your highway.’ This means that you’re looking at the general area of the violin strings between the bridge and the fingerboard, right where the bow connects with the string. Sometimes called the “Kreisler Highway,” it means that you watch the ‘highway’ of your violin, to keep your bow straight. (Fritz Kreisler, the virtuoso violinist, was the inspiration of the name, by the way. Kreisler sounds like Chrysler, which blends with the idea of cars, hence the ‘highway’ concept.) [su_box title=”Tip: ” box_color=”#6a1db0″ title_color=”#fefefe” radius=”0″ class=”width: 200px;height: 400px;”]If a child has difficulty looking at a point on the violin which is that close to his face, the teacher will sometimes choose a different spot on the instrument to become the focus point. The student watches the new spot and the same goal is accomplished.[/su_box] Keeping your eyes on the Kreisler highway helps keep your bow from yawing sideways on the strings. It also keeps you from being distracted by the puppy trotting into the room, or a sibling using Legos in the corner of the teacher’s studio. Other tips your teacher may give you for a good Suzuki performance are along the lines of ‘practice until you can’t mess up.’ Will you get to do a dry run of your performance? Ask the teacher. If she doesn’t tell you this ahead of time, then you can ask: how do I approach the stage? When should I bow? How many times? May I tune before I play? Will I be able to acknowledge the accompanist? Which way do I leave the stage? The most successful Suzuki students put in a goodly amount of elbow grease during their practice sessions. This means that they memorize the music, and their stage moves, then practice them until they are second nature. Final Performance Tips to Keep in Mind for the Suzuki Player - Practice until you can’t forget it. Okay, so you know your child knows the song. But can he keep playing when something else happens – like a door slamming? College music professors train students to concentrate for a recital by wandering around the auditorium and making noises, like dropping books or flipping seats as the student plays from the stage. When the college student is immune to jumping at a dropped binder, she is ready to perform. When your child has practiced so much that moderate ambulatory noise doesn’t faze her, then you’re good to go. - Remember, your child is aiming for his or her personal best – not to beat the other kids. You know how hard your child has worked! So keep the pressure off. Just enjoy the moment and let your child shine. The calmer you are, the calmer your child will be and the better your overall experience will be. Celebrate the accomplishment of having completed a performance. Your child did her best – and you appreciate that. - Kids start to freak out when someone asks them how nervous or scared they are. This is true for musicians (or performers of any type). Instead of asking about the negatives, project the positives. Children pick up security from their parents and teachers. Let them know you’re on their side, and that you expect them to do well. You’ve seen them do it before, and they are capable of doing it again. Treat the performance as something natural, because it is. Getting up in front of an audience is something some people do every day; think of people who do lots of work in front of a crowd, like teachers, preachers, and athletes. Having an audience doesn’t hold them back, so it’s nothing to worry about for you. - Practice slow breathing, calm conversation, and light stretches. It’s a good idea to do some warming up before your child begins playing in any situation. So get into the habit of warming up all the time. Then, it’s a natural calm-down technique any time he or she gets ready to play – not just when a Suzuki performance is about to occur. - Finally, keep this in mind: mistakes happen. They may seem huge to the musician as he or she is playing, but most other people don’t even notice that ‘big’ goof on the grace note or the desperate squawk in a shift. Phones ring, pagers beep, and circuit breakers blow out lights. There’s nothing new under the sun, even if it is new to your child. Musicians, just like workers in any other field, pick up where they left off and keep on playing. Maybe it’s better to start over – go ahead. But don’t dwell on mistakes. Just say, “Okay, it happened and I’ll know what to expect the next time.” Of course, if there is a real emergency, don’t just play through it. Stop, figure out what to do, and stay safe. But for other issues that come up, like a surprise cell phone rock anthem or a total mind blank, stay calm. You will survive. It’s natural to have a glitch every so often, and it’s all part of the Suzuki performance learning experience. You are part of a Suzuki team. You are prepared for performance, and you know what to do.

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热门关键词：亚搏手机app官方网站入口 | 济南复合板 | 亚搏手机app官方网站入口 | 济南c型钢 | 济南钢结构 | In practical application, the compressive strength of compressive reinforced composite plate should be considered in design. In addition, in order to achieve stable sound absorption performance, it is necessary to deal with some influencing factors. What factors affect the compressive strength and sound absorption performance of composite plates? Compressive strength of composite plate In fact, there are many factors that affect the compressive strength of compressive reinforced composite plates, but the main factors are the structure, the nature of cement and the direction of compression. Therefore, attention should be paid to the selection of high-quality production materials and adhesives in the production process. From the size of crystalline particles, the compressive strength of some fine-grained rocks or cryptocrystalline rocks is often greater than that of coarse-grained rocks. Due to different types of natural rocks used in the production process, the size of crystal particles produced is also different, but the crystal particles produced by basalt are very small and have high compressive strength. The performance of cement mainly depends on the binder used in the production process. According to the system structure, the rock wool board is composed of bonding layer, insulation layer, plastering layer, finishing layer and accessories. The layer and top layer are made of adhesive, so their compressive strength should be good. However, it should be noted that the actual situation is different due to the different quality of adhesive. Sound absorption performance of composite plate Air flow resistance is one of the factors that affect the sound absorption performance of insulation rock wool board. If the flow resistance is too small, it means that the material is sparse, the air vibration is easy to pass through, and the sound absorption performance is reduced; Sound performance is also reduced. For the sheet, the sound absorption performance has flow resistance. In practical engineering, air flow resistance is difficult to measure, but it can be roughly estimated and controlled by thickness and bulk density. With the increase of thickness, the sound absorption coefficient of medium and low frequency increases significantly, but the high frequency changes little. Therefore, the air flow resistance affects the sound absorption performance of the product. When the plate thickness is constant, the sound absorption coefficient of medium and low frequency increases with the increase of bulk density; However, when the bulk density increases to a certain extent, the material becomes dense, the flow resistance is greater than the flow resistance, and the sound absorption coefficient decreases. For centrifugal glass wool with a unit weight of 16kg/m3 and a thickness of more than 5cm, the low frequency 125Hz is about 0.2, and the medium and high frequency sound absorption coefficient is close to 1. Jinan composite board factory reminds you that the sound absorption performance of composite boards is mainly affected by density and air flow resistance. Therefore, in order to ensure that the plates can maintain good sound absorption performance in the production process, it is necessary to avoid these influencing factors, so as to better complete the performance control of the plates, so as not to make the plates produced by the sound absorption of the plates fail to meet the standard, the sound insulation effect is not good, and the normal use is affected. Therefore, we should pay special attention to the sound absorption performance. The above is the relevant content of Q & A. I hope it can help you. If you have any questions about this issue, you are welcome to follow our website And consult our staff, who will serve you wholeheartedly.

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We are searching data for your request: Upon completion, a link will appear to access the found materials. The Weed Problem Weeds grow in gardens, whether we like it or not. They compete with plants and lawn grass for water and nutrients, and they grow everywhere, making the garden less attractive. To solve this problem, they must be removed. However, for various reasons, weeds often grow back. Here are some of the most common reasons: - They were not removed completely, and part of their roots stayed in the soil. The left-over roots allow them to grow again. - The garden is surrounded by woods or non-landscaped areas that contain a lot of weeds, and their seeds get carried by wind or birds to residential yards. - If they were not completely removed (all the weeds and all their roots), this makes it easier for them to return. - They might reappear because the lawn is not dense enough and the empty spots invite weeds to settle down and spread. The question is how do we remove weeds effectively? And, once removed, how do we prevent them, as much as possible, from growing back? The following describes the different methods of removing weeds and preventing them from growing back for some time. The following are different techniques to remove weeds: - Pulling by hand - Removing with a hoe - Using a chemical product The best time to remove weeds is when the soil is damp and moist. The day after it has rained is a great day for weeding. Damp soils are loose and make it easier to remove them with their roots. Otherwise, you may run the risk of leaving the roots because they are stuck in the soil. If the soil is hard and no rain is forecasted in the next few days, consider hosing down the area with water and let the dirt soak overnight before you start. Pulling Weeds by Hand The best way, though the hardest, is to pull the weeds by hand. Keep in mind that for this method to be effective, you should remove the whole plant with its roots. For weeds with shallow roots, you can just hold the plant by its stem and pull gently. For those with deeper roots, such as dandelions, you need to take some extra care when removing them. You can use a small hoe to dig in the soil around the stem to loosen the soil, then get a firm grasp of the stem and pull. You may need to dig deeper and try pulling several times until you get the entire root out successfully. Pulling Weeds With a Gardening Tool Pulling weeds by hand is time-consuming, back-breaking work. An alternative is to use gardening tools to help. For shallow-rooted weeds, you can use a regular garden hoe, but for deep-rooted ones, I recommend you use a special tool called a winged weeder. To remove weeds with the winged weeder, place the bottom tip of the blade right next to the stem and press down vertically to push the blade into the soil and then tilt the weeder downwards towards the ground to pull the whole root out. Repeat this operation as necessary. Note that using this tool is more time-consuming than using a regular hoe as you need to individually remove each unwanted plant, but it works better for deeper roots. You can purchase these tools from any hardware store. Using a Chemical Weeding Product If there are too many weeds to remove manually or with a hoe, you can use a weed killer made of chemicals and spray the chemical directly on each weed. It's not environment-friendly, so use only if it is absolutely necessary. Some, like Ortho's Weed-B-Gon, kill many weeds including dandelions, crabgrass, and clover. This product does not damage the lawn. Or you can purchase the concentrate, mix it with water, then spray where needed. After spraying, you can see results in a day or so. After they die, you'll have remove them by hand, which is difficult, but much easier than pulling a live weed. A downside of these chemicals is that they may not kill the weeds entirely. The chemical only kills what it touches, and if it was not sprayed sufficiently, the weed may not die, so make sure to cover all unwanted plants sufficiently. To make your weed removal efforts long-lasting, you can take some proactive measures to delay unwanted plants from growing back again by using chemical products or by laying down landscape fabric. Both of these methods are described in detail below. Using a Weed Preventer You can use weed preventer granules, such as Preen, to prevent weeds from growing for a temporary period of about three months. Some bottles come with a handy dispenser that enables you to spread the granules around plants, bushes, and trees. Some weed preventers also come with a fertilizer for plants, so you get both benefits. Using a Chemical Lawn Fertilizer With Weed Control A fertilized lawn has fewer weeds since a healthy lawn is dense and leaves little space for unwanted plants to grow. Therefore, both fertilizing your lawn and spreading a weed preventer help control weeds. There are some products available that combine lawn fertilizers with weed control, such as Scott's Turf Builder with Weed Control. By the way, it is recommended that you fertilize your lawn twice a year, once in the spring and once in the fall. Natural Weed Prevention Using Landscape Fabric A chemical can help prevent weeds from growing for only a few months, after which they will reappear if you don't reapply the chemical. For longer-lasting results, you can use landscape fabric, which prevents them from growing for several years. Landscape fabric blocks the sun from the covered area, preventing unwanted plants from growing, although it still allows air, water, and nutrients to penetrate the soil. You can cut holes in this fabric to allow certain plants to live happily. Use landscape fabric on any area that you don’t want weeds to grow on, large or small, such as a flower bed or a narrow alley that is difficult to mow. Rolls of this material can be purchased from hardware stores like Home Depot or Lowe's or in the garden section of a grocery store. When laying down the landscape fabric, there are several steps you need to follow. The following video shows how to lay down landscape fabric around plants, and it is followed by steps that describe how to completely cover an alley. Video: Easy Gardener Weedblock Step 1: Remove All Weeds Before laying down the landscape fabric, you need to remove all unwanted vegetation. In this case, the area has been cleared of both grass and weeds. For flower beds, you will want to remove all the weeds but leave the plants you want to keep. Step 2. Roll out the Landscape Fabric Unroll the landscape fabric, cut it to fit, then lay down the pieces. You may want to affix the edges with rocks or pegs. If the area you are covering is wider than the width of the fabric, use several overlapping pieces to completely cover the section. If you are accommodating flowers or bushes, cut an x-shaped opening above the plant's location and then pull it down over the desired plant. Step 3. Cover With Mulch The last step is to cover the fabric with mulch. The weight of the mulch will keep the fabric in place and also serves as decoration. This article covered the different solutions for dealing with weeds in your garden. Depending on your needs, you can choose the one that applies best to your situation. I hope this article will help you keep your garden beautiful! Phil Harvey on February 03, 2020: Prevention is indeed better than cure. Weeds can be very frustrating if you let them dominate and take over your garden. However, with the insights provided herein, you can make your work easier by ensuring that your garden has as little weeds as possible at any given time for your convenience. Michael Briansky on December 16, 2019: Removing weeds from my garden has never been a problem for me, as I love weeding my garden. The problem was how to prevent these weeds from growing back again. Here, I learnt of the reason why weeds grow back after a short time and hoe to prevent this from happening. Linda Moscetti on October 09, 2018: What Plants are good ground cover? Gene on July 20, 2017: Excellent article and explanation regarding keep the weeds out of the garden. Thank you for your Best Advice. CheriDonna on July 04, 2016: Preen has never worked for me. In fact, the company has sent me a refund. To make sure dandelions don't scatter their "fluff" pull off the stems and buds; at least this control some of them. Even new grass seeding has weeds. Even Roundup Weed-Be Gone by Scott doesn't work here. I received refunds from them. Miracle Grow has also refunded me for product. I would have much rather had products working than receiving rebates. I've been cutting "all the green" on our property...looks better than weeds and is much easier on the back. Eugene Brennan from Ireland on March 08, 2014: A propane or butane blow torch such as the ones used for torching on felt is also a useful way of controlling weeds in gravel driveways. Kerosene flame guns are also available and specially made for this task. Of course care needs to be taken when using these burners near flammable material such as long dry grass and conifers (which have oil in their leaves). Flame guns are effective against annual weeds, but perennial weeds, especially deep rooted ones such as dandelions will grow back. Elizabeth on September 16, 2013: My grandmother taught me this along time ago, you wrap a cucumber up and make sure no air gets in. wrap it up in something plastic then let it sit for days then when rotten pinch a hole and pour it on the weeds. it kills them and they don't grow back. right after that make sure to also pour salty rotten water right at the roots and you'll never have a problem with weeds again. rose on October 04, 2012: what do you need to weed proof your garden Mary Craig from New York on June 18, 2012: You have some good, basic garden information. I agree prevention is the best way to control weeds! I linked your hub to a new one I wrote on weed control. Voted your hub up and useful.

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History Of Indian Banking System The Banking System in India is divided and categorized into various groups which have their particular domain of work. These groups have their own set of advantages and disadvantages. These groups have targeted their distinct audience in the particular area, villages, Gram panchayats, and towns and others work in both rural and urban settings. The majority of them only serve cities and major towns. This article will cover the years in which the banks were set up, the nationalization of banks, and some leaders who help in the establishment of banks. We will also get to know about the establishment of India’s largest bank and about the RBI. – During ancient times, businessmen were called shroffs, seths, sahukars, mahajans, chettis etc. and they carry the business of banking at that time. In the year 1770, the first bank of India was formed and named as Bank of Hindustan, in Calcutta and managed by Europeans. So it was not truly ‘Swadeshi’ and stop operating after 1832. After the bank of Hindustan, various banks were set up. – After 1612, Under British India, various factories or trading posts had been set up with the permission of local Mughal emperors. So, in this process, they had established three presidency towns viz. Madras in 1640, Bombay in 1687, and Bengal Presidency in 1690. In 1687, the headquarters of East India Company was shifted from Surat to Bombay. From (1806 to 1842) three Presidency Banks were set up under the charter of the British East India company at different places. These were- a. Bank of Bengal 1809- It was set up as the bank of Calcutta on 2 June 1806 and renamed the bank of Bengal in 1809. b. Bank of Bombay (15 April 1840) c. Bank of Madras (1 July 1843) – These banks worked as quasi-central banks for a long time. As we know, Calcutta was the most active port in India, as they are the main trade port of the British Empire, so became a banking centre. In 1861 these three banks get the right to issue currency. – In 1921 these three banks (Bengal, Bombay, and Madras) combined, and a new bank was formed, Imperial Bank of India. It was a private entity at that time and later the Imperial Bank of India was known as the State Bank of India after nationalised in (1955). Oldest Joint-stock Bank: A joint-stock bank has multiple shareholders. The oldest joint stock bank of India was the Bank of Upper India, set up in 1863 and stop working in 1913. Allahabad Bank is India’s oldest joint stock bank that is operating till now. It is also known as India’s oldest public sector bank. It was set up in 1865. Some Important Banks During The Pre-independence Time: – Oudh commercial bank (1881-1958)- It was the first bank managed by Indian boards with limited liabilities. It was set up in Faizabad in 1881 and stopped operating in 1958. – Allahabad Bank (1865)- It was owned by Europeans – Punjab National Bank (1894)- It was the first bank that was completely owned by Indians. This bank was set up in Lahore in 1895. It is not only survived till now but also is one of the largest bank in India. Lala Lajpat Rai play the main role in the foundation of PNB. – Bank of Baroda (1908)- It was set up by Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III. – Central Bank of India was set up in 1911, and it was the first Indian commercial bank which was purely owned and managed by Indians. So, it is India’s first truly Swadeshi Bank. The founder of the central bank of India was Sir Sorabji Pochkhanawala and Pherozeshah Mehta was its first chairman. – From 1913-30s State Bank of Mysore, the State Bank of Patiala was set up and this period had seen the rise and collapse of the banking industry, after the Birth of RBI (1935) took place. – In the 1940s State bank of Bikaner, Jaipur, Hyderabad, and Travancore were established by the respective princely states and Nawabs. After the Post-Independence period these banks were ‘Associated Banks of SBI’, and ultimately, merged with the State Bank of India (2017). – Bank of Baroda & Dena bank was nationalised in 1969 with its Headquarter in Mumbai. Vijaya Bank was nationalised in 1980 with its Headquarter in Bengaluru. – First Bank that opened its branch on foreign soil was Bank of India. Its first branch was opened in London in 1946 and was the first to open a branch in continental Europe in Paris in 1974. In September 1906, the bank of India was founded as a private entity and later nationalized in 1969. Its logo is like a star and its headquarter is located at star house, Bandra East, Mumbai. – Major banks were privately owned throughout independence, which was a severe source of concern because people and farmers still relied on moneylenders. As a result, the government decided to nationalise banks, and the Banking Regulation Act of 1949 went into effect. Banks are nationalized after the country gains independence. From the 1950s until 1960, a nexus existed between banks and industrialists, with only 188 elite persons controlling the economy through their positions on the boards of top 20 banks, 1452 corporations, and numerous insurance and financial companies. This resulted in risky financing for directors and their companies. As a result, banks often failed, and the RBI was forced to close them. Merger And Nationalization of Banks After Independence: In 1969, 14 private banks with deposits worth 50₹/> million were nationalized, including Bank of Baroda, PNB, Dena, Canara, and others. Because Catholic Syrian Bank (1920, Kerala), Ratnakar Bank, Dhanlaxmi Bank, and other smaller banks did not have big deposits, they were excluded and dubbed “Old Private Banks.” In 1980, 6 banks with />₹ 200 crore deposits were nationalized e.g. Corporation Bank, Vijaya Bank, Oriental Bank of Commerce etc. These are the following Committees made for reforms in banking sector: • M Narasimham-I (1991) • M Narasimham-I (1997) • Dr. Raghuram Rajan Committee (2007) • P J Nayak Committee (2014) SBI is the largest bank with around 17,000 branches and around 200 foreign offices. It is India’s largest banking and financial services company in terms of assets. This bank setup during british era. First it start with three presidencies bank viz. Bank of calcutta, Bank of Bombay and Bank of Madras. These three banks merged with one another and became a single entity as “Imperial bank of India”. It was nationalised in 1955 and became Imperial Bank of India. The State Bank of Saurashtra and the State Bank of Indore amalgamated in 2008-10. There were eight associate banks of SBI till 1959. There are seven non-banking subsidiaries of SBI viz. SBI capital markets ltd, SBI factors and commercial services pvt ltd, SBI funds management pvt ltd, SBI cards and payment services pvt. Ltd, SBI DFHI ltd, SBI Life insurance company limited and SBI General Insurance. Bharatiya Mahila Bank (BMB) was established in 2013 as a public sector bank with headquarters in Delhi and 100% government ownership. BMB and five of SBI’s Associated Banks, namely State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur (SBBJ), State Bank of Hyderabad (SBH), State Bank of Mysore (SBM), State Bank of Patiala (SBP), and State Bank of Travancore (SBT), amalgamated into SBI on April 1, 2017. History and Origin of RBI: Prior to the establishment of RBI, the Imperial Bank of India virtually work as the central bank. the The proposal to setup Reserve Bank of India in 1926 was made on the recommendation of Royal Commission on Indian Currency’s Hilton Young Commission’s. More than 450 banks in the United States failed as a result of the Great Depression in 1929. As a result, the British Indian government becomes aware of the need to establish RBI. The Reserve Bank of India Act was passed in 1934, and RBI was established. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) start its operations from April 1, 1935, with Sir Osborne Smith as its first governor. Willingdon was the Viceroy of India at that time, and the government-owned only 4.4 percent of the company. It was established by RBI act, 1934 so, it is also a statutory body similarly SBI derive its legality from SBI act 1955 hence, it is also a statutory body. Initially RBI did not work as a government owned bank but as a privately held bank without major government ownership. It start its work with a paid up capital of Rs. 5 crore. Commercial banks that met specific criteria were included in the 2nd Schedule of the RBI Act in July 1935, and these banks were required to keep a certain amount of CRR with the central bank. C.D. Deshmukh was the first Indian governor of the Reserve Bank of India from 1943 until 1949. He was India’s second finance minister and attended the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference in the United States. The Banking Regulation Act of 1949 gave RBI the authority to: Provide licenses to corporations to open banks and allow banks to open additional branches. Require banks to follow auditing and liquidity standards, such as the Statutory Liquid Ratio. Defend depositors’ interests. Weak banks will be forced to close or combine. Some Important Questions Related To The Indian Banking System: Q1: Which of the following was the first bank of India owned by Europeans? A. Bank of Hindustan B. Bank of Madras C. Bank of Calcutta D. State bank of Bombay E. Bank of Travancore Q2: Among the following, which bank is not associated with the imperial bank of India? 1. Bank of Madras 2. Bank of Bombay 3. Bank of Bengal 4. Bank of Hindustan A. Only 1 and 2 B. Only 2 and 3 C. Only 1,2 and 3 D. Only 3 and 4 E. Only 1,3 and 4 Q3: Who was the first Indian Governor of RBI? A. K.K Venugopal B. C.D Deshmukh C. Y.V Reddy D. Shanmukham Chetty E. Sir Osborne Smith Q4: Who was the first governor of RBI? A. K.K Venugopal B. C.D Deshmukh C. Y.V Reddy D. Shanmukham Chetty E. Sir Osborne Smith Q5: When was Bhartiya Mahila Bank was setup? Q6: Which committee or commission is responsible for the formation of the Reserve Bank of India? A. Hilton Young commission B. Gadgil committee C. Lakkadwala committee D. Swarn Singh committee E. Rangarajan commission Q7: Which of the following bank was set up with the help of nationalist leader Lala Lajpat Rai? A. Punjab National Bank B. State Bank of India C. Dena Bank D. Punjab and Sindh Bank E. Bank of Baroda Q8: What was the paid capital required when six banks were nationalised in 1980? A. 50 cr B. 500 cr C. 200 cr D. 100 cr E. 300 cr Q9: The Imperial bank of India’s name changed to which of the following banks later? A. Punjab National Bank B. Vijaya Bank C. Bank of Baroda D. State Bank of India E. Bank of Maharashtra Q10: When did the Banking regulation Act come into force? Q11: Which was the First bank which was managed by Indians in 1881 and has limited liabilities? B. Oudh commercial bank C. Punjab and Sindh bank D. State bank of travancore E. Hindustan commercial bank Q12: When the nationalisation of banks took place the first time, how many banks were nationalised? Q13: The second phase of nationalisation took place in which year? E. None of these Q14: When the nationalisation of banks took place the second time, how many banks were nationalised?

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Marcin Gerwin: We currently have a single-party government in Poland, which was formed by a party that received 37 percent of the votes. It is considered normal that the party which receives most of the votes can create a government alone or with a partner. Is there another way of doing things? Peter Emerson: It is an amazing fact that yes, in Western democracy, we call this normal, as you say. In Germany, for example, if no party has a majority, they go into a period of closed and opaque negotiations. Everybody goes upstairs and nobody knows what on earth is going on. Eventually the white smoke is released and out comes a government of one sort or another. But in this situation, sometimes the tail wags the dog – a small party can get into government, like in Austria with the Freedom Party a couple of years ago, or in the Netherlands. Ireland looks as if it might be in a similar position in the forthcoming elections, where they might give Sinn Fein more influence than it is due. And so it goes on. It really is extraordinary that we actually believe that if some combination of parties gets 50 percent plus one of the seats (regardless of the percentage of votes they got), then they get all the power, and the other 49 percent can just go into opposition and get nothing. The fact that we are advocating this system of government as an ideal, when we know that it wouldn’t work in Syria, Ukraine, Libya or Palestine, is appalling. Peter EMERSONis the Director of the de Borda Institute, working in conflict zones and developing countries: the Balkans, the Caucasus, East Africa and most recently, China. He is the author of “Defining Democracy”, “Designing an All-Inclusive Democracy” and “From Majority Rule to Inclusive Politics”. Because in Syria you have a situation where there is no majority. Any individual that becomes the president will always face a majority different to him or her. Whether this majority is a coordinated one or not is another question. But to think that one political party can have all the power when it should be for everybody is obviously a mistake. Democracy was never meant to be for 50 percent plus one. It has only evolved into this with the passage of time. It is just assumed, since minority rule is wrong, that therefore majority rule is right, even as if the latter is the ideal of human evolution. Now to have majority rule is fine to an extent, but it is a huge mistake to imply or actually believe that you can get a majority opinion by a majority vote. You can’t. In a country of millions, or even in a parliament of hundreds, it’s impossible, partly because if people are going to vote on a majority opinion, somebody has to identify that opinion beforehand so that it can be put on the ballot paper. Little wonder, then, that (as we all know) majority voting has been used by numerous dictators: they choose the question and guess what – the question is the answer. Democracy was never meant to be for 50 percent plus one. It has only evolved into this with the passage of time. As you can see in Poland now, you have this one party; they say, “We now have the power, we have the majority, therefore we decide what the legislation is going to be.” They pretend this is democracy. But so does the West. Even though everyone knows that majority rule was part of the problem in Northern Ireland, in the Middle East, in Sri Lanka, Ukraine, Kenya, and now in Nigeria. It is an extraordinary blind spot that people have. We tell everyone that they have to be like us and we cannot see that our system is actually not very good. But isn’t it more effective to have a parliament that supports the laws proposed by the government? Things go very quickly and smoothly through parliament then. Well, they call it “effective”. It’s the same system that we have here, but it’s not democratic. It is actually called the elected dictatorship, because when one party gets into power, they can choose the legislation, and they know they have the majority in the parliament, so parliament can discuss it if it wants to, but it’s a waste of time. Everybody knows that the government has the majority, so when it comes to the vote it will win. So what’s the point of having that debate anyway? The actual power to decide is left to the executive. And by definition the latter is a very small minority of people. To have a proper democracy, I would argue, the people should elect the parliament, and if you have a good electoral system then that parliament should represent pretty much everybody in the country; next, the parliament should elect the government, by PR of course, so just as parliament should represent all of the people, so too should the executive represent the entire parliament. This sort of all-party or no-party system of government is what democracy was originally. When the Greeks started democracy, they didn’t have any political parties at all. This was also the case in England, where the parties just sort of emerged. When the Americans started democracy, George Washington was totally opposed to the idea of political parties, to this notion that you split into two and one side shouts abuse at the other. This two-party system has emerged partly because the House of Commons was built with that horrible geography with two sides facing each other like opponents in a gladiatorial contest. What we argue for is consensus voting instead of the majority voting which is so divisive. So people can work together, they can debate with each other and then vote with each other. Everyone puts the various options into their order of preference; nobody votes against anyone! This way can expedite proceedings significantly. What we argue for is consensus voting instead of the majority voting which is so divisive. There are currently very strong political divides in Poland. How is it possible that all the parties in parliament could actually work together in one government? There is a strong divide because Poland, like us, has adopted a divisive system of politics. If you take only yes or no votes then you will end up divided. It’s like night follows day. If decisions are taken by majority vote, you will fall into two groups, one opposing the other. And then you won’t like each other. You can see this all over the place. If, however, each contentious question is looked at in the round, if democracy were defined so that it was for everybody, not just 50 percent plus one, if you worked in consensus voting, then you could establish very distinct criteria, like there has to be a consensus coefficient of 0.6 or whatever, but you can be absolutely mathematical and specific. Accordingly, if you have consensus then you make a decision. If there is no consensus, then you don’t. This idea that 50 percent plus one is enough to make a decision even though the other 49 percent are totally opposed is not democracy. Democracy is for everybody, not just a faction. Just because you’re bigger than me or more numerous than me, that does not give you, or should not give you, any right to ignore me. There is no reason at all why one political party or faction or majority coalition should dominate in the way that they do. I would also argue that in the long term this majority rule government is not stable at all. Sometimes you have a left wing government that does the left wing thing, then comes the right wing government and it reverses everything. You have so-called “pendulum politics” . It’s just silly. So we would suggest that the entire parliament should share collective responsibility for running the country. They have to work together. We on the street have to work together whether we like it or not. We have to accommodate minorities in the factories or in the schools. So why can’t there be a pluralist society in parliament as well? And they could if it were determined that democracy is for everybody, and that decisions could only be taken if and when they enjoyed a minimum level of overall support, a minimum consensus coefficient, then you would create the right atmosphere, one in which cooperation could take place. And they would cooperate. But people have so many opinions, how can you expect them to reach consensus? Sometimes achieving a simple majority can be difficult. Achieving consensus might be impossible. It might be. We first tried this in Northern Ireland 30 years ago. People were still fighting and shooting each other and yet we got both sides together to discuss what was, for them, the biggest question of all: the constitutional position of Northern Ireland. Then we said: “You can have any idea you like as long as it complies with the United Nations Charter on Human Rights.” We finished with 10 options, they voted (i.e., they cast their preferences), and we identified their consensus. And if it can be done in that sort of situation then it can be done anywhere. I have also done it in Bosnia, and elsewhere. If you set this basic premise that a decision cannot be taken unless it has widespread support, then no matter how contentious the question, there will inevitably be a plurality of options on the table and then a (short) list of options on the ballot paper. If it is done in this way and people know that the decision will be made only if it can get cross-party support, then people will start working on a cross-party and all-party basis. At the moment, because you have majority voting, sometimes the majority doesn’t give a damn about what the minority thinks. But if you know that the outcome of the vote will be the highest average preference, then you will want your supporters to give you a high preference, but you will also want your opponents to give you at least a middling preference and not the bottom one, so you’d better go and talk to them. The very process of consensus voting encourages dialogue. [easy-tweet tweet=”The very process of consensus voting encourages dialogue.”] What is consensus voting in practice? It’s when the people, or their representatives, first debate and choose the options, and then order their preferences on a short list of these options, so as to identify the option with the highest average preference. And an average, of course, involves every voter, not just a majority of them. In decision-making, this voting procedure is called the Modified Borda Count, MBC. And in elections, which must be proportional, it is called the Quota Borda System, QBS. Are there any all-party governments in the world? Yes, in Switzerland. The Swiss have a federal council, where all the big parties have a seat. It was introduced in 1959 and it is a shared presidency consisting of 7 people. Big parties get 2 people each and small parties get 1 person each. It is the only non-conflict zone country that has institutionalized power-sharing. I’d argue that this kind of shared presidency is a minimum requirement for places like Syria. You can’t give power to just one individual. At the moment, it is only when things go horribly wrong that we support governments of national unity. It was like this in Ukraine, when the EU rushed over to Kiev two years ago and said “Oh, please have power-sharing, please.” If they’d said it earlier they might have saved the situation, but it was too late and we’ve all seen what has happened since. To propose majority rule in such a society, like we did in 1991, is just crazy. And is preferential voting used anywhere in parliament? The Danish government uses plurality voting sometimes. The Swedish government uses what they call serial voting and so does Finland, while Norway has provision for two-round voting. Alas, in decision-making, nearly every other parliament on the planet is using (simple or weighted) majority voting only. Some countries use the Borda Count in elections. Slovenia uses this system for its ethnic minority representatives, while Nauru uses a variant for its parliamentary elections. Nauru also has a no-party system. Is there a special method of voting to choose an all-party parliament? How can it be done? So instead of going upstairs as they do in Berlin, the entire parliament can elect a government, and all in just one day. The methodology is quite simple. It’s called the matrix vote, because it’s a little table. So every MP (member of parliament) votes for whoever they want to be in government, in their order of preference, on one side. And then they say “Oh, I want this person to do finance, and that person to be the minister of agriculture, and this person to be education,” and so on. They allocate each nominee to do the job they want them to do. The matrix vote is proportional, so if you’re in a party with 30 percent of the seats in parliament, then you will probably get about 30 percent of the seats in the government. But the system of election is such that it is best if you fill in a complete ballot. If there are 20 seats in the government then you vote for 20 people. But if your party has only 30 percent, there is no point in only voting for MPs from your own party because they are only going to get about 30 percent of the seats. So you vote for 6 or 7 of your own party MPS, and then for MPs from the other parties, those whom you think you might be able to best get along with. So instead of going upstairs as they do in Berlin, the entire parliament can elect a government, and all in just one day. It doesn’t have to last as long as in Germany where in 2013 it took them 67 days to build a government. In Belgium it took 451 days! Oh, it would be funny if it wasn’t so serious. This interview first appeared in Dziennik Opinii in Poland.

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Naming the Trope: A Deep Dive into the Harmful Uses of Disability Stereotypes in the American Theatre It’s 2019, and I am walking into a prominent American theatre to see a well-reviewed production. This production is intended to examine a specific disability in an honest and exciting light to change our cultural understanding of disability. As a disabled theatremaker and activist, I anticipated an honest portrayal of both the hardships and celebrations of being disabled in America. Except this doesn’t do that. Instead, it follows a familiar pattern of sacrificing disabled truth for an unsettling, two-dimensional depiction of disability filled with clichés and stereotypes. The playwright wrote the disabled character as a shell of a human, an able-bodied writer’s judgement on how a disabled individual interacts with the world around them. That night, I leave at intermission, discouraged but unsurprised at yet another portrayal of disability as “lesser than.” This experience is not new to the disability community, or frankly to any marginalized community in America. We are inundated with stories written solely through tropes. I define the term “tropes” as significant and recurring character motifs present in popular culture that homogenize a group’s experience. Every sociopolitical minority has their own collection of emotionally exhausting tropes, which generally exploit marginalized identities to engage privileged audiences rather than those who are in the marginalized group. Stories use these tropes to create catharsis, or emotional release, in those who are part of the majority. What Are the Tropes? The “Gentleman Freak” refers to any story where a physically disabled character, often referred to as deformed, terrifies society with their very presence. Eventually, a brave, nondisabled character sees that they are not scary at all and befriends them, realizing that they are, in fact, more “civilized” than any of the other characters in the play. While this trope is present in virtually any story about the freak shows of old, there is no better example than Joseph Merrick in The Elephant Man. Merrick was born with a physical disability, and his appearance scares society and is considered monstrous. After a nondisabled character realizes that Merrick’s demeanor does not match his exterior, he considers Merrick the perfect gentleman. This characterization looks at disability on a binary: in these stories, the disabled person is either evil or a saint. There is no middle ground from which an actual human could emerge. In addition, the whole idea of “gentleman” is based on a neurotypical idea of status quo. Merrick’s behavior mimics a nondisabled expectation of what it means to be a human. As with many of the tropes, the Gentleman Freak focuses on cathartic release for the nondisabled audience rather than an honest portrayal of disability. Because of this, many of these stories end with the disabled character dying to create a tearjerker. This characterization looks at disability on a binary: in these stories, the disabled person is either evil or a saint. There is no middle ground from which an actual human could emerge. Tiresias, the recurring blind prophet of Greek theatre, is the prototype for the “Magical Freak” trope. This trope, akin to the “Magical Negro,” presents a disabled person who possesses special insight or mystical powers that are in direct opposition to their disability. In many Greek plays, Tiresias enters and predicts tragedy. The nondisabled main character often disregards him, calling him an ancient or foolish old man and teasing him about his blindness. Tiresias’s character is grounded in the idea that while Tiresias cannot see in the traditional sense, his prophetic powers allow him to see into the future. By assigning the only disabled character a nonhuman trait, this trope positions disability as “other” or “inhuman,” rather than as a part of the human condition. This distinction separates the disabled characters from all other characters in the story, ensuring that the Magical Freak is rarely the focus, but rather a prop in a plot that centers nondisabled characters. Because of this, the character rarely shows any sort of personality trait that is unrelated to their disability. They aren’t a human; they are an entity. As the Magical Freak often assigns ethereal powers to those with disabilities the “Super-Crip” trope assigns inhuman physical skills to a disabled character. This trope refers to a heroic and inspirational disabled character succeeding at a task despite the horrible odds the world has stacked against them. In this trope, disability is a curse that must be heroically overcome by a particular skill. Tommy, in the eponymously named musical, is a “deaf, dumb, and blind kid” who “sure plays a mean pinball.” In the musical, Tommy has overcome the curse of his disability to become a world champion at a skill that no one believed he could succeed at. This trope centers disability as a limitation rather than a difference. In disability studies, many subscribe to the social model of disability, which states that there are no inherent disabilities, but rather a collection of differences turned into disabilities by the policies and structures endorsed by the general public. In other words, a person in a wheelchair wouldn’t be disabled, except for the fact that our society has built an infrastructure which values stairs over ramps. For the Super-Crip character, the disability is an obstacle to overcome rather than a set of valid differences. This view of the disabled community as inspirational or heroic propagates an idea of otherness within our society. Disabled people should not be viewed as better or worse than the nondisabled, but as a group of people who move through the world in a different, yet totally acceptable, way. This creates a strange dichotomy in which the audience is expected to laugh at the disabled person until the end, when they must shift gears and start weeping at the tragedy of disability. The “Misunderstood Weirdo” favors characters with cognitive impairments. In these stories, a person with an intellectual disability is viewed as rude or weird by the world. The individual doesn’t know how to fit in but desperately wants to make friends. By the end of the story, the character realizes that it’s okay that they are different, and they don’t need traditional friends because they have their disability. Once they come to this realization, nondisabled individuals shower them with love, admiration, and sometimes even forgiveness. In the Tony award-winning musical Dear Evan Hanson, Evan (a young teenager with anxiety and depression) laments that he is constantly “waving through a window,” unable to connect with those around him. He finds himself in a never-ending spiral of horrific events because his only way to find human connection is through a fantasy that he is spreading. The overarching idea of the story is that all of this could have been avoided had society accepted him. Many individuals with cognitive disabilities (myself included) feel unwelcome in traditional American society, but this stereotype uses that feeling to create catharsis for the nondisabled community. Characters within this trope often have no defining personality traits other than a general sense of weirdness. In the musical, Evan’s weirdness is never fully fleshed out, and like other characters in this trope, his quirks are often used as the punchline of a joke that only he is unaware of. This creates a strange dichotomy in which the audience is expected to laugh at the disabled person until the end, when they must shift gears and start weeping at the tragedy of disability. The “Rage-Filled Recluse” refers to a character isolated by society and mad at the world because of the unfairness of their disability. By the end of the story, a nondisabled character shows them that their life has value despite their disability. This trope is foundational to I and You by Lauren Gunderson, a common play in high schools and colleges. Caroline, a chronically ill teenager, is confined to her home and copes with her situation by being cold and sarcastic. When the star of the basketball team comes over, he teaches her that her rage simply masks her insecurities and that her life has worth despite her illness. This trope examines disability through a very specific, emotive lens, which once again simplifies the very intricate experience of being disabled in a neurotypical society to a single trait. This trope almost always features a nondisabled character teaching the disabled character how to live their disabled life. The final trope is one of my favorites: the “Ambiguous Disability.” These characters suffer from a disability which is never explicitly specified in the story. The character’s disability is an amalgamation of symptoms which lead to an interesting narrative storyline. This disability concoction inspires sympathy and catharsis from an audience but doesn’t portray any semblance of truth. In A Small Fire, the playwright Adam Bock creates a disability where a healthy woman loses each one of her senses within a year. By the end of the story, she is nothing more than a lady with no communication or connection to the outside world. Because a specific choice of disability has not been made in the piece, it is an amalgamation of many, leaving it ambiguous. This conglomeration of many disabilities allows the playwright to illicit the maximum number of audience tears without doing much research or presenting disability accurately. Simply put, this form of writing is harmful because it propagates misinformation regarding disability in a time when many in our society refuse to engage with disability in the first place. Disrupting the Narrative These tropes are dangerous to society’s collective understanding of disability, which is fraught to begin with. They are popularized by entertainment created by nondisabled artists with little collaboration with those whose disabilities become plot and character choices. Because of this, disability becomes dangerously homogenized. This is a clear example of neurotypical bias, which is the idea that the nondisabled community governs society’s definitions of what is “correct” or “normal.” Through neurotypical bias, our society tends to curate the emotional experience of the disability community. Our media limits representations of what disabled folks can or cannot do. For example, in none of the above tropes do we see a disabled person feeling joy at any circumstance unrelated to their disability. Disabled folks are also rarely allowed to portray any form of sexuality despite this being a common occurrence within the disabled experience. When entertainment creates a two-dimensional portrayal of disability through tropes, it leads to an ableist environment more focused on meeting a disability than meeting a person. For an example that layers these tropes, look no further than She Kills Monsters by Qui Nguyen, one of the country’s most produced plays at high schools and universities. Towards the end of this play, a central character—who has previously been played by a nondisabled avatar—suddenly walks on with an unspecified disability, provides sage wisdom about how the nondisabled protagonist should approach life, and walks off with no further discussion. She is nothing more than a piece of set dressing. Her portrayal in this story utilizes most of the tropes I’ve described: her disability is never named (Ambiguous Disability); her physical abnormality provides a cathartic release when we realize just how clever she is (Gentleman Freak); she is used as a prop to advance the story of the nondisabled character (Magical Freak); she only appears in her own setting (Rage-Filled Recluse); and she has an adept understanding of the videogame world (Super-Crip). If this is the portrayal of disability available to young adults, how can we ever create a more equitable society for people with disabilities? If this is the portrayal of disability available to young adults, how can we ever create a more equitable society for people with disabilities? Solving this problem will require the dismantling of an age-old system of interacting with disability. Disability does not get talked about enough because it can be a very complicated subject; it is easier to adhere to the status quo. If we as a theatrical community are going to uphold the values of equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) in the stories we program, disability must be part of the conversation. When we recognize disabled tropes, we must call for a more honest portrayal. This is easier than it sounds because we are so conditioned to look for inspiration and focus on our own catharsis when it comes to disability. The only way to defeat ableism in the media is to first name it within ourselves. Once we have named it, our next step must be to demand equitable and honest portrayals within the media. This includes investing our time, our money, and our programming in disabled writers and rejecting nondisabled writers who use a simplistic view of disability as a tool in nondisabled stories.

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- The science behind nuclear fusion - Is the long-held dream of unlimited clean energy coming true anytime soon? - China builds an artificial sun – and it’s almost seven times hotter than the ‘real deal’ - Nuclear fusion investments are gaining steam - What are the pros and cons of nuclear fusion? - A glimpse into the future Global energy demand is growing, and we still heavily depend on fossil fuels for energy, polluting the environment and worsening climate change. To move away from fossil fuels and increase our energy production capacity, countries around the world are exploring ways to generate electricity and mitigate climate change through renewables such as solar and wind. But the biggest problem with these energy sources is their intermittent nature. In other words, when the sun isn’t shining and the wind isn’t blowing, there’s no energy being generated. An effective alternative is nuclear energy, but traditional nuclear plants produce energy through fission, which creates a lot of radioactive waste and can lead to a catastrophic meltdown – just remember Fukushima and Chernobyl. That’s why scientists have been attempting to develop nuclear fusion plants for a while now, hoping to tap into this limitless source of clean energy. Nuclear fusion is one of the most promising options for future energy production, but it remained just a theoretical concept for years, with many failed attempts at producing stable plasma. However, recent breakthroughs have brought us a couple of steps closer to making sustained nuclear fusion a reality. The science behind nuclear fusion So, what exactly is nuclear fusion? To find the answer, let’s take a look at the star in our solar system – the sun. Fusion is an atomic reaction that powers stars like our sun by fusing hydrogen atoms under immense pressure to form helium. When these atoms fuse together, a massive amount of energy is released – energy that we see as light and feel as heat. For this reaction to happen, hydrogen atoms must be heated to extremely high temperatures (we’re talking at least 15 million degrees Celsius in the sun), after which they turn into plasma, a hot ionised gas, also called “the fourth state of matter”. To create stable plasma on Earth, however, we need to use hydrogen isotopes – usually deuterium and tritium – but at much, much higher temperatures – more than 100 million degrees Celsius. Achieving such temperatures on Earth, however, is extremely difficult, which is why we’re still not enjoying the benefits of nuclear fusion. Over the past few years, scientists have explored two main ways to achieve stable plasma. The first one, called magnetic confinement, is based on using magnetic fields to constrain the plasma. This is usually done with doughnut-shaped reactors such as tokamaks and stellarators. In the second approach, dubbed inertial confinement, researchers use laser beams to heat the outer layer of a material that then explodes, causing an “inward-moving compression front or implosion” and heating the inner part of the material, creating conditions for fusion to occur. Is the long-held dream of unlimited clean energy coming true anytime soon? Power generation from fusion is still in the research stage, but scientists around the world are putting in a lot of effort to make this innovation feasible as soon as possible. In 2017, the Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER) published a study in which the team revealed a promising solution for future fusion reactors. The issue they wanted to solve is how to make fusion reactors intact and continuous. Due to high temperatures, a reactor’s walls usually need to be replaced after a few days, which means the fusion reaction needs to be stopped. But the team from DIFFER, in partnership with the University of Gent, conducted an experiment in which they covered the wall with a thin layer of liquid metal. As the plasma inside the wall heats up, it creates a cloud of vapour above the liquid layer. This vapour catches the energy from the plasma and spreads it over a larger area, which keeps the wall surface temperature stable. Besides the Netherlands, the UK has also made an important breakthrough in nuclear fusion research. In 2018, a UK-based company, and one of the leading nuclear fusion ventures in the world, Tokamak Energy, announced its reactor, ST40, achieved plasma temperature of more than 15 million degrees Celsius. However, to control fusion reactions on Earth, ST40 needs to achieve plasma temperature of 100 million degrees Celsius, which is nearly seven times hotter than the sun’s core. In their last experiment, the team at Tokamak Energy used ‘merging compression’, a process in which energy is released in the form of rings containing plasma. These rings smash into one another, producing magnetic fields to confine the plasma. ST40 is the third reactor produced by Tokamak Energy, and compared to other reactors, it’s a lot smaller. Although the journey of making nuclear fusion commercially available is filled with engineering challenges and high investments, the company is on a mission to make it feasible by 2030. “The world needs abundant, controllable, clean energy,” says the company’s co-founder, David Kingham. Another important discovery comes from a team of US and German researchers. They used the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator in Germany to achieve balanced high-performance plasma. A stellarator is similar to a tokamak. The difference between these two is that the stellarator operates continuously with lower input power, but it’s harder to build because it’s ‘twisty’. To optimise future stellarators, the scientists have conducted experiments using a system comprised of “magnetic ‘trim’ coils” and demonstrated its ability to ensure a balanced plasma and improve the overall performance of the Wendelstein reactor. China builds an artificial sun – and it’s almost seven times hotter than the ‘real deal’ China is also stepping up its game in the nuclear fusion race. During an experiment conducted at the Institute of Plasma Physics in China’s Anhui province, scientists managed to maintain a plasma temperature of 100 million degrees Celsius for around 10 seconds, which might not seem like a long time, but it’s a very significant achievement on the path to sustained nuclear fusion. This artificial sun is basically a round metal reactor called Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). To keep the plasma at high temperatures, EAST relies on magnetic confinement and requires a lot of energy input. For instance, in the latest experiment, China’s artificial sun needed more than 10 megawatts of energy just to get started, which is enough to power 1,640 homes in the US for a year. China’s next step, though it might seem rather ambitious, will be developing a more powerful and bigger reactor to maintain plasma temperature for much longer than just 100 seconds, while requiring a lower energy input. Producing power with minimum energy input is the main goal of another fusion project. The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is considered to be the biggest nuclear fusion project in the world, supported by 35 countries. ITER’s construction began in 2010 in southern France, on a site that will consist of 39 buildings, with the seven-storey Tokamak Building as the main facility. The reactor will be activated in 2025, when it should become the first fusion reactor to generate more power than it consumes. The reactor is expected to use an energy input of 50 megawatts, while generating 500 megawatts of energy for at least six or seven minutes. Currently, nuclear fusion is still regarded as an expensive experiment, but MIT scientists are also on a mission to make fusion a viable energy source. In collaboration with a private startup, Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS), they’re planning to use high-temperature superconductors to develop a fusion reactor that will produce more energy than it needs to start the reaction. Such superconducting materials could create powerful magnetic fields to confine plasma at high temperatures, but also reduce the amount of energy required for the reaction to begin. According to Bob Mumgaard, the CEO of CFS, “The aspiration is to have a working power plant in time to combat climate change.” As the team believes, this could happen in 15 years. Nuclear fusion investments are gaining steam MIT’s efforts to make fusion power widely available attracted the attention of an Italian gas and oil company, Eni. In 2018, Eni revealed its plan to invest $50 million into CFS’ and MIT’s research. Companies and startups all over the world are pouring billions of dollars into research to prove that fusion is a feasible source of clean energy. For instance, countries working on ITER in France will spend $22 billion to build the tokamak reactor. Furthermore, the Canadian government made an investment worth $37.5 million in a nuclear fusion tech company called General Fusion. Besides helping General Fusion to develop ground-breaking technology that will transform the world’s energy supply, the investments will also lead to 400 new jobs. What are the pros and cons of nuclear fusion? Based on the amount of money that’s being invested in nuclear fusion projects, it’s clear that it’s expensive business. For instance, it costs $15,000 per day to turn on the EAST reactor in China, and a few million dollars are nothing in the fusion world. Besides money, fusion projects take time, too, and some believe that developing a commercial fusion reactor will always be a few decades away. So, is it worth it? Since fusion energy could make us less dependent on fossil fuels and help us mitigate climate change, it’s definitely worth the price. Clearly, nuclear fusion seems like an ideal energy source, but nuclear accidents that happened in the past, such as the Fukushima meltdown in 2011 and the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in 1986, have raised concerns regarding the overall safety of nuclear power, and here’s why. 80 per cent of fusion energy is released in the form of neutrons. Once these particles smash into reactor components, they leave radioactive waste. Although the amount of radioactive waste produced during a fusion reaction is much lower than with fission, if it’s accidently released into the air or water, it’s still dangerous and can remain radioactive for 120 years. What makes nuclear fusion safer and reduces the risk of a catastrophe is that it can be easily controlled and stopped when necessary. In case a malfunction occurs during the reaction, the plasma would cool and a meltdown would be avoided. Even so, safety shouldn’t be neglected, and companies and researchers involved in nuclear fusion projects need to take precautionary measures, test their technology, and prove it’s clean and sustainable. A glimpse into the future Since the global population continues to increase and cities are expected to become even more crowded, energy demands will be significantly higher, too, and our fossil fuel dependence will only worsen the effects of ongoing climate change. All this seems like an introduction to an apocalypse, but the future doesn’t necessarily need to be that bad. Not if scientists provide us with an abundant clean energy source such as nuclear fusion. Fusion reactors could produce enough energy to power ships and aircraft and even speed up space travel. Though some predict fusion power will become commercially available by 2050, innovative ideas and new technologies could accelerate the development of this technology. As Mike Delage, the chief technology officer at General Fusion, notes, “if you have the knowledge to build a power plant, you can build it anywhere”. Whether the commercialisation of fusion is 15 or 30 years away, when it arrives, it will certainly disrupt the fossil fuel industry and traditional energy systems. Lastly, harnessing fusion power could result in some economic implications as well, because countries that develop and commercialise it could enjoy considerable benefits from cheaper electricity.

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Well, not quite thin air, because plants, like the rest of us, require nutrients and water to grow. Although the word “aeroponics” does not show up in either of the dictionaries I use for handy reference, and is totally ignored by my spellchecker, it is actually common enough that it should be appearing in any current dictionary of the English language. I admit that I had no idea what the word meant when Yehudah asked me the following shaylah: “To overcome the many problems that may be involved in purchasing products during shemittah, we want to purchase a large aeroponics kit and grow our own vegetables. Will this present us with any halachic problems in terms of either the laws of shemittah, or the laws of kelayim?” And so, I began my education about this subject. This is what I discovered: Aeroponics is a method of growing vegetables or herbs without soil by spraying the plant roots with water and nutrients (as opposed to hydroponics where the roots are submerged in a nutrient solution). Although it can be done on a commercial scale, the company Yehudah contacted sells aeroponic kits for growing herbs and vegetables in the comfort of one’s home. Each kit includes the seeds and nutrients required for specific types of plants, a complete, self-contained, open-top growing tank that includes its own light fixtures and instructions on how to make it all work. Just add water and electricity to run the pump and lights. The company advises growing lettuce, herbs, tomatoes, peppers, or strawberries each in its own tank, since they have quite different needs. Nevertheless, the first question we will discuss is whether this is a halachic requirement to do so because of the prohibition of kelayim. WHAT IS KELAYIM? It is important to clarify a common misconception. The prohibition of kelayim is not the creation of a new species; it is the appearance that one is mingling two species together. This is why hauling loads with two species of animal, grafting one tree species onto another, mixing wool and linen in a garment or planting grains in a vineyard are all Torah violations of kelayim, although none of these acts affect the genetic make-up of the species. Yehudah’s question involves two halachic topics: Could someone gardening on his desktop possibly violate the mitzvah of kilei zera’im, which prohibits planting two species together or near one another? Violating this prohibition requires three basic conditions, all of which Yehudah met: - The prohibition applies to herbaceous, as opposed to woody plants, meaning that it does not apply to trees and shrubs, but it does apply to vegetables and many herbs. Thus, one may plant seeds of different trees together, yet one is forbidden to plant a mix of vegetable seeds (Rambam, Hilchos Kelayim 1:6). - The prohibition of kilei zera’im applies only to edible crops (Rambam, Hilchos Kelayim 1:4). Thus, one may plant seeds of different ornamental flowers and grasses within close proximity. - It applies only in Eretz Yisroel (Kiddushin 39a), and is min hatorah according to most halachic authorities, even today (implied by Rambam, Hilchos Kelayim 1:1). (However, note that in Rashi’s opinion [Shabbos 84b, s. v. ve’achas] the prohibition of kilei zera’im in Eretz Yisroel is only miderabbanan and Tosafos [Yevamos 81a, s.v. mai] contends that although kilei zera’im is essentially min hatorah, in our era it is only rabbinic because most of the Jewish people do not currently live in Eretz Yisroel.) Therefore, someone in Chutz La’Aretz may plant his backyard garden with a wide variety of herbs and vegetables, without any concern for how close they are, whereas in Eretz Yisroel, someone planting a garden patch must be very careful to keep the different species separate (Rambam, Hilchos Kelayim 1:3). I will discuss later how far apart one must plant different species to avoid violating this prohibition (see Chazon Ish, Hilchos Kelayim 6:1). One may not plant in Eretz Yisroel during shemittah. Does planting this indoor garden in Eretz Yisroel violate the laws of shemittah? Yehuda’s question requires analyzing the following subjects: Do these mitzvos apply when planting indoors? Would they apply when planting outdoors in a pot or planter that is disconnected from the ground? Do they apply when one is not planting in soil? Two Talmudic passages discuss whether agricultural mitzvos apply indoors. In Eruvin (93a), the Gemara prohibits planting grain in a vineyard that is underneath a roof extending from a house. This passage implies that agricultural mitzvos apply within physical structures. On the other hand, the Talmud Yerushalmi (Orlah 1:2) discusses whether three agricultural mitzvos, orlah (the prohibition to use fruit produced in the first three years of a tree’s life), maaser (tithing produce), and shemittah, apply to indoor plants. The Yerushalmi rules that whereas orlah applies, there is no requirement to separate maaser on produce grown indoors. The Yerushalmi questions whether shemittah applies to indoor produce, but does not conclude clearly whether it does or not. WHY IS ORLAH DIFFERENT FROM MAASER? The Yerushalmi notes that when the Torah instructs us to separate maaser, it states: You shall tithe all the produce of your planting, that which your field produces each year (Devarim 14:22). Since the Torah requires maaser only on produce of a field, there is no requirement to separate maaser from what grows indoors, since, by definition, a field is outdoors. Therefore, one need not separate maaser min hatorah when planting indoors, even if one is planting directly in the soil floor of the structure. (The Rishonim dispute whether there is a rabbinic requirement to separate terumos and maasros when planting in the ground within a building; see Rambam and Raavad, Hilchos Maasros 1:10.) However, when the Torah describes the mitzvah of orlah, it introduces the subject by stating When you will enter the Land (Vayikra 19:23). A tree planted indoors is definitely in the Land of Israel, and thus is included within the parameters of this mitzvah, even if it is not in a field. Do the laws of shemittah apply to produce grown indoors? Does shemittah apply only to a field, or to anything planted in the Land of Israel? The Yerushalmi notes that when the Torah discusses the mitzvah of shemittah, it uses both terms, land (Vayikra 25:2) and field (Vayikra 25:4). It is unclear how the Yerushalmi concludes and the poskim dispute whether the mitzvah of shemittah applies indoors in Eretz Yisroel. Ridbaz (Hilchos Shevi’is, end of Chapter 1), Chazon Ish (Shevi’is 22), and Pnei Moshe all rule that it does; Pe’as Hashulchan (20:52) rules that it does not. Most later authorities conclude that one should not plant indoors during shemittah, at least not in the soil. I will discuss, shortly, whether one may plant during shemittah indoors hydroponically or in an indoor area where the dirt floor is covered. May one plant different species next to one another indoors? Does the prohibition of kelayim apply to produce planted under a roof? Based on the Talmud Yerushalmi we quoted above, we should be able to establish the following rule: When the Torah commands that a specific mitzvah applies to the land, it is immaterial whether the planting is indoors or outdoors. However, when the Torah commands that a mitzvah applies to a field, it does not apply indoors. As noted above, an indoor area can never be called a field. How does the Torah describe the mitzvah of kilei zera’im? The Torah states “you shall not plant kelayim in your field” (Vayikra 19:19), implying that the mitzvah does not apply indoors. Thus, we should conclude that there should be no prohibition min hatorah against planting herbs or vegetables proximately if they are indoors. (Nevertheless, both the Yeshuos Malko [Hilchos Kelayim 1:1] and the Chazon Ish rule that kilei zera’im does apply indoors and apparently disagree with the above analysis. I will take this into consideration later.) However, it is probably prohibited miderabbanan, according to the opinion that the Sages required tithing produce grown indoors. At this point, the discerning reader will note a seeming discrepancy with the passage from Eruvin 93a that I cited earlier. The Gemara rules that one may not plant grain in a roofed vineyard, implying that kelayim does apply indoors. This seemingly conflicts with my conclusion based on the Yerushalmi that one may plant different herbs or vegetables proximately indoors, without violating the prohibition of kelayim. THE SOLUTION: GRAPES VERSUS VEGETABLES The answer is that there is a major halachic difference between the two cases: Planting grain in a roofed vineyard violates kilei hakerem, planting other crops in a vineyard. Although both kilei hakerem and kilei zera’im are called kelayim, kilei hakerem is a separate mitzvah and is derived from a different pasuk than the one prohibiting kilei zera’im, planting herbaceous species together. The Torah commands us about kilei hakerem by stating: “You shall not plant your vineyard with kelayim (Devorim 22:9), using the word vineyard, not field. Whereas a field cannot be indoors, a vineyard could. At this point, we have resolved the first of our questions asked above: “Do these mitzvos apply when planting in a covered area?” The answer is that planting kelayim species should seemingly not apply, although some prominent authorities disagree. Shemittah does apply, according to most poskim. We now progress to our next question: Do agricultural mitzvos apply to plants growing in Eretz Yisroel in closed pots and planters that are separated from the ground and yet exposed to the elements? The Mishnah (Shabbos 95a) teaches that someone who plants in a flowerpot that has a hole in its bottom, called an atzitz nakuv, violates Shabbos as if he planted in the earth itself. However, planting in a flowerpot that is fully closed underneath, called an atzitz she’aino nakuv, is forbidden only because of rabbinic injunction and does not involve a Torah-prohibited violation of Shabbos. The same categories usually apply to agricultural mitzvos: plants in a pot with a hole in the bottom are equivalent to being in the ground itself; those whose bottom is completely sealed are included in agricultural mitzvos by rabbinic injunction. Therefore, one must separate terumah and maaser from produce grown in pots or planters, whether or not the containers are completely closed underneath, and one would violate kelayim if one planted two species near one another in a flowerpot or other container. There are some exceptions to this rule. In some instances, planting in a closed container is the same as planting in the ground. According to the Rambam [Hilchos Maaser Sheni 10:8] and the Shulchan Aruch [Yoreh Deah 294:26], orlah applies min hatorah to a tree planted in a closed flowerpot. The reason for this phenomenon is that a tree root will, with time, perforate the bottom of its pot, and therefore, it is already considered to have a hole and be part of the ground below. SHEMITTAH IN A HOTHOUSE On the other hand, there are also poskim who contend that shemittah does not apply at all, even miderabbanan, to items planted in a planter or flowerpot whose bottom is completely closed. What is the halacha if one plants in a covered area in a pot that is completely closed underneath? May one be lenient, since the pot is both indoors and is also an atzitz she’aino nakuv, which is not considered connected to the earth min hatorah? This question leads us directly to the following question that Israeli farmers asked, about sixty years ago: May one plant in a hothouse during shemittah, in a closed-bottom vessel? As I mentioned above, although some authorities permit planting in the soil indoors during shemittah, the consensus is to be more stringent. However, many poskim permit planting in pots in a hothouse, if its floor is covered with a thick material, such as heavy plastic or metal (see Chazon Ish, Shevi’is 26:4; Mishpatei Aretz pg. 239; however, cf. Shu’t Shevet HaLevi who prohibits this). AEROPONICS AND SHEMITTAH At this point, we can discuss our original question: Aeroponics, like a hothouse, means growing indoors, and is also similar to planting atop a floor that is covered with metal or heavy plastic. Based on the above discussion, we may conclude that most authorities would permit planting aeroponically during shemittah, provided that the bottoms of the tanks are metal or plastic. WHAT ABOUT KIL’EI ZERAIM? We still need to explore whether desktop planting violates the laws of kilei zera’im. I concluded above that there is probably only a rabbinic prohibition of kilei zera’im on indoor planting, but that some prominent authorities prohibit it min hatorah. Can we offer a solution for Yehudah’s plans? To answer this we need to address another issue. KEEP YOUR DISTANCE As I mentioned in the beginning of this article, kelayim occurs when different species are mingled together. If there is enough distance between the plants, no mingling is transpiring. How far apart must I plant herbs or vegetables to avoid violating kelayim? This is a complicated topic, and its answer is contingent on such factors as how and what one is planting. I will, however, go directly to the conclusion that affects our case. Since the desktop garden involves only herbs and vegetables and only a single plant or a few plants of each species, the halacha requires only a relatively small distance between species. Min hatorah one is required to plant only one tefach apart; the additional space requirement is rabbinic (see Rambam, Hilchos Kelayim 3:10). The poskim dispute how distant one is required to avoid a rabbinic prohibition. Some require that the plants are at least three tefachim apart [about ten inches] (Rashi, Shabbos 85a), whereas others determine that it is sufficient for the plants to be only 1½ tefachim apart [about five inches] (Rambam, Hil. Kelayim 4:9; Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh Deah 297:5). In the case of the aeroponically-grown produce, since the tanks are completely closed underneath, they have, at worst, the halachic status of atzitz she’eino nakuv, a closed pot or planter, considered part of the ground only because of rabbinic injunction, but not min hatorah. We can, therefore, conclude that as long as the seeds are placed more than a tefach apart, we avoid any Torah prohibition. As far as the possible rabbinic prohibition if the plants are only a bit more than one tefach apart, we could additionally rely on the likelihood that kilei zera’im does not apply indoors in an eino nakuv planter. Having completed the halachic research, we corresponded with the company that produces the desktop planting kits, asking them how far apart are the holes in which one “plants” the seeds, and how many different herbs and vegetables can be planted in a single tank. The company replied that the kit usually has seven holes, each four inches apart from the other, center to center. When planting peppers and tomatoes, which grow larger than the greens or herbs, the company recommends plugging four of the holes and using only three, which are far enough apart to avoid any kelayim issue, according to our conclusion. However, when planting herbs and greens, the distance between the holes is just about the distance that might present a halachic problem. I therefore advised Yehudah to plant in alternative holes, even when planting herbs of different varieties.

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St Peter’s churchyard contains the grave of Mary Shelley and her husband, the romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Mary, author of the novel Frankenstein, died in London in 1851. Her body was interred in the family vault at St Peter’s by her son, Sir Percy Florence Shelley, who lived at nearby Boscombe Manor (which later became part of Bournemouth and Poole College). Prints and text about The Mary Shelley. The text reads: The Shelley family have been major figures in connection with Bournemouth. The first to move here was Sir Percy Florence Shelley, the son of Mary and Percy Bysshe Shelley. Mary is best remembered as the author of Frankenstein, written at the age of just eighteen, and Percy was arguably the greatest of all the romantic poets. Sir Percy Florence Shelley settled here in the undeveloped area of Boscombe in the hope that the climate would improve the health of both his mother and his wife. However, Mary died in 1851, before making the move, and came here only to be buried in the family vault in St Peter’s Church, across the road from this Wetherspoon. Her husband had drowned in Italy in 1822. His body was cremated on a funeral pyre on a beach, before his remains were buried with those of their little son William in Rome. Shelley’s heart, which the flames did not consume, was taken by Leigh Hunt, who was present along with Byron for their friend’s immolation. Mary kept it by her, wrapped in silk and pages of his poem Adonais, for nearly thirty years, until it was buried with her son alongside her in the St Peter’s Church. Mary’s father – the radical thinker William Godwin – her mother – Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, author of Vindication of the Rights of Women – and her daughter-in-law are also buried at St Peter’s. Top left: William Godwin, Mary’s father, seated right, on trial for treason in 1794 Above centre: Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, Mary’s mother, in 1796 Top right: Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary’s husband, in 1819 Right: The body of drowned Shelley being cremated, with Byron standing immediately to the left. Illustrations and text about creatures of the night. The text reads: In these two images the human being is a prey to nightmares that live off him, only awaiting the forgetfulness of sleep to rise up and take possession… Top: Dracula takes ship, searching for fresh blood. With the crew all dead, he drifts towards harbour… Above: The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters: by Goya, 1798. The horrors native to folk art invade high art, as civilisation is felt to be too confining… Photographs and text about famous cases of transformation. The text reads: These two images are famous cases of transformation, where the human being, either by accident, or by a disastrous decision, turns into something else… Top: The Werewolf, bound to become a bestial murderer every full moon, doomed to kill the one he loves, and be killed by a silver bullet fired from his father’s gun… Above: Dr Jekyll confronts “the horror of my other self”, the repressed public persona giving way to “the brute that slept within me”. Photographs and text about Henry Taylor and Rupert Brooke. The text reads: Henry Taylor was knighted for his distinguished career in the Colonial Office, but he was also eminent in literature. His friends included the poets Wordsworth and Tennyson, as well as the politicians Gladstone and Lord Melbourne. Taylor was born in 1800. When he came to live at the ‘Roost’, Hinton Road, in 1861, his new home became a focus for the great and good of his day. Mary Shelley’s son Sir Percy and his wife, and Robert Louis Stevenson and his wife, were regular visitors. Sir Henry lived here for 25 years until his death in 1886. In contrast, the poet Rupert Brooke, born in 1888, only lived 27 years. He died on his way to flight at Gallipoli in the First World War. The older poet, Yeats, called him “the handsomest young man in England”, and his death, on Easter Sunday, made him an almost mythical emblem of lost youth. He was a frequent visitor to Bournemouth, on visits to his grandfather, and was stationed nearby at Blandford before setting out to the Mediterranean. Top: Sir Henry Taylor, photographed by Mr Hawker, Bournemouth Above right: Rupert Brooke in 1904 Above left: Brooke in 1906 Left: The ‘symbol of his generation’, a year before his death in World War 1. Illustrations, a photograph and text about JRR Tolkien. The text reads: JRR Tolkien, the creator of Middle Earth – home of Hobbits and scene of the great conflict recorded in his fantasy The Lord of the Rings – was a regular visitor to Bournemouth during the 1950s and 60s, when he and his wife, Edith, stayed for their holidays at the Miramar Hotel on the East Cliff. Edith was happier and healthier here than in Oxford, where Tolkien was professor of Anglo-Saxon and English Literature. In Bournemouth she was shown special consideration as the wife of a famous author, whereas amongst the wives of Oxford dons she felt ill-at-ease and out of place. When Tolkien retired in 1968, the couple moved to Bournemouth on a permanent basis, to 19, Lakeside Road, Branksome Park, a bungalow near Branksome Chine. They made new friends here, and entertained old ones at the Miramar. After Edith died in 1971, Tolkien moved back to Oxford, but he died here, whilst visiting friends, in 1973. Above: JRR Tolkien and his wife Edith Top left: Mallorn trees in Lothlorien Top right: Mount Doom and Barad-dur Right: Minas Tirith Left: Helm’s Deep Photographs and text about Gerald Durrell. The text reads: After the Second World War, Gerald Durrell was keeping his growing collection of animals, acquired during foreign expeditions, in his sister’s garden in Bournemouth. He had been here as a young boy with his family in the early 1930s, after leaving India, where he was born in 1925. He spent most of his youth in Corfu where his love of animals became all consuming. During 1948 he was staying in his sister Margo’s boarding house in Bournemouth, with his animal collection in the garden, and trying to establish his own zoo. It would be, he argued, an attraction for holiday-makers and residents alike: but the council disagreed, and turned down his application. An alternative suggestion was to house his animals in one of Bournemouth Stores. Christmas was coming, and an in-store zoo would draw the shoppers. JJ Allens, the furnishing showroom which stood on this site, took up the idea. Durrell’s animals came in from the cold, and spent Christmas in the basement here. Durrell was eventually able to set up his zoo on Jersey, by renting, and later buying, a private estate on the island, where he had no need to obtain permission from bureaucrats. Top left: The Durrells in Corfu, 1936: Gerald is second from the right Top right: In the attic in Bournemouth, where Gerald wrote My Family and Other Animals, the book that made his name Right: In Margo’s garden, with his ‘zoo’ in waiting. Photographs and text about Vladimir Tchertkov. The text reads: Before Communist oppression on Russia, Czarist oppression had driven Russian reformers into exile. In 1897, one very important group settled in Tuckton, a small village close to Bournemouth, where the mother of their leader, Vladimir Tchertkov, had a holiday home called Slavanka. Tchertkov was a close friend and ally of Leo Tolstoy, and, like Tolstoy, a wealthy aristocrat who had turned in disgust from a life self-indulgence, to devote himself to treating the Russian peasantry as human beings. At Tuckton, the exiles bought Tuckton House, where they lived in Christian, vegetarian simplicity, and the old water works, where Tchertkov planned to print Tolstoy’s banned books. The Free Age Press was born. Tchertkov became Tolstoy’s literary agent. His works were safely stored, in a hidden strong room, and copies distributed to Russian colonies around the world, and by secret channels smuggled back into Russia itself. Tchertkov was allowed to return to Russia in 1908, and was living close to his master when Tolstoy died in 1910. Although the Czarist regime had executed his father, his mother was forced to flee Russia after the Revolution in 1917. Now poor and exiled, she returned to Slavanka. She sold the house, but was allowed to remain there until she died in 1922. In 1918, the printworks became a body works for motor cars and coaches. Tuckton House, and the secure store for Tolstoy’s writings, were destroyed in the 1960s to allow bungalows to be built. Top left: VG Tchertkov Top right: Tolstoy as a young man in 1854 Centre left, above and below: Tchertkov and Tolstoy in 1908/9 Centre right: Tolstoy and his wife Sonya, the last photograph, taken on their 48th wedding anniversary in 1910 Right: Tuckton House and the Tolstoy depository. Photographs and text about the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra. The text reads: Dan Godfrey came from a long line of British bandmasters. As a result of a Bournemouth Council decision in 1893, he was hired to form a band which gave its first performance on Whit Monday of the same year. The contract was for 6 months to play three times a day to the ‘better sort’ of visitor. Due to their popularity, most of the orchestra were retained for the winter months, and became the first permanent municipal orchestra in the country. In the old Winter Gardens, Godfrey inaugurated his ‘classical concerts’ that winter. In this poor acoustic, leaky, oversize greenhouse, Godfrey set about reviving British symphony music. By 1910, during the town’s centenary, he could call on composers to conduct their own work of the calibre of Parry, Stanford, Holst and Elgar. Godfrey kept the orchestra going through the First World War, but the council’s determination not to subside this unique musical organization seemed set to cut its personnel to an unviable rump. Dan Godfrey’s knighthood in 1922 saved the situation. Such national recognition made the council refrain from further reductions. Godfrey retired in 1934, after the orchestra had moved to the Pavilion. After the war a new concert hall was built. With Charles Groves as musical director, disbandment was again threatened in 1952. The forming of the Winter Gardens Society, supported by Beecham and Barbirolli, raised funds and audience numbers, but closure loomed again in 1953, so the society took over responsibility for the orchestra from the council, renaming it the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra. A mixture of fundraising, and public and local authority support has kept this historic orchestra alive ever since. Top and above: The Bournemouth Municipal Orchestra Right: Sir Dan Godfrey. A collection of original artworks entitled The Mary Shelley Suite, by Diane Roberts. “I use screen-printing and traditional easel painting techniques to produce what I see in my mind’s eye. Sometimes dream-like and ambiguous images emerge on which the viewer can ponder. I have long been interested in Mary Shelley and have been influenced by her mother, Mary Wollstonecraft’s, feminist writings. I have always appreciated Shelley Manor the home of Mary’s son Percy Florence Shelley and worked in the building as a student while I was studying art. I have visited the Shelley tomb in St Peters Church many times and the fantastically romantic thought that Percy Bysshe Shelley’s heart was resting alongside his wife Mary was an irresistible illusion. I approached the commission rather like an historical researcher, reading documentation and contacting local people who could explain the story in detail. Christine Azis, a local playwright, wrote the recently produced Mary Shelley Goes to Hollywood. She was a great help and gave me quotations from Mary’s journal enabling me to fill in the personality behind the character. Mary’s early life was laced with tragedy, losing three of her four children in infancy, before a storm at sea snatched away Percy Bysshe, the love of her life. I required the assistance of a local actress to pose in a photo shoot. Claire Hunt, a Brownsea player, fulfilled the role perfectly, and the local theatrical costume suppliers Hirearchy gave time and careful thought to the costume she was to wear. The Chaplin of St Peter’s Church gladly allowed us to visit Mary Shelley’s tomb to recreate some timely images. Following the photo shoot I was able to select certain pictures to help me construct the artwork. Material from the internet, and the wonderful paintings by Caspar David Friedrich, offered me much inspiration and I incorporated allusions to his powerful paintings in my compositions for the commission. I would like to thank all those associated with the project, the Poole Printmakers for the use of their studio facilities and the Winton Library. External photograph of the building – main entrance. If you have information on the history of this pub, then we’d like you to share it with us. Please e-mail all information to: email@example.com

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State Development Plan, 1961–1964 The State Development Plan, also referred to as the First Development Plan, was the first official blueprint for the economic development of Singapore after it attained self-government in 1959. Produced by the Ministry of Finance, the plan aimed to solve the pressing issues of economic stagnation and high unemployment rate through an expansion in manufacturing.1 In the 1950s, Singapore was already an important trading centre exporting the region’s raw materials and distributing manufactured goods from industrialised countries. As a result of rapid population growth, unemployment became a serious problem during that decade when manufacturing activities stagnated and the possibilities of trade expansion were limited. The population growth also brought about an increase in the need for social services, especially in terms of housing.2 Faced with a bleak economic outlook and a severe unemployment problem, a five-year development plan was conceived by the newly elected People’s Action Party (PAP) government, with the aim of increasing employment opportunities in the long term via a programme of accelerated industrialisation.3 The first draft of the plan had been completed in June 1960, but its publication was delayed as it had to be amended following discussions with the World Bank, the British government and the United Nations.4 The plan was subsequently reduced to a four-year plan for the period 1961 to 1964 with minor revisions to some projects.5 It was tabled on 12 April 1961 by then Minister for Finance Goh Keng Swee in the Legislative Assembly, and approved on 13 April 1961 after two days of debate.6 Earlier in October 1960, a United Nations Industrial Survey Mission led by Albert Winsemius had come to Singapore to survey and recommend industries that could be set up. A preliminary report was submitted to the government at the end of their stay in December 1960, and the final report submitted in June 1961.7 Also known as the Winsemius Report, it outlined a strategy to expand manufacturing activities and recommended specific industries that Singapore could develop in the long term, such as ship repairing, shipbuilding and metal engineering.8 The proposals and technical advice provided in the report paved the way for Singapore’s industrialisation scheme as laid out in the First Development Plan.9 Feedback and criticisms Feedback collected by The Straits Times newspaper indicated that the development plan was generally well received by business associations, which viewed it as a realistic and practical solution for Singapore’s problems.10 However, it also drew criticisms from members of the opposition parties, who alleged that the timing of the plan was politically motivated, as it was launched just before the Hong Lim by-election. The PAP disputed this assertion.11 Details of the plan There are three parts to the 134-page plan. Part I examines the nature of the problems that Singapore faced – in particular, issues heightened by the population growth – and reviews its past revenue and expenditure accounts. Part II provides a summary of the plan, including a forecast of the state’s revenue and expenditure, how the plan would be financed and results of the plan. The last part contains details of the expenditure in the various sectors.12 The main purpose of the plan was to create more jobs for the growing population via government efforts in stimulating the economy and consequently increasing national income.13 Expenditure for the four-year development plan (1961–64) was projected to be $871 million, a substantial increase from $550 million between 1956 and 1960.14 The increased expenditure was meant to be a substantial investment to capital formation, which would allow a growth in per-capita national income to match the population growth. As the country depended greatly on international trade, the plan recognised that there must be a corresponding growth in private-sector investment in the industries. Hence, the government’s task was to create conditions and policies that would attract substantial private capital to be invested in the industries. The development expenditure towards social causes was recognised as inevitable due to the high rate of population growth, but it would not go beyond maintaining the existing level of social services.15 Allocation of development expenditure Of the total development expenditure, 58 percent was allocated for broadly two groups of economic development projects: land and agricultural development projects, which would form 10.5 percent of the total expenditure for economic development; and industrial and commercial development projects, which would account for 66 percent. The remaining sum (about 23 percent) in economic development expenditure was allocated for transport and communication services, mainly on road development.16 A significant amount, $331 million, of the development expenditure was expected to be self-supporting and would generate additional revenue through the expansion of power, water, gas, housing and port development.17 Another large portion of the expenditure ($176 million) was allocated to industrial site preparations, swamp reclamation, rural development, all of which were also expected to be revenue-earning.18 Forty percent of the total expenditure was allocated for social development in the areas of public housing, health services and education, mainly to keep pace with population growth. The remaining amount – less than two percent – was for public administration.19 Sources of funding The plan was envisaged to be mostly self-funding, where $591 million out of the $871 million needed would be funded by domestic sources of income: projected revenue surpluses, reserve funds in the government and statutory boards, and floating loans in the Singapore market. The balance of $280 million would be financed by external assistance from the United Kingdom and the World Bank.20 Projects under the plan Economic Development Board One of the biggest allocations of the funds – $100 million – went towards the establishment of the Economic Development Board (EDB) as a government body to spearhead the industrialisation effort.21 The EDB replaced the Singapore Industrial Promotion Board (SIPB), and all the latter’s assets, liabilities and obligations were transferred to and vested in the EDB.22 The SIPB’s capital resources and organisation were deemed too small to make any meaningful impact on the state’s industrialisation plan.23 The EDB’s objectives were to investigate and evaluate new industrial opportunities; provide financial assistance or guarantee loans; participate in establishing new industries; and lay out industrial sites with power, water and other facilities. It was also responsible for sourcing overseas technical experts, as well as making expert personnel, capital, technical services and market research available to local manufacturers and existing industries.24 The EDB Act was passed on 24 May 1961, and the board was constituted on 1 August 1961.25 Progress and developments In 1963, towards the end of the planned period, the government reported that the national income had increased by 26 percent from $1.9 billion in 1959 to $2.4 billion in 1962 since the implementation of the development plan.26 In terms of employment, it was estimated that the total number of economically active citizens grew by 70,000 in the period 1960 to 1965, 58,000 of whom found employment. The major growth was in the manufacturing sector, which saw an increase in employment from 61,000 in 1960 to 80,000 in 1965.27 In terms of economic development, one of the first projects undertaken by the EDB was the development of a 9,000-acre site in Jurong into an industrial estate.28 By 1963, 1,040 ac of the industrial estate had been levelled and prepared for occupation. Port facilities for Jurong were also developed, while roads leading to the Jurong Industrial Estate were completed and opened to traffic. In addition, smaller industrial estates in Redhill, Tanglin Halt and Jalan Ampat saw full occupation with 28 factories in operation.29 On the social development front, housing accounted for $154 million of the funds. The Housing and Development Board had been expected to build 51,000 houses. Within three years, the board completed nearly 30,000 homes with an expenditure of about $130 million.30 By 1963, 23 primary schools and 13 vocational and technical schools had been built, with another 26 schools under construction.31 Revisions and subsequent plan Revisions were made to the annual estimates in the course of the plan’s implementation, and the plan was extended to include the year 1965.32 The preparation of a second development plan covering the period 1966 to 1970 began when Singapore was part of Malaysia. This was, however, superseded by new developments – the separation of Singapore from Malaysia in 1965, the withdrawal of British military forces, and increased industry requirements in technical education. Hence, the second development plan was eventually not implemented.33 Lim Puay Ling 1. Economic Planning Unit, Singapore, State of Singapore First Development Plan, 1961–1964: Review of Progress for the Three Years, 1961–1963 (Singapore Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s Office, 1964), 2, 22. (Call no. RCLOS 338.95957 SIN) 2. Ministry of Finance, Singapore, State of Singapore Development Plan 1961–1964 (Singapore: Govt. Print., 1961), 6, 11, 18. (Call no. RDLKL 338.95957 SIN) 3. Ministry of Finance, Singapore, State of Singapore Development Plan 1961–1964, 1; Parliament of Singapore, Development Plan 1961–1964, vol. 14 of Official Reports – Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), 12 April 1961, col. 1234. 4. Parliament of Singapore, Annual Budget Statement, vol. 14 of Official Reports – Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), 29 November 1960, col. 37; 5. Parliament of Singapore, Development Plan 1961–1964, col. 1234. 6. Parliament of Singapore, Development Plan 1961–1964, col. 1249; Parliament of Singapore, Development Plan 1961–1964, vol. 14 of Official Reports – Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), 13 April 1961, cols. 1322, 1279. 7. Albert Winsemius, A Proposed Industrialization Programme for the State of Singapore (Singapore: UN Commissioner for Technical Assistance, Dept. of Economic and Social Affairs, 1963). (Call no. RCLOS 338.095951 UNI) 8. Parliament of Singapore, Annual Budget Statement, vol. 15 of Official Reports – Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), 28 November 1961, col. 817. 9. Parliament of Singapore, Development Plan 1961–1964, col. 1238–39. 10. “Four-Year Plan Praised,” Straits Times, 5 April 1961, 9. (From NewspaperSG) 11. “Goh: Absurd to Say D-Plan Produced for By-Election,” Straits Times, 13 April 1961, 5. (From NewspaperSG) 12. Ministry of Finance, Singapore, State of Singapore Development Plan 1961–1964, 63–101. 13. Ministry of Finance, Singapore, State of Singapore Development Plan 1961–1964, 33. 14. Lee Soo Ann, Industrialization in Singapore (Australia: Longman, 1973), 37. (Call no. RCLOS 338.095957 LEE) 15. Ministry of Finance, Singapore, State of Singapore Development Plan 1961–1964, 33, 59. 16. Ministry of Finance, Singapore, State of Singapore Development Plan 1961–1964, 80, 101. 17. Ministry of Finance, Singapore, State of Singapore Development Plan 1961–1964, 39. 18. Lee, Industrialization in Singapore, 37. 19. Ministry of Finance, Singapore, State of Singapore Development Plan 1961–1964, 34. 20. Parliament of Singapore, Development Plan 1961–1964, col. 1232; Ministry of Finance, Singapore, State of Singapore Development Plan 1961–1964, 50; Parliament of Singapore, Annual Budget Statement, col. 817. 21. “Economic Development Board to Be Set Up,” Straits Times, 25 May 1961, 16. (From NewspaperSG) 22. Economic Development Board Ordinance 1961, Sp.S 184/1961, 1961 Supplement to the Laws of the State of Singapore, 1961, 797. (Call no. RCLOS 348.5957 SIN-[HWE]) 23. “New Board Will Have $100M for Lending,” Straits Times, 4 April 1961, 5. (From NewspaperSG) 24. “Economic Development Board to Be Set Up.” 25. Parliament of Singapore, Economic Development Board Bill, vol. 14 of Official Reports – Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), 24 May 1961, col. 1544; Parliament of Singapore, Annual Budget Statement, col. 817. 26. Parliament of Singapore, Annual Budget Statement, vol. 22 of Official Reports – Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), 28 November 1963, cols. 101–02. 27. Lee, Industrialization in Singapore, 42–43. 28. “The Big Aid-Industry Task,” Straits Times, 23 August 1961, 7. (From NewspaperSG.) 29. Parliament of Singapore, Annual Budget Statement, col. 93. 30. Parliament of Singapore, Annual Budget Statement, col. 97. 31. Parliament of Singapore, Annual Budget Statement, col. 98. 32. Parliament of Singapore, Annual Budget Statement, vol. 23 of Official Reports – Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), 2 November 1964, col. 124. 33. Lee, Industrialization in Singapore, 46. People’s Action Party (Singapore). (1959). The Tasks Ahead: PAP’s Five-Year Plan 1959–1964, parts I and II (Singapore: Petir, 1959). (Call no. RCLOS 329.95957 PEO) The information in this article is valid as at 10 October 2017 and correct as far as we are able to ascertain from our sources. It is not intended to be an exhaustive or complete history of the subject. Please contact the Library for further reading materials on the topic. Politics and Government

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Palm Oil Industry Palm oil is the most used vegetable oil in the world and demand is booming. Consumption has grown rapidly from about 4m metric tons in the 1970s to ~70m tons today. Drivers are population growth, major changes in consumer behaviour, and energy politics. Europe is the 2nd largest purchaser (6,800 tons), after India (9,000 tons), with China 3rd (5,300 tons). ref, 2018, ref Palm oil is an extremely versatile ingredient, with a smooth creamy texture; it gives crispness and crunch to fried foods; it has excellent cooking properties, a neutral taste and smell, and a long shelf life. It has a balanced fat composition, with 50% saturated fatty acids, 40% mono unsaturated fatty acids and 10% polyunsaturated fatty acids. Palm oil is considered to be beneficial for cardiac health and lower cholesterol levels. The ~70m metric tonnes of palm oil exported each year is shipped to more than 70 countries around the world, where it is used in everything from biofuels to chocolate bars. More than 50% of all supermarket items contain palm oil. Palm oil grows best around the equator, in some of the world's most biodiverse countries. Indonesia is the largest producer, with Malaysia in 2nd place. Together, they produce 85% of the world's production. African and Latin American countries are becoming bigger palm oil players. The Problem: Deforestation Demand for palm oil has increased rapidly over the last decade due to dietary changes and its use as biofuel. Production is predicted to double by 2030, and triple by 2050. Deforestation for monocultural palm oil plantations destroys habitats, threatens species extinction, and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. ref To meet the growing demand, tropical rainforests and peatlands are being torn down in some of the world's most biodiverse countries, with ever-expanding oil palm plantations taking their place. For eg., an area the size of a football pitch is torn down in Indonesia’s rainforest every 25 seconds. These rainforests are vital for regulating the Earth’s climate - see Deforestation. Peatlands are being drained and cleared across Indonesia to make way for palm oil plantations. This not only releases millions of tons of carbon into the atmosphere, but it also dries the land, making it susceptible to devastating fires - often caused by palm oil and pulpwood companies burning forest to clear land. According to Nasa's Earth Observatory, if current rates of deforestation continue, the world’s rainforests will vanish within 100 years, eliminating the majority of plant and animal species on the planet, causing the earth's temperature to increase, disrupting weather patterns, as well as uprooting the communities who live there. Boycotting is not an option. Palm oil is a very productive crop, and switching to another oil, eg. oil-seed rape or soy beans, just means that far more land would be used to produce vegetable oil. Palm oil is about 9 x more productive per hectare than the next most productive oil, and it requires less fertiliser, fewer pesticides and less energy than either. Sainsburys and Iceland's commitment to going palm-oil free does not help, laudable though it may be, because all other kinds of oils are much harder on the environment. It would be far more useful if both of them would bring their clout to bear, and insist on sustainably sourced palm oil. So why aren't they doing this? Answer: because they think citizens will "respond better" to this tactic. They are treating consumers like children - ping them on social media and let them know you aren't impressed: @Sainsburys, @IcelandFoods. Algal oil produced through the natural mutation process of algae and standard industrial fermentation is another potential option. But initial trials by Ecover were suspended after vociferous opposition to the method’s reliance on Brazilian sugar and synthetic biology (genetic engineering techniques). Yeast: Using Metschnikowia pulcherrima, a yeast traditionally used in South Africa's wine industry, researchers at the University of Bath believe they can develop a truly versatile and planet-friendly alternative to palm oil. The yeast can be fed any form of organic feedstock. Development still has a way to go - it costs around $400 more per ton to produce than palm oil. Nevertheless, the scientists think they can have it up and running within 3-4 years. The project page is here. As vegetable oils go, even Greenpeace accepts that palm oil is the "best solution" - but only when produced responsibly: "It is fundamentally one of the most efficient vegetable oils in terms of land use”. ... and it is often impossible for citizens to tell. The EU Food Information Regulation Dec.2014 only required manufacturers to specify what type of vegetable oil a food product contains - the regulation does not require stating whether it is sustainable or not. The game changer, as always, is whether citizens demand it. ref Of that, 16% was certified sustainable in 2013, meaning it meets standards around deforestation, lawfulness, transparency and social impact laid out by the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil. However many say these are not sufficient to ensure it is sustainable and deforestation-free. The market for sustainable palm oil is growing but it still represents only a relatively small fraction of overall palm oil sales. Of the 59m metric tonnes (MT) of palm oil produced in the 2013/14 financial year, 42% was consumed in one of just 3 countries: India (8.3m MT), Indonesia (9.8m MT) and China (6.4m MT). Lagging behind in fourth are the 27 member states of the European Union, which collectively consumed just over 10% (6.2m MT). Yet when it comes to Certified Sustainable Palm Oil (CSPO), the story is very different. The vast majority of cargo ships leaving Indonesia and Malaysia, which produce over 90% of the world’s certified palm oil, are bound for Europe. CSPO sales are particularly strong in the UK, the Netherlands, France and Germany. Some people believe that palm oil can never be sustainable, but others maintain that with strict regulations and responsibly managed land, production can work together with conserving our environment. The industry offers a path out of poverty for many people in developing countries such as Indonesia, where more than 28m live below the poverty line. However, many oil palm plantations have been developed without consultation or compensation of the people that live on the land. These communities may not own their land but have managed it for generations, growing food and cash crops, and gathering medicines and building materials from the forests. Many of the huge corporate buyers driving demand for sustainable palm oil are headquartered in Europe. The three corporations involved in designing the Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil - Anglo-Dutch consumer giant Unilever, Swiss retail chain Migros, and the UK arm of Swedish food manufacturer Aarhus (now AKK) – are all European. Even today, 64% of RSPO’s 1,722 non-palm oil producing members come from the region. Companies are under increasing pressure from many sections of society to reduce their environmental and social impacts. When it comes to palm oil, some businesses have responded to these demands, such as Unilever, which sources 100% of its palm oil sustainably; but others, such as Burger King, refuse to disclose what percentage of the palm oil they use is certified. see infographic Environmentalists continue to campaign in frustration over the pace of uptake. Certified sustainable plantations only account for only 16% of global palm production. For the remaining 84%, it’s business as usual. Demand for palm oil has increased rapidly over the past decade due to dietary changes and the fact that it is now also used as biofuel. Global palm oil production is predicted to be double the 2000 level by 2030 and triple by 2050. The Palm Oil Challenge |Traceable Palm Oil| The Solution: sustainability plus traceability. How to ensure sustainability? The answer is traceability, through the supply chains. The European Palm Oil Alliance's short "explanimation" video explains it very well: link. The Big Players They talk the talk, but do they walk the walk? In 2010, members of the Consumer Goods Forum pledged to clean up global commodity supply chains by 2020.1 But deforestation shows little signs of slowing down – because brands and their suppliers have totally failed to implement their promises. As the world’s largest palm oil trader, Wilmar International bears much of the blame - Wilmar trades palm oil from destructive producers. Palm Oil companies assessed by SPOTT (link): - The European Palm Oil Alliance is a business initiative to engage with and educate stakeholders on the full palm oil story. EPOA closely collaborates with national initiatives active in the different European countries, facilitating science based communication and creating a balanced view on the nutritional and sustainability aspects of palm oil. EPOA strongly supports the uptake of 100% sustainable palm oil. Current participants of the European Palm Oil Alliance are: Cargill Inc, Bunge Loders Croklaan, Indonesian Palm Oil Association, Lipidos Santiga, Malaysian Palm Oil Council, MVO, the Netherlands Oils and Fats Industry, Sime Darby, Unigra, Olenex (an Archer Daniels Midland/Wilmar JV). ref, website - Palm Oil vs Coconut Oil: Similar Yet Different. Nastassia Green, Oilypedia. Accessed Sept.10.2018. - Selfridges is selling Iceland own-brand mince pies – and proud of it. Unusual collaboration between upmarket department store and frozen food specialist is because both have committed to going palm-oil-free. Rebecca Smithers, The Guardian, Oct.15.2018. - Ecover puts algal oil trial on hold as activists target brand. Jim Manson, Natural Products, Jul.01.2014. - Finally! A Viable Palm Oil Alternative That Can Save Orangutans and the Rainforests. Kate Good, One Green Planet, Feb.18.2018.

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Alex’s son had seizures from birth until they finally found an effective medication for it six years later. The doctors went through a number of medications first, in what Alex felt was a trial-and-error method, before Alex found out about genetic testing through his own research on the Internet and requested it. He is disappointed that his doctor didn’t bring genetic testing forward earlier, and that they weren’t ready to change his treatment once they got the results. “We had to ask for [the testing], and push for it,” he explains. “[Learning to advocate for my son] was like finding a secret back door to treatment. And when I say ‘advocate,’ I mean you have to bitch, scream and yell, do your due diligence and get s–t done.” In the end, his son was diagnosed with an SCN8A mutation. Most kids with epilepsy under-produce sodium in the brain, and the drugs to treat it are made to increase its levels. Kids with SCN8A overproduce sodium instead, so the traditional medications were making Alex’s son sicker. He is now on a sodium channel blocker instead, and he has been seizure-free for more than a year. This is an increasingly common story, as the era of personalized medicine is upon us, with a rise in genetic tests that inform tailored treatments for everything from cancer to depression. They’re also growing more complex, as genetic testing moves away from single-gene tests that look for one specific issue and toward large panels and even genome-wide sequencing, which scans all 22,000 genes. A key area of concern is around whether Canada has enough genetic counsellors to meet our needs now and in the future. Those counsellors provide support before patients decide whether or not to order a test. “Genetic testing is so [complex] that it’s important the education provided is really solid, so patients are able to make informed decisions,” says Salma Shickh, a genetic counsellor who is a PhD student at the University of Toronto. Genetic counsellors also work with patients to interpret test results, which includes both explaining the science of it and the emotional side, helping them process what the results mean, for both themselves and their families. Training and requirements To become a genetic counsellor, students take a two-year master’s degree in genetic counselling, which includes coursework, research and clinical placements. There aren’t enough programs to train genetic counsellors right now, with only five schools across Canada offering programs and each only accepting a handful of students. UBC’s, which is one of the largest in the country, takes just six students a year. And competition is fierce: Last year, there were more than 130 applicants for those six UBC spots. That’s worse than the ratio for medical school. The University of Manitoba, which recently started a program, takes just three students. Alison Elliott, a genetic counsellor and project lead of the CAUSES research clinic at BC Children’s Hospital, helped launch it. She says, “It’s a really good place for such a program, because there are a number of unique populations in Manitoba like Hutterites, Mennonites and First Nations.” It can also be a challenge finding clinical placements for students, she adds, because there aren’t that many practising genetic counsellors to pair them with. Though it’s not mandatory, most genetic counsellors pass certification exams through the Canadian Association of Genetic Counsellors, or the U.S.’s American Board of Genetic Counsellors, which allows them to be competitive in the job market. Genetic counsellors aren’t licensed in Canada, which Sohnee Ahmed, president of the Canadian Association of Genetic Counsellors, would like to see change. “Right now, almost anybody can call themselves a genetic counsellor,” she says. “I would love to see protection of our title through some sort of regulation. I think that would bring a lot more trust to the profession.” Most work in the genetic department of hospitals, alongside clinical geneticists, who are doctors who specialize in genetics and make the diagnosis of genetic diseases. Because of squeezed budgets and a lack of knowledge of the value of the role, hospitals might not have as many genetic counsellors on staff as necessary, says Ahmed. Health human resources issues The Auditor General of Ontario’s 2017 annual report discusses this issue, noting that the number of genetic counsellors in Ontario hasn’t kept up with the growing demand for genetic testing, and that there are now long wait times to see genetic counsellors. It points out that the province does not have wait-time goals for genetic counsellors, but recommends that the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care work on creating them. It points to the Human Genetics Society of Australasia’s guidelines, which state that non-urgent referrals should be seen by a clinical geneticist or a genetic counsellor within 12 weeks. The overall wait times in Ontario aren’t tracked, but the report found that in one hospital, the wait time to see a genetic counsellor for cancer was over six months, and for pediatric patients at another hospital, it was about 14 months. (It should be noted that acute cases—such as issues around pregnancy—are seen in a more timely manner.) The Ministry, for its part, responded that as part of its Genetic Services Framework Srategy, it plans to create wait-time targets and evaluate how genetics testing is funded and provided, including the services offered by genetic counsellors. This issue isn’t limited to Ontario, with provinces such as B.C. also struggling with it. It’s important to highlight the fact that wait times are really about a lack of health care providers, says Ivy Lynn Bourgeault, who holds the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Chair in Gender, Work and Health Human Resources and is lead coordinator of the pan-Canadian Health Human Resources Network. “Whenever we talk about wait times, it’s really about access to health workers,” she says, adding that it’s unreasonable that we don’t know how many genetic counsellors there are across Canada, or have a sense of how many we need. “We know a lot about physicians, and we know a lot about nurses, and then it gets pathetic later on [with other professions].” We also don’t know exactly where they should be, though now most genetic counsellors are in urban centres. In this situation, telehealth is a good solution. “Genetic counselling and telehealth are a great match, because you don’t need to do a physical exam,” Bourgeault says. Ed Brown, CEO of the Ontario Telemedicine Network, says this is already happening in Ontario, through the UHN’s genetic counselling department, the North Bay Parry Sound District Health Unit, and the Kingston Health Sciences Centre. “There are a number of genetic counsellors who are using this right now, and they have been for years,” he says. Genome wide sequencing: future challenges & benefits Genetic counsellors are especially important around genome-wide sequencing, which is so new that it comes with its own set of issues. It often reveals incidental results, which aren’t related to the disease that was tested for. For example, genome-wide sequencing to try and pinpoint a child’s developmental disorder might find that the child is vulnerable to a heart issue later in life as well. And it’s not unusual for sequencing to find variants of unknown significance—“basically a brand new spelling mistake in the gene that we’ve never seen before,” says Elliott. “These are very different than a cholesterol test.” There are two primary reasons for the increase in tests that look at hundreds or thousands of genes, says Ahmed. One is that thanks to different technology, it’s actually cheaper to test multiple genes at a time than it is to just test one. And the other is that it catches more mutations, which provides a more accurate diagnosis. Elliott is leading a research project called GenCOUNSEL that’s funded by Genome Canada, and looks at how the increase in genome-wide sequencing will affect the need for genetic counsellors, and how to efficiently respond. But its lessons are applicable to the problems around genetic counsellors in general as well. One key, says Elliott, is going to be deciding who would benefit most from genome-wide sequencing, and in whom a specific genetic test or panel test would be more appropriate. Another component is having other health care professionals take on more of the responsibility, especially when it comes to ordering more common tests. “The education piece is very important for both primary care and other subspecialists. The literature shows that primary care doctors are not that comfortable ordering genetic tests,” says Elliott. GEC-KO, which is funded by the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, is one example of this in practice. It’s dedicated to educating non-genetics health care workers, including primary care and specialists, about genetic testing. And then there are efforts to increase the efficiency of genetic counsellors themselves. Some genetic counsellors are using online decision aids that people can go through before meeting with a counsellor, or offering group counselling first. “You can address the test from a bird’s eye view, and then have shorter individual sessions,” says Ahmed. “It lets you see more people per day.” It’s likely that we will need both more efficient models and more genetic counsellors to meet our growing needs, says Ahmed, though it’s not clear exactly what the answer is yet. “Certainly, what we do know is that the number of patients who need this is not going to go down in the future.”

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Five reasons COP25 climate talks failed The climate summit in Madrid earlier this month did not collapse—but by almost any measure it certainly failed. Five years after the fragile UN process yielded the world's first universal climate treaty, COP25 was billed as a mopping-up session to finish guidelines for carbon markets, thus completing the Paris Agreement rulebook. Governments faced with a crescendo of deadly weather, dire alarms from science and weekly strikes by millions of young people were also expected to signal an enhanced willingness to tackle the climate crisis threatening to unravel civilisation as we know it. The result? A deadlock and a dodge. The 12-day talks extended two days into overtime but still punted the carbon market conundrum to next year's COP26 in Glasgow. A non-binding pledge, meanwhile, to revisit deeply inadequate national plans for slashing greenhouse gas emissions was apparently too big an ask. The European Union was the only major emitter to step up with an ambitious mid-century target ("net zero"), and even then it was over the objection of Poland and without a crucial midway marker. UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres labelled COP25 "disappointing". Others were more blunt. "The can-do spirit that birthed the Paris Agreement feels like a distant memory," said Helen Mountford of Washington-based think tank World Resources Institute (WRI). "The world is screaming out for climate action but this summit has responded with a whisper," noted Chema Vera, executive director of Oxfam International. So what went wrong? At least five factors contributed to the Madrid meltdown. To an unsettling degree, the outcome of a UN climate summit—where 196 nations must sign off on every decision—depends on the savvy and skill of the host country, which acts as a facilitator. The stars were not aligned for the chaotic Copenhagen summit of 2009 and the Danish prime minister's less-than-deft manoeuvering did not help. By contrast, the 2015 climate treaty was in no small measure made possible by France's diplomatic tour-de-force. This year, Chile's environment minister Carolina Schmidt wielded the hammer after the conference was moved at the last minute to Madrid due to massive protests on the streets of Santiago. From Day One, when Schmidt's mishandling of a request from the African negotiating bloc mushroomed into a diplomatic incident, veteran observers worried that she was not up to the job. For Greenpeace International executive director Jennifer Morgan, "an irresponsibly weak Chilean leadership" enabled Brazil and Saudi Arabia to push agendas destined to derail the talks. "Chile played a bad hand poorly," noted another insider. A marginal factor, perhaps, but not a negligible one. Fox in the henhouse Among the nearly 30,000 diplomats, experts, activists and journalists accredited to attend the summit were hundreds of high-octane fossil fuel lobbyists. They are collectively the elephant in the room: everyone knows what causes climate change but it is considered impolitic within the UN climate bubble to point fingers. Even the Paris Agreement turns a blind eye: nowhere in its articles does one find the words oil, natural gas, coal, fossil fuels or even CO2. "We need to engage with them," UN Climate executive secretary Patricia Espinosa told AFP when asked whether it was time to exclude such lobbyists from the room. "There is no way we will achieve this transformation without the energy industry, including oil and gas." But the incongruity of their participation in a life-and-death struggle to wean the world from their products has become harder to ignore. "Is there no space free from greenwashing," asked Mohamed Adow, director of climate think tank Power Shift Africa. "The UN climate negotiations should be the one place that is free from such fossil fuel interference." The Trump effect On November 4, 2020—the day after US voters will renew Donald Trump's mandate or turn him out of office—the United States is set to formally withdraw from the Paris Agreement. It will be the second time that a Republican White House has plunged a dagger in the heart of a climate treaty nurtured by the Democratic administration that preceded it—the Kyoto Protocol was the previous one. From the moment Trump was elected—on Day Two of COP22 in Marrakesh—advocates of climate action have played down the negative impact of the world's largest economy and second biggest carbon polluter pulling out of the Paris deal. But the corrosive "Trump effect" was palpable in Madrid, as was the anger at Washington for twisting arms even as it walked out the door. "There are one or two parties that seem hell-bent on ensuring any calls for ambition, action and environmental integrity are rolled back," said Simon Stiell, Grenada's environment minister. Poor and small-island nations exposed to climate-addled weather—drought, heatwaves, super-storms, rising seas—were especially incensed at behind-the-scenes US efforts to block a separate stream of money for "loss and damage". Rich nations have promised developing ones $100 billion (90 billion euros) annually starting next year to help them adapt to future climate impacts, but there is no provision in the 1992 bedrock climate treaty for damages already incurred. No one, it seems, imagined that climate talks would drag on for 30 years. The US withdrawal has also crippled the coalition that delivered the landmark Paris treaty, said Li Shuo, a senior policy analyst for Greenpeace East Asia. "The US-China-EU climate tricycle has had a wheel pulled off by Trump," he told AFP. "Going into 2020, it is critical for the remaining two wheels to roll in sync." China at the wheel When it comes to climate change, Beijing holds the fate of the planet in its hands. China accounts for 29 percent of global CO2 emissions, more than the next three countries—the US, Russia, India—combined, according to the Global Carbon Project. Its carbon footprint has tripled in 20 years from 3.2 to 10 billions tonnes in 2018. The core commitment of China's voluntary carbon cutting plan, annexed to the Paris treaty, is to stabilise its CO2 output by 2030. Experts agree that China could hit that mark earlier and more countries are asking Beijing—ever so gingerly—to promise it will. Granada's minster Stiell called out half-a-dozen rich and emerging economies—including China and India—for not revising their voluntary plans in line with a world in which warming does not exceed 1.5 degrees Celsius. Failure to do so, he said, "shows a lack of ambition that also undermines ours". "China's emissions, like the rest of the world's, need to peak imminently, and then decline rapidly," for the world to stay under 1.5C or even 2C, according to the Climate Action Tracker, a consortium that analyses climate commitments. But Beijing has been coy about its intentions. Going into Madrid, it hinted at a revised target ahead of COP26. But during the Madrid meeting, China dug in its heels and— backed by India—invoked the principle that rich countries must take the lead in addressing climate change, calling out their failure to deliver on promises made. "Ambition of Parties is measured first and foremost by the implementation of its commitments," said a joint statement from China, India, Brazil and South Africa. The statement said commitments made by developed countries in the pre-2020 period—especially for money and technology—must be honoured. China's lack of enthusiasm is also rooted in changes on the domestic front. "When an economy slows, it is more difficult to be as single-minded about leadership on climate change," said WRI's Andrew Steer referring to China's position. China is only likely to follow with measures of its own if the European Union confirms its mid-century "net zero" goal and vows to slash emissions by at least 55 percent by 2030, several experts said. "If the EU doesn't come through, we're screwed," said one observer with more than 20 COPs under her belt. Spitting into the wind Perhaps the most daunting headwind facing UN climate talks is rising nationalism, populism and economic retrenchment—all at the expense of the multilateralism. "The stalemate over carbon markets is a symptom of a more general polarisation and lack of cooperation among countries," said Sebastien Treyer of the IDDRI think tank in Paris. Street protests, meanwhile, against the rise in cost-of-living in France, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Egypt and more than two dozen other countries in 2019 have given governments already reluctant to invest in a low-carbon future another reason to baulk. "These cases highlight how sensitive populations are to change in the price of basic commodities like food, energy and transport," noted Stephane Hallegatte of the World Bank. "This is the context in which most countries have committed to stabilise climate change." Even the diplomats and activists deeply invested in the UN climate process have begun to wonder if it is fit for purpose. Negotiations are transactional by nature, and may not be suited to an emergency situation, some noted. "We are standing and watching our house on fire," said Steer from the WRI. "I've got a fire hose, you've got a fire hose, but I'm not going to turn mine on until you do." But nations with the most to lose have few alternatives. "It is the only space where poor countries—who have done the least to pollute and yet are suffering first and worst from its destruction—have a voice," said Power Shift Africa's Mohamed Adow. "But, sadly, it is proving inadequate." The key to unlocking the diplomatic deadlock may lie within civil society, said Johan Rockstrom of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), who wonders whether a wave of moral outrage could push governments toward more decisive action. "Are we approaching a tipping point where it will no longer be acceptable to shorten the lives of people with fossil fuel pollution?", he asked, noting that breathing the air in the Indian capital New Delhi is like smoking 10 cigarettes a day. The Fridays for Future youth movement sparked by teenage climate activist Greta Thunberg saw millions of people spill into the streets demanding climate action. If their numbers rise to tens or hundreds of millions, maybe leaders in democratic and autocratic governments alike will begin to take note. © 2019 AFP

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nor fear the seeming. Here is waking in the dreaming. Is it possible to guard effectively against the inertia of language? Clearly, we cannot achieve this in natural language, but might we be able to develop a "perfect language" in which I can say exactly what I mean, you can understand exactly what I meant, and I can be sure you have understood it exactly? Many people have tried to answer this, so let's go on a mathematical tour through universal languages and the incomplete search for linguistic perfection. The crucial point is that knowing this language would be like having a key to universal knowledge. If you’re a theologian, it would bring you closer, very close, to God’s thoughts, which is dangerous. If you’re a magician, it would give you magical powers. If you’re a linguist, it would tell you the original, pure, uncorrupted language from which all languages descend. How does this fit into Kernel?¶ The sacred is not perfect. The source of what we call "sacred" is beyond any label, including "perfect". When we conflate the two, we propagate violent and oppressive ideologies which are convinced of their own correctness or truth. The sacred as we experience it in every day life is undecidable, irreducible, paradoxical. When we accept this fact, as this article will show you, it reveals some really interesting and practical contexts in which we can more closely approach a perfection we know to be inherently irreducible. This is a truly beautiful thing to do. It is the best way to close this open-ended course. Thank you all, and we wish you a peace past any understanding.Brief¶ Gregory Chaitin discusses Umberto Eco's book The Search for the Perfect Language, and how it relates to some deep concepts in mathematics, coupled with a non-standard view on intellectual history. He begins by asking, What is the perfect language? [... It is] the language whose structure directly expresses the structure of the world, in which concepts are expressed in their direct, original format. He discusses some of the early figures of this search, including Raymond Lull and Gottfried Leibniz. Though both grounded in magical and theological thinking - as well as alchemy and hermeticism - it was Leibniz who first formulated the search in a modern way, calling this language the characteristica universalis. A crucial part of this language was something he called the calculus ratiocinator, by which we can reduce reasoning to calculation and thereby elide the need for opinionated arguments in favour of pure computation. It was this notion which led him to develop calculus. Leibniz's version was slightly different from Newton's, in that his focus was specifically on the notation and formalism: i.e. how can we generate the most expressive power from the smallest set of meaningful symbols? His calculus presents a fundamentally mechanistic approach to proof, as Leibniz saw clearly the importance of having a formalism that led you automatically to the answer. Q: A perfect language is one whose words directly express the original what? A: Structure of the world. Set and Setting¶ Chaitin then describes the theory of infinite sets as mathematical theology: Cantor’s goal was to understand God. God is transcendent. The theory of infinite sets has a hierarchy of bigger and bigger infinities, the alephs, the ℵ’s, and so on. These sets go on forever, as you can always make a new set out of the set of all previous sets, or by taking a union of all the members of an infinite sequence to get ever greater infinities. However, this leads to a contradiction, discovered by Bertrand Russell and now called the Russell paradox: if we take the universal set - the set of everything - and then consider the set of all subsets in it, then this set of all subsets must necessarily be bigger than the universal set. But how can this be? The set of all subsets of the universal set can neither be in itself nor not be in itself - which poses a problem for mathematicians who are not theologically inclined. While this contradiction never bothered Cantor - who took the view that it’s paradoxical for a finite being to try to comprehend a transcendent, infinite being, so paradoxes are fine - it led Russell to expose numerous contradictions in mathematical reasoning. As a response to this, another mathematician called David Hilbert developed a completely formal axiomatic theory, which is a modern version of Leibniz’s characteristica universalis and calculus ratiocinator. Axiomatic theories are written not in natural language, with its ambiguity and informal reasoning, but in precise, artificial languages based on mathematical logic which specifies the rules of the game precisely. Empty In Completeness¶ The dream that there is a finite set of axioms which allowed us, in principle, to deduce all mathematical truth led to some truly beautiful work, in particular Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory and von Neumann integers. Baruch Spinoza had a philosophical system in which the world is built out of only one substance, and that substance is God, that’s all there is. Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory is similar. Everything is sets, and every set is built out of the empty set. That’s all there is: the empty set, and sets built starting with the empty set. However, Gödel and Turing showed in the 1930's that you can’t have a perfect language or a formal axiomatic theory for all of mathematics because of incompleteness. Gödel began with the statement "This statement is unprovable" and proceeded to show how the paradox at the heart of this (using Gödel numbering) reveals that we cannot capture all mathematical truth in any theory. Turing derived incompleteness from a more fundamental phenomenon: Turing’s insight in 1936 was that incompleteness, which Gödel found in 1931, for any formal axiomatic theory, comes from a deeper phenomenon, which is uncomputability. Incompleteness is an immediate corollary of uncomputability, a concept which does not appear in Gödel’s 1931 paper. The fact that Gödel's incompleteness is a result of uncomputability suggests that, while there is no perfect mathematical language, there are perfect languages for certain computations. What Turing discovered in 1936 is that there’s a kind of completeness called universality and that there are universal Turing machines and universal programming languages [... that is,] a language in which every possible algorithm can be written. Q: What paradoxical statement did Gödel use to prove incompleteness? A: This statement is unprovable. Algorithms and Information¶ Chaitin goes on to describe his own work in Algorithmic Information Theory, which derives incompleteness from an extreme form of uncomputability, called algorithmic irreducibility. A deeper understanding of the mathematically irreducible information contained in the Halting Problem allows us to pick out, from Turing’s universal languages, maximally expressive programming languages, which are maximally compact. AIT is really about deducing the size of the smallest program required to calculate something, which allows us to create "better" notions of perfection, defined in terms of conciseness. The most expressive languages are the ones with the smallest programs. This definition of complexity is dry and technical. But let me put this into medieval terminology, which is much more colorful. What we’re asking is, how many yes/no decisions did God have to make to create something?—which is obviously a rather basic question to ask, if you consider that God is calculating the universe [...] God will naturally use the most perfect, most powerful programming languages, when he creates the world, to build everything. These most powerful programming languages can be expressed succinctly in AIT by considering a particular class of universal Turing machines U, and the most efficient ways for these machines to be universal. Chaitin describes some of the ways we have of calculating this, which extend more deeply in the details of AIT than this brief will go. What's most relevant is how we can define programs in self-delimiting ways. That is, how can we get our universal Turing machine U to know when a program has ended without adding an extra symbol (i.e. just using 0 and 1, no blanks); or extra information about the size of the program to the program itself, thereby making any computation less concise than the ideal. A self-delimiting program is one which knows when to stop. This is an elegant and simple idea which is rather difficult to understand in practice but, as always, close observation of the world around us should unearth some clues in surprising places. The video linked above reveals how deeper understanding of such phenomena suggest ever more succinct universal languages, but open the door to - for instance - regenerative abilities and new medicine. Q: "Better" universal languages for computation are defined in terms of what linguistic feature? These self-delimiting binary languages are the ones that the study of program-size complexity has led us to discriminate as the ideal languages, the most perfect languages. We got to them in two stages, 1960s AIT and 1970s AIT. These are languages for computation, for expressing algorithms, not for mathematical reasoning. They are universal programming languages that are maximally expressive, maximally concise. What does this mean for the search for a perfect language? Well, it's a bit of a mixed bag. Hilbert's formal axiomatic theory meant to establish all mathematical truth is necessarily incomplete, and all formal reasoning has been proven to have a limit. However, There are perfect languages for computing. We have universal Turing machines and universal programming languages, and although languages for reasoning cannot be complete, these universal programming languages are complete. Furthermore, AIT has picked out the most expressive programming languages, the ones that are particularly good to use for a theory of program-size complexity. Practically speaking, the search for the perfect language has yielded some truly fascinating results. Theoretically, it has shown that mathematics contains infinite irreducible complexity and so there is no hope of finding a simple and elegant Theory of Everything like Hilbert imagined. That dream turned out to be a golem, but from the perspective of the Middle Ages, I would say that the perfect languages that we’ve found have given us some magical, God-like power, which is that we can breathe life into some inanimate matter. Observe that hardware is analogous to the body, and software is analogous to the soul, and when you put software into a computer, this inanimate object comes to life and creates virtual worlds. Before you go, however, it is worth spending some time with the poets. T. S. Elliot once wrote: "They constantly try to escape From the darkness outside and within By dreaming of systems so perfect that no one will need to be good. But the man that is will shadow The man that pretends to be." This search for the perfect language is a beautiful one, but it is tempered always by the standard to which all language must be held, what Marianne Brün calls "the imagery of human desire". When undertaking this search, it might help us to ask what the "breathtaking eloquence and simple terms" are which explain "what we, today, almost speechlessly have wanted so much". My suggestion is that it is simply to be good. Happily, the language of the good is also a language of self-imposed limits, which seeks perfect expression only as a means towards realizing a convivial life lived together in the golden mean. This golden mean, or middle path, is akin to the program of least complexity, because it requires no additional symbol, only a kind of rhythmic harmony; a balance of the whole.

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Millions miss a meal or two each day. Help us change that! Click to donate today! American Tract Society Bible Dictionary A tent, booth, pavilion, or temporary dwelling. For its general meaning and uses, see Exodus 25:1-40 , and the following chapters. This is usually called the tabernacle of the congregation, or tent of assembly, and sometimes the tabernacle of the testimony. The tabernacle was of an oblong rectangular form, thirty cubits long, ten broad, and ten in height, Exodus 26.15-30; 36.20-30; that is, about fifty-five feet long, eighteen broad, and eighteen high. The two sides and the western end were formed of boards of shittim wood, overlaid with thin plates of gold, and fixed in solid sockets or vases of silver. Above, they were secured by bars of the same wood overlaid with gold, passing through rings of gold which were fixed to the boards. On the east end, which was the entrance, there were no boards, but only five pillars of shittim wood, whose chapters and fillets were overlaid with gold and their hooks of gold, standing in five sockets of brass. The tabernacle thus erected was covered with four different kinds of curtains. The first and inner curtain was composed of fine linen, magnificently embroidered with figures of cherubim, in shades of blue, purple, and scarlet; this formed the beautiful ceiling. The next covering was made of fine goats' hair; the third of rams' skins or morocco dyed red; and the fourth and outward covering of a thicker leather. See BADGERS' SKINS. We have already said that the east end of the tabernacle had no boards, but only five pillars of shittim wood; it was therefore closed with a richly embroidered curtain suspended from these pillars, Exodus 27:16 . Such was the external appearance of the sacred tent, which was divided into two apartments by means of four pillars of shittim wood overlaid with gold, like the pillars before described, two cubits and a half distant from each other; only they stood in sockets of silver instead of brass, Exodus 26:32 36:36; and on these pillars was hung a veil, formed of the same materials as the one placed at the east end, Exodus 26:31-33 36:35 Hebrews 9:3 . The interior of the tabernacle was thus divided, it is generally supposed, in the same proportions as the temple afterwards built according to its model; two-thirds of the whole length being allotted to the first room, or the Holy Place, and one-third to the second, or Most Holy Place. Thus the former would be twenty cubits long, ten wide, and ten high, and the latter ten cubits every way. It is observable, that neither the Holy nor the Most Holy place had any window. Hence the need of the candlestick in the one, for the service that was performed therin. The tabernacle thus described stood in an open space or court of an oblong form, one hundred cubits in length, and fifty in breadth, situated due east and west, Exodus 27:18 . This court was surrounded with pillars of brass, filleted with silver, and placed at the distance of five cubits from each other, twenty on each side and ten on each end. Their sockets were of brass, and were fastened to the earth with pins of the same metal, Exodus 38:10,17,20 . Their height was probably five cubits, that being the length of the curtains that were suspended on them, Exodus 28:18 . These curtains, which formed an enclosure round the court, were of fine twined white linen yarn, Exodus 27:9 38:9,16 , except that at the entrance on the east end, which was of blue and purple and scarlet and fine white twined linen, with cords to draw it either up or aside when the priests entered the court, Exodus 27:16 38:18 . Within this area stood the altar of burntofferings, and the laver with its foot or base. This altar was placed in a line between the door of the court and the door of the tabernacle, but nearer the former, Exodus 40:6,29; the laver stood the altar of burnt-offering and the door of the tabernacle, Exodus 38:8 . In this court all the Israelites presented their offerings, vows, and prayers. But although the tabernacle was surrounded by the court, there is no reason to think that it stood in the center of it. It is more probable that the area at the east end was fifty cubits square; and indeed a less space than that could hardly suffice for the work that was to be done there, and for the persons who were immediately to attend the service. We now proceed to notice the furniture which the tabernacle contained. In the Holy Place to which none but priests were admitted, Hebrews 9:6 , were three objects worthy of notice: namely, the altar of incense, the table for the show-bread, and the candlestick for the showbread, and the candlestick for the lights, all of which have been described in their respective places. The altar of incense was placed in the middle of the sanctuary, before the veil, Exodus 30:6-10 40:26-27; and on it the incense was burnt morning and evening, Exodus 30:7,8 . On the north side of the altar of incense, that is, on the right hand of the priest as he entered, stood the table for the show-bread, Exodus 26:35 40:22,23; and on the south side of the Holy Place, the golden candlestick, Exodus 25:31-39 . In the Most Holy Place, into which only the high priest entered once a year, Hebrews 9:7 , was the ark, covered by the mercy-seat and the cherubim. The gold and silver employed in decorating the tabernacle are estimated at not less than a million of dollars. The remarkable and costly structure thus described was erected in the wilderness of Sinai, on the first day of the first month of the second year, after the Israelites left Egypt, Exodus 40.17; and when erected was anointed, together with its furniture, with holy oil, Exodus 40:9-11 , and sanctified by blood, Exodus 24:6-8 Hebrews 9:21 . The altar of burnt offerings, especially, was sanctified by sacrifices during seven days, Exodus 29:37; while rich donations were given by the princes of the tribes for the service of the sanctuary, Numbers 7:1 . We should not omit to observe, that the tabernacle was so constructed as to be taken to pieces and put together again, as occasion required. This was indispensable; it being designed to accompany the Israelites during their travels in the wilderness. With it moved and rested the pillar of fire and of cloud. As often as Israel removed, the tabernacle was taken to pieces by the priests, closely covered, and borne in regular order by the Levites, Numbers 4:1-49 . Wherever they encamped, it was pitched in the midst of their tents, which were set up in a quadrangular form, under their respective standards, at a distance from the tabernacle of two thousand cubits; while Moses and Aaron, with the priests and Levites, occupied a place between them. How long this tabernacle existed we do not know. During the conquest it remained at Gilgal, Joshua 4:19 10:43 . After the conquest it was stationed for many years at Shiloh, Joshua 18:1 1 Samuel 1:3 . In 2 Samuel 6:17 , and 1 Chronicles 15:1 , it is said that David had prepared and pitched a tabernacle in Jerusalem for the ark, which before had long been at Kirjath-jearim, and then in the house of Obed-edom, 1 Chronicles 13:6,14 2 Samuel 6:11,12 . In 1 Chronicles 21:29 , it is said that the tabernacle of Moses was still at Gibeon at that time; and it would therefore seem that the ark had long been separated from it. The tabernacle still remained at Gibeon in the time of Solomon, who sacrificed before it, 2 Chronicles 1:3,13 . This is the last mention made of it; for apparently the tabernacle brought with the ark into the temple, 2 Chronicles 5:5 , was the tent in which the ark had been kept on Zion, 2 Chronicles 1:4 5:2 . Feast of Tabernacles. This festival derives its name from the booths in which the people dwelt during its continuance, which were constructed of the branches and leaves of trees, on the roofs of their houses, in the courts, and also in the streets. Nehemiah describes the gathering of palm-branches, olive branches, myrtlebranches, etc., for this occasion, from the Mount of Olives. It was one of the three great festivals of the year, at which all the men of Israel were required to be present, Deuteronomy 16:16 . It was celebrated during eight days, commencing on the fifteenth day of the month Tishri, that is, fifteen days after the new moon in October; and the first and last days were particularly distinguished, Leviticus 23:34-43 Nehemiah 8:14-18 . This festival was instituted in memory of the forty years' wanderings of the Israelites in the desert, Leviticus 23:42,43 , and also as a season of gratitude and thanksgiving for the gathering in of the harvest; whence it is also called the Feast of the Harvest, Exodus 23:16 34:22 . The season was an occasion of rejoicing and feasting. The public sacrifices consisted of two rams and fourteen lambs on each of the first seven days, together with thirteen bullocks on the first day, twelve on the second, eleven on the third, ten on the fourth, nine on the fifth, eight on the sixth, and seven on the seventh; while on the eighth day one bullock, one ram, and seven lambs were offered, Numbers 29:12-39 . On every seventh year, the law of Moses was also read in public, in the presence of all the people, Deuteronomy 31:10-13 Nehemiah 8:18 . To these ceremonies the later Jews added a libation of water mingled with wine, which was poured upon the morning sacrifice of each day. The priests, having filled a vessel of water from the fountain of Siloam, bore it through the water gate to the temple, and there, while the trumpets and horns were sounding, poured it upon the sacrifice arranged upon the altar. This was probably done as a memorial of the abundant supply of water which God afforded to the Israelites during their wanderings in the desert; and perhaps with reference to purification from sin, 1 Samuel 7:6 . This was accompanied with the singing of Isaiah 12:1-6 : "With joy shall ye draw water from the wells of salvation;" and may naturally have suggested our Savior's announcement while attending this festival, "If any man thirst, let him come unto me and drink," John 7:37,38 . The first and eighth days of the festival were Sabbaths to the Lord, in which there was a holy convocation, and in which all labor was prohibited, Leviticus 23:39 Numbers 29:12,35; and as the eighth was the last festival day celebrated in the course of each year, it appears to have been esteemed as peculiarly important and sacred. These files are public domain and are a derivative of the topics are from American Tract Society Bible Dictionary published in 1859. Rand, W. W. Entry for 'Tabernacle'. American Tract Society Bible Dictionary. https://www.studylight.org/dictionaries/eng/ats/t/tabernacle.html. 1859.

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Thanks to all of those who came to the first annual Journey Fitness Turkey Trot Run/Walk this past Thursday morning! I had a blast and will certainly be doing it again next year! For those who missed out, we did a 30 min run/walk around a course I laid out in Boulevard Park in Lake Saint Louis and followed that up with a 30 min boot camp style class. All the participants worked their butts off and had a lot of fun, not to mention they could feel less guilty about their Thanksgiving meals! Next year we will be getting word out earlier and make all proceeds go to charity. I just wanted to share with you the known variables to influence your basal metabolic rate according to the American Council on Exercise. - Genetics. Some people have a naturally high metabolism and others have naturally slow metabolisms. - Gender. Men have more testosterone and usually more lean muscle mass and less fat mass than women so they have a higher metabolism. - Age. BMR is greater in childhood than in adulthood. After age 20, BMR is estimated to drop about 2 percent to 3 percent each decade. This is not a huge decline as you can see so stop using it as your excuse. - Weight. The more an individual weighs, the higher his or her BMR will be. For example, if two people are the same height but one is heavier, the heavier one will have the higher BMR. - Height. Taller people typically have greater body surface area and more lean body mass. - Body-fat Percentage. If all other things are equal, people with a higher body-fat percentage have a lower BMR than those with a lower-body fat percentage. - Diet. Starvation or serious abrupt calorie-reduction can dramatically reduce BMR by up to 30 percent. Likewise, restrictive, low-calorie weight-loss diets may cause BMR to drop by as much as 20 percent. This is why I tell you to eat 5-6 small meals a day! - Body Temperature/Health. For every increase of 0.5 degrees C in internal temperature of the body, BMR increases by about 7 percent. The chemical reactions in the body actually occur more quickly at higher temperatures (remember high school chemistry?) Therefore, a person with a fever of 42 degrees C (about 4 degrees C above normal) would have an increase of about 50 percent in BMR. Maybe why we lose weight when we are sick? - External temperature. Temperature outside the body also affects basal metabolic rate. Exposure to cold temperature causes an increase in the BMR, as the body tries to create the extra heat needed to maintain its internal temperature. A short exposure to hot temperature has little effect on the body’s metabolism because of compensatory increases in heat loss. However, prolonged exposure to heat can raise BMR. - Glands. Thyroxin (produced by the thyroid gland) is a key BMR regulator that speeds up the body’s metabolic activity. The more thyroxin produced, the higher the BMR. If too much thyroxin is produced (a condition known as thyrotoxicosis), BMR can actually double. If too little thyroxin is produced (myxoedema), BMR may shrink to 30 percent to 40 percent of normal. Like thyroxin, adrenaline also increases the BMR, but to a lesser extent. - Exercise. Physical exercise not only influences body weight by burning calories, it also helps raise BMR by building extra muscle (this is why everyone should do resistance training!) The greater the exercise intensity, the longer it takes the body to recover, which results in a longer and higher excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). When your body is in a state of EPOC, you are burning a lot of calories while you recover and is one of the most proven methods to shed body fat. Not everyone is ready to train at a high intensity and should build up to do so with the proper progression and guidance of a trainer, preferably me! The take home message is that besides what you are dealt with by genetics and any other variables that fall under that umbrella; you have some control over your metabolism through proper diet and exercise. - Plan ahead! When you don’t have anything prepared or you’re on the go, convenience is going to mater more than what you eat. That’s why fast food is never going away. If you are on the go, pack a lunch or know of some restaurants that you can get a balanced, nutrient dense, low calorie meal. If you don’t cook every day, cook extra when you do cook and save it for meals later in the week. If you need to take it a step further, plan out a menu for the week. - Eat every 2-4 hours. At every sitting, eat slowly until 80% full. If you eat too fast, your body won’t have long enough to get the signal that you are almost full. Eating smaller, more frequent meals should keep your metabolism going. - Watch the sugar content of your food. Insulin is an anabolic hormone in your body that takes up sugar from your blood and stores that sugar in the form of glycogen in your muscles and liver. You can only store so much glycogen and the rest is stored as fat. Keep your insulin levels regulated by eating foods that digest slowly, avoiding any spikes in your insulin from sugary foods that digest fast. - Inflammation in your body leads to weight gain and prevents you from losing weight. Inflammation not only leads to increased cholesterol and risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, but it causes you to hold more water in your cells and you will feel more sluggish and bloated. Try to avoid processed food as much as possible. Even foods that are reduced calorie or low fat are processed. Eat more whole foods like vegetables, fruits and lean meats. Avoid soda and sugary drinks, drink more water. Decreasing inflammation helps your digestive track, if you have a healthy gut, you will be able to better digest your foods and get the nutrients you need. You will then have more energy and feel better. Weight loss will happen when you are healthy! - Drink lots of water. Don’t leave the house without a bottle of water. Drink constantly throughout the day. Dehydration can increase the chance of soft tissue injuries when you are active, decrease your mood, make you feel tired and sluggish, and many other processes in the body depend on it. The idea of calories in and calories out is only part of the picture when trying to lose weight. You should still try to have an idea of how many calories your body needs and how much you actually eat, but all of the factors mentioned above are more important than how many calories you consume. Obviously if you eat too much, you are going to gain weight and you are probably ignoring rule #2. - Traditional “split routines” are commonly used by body builders and football players who are trying to gain lean muscle mass. Many repetitions and exercises are used on a particular muscle group during the workout. An example would be devoting an entire exercise session to just legs or chest and triceps. I’ll let you guys in on a secret; these guys aren’t usually trying to lose weight! If you want to lose weight, you need to stop isolating muscle groups and incorporate full body movements that engage more muscle groups, ultimately burning more calories! - Using full body movements will give you more muscle engagement through the movements, making you move more efficiently. Your body will have to stabilize other joints as you perform an exercise. An example would be performing a lunge with a twist. You step out into a lunge engaging your quadriceps and gluteals. Then twist your torso towards your front leg, while holding a medicine ball, engaging your core as your lower body doesn’t move. This takes great coordination and stabilization. - You will prevent more injuries if you train movement patterns, rather than isolating your quads on a leg extension machine. Using the lunge example, you are engaging muscles around the ankle, knee, and hip joints. You’re training the tendons and ligaments as well as the muscle and you will be less likely to tear anything in everyday movements like bending over to pick something up. - You will also have more balance between opposing muscle groups. For every repetition pulling, there should be a pushing movement to train the antagonist muscle groups. An example would be doing a bent over row (which engages your legs and core as well as your mid-back muscles) and then somewhere else in your workout, do a pushup (which not only strengthens your chest and triceps, but everything from your hands to your feet). This also will help prevent injury if you are balanced, not just working on “beach muscles” on the front of your body. - Training this way will lead to less boredom with your workout, making you have greater long term success if you stick with it! Flexibility is important, and is often overlooked when planning a fitness program. 47% of stiffness is attributed to joint capsule and ligaments, 41% from muscle fascia, 10% from tendons, and 2% from skin. Increasing your range of motion (ROM) can be done largely because of the second one, the fascia. Self-myofascial release, or foam rolling, will help loosen up adhesions or stiffness in your fascia (the connective tissue on top of your muscles). Using a foam roller can be used as part of your warm-up and cool-down. Runners especially will develop tightness in their IT bands (lateral thigh) and should use a foam roller frequently. Old school of thought was to static stretch as a warm-up to prevent injury during activity, research has shown that static stretching actually decreases performance because you are temporarily changing the length of the muscle, which operates in a length-tension relationship. This means that your muscle produces the most force at certain lengths of its ROM, so why alter the relationship? Static stretching should only be used during your warm-up IF there is also need for corrective exercise because of muscle imbalances around a joint. Otherwise, static stretching or PNF stretching should only be part of the cool-down. Foam rolling should be done before static stretching to get a more effective stretch. The new school of thought is to warm-up doing dynamic stretches. This means that you perform exercises in all 3 planes of motion using your muscles to control the speed, direction and intensity of the stretch. An example would be a lunge with rotation of the trunk. This loosens up the joints and helps your body to self-lubricate your joint surfaces. If you have limited range of motion in one plane of motion, injury is more likely to occur during activity. An example would be a golfer, if they have limited rotation through the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex, they may injure their low back when trying to rotate with great force, not to mention they won’t hit the ball very far. Contact me about getting yourself set up with the right corrective exercises and stretches to improve your ROM. Source: NASM Essentials of Sport Performance Training Most people when you mention protein powder to them think “Why do I need that? I’m not a body builder.” This is not the case. Protein supplements, except for soy only powders, are complete proteins, containing all the essential amino acids that everyone needs. Everyone can benefit from protein, here are a few benefits: – Repair muscles after an intense workout – Promote protein synthesis (muscle growth) when weight training – Help you maintain lean muscle while trying to lose weight – Help seniors maintain muscle mass as they age, this will help prevent falls and fractures – Help you feel full and suppress your appetite, leading to weight loss The list goes on and on but those are a few of the big points. Proper nutrition along with consistent resistance training will help build and maintain lean body mass. Individuals with more lean body mass tend to burn more calories, this helps in maintaining your weight. Protein can be used as a pre and post-workout shake, or as a meal replacement shake. If you are like most people, your job requires hours of sitting in what is called the triple flexed position (knee flexion, hip flexion, elbow flexion). Not only is your job making you sedentary, burning very few calories during the day, but it is also altering how you move. Staying in this body position (like I am right now typing this), your body will reinforce your posture over time, making it more efficient (burning less calories to stay like this) to be slumped over and have rounded shoulders and tight hip flexors. Your altered joint kinematics may cause you pain over time if not addressed. Most adults that have had some sedentary periods in their lives could benefit from corrective exercise to try and counteract the poor posture they have developed. Past injuries can also alter how you move. There are three different systems of your body that are involved in movement (muscular, nervous, and articular), and if one is changed because of injury or poor posture, your body will alter how you move. You only get one body, so let’s take care of it while you are here and make sure you can move optimally, with the least amount of pain. When starting an exercise program, you should have a fitness professional take you through a battery of movement assessments to identify any compensations in your foot and ankle, knee, lumbo- pelvic-hip complex, and shoulder girdle. If there is a compensation in a joint, the overactive and underactive muscles can then be identified. The overactive muscles need to be inhibited, through foam rolling (self-myofascial release). After foam rolling, then static stretching or PNF stretching can be used to lengthen the overactive muscles. Then, the underactive muscles (the opposing muscle group to the overactive muscle) need to be isolated to activate them. The final step is to perform a dynamic movement that integrates the overactive and underactive muscles together. This is like reprograming your muscle memory to help you move more efficiently. After a period of time, you will notice a difference. It takes time and repetition to correct what poor posture has done to your body. Source: National Academy of Sports Medicine Corrective Exercise Manual *I am a Certified Corrective Exercise Specialist* - Exercising at a low intensity will burn more calories from fat. This may be true, but only from a percentage standpoint. The harder you workout, the more calories you will burn and ultimately more weight you will lose. Low intensity exercise has its place, especially with beginners or special populations such as the elderly or those with joint issues. - By concentrating on one part of your body, you can spot tone that area. This is false, no matter how much volume of training (sets and reps) you do on a body part to build muscle, fat is still fat and you have to get rid of it for that muscle to appear. No matter how many crunches you do, that 6 pack won’t show up until you make changes in the kitchen. - Lifting heavy weight will make women “bulky”. This is false due to the fact that women have very little testosterone levels compared to men, making it almost impossible to become a hulk. In fact, when women want to “tone up”, they need to lift heavier weight in order to build a little more lean mass, as well as do cardio to lose fat mass. If all you ever do it lift light weight and do hours of cardio, you will only increase your muscular endurance. To build muscle and “tone up”, you need to provide your muscles with a stimulus (exercise) that they are not used to. This is the overload principal, if you don’t progress your workout, you will hit a plateau so you need to keep increasing the stimulus to keep getting results. - If you workout, you can get away with more in your diet. Working out is typically only an hour per bout and most people don’t exercise everyday. In general, most of us aren’t that active the rest of the day, so we don’t burn that many extra calories. Depending on your weight, gender, body composition, and intensity of exercise, the amount of calories you burn will vary. If you don’t eat a balanced diet with low calorie, nutrient dense foods, you will still negate all the work you did from exercise. If you burned 500 calories from exercise, I guarantee your lunch at your favorite restaurant has more calories than that. – Turkey sausage patties (uncooked) – Whole wheat English muffin – 3 tbs of Liquid egg whites 1. Toast your English muffin. 2. Cook both sides of your turkey sausage over medium high heat in a pan. 3. Cook your egg whites and fold them over twice to make it small to fit on the sandwich. 24 grams of carbs (no sugar) 7 grams of fat 20 grams of protein A pancake with a twist. There are not many carbs in this pancake and I advise you that it does not taste good with syrup! What you need: – ¼ cup dry steel cut oats – ¼ cup liquid egg whites – ¼ cup 2% cottage cheese Makes 1 serving - On your stove, heat a small pan on medium high and spray with a non-stick spray. - In a bowl, mix all the ingredients and pour into the pan. Wait till it sets a little on one side, then flip it with a turner. 27 grams of carbs 4 gram of fat 23 grams of protein

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Policy and Legislation Côte d'Ivoire has long suffered from a lack of overall youth strategy and failed to address youth issues for several decades. Yet, after the politico-military crisis in 2011, the government made significant efforts to include youth challenges in its political agenda. Over the past years, the government enacted several strategies regarding health, education and employment taking into account youth concerns, such as the National Employment Policy (2012-2015) or the National Health Development plan (2012-2015). In 2016, the government created the Ministry for Youth Promotion, Employment and Civic Services (MPJEJSC) to fill the gaps of previous administrations and to coordinate and monitor youth policies. In this context, the MPJEJSC led the process to develop the Youth National Policy (2016-2010), which was adopted in 2016. In order to win consensus, the policy was elaborated in cooperation with all the relevant stakeholders (private sector, technical and financial partners, civil society and youth organisations). The text of the policy provides a transversal and comprehensive framework for youth policies by adopting a horizontal approach. The policy is based on height key operational priorities, namely institutional environment, society and culture, regional and international cooperation, education and training, employment and economic inclusion, communication and ICTs, health, as well as monitoring and evaluation. In addition the text provides for the creation of a Youth Committee composed of government, private sector and youth representatives in charge of monitoring the policy's implementation. The enactment of the Youth National Policy represents a promising step toward the emancipation of young Ivorian people. However, the challenges are still considerable because of insufficient financial and human resources, heavy administrative procedures, leadership conflicts, lack of coordination, absence of adhesion from political actors and poor monitoring and evaluation tools. Young people in Côte d'Ivoire still face significant health risks. In 2015, the youth mortality rate (15-29) was 574 per 100,000, far exceeding the global (149 per 100,000) and African average rates (354 per 100,000). Over the last years, communicable diseases (such as infectious and parasitic diseases) became the leading cause of death among Ivorian young people (33 per cent), followed by non-communicable and chronic diseases (32 per cent). Alcohol, tobacco, drugs, poor nutrition and sedentary are the main causes of chronic diseases. In 2010, one male teenager in two (15-19) was consuming alcohol; while more than a quarter of young males aged 13-15 were using tobacco. In this respect, young females face less risks of substance abuse. However, they are confronted with risks of early and unwanted pregnancy, abortion and gender-based violence. More than one young woman in three is a victim of her partner's violence, whether physical, sexual or emotional (EDS). Pregnancy and childbirth-related complications are responsible for the death of one young woman out of five in Côte d'Ivoire. Between 2005 and 2012, youth fertility rate has almost doubled, increasing from 76 to 129 per 1,000 in less than seven years. In 2012, almost one third of teenage girls already had a child or was pregnant. Such data demonstrate alarming gaps in access to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services and to contraceptive methods. More efforts have to be deployed regarding SRH, including for the prevention of HIV. Although HIV prevalence remains low in Côte d'Ivoire in comparison with the majority of countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1.3 per cent of young Ivorian people were infected with HIV in 2012. Poorly educated and rural young women are the most at risk from HIV infection. Côte d'Ivoire has made progress in increasing access to education: fewer young people are deprived of education and more and more youth have access to secondary education. However, illiteracy and school drop-out remain major issues. Every second young person is illiterate and more than 50 per cent of young people did not know how to read and write in 2015, with a higher proportion of young women (59.3 per cent). In 2013, more than one third of the youth population never attended school, while only 4.7 per cent had continued their education beyond the secondary level. Although the rates of secondary and tertiary school enrolment have increased over the last decade, they remain particularly low: in 2015, the net enrolment rate in low secondary school was 33.6 per cent, while the rate for upper secondary school was 11.7 per cent. Rural youth and young women are particularly vulnerable to poor education outcomes. The majority of youth without education are young women (65.1 per cent) and rural youth (52.4 per cent). Only 7.6 per cent of rural youth get higher education. Similarly, young people from the lowest income households often drop out school before the secondary level, with only 3.9 per cent of them attending lower secondary school. Indeed, school dropout at primary school level is substantial, especially in public schools and in rural areas. According to the PASEC Programme, 7.2 per cent of primary school students dropped out of school in their second year (CP2) and 3.8 per cent in their fifth year (CM1). This demonstrates the poor quality of public education in Côte d'Ivoire. The pupils/teacher ratio is very low, at 42.5 students per teacher at the primary level in 2014 (World Bank). Primary school students' performances are poor, especially in public schools and rural areas, whereas private school students generally perform better. Private school also show better results regarding school-dropout, with a very small proportion of students dropping out of school. The government should thus allocate more resources to improve the quality of public education and ensure retention of vulnerable young people in the education system. In spite of recent economic recovery, young Ivorian people face major challenges in the labour market. Young people who are not in education, employment or training (NEET) represented more than 35 per cent of the youth population (15-29) in 2013. However all these NEET youths are not necessarily inactive, as some of them are unemployed but looking for a job in the labour market: according to the World Bank, the youth unemployment rate (15-24) was only 5.8 per cent in 2014. Additionally, young people face precarious conditions in the labour market and have difficulties accessing paid employment. More than half of them are in vulnerable employment: in 2013, more than one out of four young Ivoirians (28 per cent) were contributing family workers, while 27 per cent were own-account workers. Only 18 per cent of youth were waged employees. In addition, most of them work informally, since 92 per cent of young people (15-29) were involved in informal employment in 2013 (ENSETE), mostly in agriculture. Precarious conditions do not stop there: under-employment affected more than one young person out of five in 2013 (21.3 per cent). In this context, young women are particularly disadvantaged. This is mostly due to gender-based discrimination based on cultural norms, religious practices but also persistent lack of access to education. Almost two-third of young women occupies a vulnerable employment status (68 per cent), including as own-account workers (40 per cent). Again, young people living in rural areas and/or being poorly educated are more likely to face poor employment outcomes than urban and educated youth, such as inactivity or unemployment, underemployment, informality and poor wages. Rural youth are thus more likely to be NEET (44 per cent) than urban youth (18 per cent). However, urban youth generally face longer school-to-work transitions than rural youth, since the majority of jobs are still created in the agricultural sector. The NEET rate is particularly high among highly educated urban young people. This issue of skills mismatch demonstrates the failure of the education system to provide youth with the skills needed in the labour market. Youth school-to-work transition should be facilitated in order to limit loss of valuable skills and youth discouragement. The government should also tackle the issue of youth informal employment and precarious conditions, mainly due to poor education. Youth participation in Côte d'Ivoire has significantly increased over the last years and young people are increasingly interested in associative commitment. Today, more than one fifth of youths are involved in youth associations or NGOs (21 per cent). Although youth civic engagement remains lower than for adults (63.6 per cent), more than half of youth were civically engaged in 2015 (Gallup). However, the 2011 military-political crisis of the last decade impacted negatively on youth participation by increasing job insecurity, weakening youth organisations and undermining social cohesion and confidence. Despite their demographic weight, young people are rarely involved in decision-making processes and are still poorly represented on the political scene, as the majority of political parties are “gerontrocratic”. Several obstacles remain regarding youth exercising their right to vote, such as deficient electoral registration and remoteness of polling stations. In 2015, a majority of youth declared not being confident in the transparency of elections (58.8 per cent). In addition, youth mobilisation remains disorganised and marginal, while the majority of young people demonstrate weak interest in political issues. Voluntary programs implemented by the government, such as the National Programme for Volunteering (PNV-CI) and the National Civic Service Programme (PSCN) remain limited in their scope and only reach a minority of youth. In this respect, special efforts have to be made regarding young women as well as rural youth participation. The height youth federations recognised by the Ministry of Youth suffer from a lack of resources and poor coordination with state institutions. In this context, the operationalisation of the National Youth Council (CNJCI) in 2016 is a positive step towards better cooperation and effective youth involvement in the decision-making process. OECD (2017) Examen des politiques et du bien-être des jeunes en Côte d'Ivoire Word Bank (2016) World Bank Data – Côte d'Ivoire http://data.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire

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Grade Levels: Fourth Grade Twenty and Ten Goal: to introduce students to the moral choices faced by Gentiles during the Holocaust and the role of the rescuer. Sunshine State Standards: - Grades 3-5 - SS.A.1.2.2, 2.2.3, 2.2.4 View all Sunshine State Standards - Bishop, Claire. Twenty and Ten.New York: Puffin Books, 1952. - to introduce the role of rescuer - Have the children discuss what they might do if they had a close friend who knocked on their door asking for help. What if this friend is fleeing from the police? Would this change their response? - Explain that this story is about helping not friends, but strangers. Read aloud p.11- middle of p.12. - Have students read Chapter One, p.12- middle of p.18. Elicit: - What do you know about the narrator, Janet? (11 years old, in 5th grade when story takes place.) - Where is the story set? (In occupied France during WWII.) - How do world events upset the lives of the children? (They live in boarding school far from home to avoid the war's fighting.) - How do the children feel about Sister Gabriel? (She's a young, lively nun in the Catholic Church whom they adore.) - Explain the story "The Flight into Egypt." The children combine two stories, one from the Jewish Bible and the other from the Christian Scripture. The first story is about Jews fleeing to Egypt to escape persecution; the other involves "The Holy Family," Jesus, Mary, and Joseph. They thought they were rich because of the gifts given at Jesus' birth, but, in fact, were poor. - Tell students that the term D.P. means displaced person. It refers to people displaced from their homes and lives. Jews are DP's during WWII because they are being persecuted and chased from their homes by the Nazi Germans because of their birth. They are forced to leave their homes and flee certain death at the hands of the Nazis. Some go into hiding, others try to escape. In order to do both of these, Jews need help from non-Jews. - On p. 18 point out that the text mentions ration cards. Explain what they are and ask how children in a convent school know about them. (They live in a world in which all adults are required to carry identity cards and present a ration card to obtain food.) - Read aloud p. 18-21. Ask what is unique about the visitors to the school and why help is requested. (They are Jewish children, who like the family of Jesus mentioned in the text, are fleeing from their oppressors, the Nazis. The children are asked to help 10 Jewish orphan children.) - What do the children learn about their role? (They mustn't let anyone know Jewish children are being hidden in the school even if they are questioned by the Nazis and/or subjected to Nazi terror.) - What will happen to Sister Gabriel if the Nazis discover that she is hiding Jewish children? (She will be shot.) - Where have the Jewish children been for the past twelve hours? (They had walked in the woods all night and were waiting in the forest for a sign they might come in.) - to learn how Gentile and Jewish children interact and develop greater rapport - What do you do when you come into a room where you know no one? (You introduce yourself and try to make friends.) How do others treat you? Imagine you were one of the Jewish children. How might you feel coming into a Catholic school where you know no one and your life depends on Christian children not giving you away? Discuss student feelings. Read p.23-30. - What does Sister Gabriel do to help the children become acquainted? (She has the Jewish children mingle so that only one or two sit at a lunch table.) Have the students refer to the drawing on p.24. - What does Philip say that sets the stage for the behavior of the Catholic children? (He says that the Jewish children look just like us.) Tell the class that at the time many people believe that Jews had horns or big noses or tails, or other characteristics associated with the devil which seem to indicate that they are evil. Point out that one thing Nazis try to do is to separate Jews from the rest of mankind. Philip says the Nazis are crazy for concluding that Jews are different. - What is the meaning of the slogan, "We all eat, or nobody eats"? (In dealing with the children's complaints about the skimpiness of their soup portion, Sister Gabriel explains that the Jewish children don't have ration cards and she can't apply for them because it would alert the Nazis to the children's whereabouts. She tells them that they will be sharing rations so that the Jewish children don't die from starvation.) - What action does Henry take that lets some of the Catholic children know he's a caring person; however, how do Janet and Denise react? (He gives part of his soup to one of the Jewish boys, Arthur; Denise and Janet accuse him of showing off.) - What might happen in the next chapter based on the ending of chapter 2? (Some person is on the grounds, possibly a Nazi.) How does this end to the chapter make you feel? (Scared, on the edge.) - Read p.31-38. What discovery do the children make during the chase for the chocolate? (An underground cave; Denise was the one whose footsteps they heard.) Have students speculate why the cave might be important in the remaining story. (A hiding place for the Jewish children.) - How does Henry continue to show his warmth to Arthur, the Jewish boy to whom he had given his soup? (Arthur gives Henry his chocolate.) - What happens that may convince Denise that Jewish children are no different than her? (She listens to Arthur and leans on him and Henry when she hurts her foot. She places her trust in Henry when she is afraid to put weight on her foot.) - to understand how the Christian children put themselves in danger to protect the Jewish children - to recognize that individuals are responsible for their own behavior - Read p.39-43. Show a map of France where the story takes place. How are the children getting along? (They are all friends.) How do they amuse themselves while Sister Gabriel goes into the village for the mail? (They have a picnic of bread and apples.) Why is this such a treat? (They are now getting less to eat because they are sharing their food with the Jewish children.) - After eating, how do the children spend the time? (They play The Flight into Egypt.) How does Janet react to the change in parts? (She gives hers up, but resents being pushed to do this.) - Read p.44-61. Their playing is interrupted by the arrival of Nazi soldiers. How do the children know this? (They spot two green spots with helmets.) See the picture on p.45; what does this illustrate? (The children seeing the approaching soldiers.) If the teacher chooses, he/she might show pictures of uniforms from previous eras and/or discuss the changes in technology over the past centuries. The teacher should also show an SS uniform and discuss the role of these soldiers as those who were responsible for carrying out the destruction of European Jewry. This group originally organized as Hitler's personal bodyguard wore an SS insignia of two lightning bolts. The soldiers spotted by the children are members of the regular German army known as the Wehrmacht. - The Jewish children led by Arthur go into the cave to hide. Ask why that is necessary? (They are fearful that they would be taken to the police station and ultimately sent to what were known as concentration camps. These were places established to imprison all "enemies" of the Nazis. Ultimately, they would all be murdered.) Why are the instructions given by Henry important to the Jewish children? (By not speaking a word, the children can't give away any information about the Jewish children's hiding place.) - After they search the house and find nothing, the Nazi soldiers try to make the children talk. What words or phrases do the children find frightening? ("You nasty brats, I know how to make you talk" and "Your teacher has been caught. She is in prison. So you see, you had better talk.") Why do these statements frighten the children? (They think that they may be hurt physically and made to talk, and they are afraid for Sister Gabriel. Also if she has been caught, they might be treated better if they admit knowledge of the Jewish children.) - P.51 shows a soldier taking Henry away; elicit how students believe they might have felt if they had been grabbed and taken away. (Scared, didn't know what would happen, afraid might talk and give away the Jewish children.) What message does Henry's silence convey to the others? (Hold on, hope the German isn't telling the truth and Sister Gabriel will soon return, remain silent.) - Later, when the soldiers send the children to bed without supper, what does Henry, sneaking in from where he had been confined, tell Janet had happened to him? (He had been put in the coal shed; nothing bad happened to him.) What does he tell her has to be done? (Get food and blankets to the Jewish children in the cave and tell them not to come out.) What might have happened to Janet and Philip had they been caught? (They might have been beaten until they spoke, even though they were warned "Don't betray.") - Ask students if any of them have ever planned and carried out a scheme under someone else's eyes; discuss the situations presented. Describe the success of the secret visit to the cave. (They bring food which the children are smart enough to break into small portions so they have bread for the next day; they also tell those hiding about the danger of Nazi soldiers, and to remain in hiding until told it is safe to come out.) Why isn't the trip to the cave uneventful for Janet, and how does she get herself out of what could be a dangerous situation for all the children? Is this an intelligent lie? (When caught by the soldiers, she gestures that she is on her way to the bathroom; since the bathrooms in rural France are outside. They are known as outhouses; this is a believable response.) When they try to question her, how does she react? Is this a good idea? Why? Why not? (She begins yelling and they let her go to stop the noise.) - to appreciate the inventiveness and bravery used to help rescue Jewish children - Read p. 63-76. Discuss the manner in which the soldiers try to trick the Christian children. (They pretend to leave but watch them from the woods.) Are the children tricked? Why? Why not? (Henry explains that this is a trick to see if the children lead the soldiers to the Jews.) - How does Louis' answer to the question, "Where are the Jews?" anger the soldiers? (They become angry when he points to George, who had played Joseph, and Janet, who had played Mary earlier in the story.) - How does Sister Gabriel show courage when she is questioned by the Nazis? (Told, while in jail, that Jewish children have been found, she is being taken back by truck to witness the arrest of the Jewish children.) Why do the Nazis tell her these lies? (To trick her into reacting and confirming that the Jewish children are there.) - After the Nazis leave, what types of security actions are taken for the remainder of the Nazi occupation of France? (Jewish children sleep in the cave at night; they post a lookout in case the Nazi soldiers return, they are aware that they are in constant danger.) - How successful are the children at rescuing the Jewish children? (When the American army comes to free France from the Nazis, all the Jewish children are safe having been hidden in the cave and in good health since the Christian children have shared their food with them.) - What do the children in the story learn? What have you learned from this story? (They realize there is no difference between children of different religions; people are people. By living with individuals, they learn that stereotyping a group is dangerous and untrue.) - Tell the class about the Avenue of the Righteous at Yad Vashem where trees are planted in honor of Gentiles who saved Jewish lives. Ask them to discuss whether the children and Sister Gabriel would qualify for a tree? - The teacher should consider inviting a hidden child to speak about his/her experiences. In addition, the class should view the video, Miracle at Moreaux made from this book. They should compare the book with the film and relate both to the experiences of the hidden child. - As a follow-up to this unit, the teacher should have the children write a diary of this experience through the eyes of one of the Jewish children. - Another follow-up is to have children assume the parts of the characters in the book and recreate the book as a play. - Plant a tree in honor of the rescuers. During the year, add others who should be in the company of the rescuers of Jews. - Locate another book in which some one helps another person. Dr. Ellen Heckler, Director, Holocaust Outreach Center, Florida Atlantic University (FAU) Editor: Alan L. Berger, Raddock Eminent Scholar Chair of Holocaust and Judaic Studies, (FAU) A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust Produced by the Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida © 1997-2013.

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Why the battery of an electric screwdriver may not charge In recent decades, cordless tools have conquered even niches where the dominance of conventional power tools seemed unshakable. Even impact drills are made with portable battery power, not to mention regular screwdrivers. Despite the overall high reliability of cordless tools, the weakest point is still the batteries, as well as, to some extent, their chargers. Having found that the battery of a portable electric screwdriver is not charging, you must localize the fault and decide to repair or replace the faulty unit. The most common causes of battery failure include: - Corrosion and oxidation of the contacts due to storage in high humidity conditions; - Deep discharge due to prolonged non-use; - the expiration of the charge-discharge cycles; - lithium-ion batteries may have internal control circuitry failure; - High loss of capacity due to the “memory effect” in batteries prone to this phenomenon; - drying out of the electrolyte due to prolonged use or storage; - mechanical damage (including internal) due to shocks to the battery case. Chargers often lose performance due to: - corrosion and oxidation of contacts caused by the same reasons; - hidden breakage of the power cord (most often near the housing or plug); - failure of internal components; - bent contacts due to mechanical impact. Determining the true cause of the malfunction is important for deciding whether to attempt a battery and recharging device repair. How to properly charge a screwdriver battery for the first time? For any battery there are one and the same rules that must be strictly adhered to. If the battery of a screwdriver or a battery before you start using the screwdriver has never been charged, it must be done according to certain recommendations. This process is also called cyclic recharging of the screwdriver battery. The process is very simple. You will need to fully discharge the screwdriver’s battery in the process, so that when you press the button it will not make any noise. And then put the battery to charge overnight, for about 12 hours. The screwdriver battery itself can be charged for one hour to four hours with constant use. to four hours, but these first three times, we will keep the battery on charge, exactly 12 hours. The first three charges. This is what all the experts advise and there is no sense not to trust this method. How long does it take to fully charge a screwdriver? Many users want to understand how long to charge the battery of an electric screwdriver. In such a case, there are instructions for the tool or indicators on the charger. Sometimes neither. The average amount of time it takes to charge is 7 hours. Domestic screwdrivers Interskol, Vihr, Ermak, Zubr require less time. Interskol is considered a versatile electric screwdriver. it can be used as a drill. Top brands like Bosch, DeWALT, Makita, Metabo or Dekker charge faster. If the power source just needs to be recharged, half an hour is enough. But don’t do this to nickel cadmium batteries. With their memory effect, they will fail quickly. There are different modifications of the chargers. The usual ones, without any frills, come with home screwdrivers. Their charging time is from 3.5 to 6.5 hours. And how much an electric screwdriver is charged by the pulse charger also depends on the model of the tool. Impulse charger is capable of charging a battery in half an hour. This is a plus and minus at the same time. The disadvantage is the high cost of such tools. The same recommendations are also valid for some car batteries. Much depends on the power of batteries. Household tools can have a voltage of 12 and 14.4 в. Professional models reach voltages of 18 volts and higher. How to charge the Li-ion battery of a screwdriver and other important rules for its use - Li-ion battery packs work best at 10 to 45° C.10 to 45°C. Charge at temperatures between 10 and 30°C. - Every 4 months, do a complete discharge/charge cycle to calibrate the charge level sensor on the battery controllers. So, discharge to almost 100% and charge for 12 hours. - Store the Li-ion at 40-60% charge. Do not store 100% charged Li-ion batteries, because you will lose 20% of its capacity over 3 months if you do. Properly stored. at 40-60% charge. Li-ion will irrevocably lose only 1% of its capacity in the same 3 months. - If you have two Li-ion screwdrivers, charge one to 40 or 60 percent and store as a backup. Once a month, make it work by charging to 100%, discharging to 40-60%, and then storing it again. The second Li-ion is the main working. Once you’ve worked, put it on a charge at the end of each day, even if it’s less than 10% discharged. EASY FIX FOR A DEAD ‘NOT CHARGING’ LITHIUM 18650 BATTERY FROM A CORDLESS TOOL BATTERY PACK. PART 2 Use backup Li-ion if main working Li-ion is dead due to intensive work and you have no time to wait for its recharge. That’s it. Now you know how to charge the Li-ion battery for an electric screwdriver. I gave one of these to every carpenter, and even hung it up in the shop on the bulletin board. And here’s another question. why have I switched from Ni-cd to Li-ion cordless screwdrivers? These are the advantages of Li-ion batteries over Ni-cd batteries: - At least 2 times the specific capacity; - self-discharge is several times less; - No memory effect, allowing for recharging at any time - Withstands on average twice as many charge-discharge cycles, which means it lasts twice as long. - Li-ion batteries are subject to aging. So are Ni-cd’s forever?? Also getting old. - Li-ion has lower resistance to low temperatures. This is all in the past. They make Li-ion now that they work at.10° C is a sure thing. And some sources indicate that even at.I can work at 30°C; - Li-ion batteries require the use of an original charger only. So what’s the big deal? All screwdrivers are sold with their original charger included. - Li-ion has a high cost. Not so much. Recently I was in a store. Ni-cd batteries under 1 t.р. haven’t seen. And on AliExpress you can buy a whole electric screwdriver with Li-ion for 3 tons.р. And finally, if you work with an electric screwdriver professionally. do not doubt especially. it will collapse at the same time as the Li-ion battery. So you probably do not need to buy separately Li-ion battery. Just with reasonable non-vandal use the electric screwdriver should last for a couple of years. And, yes, one more important rule. Do not skimp on the power of an electric screwdriver. It corresponds to the voltage of the battery. Get a 20 volt Li-ion battery. It’ll spin like a beast. And buy a weak one, it will be of little use, and joy to save a penny will not be either. I got 25 volt Li-ion electric screwdrivers. Carpenters can’t get enough satisfaction. Especially after 14 volt Ni-cd. I think that’s it. Still have questions, don’t agree with something. write in Комментарии и мнения владельцев. P.S. Would you like to be notified of new articles on this blog?? Click this button: P.S.S. After reading the article there were questions, Комментарии и мнения владельцев, objections? Write them in Комментарии и мнения владельцев below. I will try to answer all. How to properly charge, discharge and store Ni-Cd batteries How to tell: the screwdriver is still low, but the rpm has dropped noticeably. This means that the battery is about 5-10% discharged. - Recommended temperature for charging from 10 ° C to 30 ° C. - Recommended operating temperature from.20°C to 40°C. - Charge only with original charger. That is, the one that came with the screwdriver. It is desirable that the charger has a function of automatic shutdown after a certain number of hours. when buying a screwdriver pay attention to this. - Allow the battery to cool for 20 minutes before putting it on charge. - Allow the battery to cool for 20 minutes after charging. Then load it in the screwdriver. - Keep the Ni-cd battery discharged (up to 5-10%). - After storing the Ni-Cd battery for longer than 6 months, the battery should be “exercised” by 5 charge and discharge cycles. By the way, a sign that points 5 and 6 were not followed. “dead” batteries are bloated. So clearly their “life span” was not cared for. That’s all. Now you know how to charge, discharge and store your Ni-CD battery for your screwdriver. P.S. Want to be notified of new articles on this blog? Click this button: P.S.S. After reading the article there are questions, remarks, objections? Write them in the Комментарии и мнения владельцев below. I’ll try to answer them all. Types of chargers Screwdriver comes with one or two batteries with charger. Nowadays, the trend among power tool manufacturers is to sell their products without batteries. This marketing ploy makes buyers buy models of manufacturers that are already in their arsenal. In any case, if you buy a battery, even separately, you can get a battery charger to go with it. It’s also a matter of mechanical design. one manufacturer’s charger probably won’t fit another manufacturer’s. The recharger is almost always optimized for a particular type of battery, charges it in the most favorable current mode, stops charging automatically at the end of the process. That’s why when buying the charger and batteries of one manufacturer you don’t need to think about compatibility as long as the charger is designed for the same brand and type of battery. Most gears are sold in a pulse version. But for nickel-cadmium batteries there are chargers that are considered professional (the cost is appropriate). They are called pulse-reverse. For every positive impulse they give a small amplitude negative polarity impulse. This removes the memory effect inherent to Ni Cd batteries and maintains their capacity. Do batteries need to be recharged before storage?? If a cordless tool is not being used for a long time, experts suggest that it is important to pay careful attention to the battery cells. For nickel cadmium batteries, it is recommended that you discharge them before storing, not to zero, but to the point where the tool is no longer at its full potential. In the case of prolonged storage, 3-5 complete cycles of discharging and recharging are necessary to restore the capacity of the battery. When using the tool, it is also advisable to ensure that the battery is fully discharged before recharging. Nickel-metal hydride batteries have a higher self-discharge rate than previous cells. It is recommended to store them charged, and after a long “rest” to charge about a day. Partial discharge is preferred for this type of battery. Their capacity decreases after 2-3 hundred charge-discharge cycles. Lithium-ion batteries, characterized by the absence of the “memory effect”, may be recharged at any time, no matter what their degree of discharge. These batteries have the lowest self-discharge rate with high capacity. It is not recommended to fully discharge them, because it may cause shutdown of the protective circuit. Power tools with these batteries have control electronics that disconnect the cell from the load when the temperature or voltage rises. It is recommended that these batteries be stored at 50 percent capacity. The number of charge-discharge cycles does not affect the capacitive characteristics of the cells, but their lifetime is limited to about two years. Charging the nickel metal hydride and nickel cadmium batteries Nickel-metal hydride and nickel-cadmium cells are charged with a stabilized current. As the battery is being replenished, the battery voltage rises and the charger output voltage synchronously increases to maintain the current at a predetermined level. The end of the procedure is signified by the beginning of battery voltage decrease. For NiMH batteries the decrease is less pronounced, so often the chargers for them are equipped with additional devices to monitor the end of the process. for example, temperature sensors. It is even more correct to charge NiMH and NiCd batteries in reverse pulse mode. when the positive pulse of current is followed by a brief negative. This will prevent the “memory effect” decreasing the capacity of the battery. A similar algorithm is provided by professional chargers. Unusual methods of electric screwdriver battery charging It also happens that the “native” charger from a power tool is either lost or fails, and it is very problematic to buy the same one. Many people ask if you can recharge a battery by connecting it to any other power source. It is certainly possible to do so. And such ways of charging will not cause any harm to the battery, if you are well acquainted with the characteristics of the tool itself and any other charger that can serve as an alternative source of power for the battery. In order to find the right alternative charger for your screwdriver, you need to know its voltage and capacity. They are usually found on the outer casing of the tool. You should also consider the polarity. It can be different, depending on the manufacturer. This is very important in order to connect the battery to the charger correctly. This is how you determine which charger is right for your screwdriver. For example, we have an 18 volt electric screwdriver with a battery capacity of 2 A / h. So the charger should be able to supply the same voltage and you should be able to get about 200 mA per hour, since it takes a long time to fully charge such a battery. It’s best to use a battery charger with the ability to regulate the current, charging the battery for 6-7 hours. You can use small alligator clips to energize the battery. And to make sure the contact is good, they can be additionally fastened with metal wires. MAKITA RAPID CHARGERS HAVE A HIDDEN FEATURE YOU DON’T KNOW! If possible, try charging an electric screwdriver battery with a car charger. It is important to remember that the voltage in this case should be set to the minimum. Determine what polarity the battery and the auto charger have (as already mentioned, it can be different). Then connect the terminals from the car charger directly to the battery. Sometimes for optimal contact, you also have to use additional “fixers” in the form of paper clips or flexible metal plates. After these simple manipulations, all that remains is to plug in the device and carefully monitor the charging process. About 15-20 minutes might be enough for starters. and when the charged battery of an electric screwdriver will increase the heat output, the charger should be turned off. Recently it has become very popular to change the batteries in an electric screwdriver from cadmium to lithium, especially among professionals who regularly use an electric screwdriver. The charging time of the battery in this case will also depend on the type of charger. If you have a regular “regular” charger the battery can be charged in 3 to 7 hours. And if you have the opportunity to buy a modern battery charger, it will be enough to bring the battery into working condition.

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One of the most remarkable characteristics of humans lay from the point of view that, practically, every single one acquires language for a very early age (Crain & Martin, 1999, p. 4). This is because what lies at the heart of what it means to be a man person is an innate predisposition for the acquisition of “the most elaborate forms of knowledge we is ever going to acquire…early about in life” (Sigelaman & Rides, 08, p. 277). In view of such contention, it merits to create mention that, in accordance to Crain and Matn, there are two telling facts that define language acquisition: that on the one side in the spectrum, dialect is general (within your species) which, on the other side in the spectrum, there is a considerable lat. in the sort of environmental advices that enable children to develop language (1999, p. 7). Put simply, a person’s acquisition of language is usually characteristically the two universal – i. at the., that all folks, in all spots, at all times and defined by whatever conditions has to, one way or another, learn a dialect or two – and trained – i. e., that language obtain is influenced by the particularities of one’s own facticity. Particularly, this paper seeks to underscore the informing importance of parental feedback in the development of linguistic skills of human people; specifically of kids. Herein, that merits noting that parent presence and interaction throughout the crucial stage of terminology acquisition happen to be components that present situations of no little importance to the growth and development of a kid. Furthermore, this kind of study requires keen curiosity into how a different theories of language acquisition do frame the value of parent feedback and interaction into a child’s journey towards assimilating language. This kind of early, it really is insightful to already agree that although there is a common recognition in the supreme need for parental existence during a child’s language acquisition months, how different ideas understand the deg and magnitude of such fundamental importance nevertheless may differ. Scope and Methodology The foregoing central thesis having provided, it may assistance to further underscore that this study does not and will not make an attempt to present a great exhaustive remedying of the subject matter. In fact , this kind of study concentrates merely in presenting 3 language obtain theories, whose respective programmes, arguably, previously constitute significant themes in order to lend items for beneficial discussions. Three theories which can be to be delved into consist of: the Behaviourist, the Innatist and the Interactionist paradigms. Having said that, this examine weaves together the expository and argumentative approaches in presenting the discussions; being that this analyze does not basically aim at presenting different learning acquisition ideas, but likewise gleaning how such theories take parent feedback as a constitutive element of language obtain process. The Language Obtain Essa remarks that dialect does not begin when babies speak all their first words and phrases around the end of their 1st year (2003, p. 329). Instead, it is just a process which will, whilst continuous, is nonetheless wholly distinguishable in phases. Wasserman is of the firm belief there are at least two diverse stages linked to language purchase: i. e., pre-language that begins ahead of birth and lasts until the age twelve or twelve months, and the linguistic stage through the ages of 12 to 36 months (2007, p. 416). To the two stages, it ought to be argued, a requisite selection of mental progress is quickly assumed. This is because it is fair to assume that children’s understanding of their natural environment come method ahead of their very own ability to share them. If truth be said, youngsters are said to go through their individual language buy stages in a manner staying contemporaneous with the progression with their cognitive, affective and personality aspects. Santrock contends that language purchase is a particular stage which usually brings in to play the acquiring not simply the shape of language, but as well the rules which have been inherent to dialect acquisition itself. The discovered author states: As kids go through the early on childhood years, their knowledge of the regulation systems that govern dialect increase. These types of rule systems include phonology (the sound system), morphology (the rules for combining minimal units of meaning), syntax (rules of making sentences), semantics (the meaning system), and pragmatics (the rules for use in social meanings). (Santrock, 2004, l. 254). On account of such system, it as a result makes sense to claim that language acquisition “can be assessed in multiple ways”, insofar as “it is a diverse system that used for social communication and for individual mental representation” (Milligan, et. ing., 2007, l. 623). Put in other words and phrases, since the technique of language purchase is distinguishable (albeit certainly not separable) into construable parts, then it is certainly something that can be assessed relating and relative to its constitutive stages. In addition , language is measured using observations of naturalistic conversation, learning from standardized inventories, and also evaluating the performance on language-ability responsibilities (Milligan, ain. al., 3 years ago, p. 623). The Roles of Parental Feedback since Gleaned coming from Three Vocabulary Acquisition Theories To be sure, one can find an array of genuinely insightful ideas that keep pace with shed mild into the procedure for language buy specifically important to children. Consistent with the reasoned limitation arranged initially through this paper, three theories – the Behaviourist, the Innatist and Interactionist – will be discussed pertaining to the sole aim of this analyze. First, the Behaviourist paradigm considers the environment as major molder from the circumstances of human individuals. In the same manner, these subscribing to this theory think that the exterior environment, above all else, is primarily influential in directing the behaviour of children. Skinner, as the foremost proponent of learning theory, suggested that language is a special circumstance of patterns being that it is largely dependant upon training based upon trial and error, rather than by growth (Minami, 2002, p. 14). Fundamentally, this kind of theory proposes that whilst children will pass through different but contiguous stages, the environment and specific experiences with the children are what primordially influence their advancement and progress (Wasserman, 2007, p. 416). Indeed, language learning is inserted from the outside, nay from sociable contingencies, where everything from phonology to format, comprehension and production, are part of complicated dynamics amongst caregivers, the wider sociable environment, plus the language-learning of your child (Dale, 2004, p. 337). Within the lenses of a Behaviourist paradigm, the role of parents could nowhere become under-appreciated. To tell the truth, they ought to be regarded as as main personalities that belong on top of the list of the people whose influence to children’s language buy development features paramount importance. Sigelman and Rides, for their part, features this to say: Behaviourist W. F. Skinner (1957) and more have highlighted the role of strengthening. As children achieve better approximations of adult language, parents and also other adults reward meaningful speech and correct problems. Children and in addition reinforced simply by getting that they can want if they speak properly. (Sigelman and Rides, 2008, p. 282). Parental reviews, therefore , acts as the primary reinforcement of an infant’s language creation. And this can be precisely mainly because children are extremely responsive to good reinforcements – such as grinning, cuddling and conversation – done by their very own parents (Essa, 2003, g. 327). It should also be cited that kids learn to speak by imitation and they recreate the sounds (words) that they hear from around them. Additionally , mom and dad are the ones who supply a language style, by talking to and around children (Crain &Martin, 99, p. 4). Two facets of learning acquisition come into the fore taking into consideration the Behaviourist perspective: the content of terminology and the motivation to learn. As far since the Behaviourist theory is involved, the importance of parental responses falls even more under the guidelines of inspiring children develop their linguistic skills. This runs quite consistent with the standard theory of Behaviourism which takes every learning typically as a mindset issue latched, as it were, to the complete learning method. It helps to moreover we appreciate the fact that the Behaviourist model provides too much emphasis on acquiring appropriate linguistic expertise on account of healthier motivations provided for by parents, if not by the adults within the quick surroundings from the children. As a result, where healthy and balanced motivation wants, learning acquisition suffers correlatively. At the very least, insufficient parental responses and dotacion of confidence may irritate a child’s natural inclination to adopt, suitable, imitate and learn from the conversations he or she listens to from parents and other old companions (Sigelman and Tours, 2008, l. 282). Surely, it is important for parents to ensure that children are significantly reinforced at a time if they are becoming “increasingly capable of manufacturing the seems of their language” – issues that they acquire through comfortable adaptation and imitation (Santrock, 2004, p. 254). The aforesaid paradigm was challenged by Chomsky and Pinker. They, along with people who subscribe to the Innatist theory, argue that seeing that patterns in language expansion are similar throughout different ‘languages’ and ethnicities, the environment takes on a minor part in the children’s of language. They moreover emphasized that human persons possess a great intrinsic neurological endowment that enables them to uncover the framework of principles and elements common to attainable human languages (Minami, 2002, g. 14). As a consequence, the Innatist approach will take children while essentially wired to know without having to be taught, notwithstanding the function of interaction in featuring meaning, eliciting affirmation or negation, proffering critical queries and eliciting a pressure to command word and direct (Essa, the year 2003, p. 327). At the very least, the Innatist way insists that children are capable of learn dialect on their own natural ability. Once more, Sigelman and Rides recommend: Chomsky recommended that human beings have inborn mechanism for mastering vocabulary called the language acquisition unit (LAD). The LAD was conceived since an area inside the brain equipped to identify specific universal highlights of language…To discovered to speak, children need only to know human echoes; (and) using LAD, that they (can) quickly grasp the guidelines of no matter what language they will hear. (Sigelman and Tours, 2008, p. 283). Consideringg what Sigelman and Rides have to say, therefore, it is not without good reasons to surmise that parents play a lesser position in the child’s language creation. Parental opinions, as a consequence, is essential only insofar as children are able to make use of it as a pleasant reference for their otherwise inborn predisposition to language acquisition. Parents thus need only to let their children be. This is because, relating to Chomsky, language is actually a product with the young mental faculties, such that virtually, any contact with conditions short of total seclusion and vicious mistreatment will certainly suffice to get children out a successful dialect acquisition all the same. In the finally analysis, there really is nothing much to do with a young child to help him / her properly acquire the content as well as the corollary rules attendant to human dialect; for a kid is essentially set up for dialect, and do not need to necessarily or extensively make use of the exigencies of his or her external environment to acquire it (Dale, 2004, g. 338).

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REDMOND, Wash., March 22, 1999 — David Heckerman entered Stanford University medical school in 1980 to learn about the human brain. At the time, he was asking questions like, “What is the nature of human awareness?” and, “Are humans simply fancy computers that can understand and direct their own existence?” Two decades later, Heckerman still contemplates these questions, but from a different perspective. Rather than questioning whether the brain works like a computer, he now asks whether it’s possible for a computer to emulate the human brain. Can computers be “aware?” Can they offer a level of intelligence that resembles the sophisticated processes of the human brain? A senior researcher in the Decision Theory and Adaptive Systems (DTAS) Group at Microsoft Research, Heckerman is approaching these questions armed with a background in statistics, medicine and artificial intelligence. His work centers on using data in sophisticated ways to make computers “anticipate” the desires of users so they can more efficiently serve people’s needs. “People use several phrases to describe what I do, including statistics, machine learning, and data mining, but it’s really all the same,” Heckerman says. “My work centers around learning from data. There’s a sea of data on the Web, in computer databases, everywhere. I want to take that data and gain some insight and knowledge out of it, so we can make smarter decisions.” A boyish looking man in his early 40s, Heckerman demonstrates energy and passion when discussing his work. Despite the ambitiousness of his research, he has the unusual gift of explaining his work in the simplest terms. A couple of hours talking to him, and it’s clear that what most people regard as intensely challenging, Heckerman sees as logical and straightforward, even simple. Heckerman combines data with expert knowledge to make predictions about complex problems. What differentiates his work from that of traditional statisticians is that the predictive models he builds-called Bayesian networks-capture cause and effect relationships about the world. The implications of Heckerman’s research are enormous. Already, his work is helping people eliminate junk mail from their e-mail in-boxes and easily obtain a sophisticated level of computer technical support without placing a phone call. It is also enabling businesses to better target customers by predicting the habits of computer users who browse or shop online. While his research has far-reaching implications for how computers will be used in the future, the underlying goal for all of Heckerman’s research is to build “intelligence” into the computer to make it a far more useful tool than it is today. “The idea is that when you use your machine, it will form guesses about what you’re trying to do and help you,” Heckerman says. “It will be like having a butler.” From Medical School to Microsoft Like any good statistician, Heckerman sees his transition from medical school to Microsoft as a series of logical moves. He first entered medical school thinking he would become a neuroscientist. But as he ventured deeper into the life of a medical student, he began to realize that many of the questions that interested him actually lay in the field of artificial intelligence. At the same time, it disturbed him to watch physicians regularly make diagnoses with little time and sleep. Witnessing these problems led Heckerman to wonder about the possibility of using probability-and computers that can handle complex statistical computations-to diagnose medical illnesses. He began working toward his Ph.D. in Medical Information Sciences in 1983, and soon discovered the “Bayesian network”, a recent invention of researchers at Stanford and UCLA. Bayesian networks encode an extra piece of information that statisticians usually overlook: information about cause and effect. This extra information makes it easier for humans to understand these models and to build predictive models when both data and expert knowledge are available. Realizing the potential uses of Bayesian networks for medical diagnoses, Heckerman, his colleague Eric Horvitz, and a third partner opened a medical diagnosis company in 1986 called IntelliPath. The team relied upon pathologists’ knowledge of which symptoms cause which diseases to build systems that diagnosed diseases of the heart, brain and lung, as well as other diseases. A year later, Heckerman and Horvitz decided to expand the concept to address any problem requiring diagnosis. Joining with Jack Breese, the two colleagues started a second company called Knowledge Industries to apply Bayesian networks to issues ranging from sleep disorder problems to jet airplane failures. While operating two companies, Heckerman completed his Ph.D., which was selected by the Association for Computer Machinery as the top dissertation of 1990. He then returned to medical school, completing two years of course work in a single academic year. Heckerman became a professor at UCLA in 1992, giving lectures to students in artificial intelligence and probability theory. Soon after he began working there, he was approached by Nathan Myhrvold, Microsoft’s chief technology officer, who had read his award-winning dissertation on “Probabilistic Similarity Networks” and invited Heckerman, Horvitz, and Breese to join Microsoft’s newly formed research division. “My initial reaction was, ‘There’s no way,’ ” Heckerman says. “I had really worked hard to get the position at UCLA. But we came up here and were very impressed with the people. And we saw an extraordinary opportunity to have our research used by millions of people.” Making Computers More Responsive Six months later, Heckerman, Horvitz and Breese relocated to Redmond, Wash., to form the DTAS group. Using his statistical models, Heckerman saw the potential to put computerized data to better use. In some cases, computers could be used to collect new data that would prove helpful to users. In other cases, computers could be used to analyze mountains of existing data that companies collect, yet don’t put to effective use. “Companies like Visa and MasterCard collect an enormous amount of data about their customers, but they’re not doing much with it,” Heckerman says. “Right now, they use simple rules to decide whether to approve a transaction. But there’s all this data that’s sitting in their database that they could use to make better decisions. For example, a sudden change in the types of transactions a person is making is a great clue that the later transactions are fraudulent.” By using data more effectively, Heckerman and the DTAS team at Microsoft Research have already developed a series of breakthroughs that are improving Microsoft products. For example, the team developed the technology behind the popular answer wizard that was incorporated into Office 95 and Office 97. Presented to users in the form of a paper clip, happy face, cat, or other cartoon character, the answer wizard analyzes what users are trying to do and offers them assistance without them having to request it. Customers can also type in questions to receive additional information about the software program they are using. “How many times have you gotten stumped while using a computer and wanted to ask someone for help?” Heckerman asked. “The answer wizard lets you do just that.” Heckerman’s group also developed the technology that helps customers use the Microsoft Technical Support Web site to “troubleshoot” problems encountered with Microsoft products. The technology, which also has been incorporated into Windows 98, enables users to pinpoint the solution to their problem by leading them through a series of questions. “If you’re having trouble printing or your fonts look funny, you go to the troubleshooter and describe the problem. It then helps you by asking questions and describing possible fixes for you to try,” Heckerman says. About two years ago, Heckerman and the DTAS group began work on an “anti-spam filter” to help users filter out junk e-mail from their in-boxes. Heckerman, who says he and Horvitz came up with the concept at about the same time, first thought of the idea when he received his first spam messages. “It was December 1996 and for the first time I got a very strange message,” Heckerman recalls. “It wasn’t addressed to me, had nothing to do with me, and was trying to sell me something. And I thought, ‘Oh no, junk e-mail.’ ” A month later, Heckerman was receiving five junk mail messages a day, and he and the DTAS group set out to develop the filter. Rather than blocking e-mail from a centrally located server, however, the group decided to build the technology into each user’s software to give them the greatest control over what to filter out. “Most people would consider e-mail that talks about how you can get credit to be junk,” Heckerman says. “But if you’re a small business, you might find such mail useful. Our anti-spam filter customizes itself to what you consider normal and spam mail.” The current prototype of the filter scans information about e-mail messages, such as the subject line, the body of the message and the time of day it was sent, for hints that the e-mail is junk e-mail. If it believes the message to be junk mail, it colors the mail by default or, at the user’s option, sends it to a special junk mail folder for review. “The filter makes a diagnosis much like a physician,” Heckerman says. “It uses all sorts of clues in the message-the words and phrases in it, who sent it, when it was sent, etc.-and then it makes a decision. Unlike most filtering technology, the technology we developed also gives users control over the flow of mail into their mailboxes.” Most recently, Heckerman’s group developed technology that will enable Web site owners to offer visitors personalized information by observing previous browsing or shopping habits as well as the patterns of other customers with similar profiles. Microsoft plans to add the technology to Microsoft Commerce Server, the next version of Microsoft Site Server 3.0 Commerce Edition. “Say you own an e-commerce site. When customers drop items into their shopping baskets, our technology recommends other things they might want to buy,” Heckerman says. While all of these successes have been a collaborative effort, colleagues credit Heckerman for his keen ability to foresee the practical applications for the team’s research. “David has a fairly rare combination of talents-he is mathematically sophisticated and also creates practical applications,” says Breese, an assistant director at Microsoft Research who has known Heckerman for 14 years. “He has excellent intuition and persists until he reaches closure. Words that come to mind are ‘focused’ and ‘productive.’ ” “He is a focused researcher who often cuts to the key technical issues and challenges with great rapidity,” says Horvitz, Heckerman’s colleague for the past 20 years. “He is a brilliant mathematician with a passion to understand.” “He has made significant contributions in this area, and has worked very hard to provide other groups with the resulting technology,” says Max Chickering, a researcher in the DTAS group and Heckerman’s student at UCLA. “Despite the fact that he’s consistently involved in several projects simultaneously, David is always eager to find new problems to tackle. He brings infectious intensity to his work.” Breakthroughs in Learning and Understanding on the Horizon Aside from his research at Microsoft, Heckerman is beginning to tackle a problem of personal interest. While in medical school, he saw how physicians regularly used patients as guinea pigs in clinical drug trials. He witnessed clinical studies in which physicians gave half the patients what they believed to be a better drug, and half the patients an inferior treatment, and then measured the results. “Well, you do that and you’ve just jeopardized the lives of 50 percent of those people,” he says. Armed with the power of Bayesian networks, Heckerman wonders about the possibility of learning the causes of disease and the effectiveness of disease treatments solely by observing the patterns of patients rather than by conducting controlled experiments. “Wouldn’t it be great if you could infer causal information without doing any experiments?” Heckerman says. “Offer both drugs, let people choose which drug they want to take, and see what happens. And from that, infer which treatment is better. It sounds like magic, but sometimes, under reasonable assumptions, it can be done.” Another problem that Heckerman wants to tackle with his methods for discovering cause without experiment has to do with the school choice debate that for years has divided educators. Using data provided by Milwaukee Public Schools, Heckerman hopes to build a Bayesian network to determine whether giving students greater choice over the schools they attend improves education. The University of Wisconsin-Madison posted the data on the Web after the five-year Milwaukee Parental Choice Program was ended and the results deemed inconclusive. Heckerman hopes his statistical methods will yield more definitive results. “There are many open questions in the fields of sociology and medicine, and I’d like to tackle at least one of these problems,” he explains. “I hope to prove the method works on a key problem so that others will start to use it. A great satisfaction would be to see this technology in routine use by the FDA.” Regarding his work at Microsoft, Heckerman says the ultimate goal is to make computing a lot easier than it is now. He anticipates a time when people will be able to build advanced intelligence into their machines. He envisions a day when computers will work behind the scenes to accurately predict and take action based upon users’ interests, preferences and desires. And he hopes his work with computers will help unlock some of the mysteries about the nature of consciousness that have intrigued him for the past two decades. “I don’t set my sights too high,” he jokes. Well, perhaps he does. But if Heckerman’s work so far is any indication, scientists may indeed succeed in transferring a large degree of human intelligence into their machines.

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A sudden surge in methane emissions is threatening to undermine international efforts to halt planetary warming at 1.5 degrees Celsius. And scientists are warning that the task of holding back the surge is being made worse because climate negotiators are underestimating by a factor of three the warming effect that methane will have over the critical quarter-century we have left to reach net-zero emissions under the 2015 Paris Agreement. As a result, scientists say, governments are giving far too little attention to curbing methane by measures such as plugging abandoned gas wells, sealing pipelines, covering up landfills, and preventing crop waste. The problem arises because of a long-standing convention that the warming effect of emissions of different planet-warming gases is measured according to their average impact over 100 years. Scientists say that was fine when the world was focused on stabilizing temperatures by the end of the century. But now that the target is to halt warming at a level that will be reached by mid-century, it is no longer fit for purpose because it drastically underestimates the importance of methane, which typically lasts little more than a decade in the air but has most of its warming impact in that time. In recent weeks, two new studies have called on climate negotiators to adjust their formulae for comparing different greenhouse gases to make it consistent with the timeline of the Paris Agreement. Sam Abernethy, a physics PhD student at Stanford University, says that the adjustment, which would put more emphasis on methane emissions, could reduce peak temperatures in mid-century by up to 0.2 degrees C (0.36 degrees F). “The more aggressive the temperature goal, the more important potent, short-lived greenhouse gases such as methane become,” says Rob Jackson, professor of energy and environment at Stanford University. In a new analysis with Abernethy, Jackson calculates that measured on a timeframe to the mid-2040s—the likely deadline for capping warming under the Paris Agreement—methane is three times more important than assumed under existing regulations. “We are severely undervaluing methane,” says Abernethy. “We need drastic climate action in the short term to achieve our Paris Agreement goals. Methane is the best lever to make that happen.” This will require action against not just leaks from oil and gas infrastructure, but also the many biogenic sources, such as landfills and livestock. But achieving that is being undermined by what Abernethy calls the “arbitrary and unjustified” timeframe under which regulators currently assess the gas. A second new study suggests that negotiators should create a separate target for cutting methane emissions. But some scientists caution against placing too much emphasis on reaching short-term temperature targets by action on methane if that were to lead to higher CO2 emissions that produce longer-term warming. Two-fifths of methane emissions come from natural sources, such as microbes in wetlands, and the remainder from human activities ranging from landfills and flooded rice fields, to the guts and manure of cattle, to venting from coal mines and leaks from gas and oil wells and pipelines, according to leading analyst Euan Nisbet of Royal Holloway, University of London. A new analysis of industrial methane emissions published this week by the International Energy Agency (IEA) highlighted the importance of unrecorded emissions leaking from coal mines. Thanks to constantly rising emissions, the concentration of methane in the atmosphere has almost tripled since preindustrial times—a far bigger increase than for the most important gas, carbon dioxide. Last month, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration published data showing a record jump in 2021 to 1,900 parts per billion, compared to a preindustrial level of 700 parts per billion. The gas is responsible for around 30 percent of current warming, according to the IEA. The technical challenges of curbing methane will be diverse, ranging from capping abandoned oil wells to breeding cattle that produce less methane, to providing incentives for farmers to stop burning crop waste. But current regulations covering greenhouse gases are ill-suited to the task. International agreements for net-zero emissions bundle together all greenhouse gases, including methane, with their warming effect assessed according to their “CO2 equivalent,” as measured over 100 years. This gives maximum flexibility for countries to meet their Paris promises. But scientists say it is misleading and potentially dangerous because it ignores the different lifetimes of the gases. Most of the CO2 released today will stick around in the atmosphere and have a continued warming effect over many centuries. Methane releases, however, have a big impact over the first decade, but then quickly disappear. The convention of averaging out the warming impacts of each gas over 100 years camouflages the bigger but more short-term impact of methane. The comparison is, in effect, tuned to maximize the impact of CO2 and minimize the impact of methane. Partly as a result, methane has until recently been largely neglected by climate-change scientists and regulators, who have concentrated on assessing and curtailing CO2. But that is starting to change as concern grows about the short-term impact of methane. At the Glasgow climate conference last November, the Biden administration and the European Union, representing two of the world’s top five methane emitters, launched a Global Methane Pledge aimed at cutting emissions by 30 percent by 2030. To date, 111 nations have signed the pledge. Notable absentees include India, Russia, and China, which is alone responsible for almost a third of global emissions. However, methane reductions did feature strongly in the US-China Glasgow Declaration, under which China agreed to develop an action plan that would have a “significant effect” on its methane emissions this decade. Activists keen to see whether China lives up to that will be looking to a promise in the declaration that the two nations would “convene a meeting in the first half of 2022 to focus on the specifics of enhancing measurement and mitigation of methane.” For its part, the White House last month announced plans to spend more than a billion dollars tackling what it calls “super-polluting methane emissions”—mainly leaks from the country’s 130,000-plus abandoned gas and oil wells. A recent survey in Texas and New Mexico found that just 30 old wells were releasing around 100,000 tons of methane annually. Outside the United States, the largest concentrations of these super-sources are in oil and gas fields in Russia and Turkmenistan. The latter—another no-show on the Global Methane Pledge—is a secretive gas-rich Central Asian state beset by old Soviet-era technology. According to analysis of satellite sensors of methane plumes data made by Kayrros, a Paris-based data analytics company, 31 of the 50 most severe methane releases from onshore oil and gas operations worldwide in 2019 were from Turkmenistan. Other major emitters from oil and gas installations identified by the IEA include Iran, Venezuela, Algeria, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia. The good news is that, once they are identified, these “super sources” can usually be shut cheaply, by plugging wells and sealing leaks in pipelines. Many such measures could deliver financial gains through the sale of the saved methane. In a study of the Kayrros data published in Science in February, Thomas Lauvaux of Penn State University and colleagues estimated plugging leaking wells and pipelines could benefit Turkmenistan by $6 billion a year. “At today’s elevated gas prices, nearly all the emissions from oil and gas operations worldwide could be avoided at no net cost,” said IEA Executive Director Fatih Birol. The US-EU methane-reduction pledge was supported by funding bodies such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the European Investment Bank, and the UN Green Climate Fund, which promised to work with the US and EU to provide aid for countries aiming to meet their climate commitments through cutting methane emissions. But the bad news is that fixing these big concentrated sources of methane won’t be enough to curb rising emissions. While the IEA estimates that the coal, oil, and gas industries may be responsible for around 40 percent of methane emissions from human activity, isotopic analysis, which can distinguish different sources of methane according to the ratios of carbon-12 to carbon-13, shows that they are not the main source of a rapid increase in emissions seen over the past 15 years. “Although fossil fuel emissions may still be growing, soaring methane emissions are now primarily the result of faster-growing biogenic sources,” according to Nisbet. Most of the increase has been from natural wetlands, flooded rice fields, landfills, and livestock in the tropics. There is growing concern that this surge may be a feedback from climate change, as a warmer and wetter environment increases the activity of methane-generating microbes. Climate scientists have long warned that melting permafrost in Arctic regions could in the future release massive amounts of frozen methane, unleashing further warming. But it now seems that tropical wetlands are already doing much the same thing. “Is warming feeding warming? It seems likely,” says Nisbet. So the effort to halt emissions will have to be wide-ranging. There is technology to remove methane from the air where it concentrates in confined spaces, such as coal-mine ventilation systems or cattle barns. Landfills can be treated like gas reserves and tapped for their fuel, and where that is not possible, covered to prevent emissions, he says. Halting the burning of crop waste by farmers, reducing the time that rice fields are flooded, and breeding cattle that produce less methane have all been proposed as ways to remove agricultural sources. But climate scientists say that the downplaying of methane in the formulae for assessing the warming potential of different greenhouse gases reduces the incentives for governments to invest in making such reductions. That’s because such efforts will contribute only a small amount to cutting emissions to the target of “net zero.” To beat this trap, one international group of researchers, led by Myles Allen of the University of Oxford, in January called for replacing the single 100-year “CO2 equivalent” target with two targets—one for emissions of long-term gases such as CO2 and the other for the short-term gases, principally methane. That makes sense, says Abernethy. But, even with two targets, the different gases at some point have to be compared, based on their impacts on the climate. “We need a way to value reductions in one bucket compared to reductions in the other bucket,” says Abernethy. “We argue that it should be weighting based on their impact on achieving the Paris Agreement.” Abernethy’s new analysis provides the metric for doing that, by working out exactly how much greater the methane warming effect is over the years that matter for fulfilling the Paris Agreement. It shows that, over the period to 2045, methane molecules emitted now will be 75 times more potent in warming the atmosphere than CO2 molecules emitted at the same time. This compares with the figure of 28 currently used by UN negotiators, and 25 still in use by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Some researchers question the advisability for the long run of giving too much attention to short-term calculations that prioritize cutting methane emissions. “If limited funds are spent on methane cuts instead of CO2 cuts, then temperatures will be lower in the short term, but higher in the long term,” warns Michelle Cain, environmental data analyst at Cranfield University. Abernethy agrees that Cain has a point. His own quarter-century time framing is as scientifically arbitrary as the conventional one-century framing, he admits. “But at least it is consistent with international policymaking priorities.” Most other climate scientists spoken to for this article took a similar view and backed Abernethy’s approach. Keith Shine, a meteorologist at the University of Reading and co-author of Allen’s paper, says that making the calculations about the warming effect of different gases consistent with international climate priorities “opens the door to more informed, and cost-effective, policy choices.” But although the recalibration to emphasize methane reductions is supported by much of the climate-science community, it remains to be seen whether it will find favor among climate negotiators. There is no formal proposal to the UN climate convention from any government to make the change. And any such proposal would be contentious, because it would have important implications for how countries reduce their emissions. There would be winners among countries with good potential to cut methane and losers among those without. Shine is doubtful that negotiators will want to open that can of worms. He says the UN political process “is much more conservative, and appears irreversibly committed to using the 100-year timeframe, in spite of much evidence that it is not fit for the purpose of meeting temperature targets.” If so, then halting the warming of the planet any time soon just got harder.

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Peter Stevens (RAF officer) Peter Stevens MC, 1961 |Birth name||Georg Franz Hein| 15 February 1919| |Died||16 July 1979 |Allegiance|| United Kingdom || Royal Air Force 22x20px Royal Canadian Air Force (Auxiliary) |Years of service||1939–1952 (RAF) |Battles/wars||World War II| Peter Stevens MC (born Georg Franz Hein, 15 February 1919 – 16 July 1979) was a German Jew who flew bombers in the Royal Air Force against his own country in World War II. As an enemy alien living in London in the late 1930s, Hein assumed the identity of a dead schoolfriend in order to join the RAF at the outbreak of hostilities. Shot down on a bombing raid, he was captured by the Germans and held a prisoner of war. Aware that if his true identity was discovered he would be regarded as a traitor he made repeated escape attempts, but was always recaptured. Liberated from the POW camp at the end of the war, he finally obtained British citizenship. In 1947 he transferred to MI6's East German section, retaining his RAF commission. After leaving MI6 he emigrated to Canada in 1952, embarking on a business career. Stevens was born Georg Franz Hein, on 15 February 1919 in Hanover, Germany, part of a wealthy German-Jewish family. In 1934 his widowed mother sent him to school in England. He remained in England after finishing school, but ran up gambling debts and was jailed for fraud. He was released just days before Britain declared war on Germany, and should have reported to a police station for internment as an enemy alien. Instead he assumed the identity of a dead schoolfriend, Peter Stevens, and joined the RAF. He trained as a bomber pilot for 18 months, all the while the subject of a manhunt by British police. Having reached the rank of leading aircraftman, he was commissioned as a pilot officer on probation in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve on 2 November 1940. Joining RAF Bomber Command's 144 Squadron in April 1941, Stevens flew 22 combat operations in the Handley Page Hampden before his aircraft, Hampden AD936, was damaged over Berlin, and he was forced to crash-land near Amsterdam on 8 September 1941. Taken as a prisoner of war, he spent three years and eight months as a prisoner of his own country (without protection from the Geneva Convention). Had the Nazis discovered his true identity, he would have been subject to immediate execution as a traitor. Although in captivity, he was promoted war substantive flying officer on 2 November 1941, and war substantive flight lieutenant a year later. Stevens attempted escape eight times during his incarceration, twice spending several days at large. On one of those escapes, he and a Canadian pilot visited his mother's home to get civilian clothing, food and money, only to learn that she had committed suicide just before the outbreak of war. He was recaptured on both occasions and was sentenced to terms in the camp prison ("cooler") several times. His second escape attempt (from Oflag VI-B at Warburg) was characterized after the war as "The War's Coolest Escape Bid" in London's News Chronicle on 18 May 1946. Stevens was one of 35 men to escape from the Latrine tunnel at Oflag XXI-B (Schubin, Poland) on March 5–6, 1943, along with Harry Day, William Ash, and Jimmy Buckley. Recaptured over 300 miles (480 km) from the camp after just 24 hours, he was handed over to the Gestapo, who were convinced he was a spy. After 2 days in their custody, the Luftwaffe succeeded in having Stevens released back into their hands, and he was returned to a POW camp. As a native German, Stevens provided invaluable aid to many other escapees, including behind-the-scenes intelligence and scrounging work for the "Wooden Horse" escape and the "Great Escape", both at Stalag Luft 3. At Stalag Luft 3, Stevens was named the Head of Contacts (i.e. Scrounging) for the "X" escape organization in East Compound from April 1943 until that camp was evacuated westwards in January, 1945. After liberation in 1945, Stevens was one of the few members of the RAF to be awarded Britain's Military Cross for his numerous escape activities. He is mentioned in at least ten books about World War II escapes. His MC was announced in the London Gazette on 17 May 1946, along with those for several other RAF escapers, the citation read: Flight Lieutenant Peter STEVENS (88219), Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, No. 144 Squadron. Flight Lieutenant Stevens was the captain of a Hampden aircraft detailed to bomb Berlin on 7th September 1941. After the mission had been completed the aircraft was hit by enemy antiaircraft fire and had to be crash-landed subsequently, on the outskirts of Amsterdam. Flight Lieutenant Stevens set fire to the aircraft, destroyed all documents and then, in company with the navigator, commenced to walk towards Amsterdam. They met a farmer who took them to his house and gave them food, at the same time promising to put them in touch with an organisation. Both walked across country for an hour, and then hid in a hut on a football field. They were later found by German Feldgendarmerie and taken to a Military prison, remaining there for two days. They were then sent to the Dulag Luft at Oberursel. Flight Lieutenant Stevens was moved to Lübeck on 20 September 1941. On 6 October 1941, he was entrained for Warburg, and during the journey he made his escape, accompanied by another officer, by crawling through a ventilator and dropping to the ground while the train was in motion. Shots were fired and the train was stopped but he and his companion managed to reach a wood where they hid until the departure of the train. Shortly afterwards they jumped on a goods train and reached Hannover on 8 October. Here Flight Lieutenant Stevens made contact with some pre-war acquaintances who provided him with food, money and civilian clothes. He, with his companion, then entrained for Frankfurt. Here they were challenged by Railway Police and arrested being subsequently sent to Oflag VI-B. at Warburg. On 1 December 1941, Flight Lieutenant Stevens made a further attempt to escape by disguising himself as a German Unter-Offizier. He led a party of 10 officers disguised as orderlies, and two officers disguised as guards with dummy rifles, and all marched through the gates of the camp. They had to return however as the sentry was not satisfied that the gate pass was correct. Flight Lieutenant Stevens marched his party back to the compound and the sentry was then quite unaware that the party was not genuine. A similar plan of escape was therefore adopted a week later, but on this occasion the sentry was immediately suspicious and demanded of the party their paybooks. The party then had to disperse hurriedly but two of its members were arrested. In September 1942, Flight Lieutenant Stevens was moved to Oflag XXI-B at Schubin. Here he made a fourth attempt to escape and managed to get away by means of a tunnel, carrying forged identity papers, wearing a civilian suit and carrying a converted great-coat. He took a train to Berlin, arriving there on the evening of 5 March 1943. He bought a railway ticket to Cologne and, when on the journey to that town, he was asked for his identity card by a Gestapo official. The latter discovered that it was forged, and Flight Lieutenant Stevens was then arrested and returned to the Oflag XXI-B, receiving as a punishment 14 days in the cells. Flight Lieutenant Stevens made a further attempt on 21 April 1943, but it was unsuccessful and he served a sentence of seven days in the cells. He was ultimately liberated by the Russian forces whilst at Stalag III-A on 21 April 1945. Stevens remained in Germany as aide-de-camp to Air Vice Marshal Alexander Davidson and was promoted squadron leader. Davidson supported Stevens in his bid to officially obtain British nationality, and Stevens was naturalized as a British citizen in 1946. He formally adopted the name Peter Stevens by deed poll on 20 March 1947, by which time he was living in East Sheen, London. He joined MI6 in 1947 and spent five years as an operative in Germany, spying against the Soviets at the height of the Cold War. He emigrated to Canada in 1952, resigning his RAF commission on 26 September 1952 and joining the Auxiliary section of the Royal Canadian Air Force. After a successful business career in Canada, Stevens died in Toronto on 16 July 1979. - "World War 2 Awards.com - STEVENS, Peter". www.ww2awards.com. Retrieved 25 January 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - Blundell, Nigel. "Express.co.uk - Bravery of the German Jew who flew RAF bombers over his homeland". The Daily Express. Retrieved 25 January 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - "Piece details—HO 405/20069—HEIN, G F aka STEVENS, P Date(s) of birth: 15.02.1919". The Catalogue. The National Archives. Archived from the original on 13 February 2011. Unknown parameter |deadurl=ignored (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - The London Gazette: . 20 December 1940. Retrieved 2 February 2010. - Entry for Hampden AD936 on lostaircraft.com - The London Gazette: . 14 July 1942. Retrieved 2 February 2010. - The London Gazette: . 1 December 1942. Retrieved 2 February 2010. - "Piece details—AIR 2/9125—Decorations, medals, honours and awards (Code B, 30): Ground gallantry awards". The Catalogue. The National Archives. Archived from the original on 13 February 2011. Unknown parameter |deadurl=ignored (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - Oliver Clutton-Brock, Footprints On The Sands Of Time - RAF Bomber Command Prisoners Of War In Germany 1939-45. (London: Grub Street Press, 2003). Page 57. - Sydney Smith, Wings Day: The story of the man who led the RAF's epic battle in German captivity. (London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd., 1968). Page 121. - William Ash with Brendan Foley, Under The Wire: The wartime memoir of a Spitfire pilot, legendary escape artist and 'cooler king. (London: Bantam Press, 2005). Page 169. - National Archives, Piece WO 208/3296. - Oliver Philpot, Stolen Journey. (London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1950). Pages 198-99. - Tom Slack, Happy Is The Day - A Spitfire Pilot's Story, (Penzance, England: United Writers Publications Ltd, 1987), Pages 100 & 106. - National Archives, Piece AIR 40/2645, page 31. - The London Gazette: . 14 May 1946. Retrieved 1 February 2010. - The London Gazette: . 10 June 1947. Retrieved 2 February 2010. - The London Gazette: . 14 April 1953. Retrieved 2 February 2010.

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We are searching data for your request: By: Tonya Barnett, (Author of FRESHCUTKY) The mandrakeplant, Mandragora officinarum,is a unique and interesting ornamental plant surrounded by centuries of lore.Made famous in recent years by the Harry Potter franchise, mandrake plants haveroots in ancient culture. While legends of screaming plant roots may soundterrifying to some, this petite flower is a beautiful addition to ornamentalcontainers and flower plantings. The process of growing mandrake in a container is relativelysimple. First and foremost, gardeners will need to locate a source of theplant. While this plant may be difficult to find at some local garden centers,it is likely available online. When orderingplants online, always order from a trusted and reputable source inorder to ensure that plants are correctly labeled and disease free. Mandrake plants may also be grown from seed; however, theprocess of germination may prove extremely difficult. Mandrake seeds willrequire a period of coldstratification before successful germination can take place. Methodsof cold stratification include soaking in cold water for several weeks, a month-longcold treatment of the seeds, or even treatment with gibberellic acid. Container grown mandrake will require adequate space forroot growth. When growing mandrake in planters, pots should be at least twiceas wide and twice as deep as the root ball of the plant. Planting deeply willallow for the development of the plant’s long tap root. To plant, make certain to use a well-draining potting soil,as excess moisture may cause issues with root rot. Once the plant has startedto grow, situate it in a well-lit location that receives ample sunlight. Due tothe toxic nature of this plant, make certain to place it away from children,pets, or any other potential hazards. Water the plants on a weekly basis, or as required. Toprevent overwatering, allow the top couple inches of soil to dry beforewatering. Potted mandrake plants can also be fertilized with the use of a balancedfertilizer. Due to the growth habit of these plants, mandrake in potsmay go dormant throughout the hottest portions of the growing season. Growthshould resume when temperatures have cooled and weather has stabilized. This article was last updated on Gardens are a magical place where you can communicate with nature. Spending much time in your garden will allow you to communicate with your plants and understand them. Communicating with nature is relaxing and refreshing, but it needs a witch garden. If you don’t already have one, this article will show you how to create a witch’s garden. Creating a witch’s garden is not an easy task. First of all, you need to choose the right plants. Second, there are some mythical and magical rituals that you need to learn. All of these are available in this informative article. All you need to do is to follow the provided tips. A witch’ garden will not only help you relax but it will also make your garden stand out. It adds beauty, charm, and magic to your garden. You will enjoy an extremely beautiful and remarkable view every time you step into your magical garden. Keep on reading this article to find out how to create a stunning witch’s garden. Gardens have a healing effect. Spending some time in a garden alone away from noise and people will help you clear your mind and your heart. Besides, gardens provide energy to your body. They will revive both your soul and your body. In order to create a witch’s garden, you need to begin by creating a private space of solitude in the middle of your garden. You should remove any links to chemicals and industrial life. Make it completely natural. Withdrawing from the chemical life will bring you joy and inner happiness. Make sure that your private space contains a good quality soil that will allow you to sow your magical plants without facing any serious issues. If you believe that your garden’ soil is poor, plant some legumes and beans, they will replenish the soil with nitrogen and improve its quality. Tobacco plants are also an excellent choice to improve your garden soil’s quality. It is diseases-resistant so it will keep many pests and diseases away. Once your garden bed is ready, start planting your favorite herbs, plants and flowers. Before telling you how to create an altar, we are going to tell what an altar is. An altar is a private place in your garden where you can meditate and have some peace of mind. In other words, it is the place where you spiritually connect to nature. An altar will make you feel special and sacred. It is said that it provides a godly feeling. For creating an altar, look for a big rock covered with a bit of moss to sit on while meditating. If you don’t have any in your garden, bring one. It is preferable that you shed this private area with tall plants. You can grow tall plants in raised beds or containers to surround your private area with. If you don’t know which plants to grow, check out this selection of the best plants to grow in raised beds. If you think that bringing a big rock to your garden is a difficult task, you could use a small table instead. An old rustic wooden table will perfectly blend into your garden. You could also decorate it with small stones to add an extra beauty. There are a lot of wonderful ideas for creating an altar, you could find more ideas if you follow this link. In order to learn how to create a witch’s garden, you need to distinguish first which plants are suitable for this purpose. There are wide varieties of plants, herbs, and flowers that fit to create a magical garden. Some of them are edible, some of them are medicinal but most of all, all of them are decorative. In this section of this article, we will provide with a list of the best and the most decorative plants to use in creating a witch’s garden. Rosemaries are an excellent choice for witch’s gardens. It is a slow maintenance sturdy plant that tolerates heat and requires occasional watering. Rosemaries can be grown either directly in the ground or in pots. To grow rosemaries, you need to place it in a sunny spot. You should also keep the soil dry, it does not like moist. Rosemaries are known to provoke cognitive awareness. In folk stories, it is said that it is used for the white magic to heal people and produce feelings of love. Mythically speaking, this herb spreads love, passion, and romance. It has an extremely powerful spiritual effect. This beautiful flower is one of the easiest flowers to grow. It grows from seed and it does not take long to flower and bloom. It is an extremely colorful flower that will definitely make your garden magical and joyful. Besides adding colors to your garden, you can also eat this flower. It is an edible flower which is something useful if you felt hungry while meditating. Calendula, alongside lavender, is used to keep away evil spirits. Since it is a colorful joyful flower, it is useful to cheer up and kick out negative vibes and energy. To ensure a magical effect, you could also choose one of these night blooming flowers to grow in your garden. Basil is a popular herb known for its magical and medicinal uses. It is another low-maintenance herb that does require much attention and care to grow. Basil has many health benefits that include ameliorating human senses. Most of all, what makes basil an ideal choice for your magical garden is the myth that says basil attracts money luck. Mint is the most favorite plant for witch’ garden. It is said that witches have always favored and used this plant for their magical recipes. Many gardeners consider mint an intrusive herb because it spreads fast covering a lot of space. In order to keep your mint under control, it is better to grow it in pots away from other plants. Medically speaking, it has been proved that this fantastic herb can cure many digestive problems. Spiritually speaking, this plant brings love and money. It is said that this herb is used for making white magic spells to keep evil away and attract good spirits and help. Levander needs no definition. It well known to be one of the most used herbs to create a variety of medicines. It is also an edible herb that is widely used in many dished around the world. However, what makes it a popular herb for witches to use in magic is that Lavender is believed to be the Holy Grail of aromatherapy. Chamomile is a popular beautiful ground cover. It is extremely decorative and will definitely give your garden ground a wonderful view. Furthermore, scientific researches came to conclude that chamomile leaves improve sleep. You can add its leaves to your tea and you will have a better sleep. There are a lot of wonderful decorative ground covers that you could use to beautify your garden. Here is a selection of the best decorative ground covers. Sage is a well-known plant. It is a low maintenance member of the mint family. It is perfect to grow in gardens as it only requires full sun and occasional watering. It is popular in making holiday meals as well as in making medicines. As a matter of fact, it is widely used to heal a variety of health problems including digestive and inflammatory diseases. This herb is also an extremely magical plant. It is a crucial ingredient in many magical recipes. It is said that this plant has the magical ability to grant wishes and make them come true. It is also believed that it increases fertility, repels evil forces and brings immortality. This amazing plant originates from Asia and the Mediterranean parts of Europe. This is another magical plant that will help you with many health issues. For instance, this plant has a wonderful capability to improve sleep and heal various digestive problems. Its scent alone is an anti-depressor that helps to rest anxious souls. Lemon balm should be grown in partial shade. If you don’t have a shy spot in your garden, you should consider creating one. This plant will attract many useful insects to your gardens such as bees and butterflies. Lilacs are wonderful flowers. They are beautiful and they release an extremely sweet scent that will spread throughout your garden making it smell magical. Lilacs are one of the most fragrant and decorative flowers. They have a unique color that attracts the eyes. If you want to create a stunning eye-catching witchy garden, Lilacs are ideal flowers to plant. Besides their splendid view, their odor will absolutely give you a feeling of tranquility and calmness. For more fragrant decorative flowers, check this post. Dianthus is a beautiful edible flower. It is one of the few flowers that you could use to adorn your garden and make your dinner. However, not all parts of this flower are edible. Only the flower’s petals are edible. Dianthus is mainly used to garnish cookies and cakes. In magic, it is the symbol of wellness. Dianthus is popular because of its colors. It is a very colorful flower. It blooms in red, pink, white and many other colors. If you wish to create an alluring witch’s garden, Dianthus is a perfect choice as it will make your garden look like an earthly rainbow. These are the best plants to use for your witchy garden. However, there are many more plants that are also appropriate for magical gardens. For example, you could also use Yarrow, Nettle, Peppermint, nightshade, etc. In choosing plants for your witchy garden, you should avoid toxic plants no matter how beautiful and appealing they are. There are some very popular poisonous plants such as datura, poppy, belladonna, and Mandrake. These plants, even if they don’t represent a threat to adults, they are dangerous to children an animals. For more information, check out this list of the most common poisonous plants. Your witchy garden is where you relax, get in touch with your soul and relieve your negative vibes and energy, therefore it is highly advisable that you choose plants you are interested in. It does not matter whether they are fragrant or not, whether they are decorative or not, what matters is that they appeal to you. Mulching is decisive to keep weeds away from surrounding your plants. Besides, they keep your soil moist to reduce watering as well as they feed your plants by releasing vital nutrients. There are a lot of materials that you could use for mulching such as color-free newspapers, woodchips, hay, straw and organic compost. Composts will feed your plants and make them grow faster. It is the best way to ensure that your plants thrive and reach the optimum growth. Composting is easy. All you need to do is make a five inches layers of carbon materials and then add 1 to 2 inches of green nitrogen materials. The best carbon materials that you could use are crop residues, garden debris, hay and chopped leaves. For nitrogen materials, you could use kitchen scraps, manures, blood meal and cottonseed meal. Once you added the compost materials, cover them with your garden soil. Afterward, you should water the pile of soil and compost materials properly. This will help them decompose into fertilizers that will feed both your plants and soil. The decomposition usually takes 5 weeks to 2 months. When your plants grow, they are prone to many pests and diseases. The traditional way of facing them is to use herbicides and pesticides. However, it is better to treat the infected plants with hot compost. A hot compost of 140 to 165 degrees will kill any pests and cure any diseases. Learning how to create a witch’ garden does not revolve only about preparing the witchy garden’s bed and sowing the seeds, but also about practicing some spiritual rituals. In order to communicate with nature, you need to spend some time alone in your garden where you practice some witchy gardening rituals. Practicing witchy gardening rituals is not a new phenomenon. In fact, it has existed since the very existence of gardening. Although many gardeners deny this practice, science has proven that talking to plants boosts their growth and yield. Below you will find some of the most witchy gardening rituals. Blessing your plants is believed to have a magical ability to promote their growth. This practice could be traced back as far as the stone ages. Besides, this practice helps the plants to create the vibes you want them to release. Blessing the plants could be done through talking to them or through creating a sacred place to grow them and make them feel special. Either way, it will help them grow faster. It is believed that this practice will revive the dormant plants. It will recharge the seeds with energy and help them in their transition to a new life. This ritual is usually done in the dark. Thus, if you want to bless your seeds, you better do it at night. If you don’t know how to bless seeds, follow these instructions. Although many skeptics underestimate the value of moon harvesting, this practice has widely contributed to improving germination rate and vigor of plants. It is scientifically proven that the moon influences all living creatures. Humans and plants are no exception. Moon harvesting helps to increase the yield of your plants and helps to establish a strong connection and interaction between you and your plants. Many gardeners also sow their seeds at night when the moon is full. It is believed that these seeds will grow to become magical plants. Learning how to create a witch’s garden is about unleashing the imagination of your mind. The idea is attractive and applying it is a fun a process. Unlike the common belief, not only pagans and practitioners of witchcraft create a witchy garden, but anyone who wants to create a sanctuary where to relax. It is a private space where people can clear their minds and release their negative vibes. For many gardeners, it is the best way to profit from their property. If you are stressed out, you should start creating your own witchy garden, it will help you cheer up. Enjoy your gardening and we welcome any feedback. Air plants look great all on their own or in groups where you can display several varieties together. They can be placed in terrariums or attached to anything from magnets to driftwood for creating your own interesting displays—just use a bit of hot glue or translucent fishing line to secure them. Tillandsia species also make fine companions on a branch with orchids because they like essentially the same conditions. You can also find glass or plastic globes that are made specifically for hanging them. For varieties that have colorful leaves such as Tillandsia aeranthos 'Amethyst', also called the rosy air plant, try using a container that complements or contrasts with their hues. Because they don't need to grow in soil, air plants can be displayed in just about any way you can dream up. Try using them as an air plant wreath, hanging mobile, or even a beach-themed terrarium that plays off their resemblance to an octopus. Without much effort on your part, these plants can add fun, unique greenery to just about any space.

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The pentatonic scale is a watered-down version of the major and minor modes from the major scale. If you know your major and minor pentatonic scales, then there is a simple trick to play the major and minor modes. And you really only have to learn the trick two times to hint at 6 of the 7 modes from the major scale. I cover that simple hack plus a bonus hack that uses the Locrian mode over dominant 7th chords. A brief introduction to modes and the pentatonic scale If you are interested in modes then you should already know your pentatonic scales and the major scale in general. I have a no-nonsense breakdown of the 1st 6 modes of the major scale using the pentatonic. If you have found modes confusing then get ready to understand them. Let’s build up to that by looking at the chords that can be built from the major pentatonic scale: Major pentatonic = 1-2-3-5-6. The scale degrees build the following chords: major triad, 6, add9 and a 6 add9 chord. You can use the major pentatonic built on the 1st of a major chord to solo over any of the chords. Here is the minor pentatonic scale: Minor pentatonic = 1-b3-4-5-b7 You can build a minor triad, m7 and m11 chord with those scale degrees and you use the minor pentatonic built off the 1st of a minor chord to solo over those chords. If you play blues or rock, you can also apply that scale to major and dominant 7th chords. Major pentatonic scale to major modes hack There are 3 major scale modes in the major scale. They each have a major pentatonic associated with them. The same is true for the minor pentatonic and modes, but I’ll cover them in the minor section below. You can turn any major scale mode into a major pentatonic by removing the 4th and 7th scale/mode degrees. Or you can flip that and turn a major pentatonic scale into a major scale mode by adding the appropriate 4th and 7th scale degrees. The major scale builds major modes on the 1st, 4th and 5th scale degrees. Read my Music Intervals article if you do not understand any of the intervals listed below. Here is an example for C major but in terms of the pentatonic scale: C Ionian = C major pentatonic + the P4 and M7 = (C-D-E-G-A) + F + B The notes F and B (the tritone) are the notes that are missing from the C major pentatonic scale. Or, more importantly, the major pentatonic scales are missing the 4th and 7th of the Ionian mode. The 4th and 7th intervals for the F Lydian mode and G Mixolydian modes are different, hence the different sound for each mode. Here are those scales/modes: F Lydian = F major pentatonic + A4 and the M7 = (F-G-A-C-D) + B + E G Mixolydian = G major pentatonic + P4 and m7 = (G-A-B-D-E) + C + F That’s kind of my hack but not the one I use. I’ll cover what I do below, but let’s cover the minor pentatonic and minor modes of the major scale. The minor pentatonic and minor modes of the major scale Hopefully, you know that every major pentatonic can be turned into it’s relative minor pentatonic. I’ll assume you do so let’s look at Dm, Em and Am pentatonic and the minor modes from the C major scale: D Dorian = D minor pentatonic + M2 and M6 = (D-F-G-A-C) + E + B E Phrygian = E minor pentatonic + m2 and m6 = (E-G-A-B-D) + F + C A Aeolian = A minor pentatonic + M2 and m6 = (A-C-D-E-G) + B + F So if you know all the pentatonic scale shapes, you just add in the missing mode notes and you get the mode. However, that is easier said than done. I’ll cover this in a future article, but you should be practicing 3-note minor and major arpeggios. But make sure you recognize each note as either the 1st, 3rd or 5th of the triad. Adding in all the missing mode or pentatonic notes is much easier once you see the triad notes. So that’s the hack – just making a simple change to the scales you already know. I kind of do that, but I also don’t really do that. Let’s look at the major scales and modes below and I’ll explain. Major modes abbreviated hack I like to keep things simple, and as a result, I don’t play the Phrygian or Lydian mode. Okay, maybe the Lydian, but definitely not Phrygian. And I don’t play the full mode – at least not consciously. I practice the major and minor triads and add the related pentatonic scale notes. For C major/Ionian and F Lydian, I only add the major 7th B and E respectively. What that does for me is it builds a maj7, maj9, maj13, and maj9/13. And for G Mixolydian, I only add the flat 7 F which gets me G7, G9, G13, and G9/13. If you don’t know those chords, then check out my C major scale chords. You might also want to look at my CAGED System article for a comparison of the pentatonic scales and the triads associated with them. So all I do is add the major 7th scale degree for the 1 and 4 chords and I add the flat 7 for the 5 chord. That is easy to do because the 7th is behind the tonic – 1 fret for the major 7th and 2 for the flat 7. “KNOW WHERE YOUR ROOT NOTES ARE!” so sayeth Everyone! I do make an exception for Lydian because the augmented 4th is so distinctive. But in the beginning, you should keep it simple and just add the missing 7th of each mode. Here are scale scales for the major pentatonic, Lydian mode and the major pent with the M7 and b7 added. Use the major 7th version to solo over the 1 & 4 chords (C and F) and the b7 version for G7, the V chord. Use the Lydian mode over the IV chord F or as a different sound over the tonic C major. My approach to modes is to just add the missing notes to the pentatonic scales. For the major pentatonic, I’m definitely adding the 7th and I will add the 4th as I see it. However, first I am focusing on the base triad, then the major pentatonic. Adding the 7th and 4th then occurs naturally for me as I see those notes or want to add them. If you just add the missing notes while playing a pentatonic it will really move you to the next level of playing. Give it a try – I’m sure you will agree. Minor pentatonic and the Dorian mode Similar to the Lydian mode, the Dorian mode has a distinctive interval – the major 6th. This is definitely a mode you want to play in full. You can play the minor pentatonic with just the major 2nd added, but that major 6th is worth learning when you want the Dorian sound. The minor pentatonic is missing the same notes at its relative major pentatonic. For A minor, that would be the notes B & F, the major 2nd and minor 6th respectively. When you only add the major 2nd then you get the additional sounds of a minor add 9 and a m9 chord. In my opinion, don’t bother learning the Phrygian mode. You can if you want to in the future, but keep it simple for now. If you really want to experiment, then just play the b9 1 fret in front of the root/tonic note. Here are the scale shapes for the minor pentatonic, the minor pent with the Major 2nd and the full Dorian mode. Remember, the Dorian mode is just the minor pentatonic with the m2 and M6 added. I label the M2 as 9 instead. of 2 on the scale blocks – I always think in terms of chord names. You can use the minor pentatonic with the major 2nd to play over chords built on the 2nd and 6th scale degrees unless it is a minor 6 (Dorian chord). So just drop in the major 2nd for a nice addition to your minor pentatonic scale shapes. If you want the full Dorian sound then add the major 6th as well. For Aeolian, add the b6. You can visualize the major 6th as 1 fret behind the b7 or 2 frets above the perfect 5th and the minor 6th is 1 fret above the perfect 5th. The Locrian mode and Locrian pentatonic I can’t skip the last mode of the major scale without an easy hack. The mode built on the leading tone of the major scale is known as Locrian and has the following intervals using B as an example: B Locrian = B-C-D-E-F-G-A-B = 1-b9-b3-4-b5-b6-b7 There are 3 chords that you can build from the mode, all of which are used as substitutions for a dominant 7th chord though the m11b5 is only see in jazz: dim triad = 1-b3-b5 = rootless V7, e.g. G7 no root = Bdim m7b5 = 1-b3-b5-b7 = rootless V9 chord, e.g. G9 no root = Bm7b5 m11b5 = 1-b3-b5-b7-11 = rootless V9/13 chord, e.g. G9/13 no root = Bm11b5 You should know that the blues scale is the minor pentatonic with the b5 added. If you play a blues scale without the perfect 5th then that is known as the Locrian pentatonic. If you build that pentatonic on B, the major 3rd of a G major chord, that gives you a B Locrian pentatonic which has all the notes in a Bm11b5 chord. Just drop the F# from a B blues scale and you have a great scale to play over G7 chords. Try just adding either the major 7th or the b7 to the major pentatonic for an Ionian, Lydian and Mixolydian sound. Add the major 9th to the minor pentatonic for a richer minor scale. That simple hack will really make a difference to your lead playing. And don’t ignore the Lydian and Dorian modes as they are fantastic modes to use. Download this image as a reminder of how the modes are related to the pentatonics. Remember, a major pentatonic has all the notes in a 6 add9 chord, while the minor pentatonic scale has the notes of a m11 chord.

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Samuel Darling, a physician practicing at the Canal Zone Hospital in Panama, initially reported histoplasmosis and named the bacterium in 1904. He mistook the bacterium, which resembled Leishmania in tissues, for a parasite. Histoplasma capsulatum is a thermally dimorphic fungus that occurs as a mold in the environment and at temperatures below 35°C, and as a yeast in tissues and at temperatures between 35 and 37°C. Human pathogenic H. capsulatum strains include H. capsulatum var. capsulatum and H. capsulatum var. duboisii. Histoplasmosis is caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum, a frequent endemic mycosis. African histoplasmosis is caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii, which has a variety of clinical symptoms. H. capsulatum is a thermally dimorphic fungus that occurs as a mold in the environment and at temperatures below 35°C, and as a yeast in tissues and at temperatures between 35 and 37°C. Histoplasmosis is found all throughout the world, although it is most frequent in North and Central America. Infection with H. capsulatum arises as a result of either passive exposure during normal day-to-day activities or active exposure connected to occupational or recreational activities. The majority of instances are sporadic, due to passive exposure, and are not linked to a specific source. Histoplasma duboisii has a relatively limited geographic range, occurring exclusively in Africa between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. The majority of occurrences occur inside these borders in Nigeria, Mali, Senegal, and Zaire. The microcondia of H. capsulatum mycelial phase are 2–4 µm in size, allowing them to be easily aerosolized and inhaled into the host’s alveoli. At 37°C, the organism transitions from the mycelial phase to the yeast phase. The attachment of the organism to the CD18 family of adhesion enhancing glycoproteins results in phagocytosis of either form (conidia or yeast) by alveolar macrophages and neutrophils. The yeast form of H. capsulatum is uniquely able to live within macrophage phagolysosomes via many mechanisms, including the capacity to withstand death by harmful oxygen radicals and adjust intraphagosomal pH. Acute Pulmonary Histoplasmosis: Asymptomatic infection is the most common consequence of a normal host’s exposure to H. capsulatum. In the endemic areas area, up to 85 percent of people have been infected with H. capsulatum, and the vast majority have not had symptoms associated with histoplasmosis. Symptomatic acute pulmonary histoplasmosis is most commonly presented as a self-limited illness marked by a dry cough, fever, and exhaustion. Approximately 5% of individuals may develop erythema nodosum, and 5–10% will have myalgias and arthralgias/arthralgias. Joint involvement is often polyarticular and symmetric. Chronic Pulmonary Histoplasmosis: It usually affects elderly people, mostly males, who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Fatigue, fever, night sweats, persistent cough, sputum production, hemoptysis, dyspnea, and weight loss are some of the clinical symptoms. This kind of histoplasmosis is differentiated by the appearance of cavities in the upper lobes and increasing fibrosis in the lower lung fields. Disseminated Histoplasmosis: Although spread is frequent in most H. capsulatum infections, symptomatic dissemination is more common in immunocompromised individuals and newborns. A CD4 level of 150/mL is related with an increased risk of disseminated histoplasmosis in those who have HIV-1 and histoplasmosis. In most immunocompromised patients, the infection takes a quickly lethal progression with extensive involvement of several organs. Dyspnea, renal failure, hepatic failure, coagulopathy, hypotension, and obtundation may be observed in patients. Histoplasmosis due to H. duboisii: Infections with H. duboisii differentiates from infection with H. capsulatum in that the two primary organs affected are the bones and skin. Subcutaneous nodules and abscesses are frequently observed alongside osteolytic lesions; skin nodules can ulcerate and drain. Lung involvement is more prevalent than previously assumed, and lymphadenopathy appears in certain cases. The infection is typically indolent and not life threatening, but in the uncommon case, broad visceral dissemination occurs, and the condition mimics progressive disseminated histoplasmosis caused by H. capsulatum; this is notably observed in HIV-infected individuals. The gold standard laboratory diagnosis of histoplasmosis is the demonstration of yeast on pathological stains and isolation of mold in clinical specimen culture. Choosing the right tests necessitates knowledge of the performance characteristics of various diagnostic procedures in each clinical scenario. The ideal diagnostic approach, like with most other infectious illnesses, is dependent on the time point in the disease’s natural course, the location of infection, the clinical specimen being tested, and the net level of immunosuppression. The development of H. capsulatum from tissue or bodily fluids is the definitive test for histoplasmosis. Samples collected from blood, bone marrow, liver, skin, or mucosal lesions from individuals with disseminated illness frequently produce the organism. Growth of the mycelial phase happens most typically within 2 to 3 weeks when incubated on suitable medium at 25 to 30°C, although it can take up to 8 weeks. Once a colony on solid medium has been identified, a lactophenol cotton blue test (tease mount) can be performed to determine mold morphology, which will first show septated hyphae, followed by the presence of smooth (or, less commonly, spiny) microconidia (2 to 5 µm in size), and finally, characteristic tuberculate macroconidia (7 to 15 µm in size). When plates are first incubated at 37°C, colonies resemble yeast, and microscopy reveals little spherical narrow-budding yeast. Incubating the mold form at 37°C results in mycelial to yeast transformation. Colonial morphology: Mycelia colonies appear yeastlike, cream to white, smooth, and wrinkled and folded with a yellow core when developed on blood agar at 30 °C. When yeast colonies are grown on blood agar at 37 °C, they are tiny (5–15 mm) and cream to yellow. Colonies develop slowly on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 25–30 °C, becoming white and cottony and spreading across the surface of the agar. Some strains may develop a brownish tinge in the middle as they age. Tan is the inverse. Colonies are tanbrown, whole, tiny (1–2.5 cm in diameter), and form a white tuft in the middle of the colony when grown at 25–30 °C on potato dextrose agar. Microscopic morphology: At 25–30 °C, cultures reveal septate, hyaline hyphae that are fine and fuzzy. Large tuberculate macroconidia (8–14 µm in diameter; macroaleurioconidia) that are rounded, singlecelled, and warty are generated on short, hyaline, undifferentiated conidiophores. Microconidia, which are tiny (2–4 µm in diameter), round to pyriform, and appear on short branches or directly on the sidewalls of the hyphae, can be produced through cultures. Budding yeasts are produced by cultures cultivated at 37 °C. Yeasts are tiny, 2–3×4–5 µm in diameter, spherical to tearshaped, and Gram negative when cultured. Screening antigen in urine is typically found to be somewhat more sensitive than in serum across all symptoms of histoplasmosis. Combining urine and serum tests enhances the chance of antigen detection. Antigen testing has also been used on various bodily fluids, such as BAL fluid and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). BAL fluid is used in individuals with pulmonary histoplasmosis. Histoplasma antigen testing may be a valuable supplement to urine and serum testing. Antigen testing for both fungi reveal response in samples from patients with histoplasmosis or blastomycosis. Antigen detection can be used to monitor a patient’s reaction to antifungal medication. Molecular techniques have the benefit of high analytical specificity along with faster turnaround times than other diagnostics. A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) approach that identifies H. capsulatum rRNA in blood cultures may eliminate the necessity for colony formation in order to establish a definite and quick diagnosis. Antibodies take 4 to 8 weeks to become detectable in peripheral blood and are hence inappropriate for early acute infection diagnosis. Antibody testing is particularly beneficial in subacute and chronic types of histoplasmosis where circulating antibodies are present and antigen detection sensitivity is low. A positive antibody test for H. capsulatum, like other serologic tests, shows that the patient has been exposed to the fungus in the past. The complement fixation (CF) test, which employs two different antigens – yeast and mycelial (or histoplasmin) – and the immunodiffusion (ID) assay, are the gold standard tests for detecting antibodies of H. capsulatum. A fourfold increase in CF antibody titer is considered suggestive of active histoplasmosis. It is also sometimes said that a CF titer of 1:32 suggests current infection with H. capsulatum, however a diagnosis should never be relied only on such a titer. CF antibodies may linger for years after infection; consequently, the existence of a single low CF titer implies little more than that the patient was exposed to H. capsulatum at some point. In the case of a critically ill patient, a tissue sample should be obtained as soon as feasible to detect for H. capsulatum. The presence of the typical 2–4 mm oval, budding yeasts allows for a preliminary diagnosis of histoplasmosis. The small yeasts are seldom seen in routine hematoxylin and eosin stains; biopsy material should be stained with methenamine silver or periodic acid– Schiff stains. Yeasts are commonly found within macrophages, although they can also be found free in tissues. In patients with disseminated infection, organisms are often seen in bone marrow, liver, skin, and mucocutaneous lesions, and in individuals with a high load of organisms, normal peripheral blood smears may detect yeasts within neutrophils. - Azar, M. M., & Hage, C. A. (2017). Laboratory Diagnostics for Histoplasmosis. Journal of clinical microbiology, 55(6), 1612–1620. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02430-16 - Essentials of Clinical Mycology by Mary E. Brandt, Shawn R. Lockhart, David W. Warnock - Atlas of clinically important fungi by Sciortino, Carmen V

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Learning to speak Japanese means more than just knowing a few basic Japanese phrases and how to pronounce the words. Like with any other languages, when you learn Japanese, you have to be able to read the language, too. When you learn Russian, Arabic, Korean, or Japanese, the first problem you are presented with is learning how to understand a new writing system. The Japanese language is written using three main writing systems: kanji, hiragana and katakana. In addition to these writing systems, there's romaji, a system for writing Japanese words using the letters from the Latin Alphabet. Discover Japanese lessons toronto here. Kanji is the system of Japanese characters that actually originated in 4th-century China. They were used in the Chinese writings that were brought to Japan by Buddhists at the time. In Japanese, the term "kanji" literally means “Chinese characters”. The kana were popularized during the 9th century when Japan broke ties with China. This forced Japanese society to adopt a new system of writing; the hiragana and katakana syllabary systems. The Japanese writing systems, pronunciation, grammatical structures, and speaking the language are all things that you’re going to have to get to grips with if you want to learn how to speak Japanese fluently. The differences between European languages, such as French, Spanish, and Portuguese are obvious, and therefore learning Japanese independently requires complete dedication and motivation. So how do you learn how to speak Japanese? There aren’t a million different ways to learn the basics of Japanese. But which ever one you choose you'll need a good approach to learning. Once you have this, you will be well placed to discover Japanese culture, or even work in Japan. While the earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011 may have caused a dip that year, tourism in Japan has only continued to grow in the years that followed. The Japan National Tourism Organization said that 28,690,900 people visited Japan in 2017, a rise of 19.3% on the previous year. Here are a few of the best books to kick start your Japanese learning... The Most Famous Methods for Learning Japanese After listening to a Japanese conversation and seeing Japanese kanji, you've probably asked yourself if it's even possible for an English speaker to learn Japanese. The truth is, once you find the right resources, you'll see that speaking Japanese isn't that difficult, after all. When you decide to learn a new language, you have to decide what is the best way to go about studying. When you type something like “I want to learn Japanese” or “how to learn Japanese” in Google, you’ll be met with thousands of results including lots of different types of resources: apps, books, programs, websites. So which way is best? Each way has its merits. In this article we will focus on the different books and written resources that are available to help you learn, either independently, or as a support tool for your Japanese class. GENKI I: An Integrated Course in Elementary Japanese This is arguably one of the most popular resources for learning Japanese. In fact, this is the textbook of choice for a number of Japanese language schools in Japan. This book covers everything you’d expect on a language course: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Additionally, the book now comes with an audio CD so that you can practice your listening. Don’t forget to invest in the accompanying workbook so that you can do the activities and improve your Japanese verbs, words and phrases. You can practice Japanese every day using the methods they use in Japan. It covers all the key aspects of language fluency: reading, writing, listening, and speaking It avoids using romaji, which is often seen as detrimental to learning Japanese. Great for both self-study and working with a Japanese tutor. New copies of the book can be quite expensive. In addition to the expensive textbook, you also need to buy the workbook. Minna no nihongo Minna no nihongo is one of the most popular books for learning Japanese. In fact, it’s even a popular series for Japanese classes in Japan and is often used as the curriculum for language courses. It focuses on teaching beginners the fundamentals of Japanese. Take online Japanese course today. There are several books in the series allowing students to familiarize themselves with the basics before moving on to the more difficult aspects of the language. Each chapter includes two or three main grammar points, and vocabulary lists to accompany them. For example, you’ll learn how to say “thank you”, show respect (by adding “gozaimasu”), and apologize. Japanese culture has incredibly complicated and strict rules when it comes to etiquette, after all. There’s a CD, book, and book of grammatical explanations, too, so you can work on how to read and write simultaneously. As a new learner, the method allows you to learn Japanese on your own from the comfort of your own home at your own pace. The learning method is progressive: You can go from the first book to the second. There are extra books explaining things like kanji and grammar rules are particularly useful. The book uses kanji right from the get-go, meaning that it can be quite difficult in the beginning if you haven't mastered the writing systems. The cost of the books can quickly add up if you learn to speak Japanese at a fast rate. Japanese the Manga Way This is an interesting approach to learning Japanese. It uses one of the most popular elements of Japanese culture, Manga (Japanese comics). The book takes examples from the popular medium and shows you how grammar points are used in Japanese. As a reference, this book is really useful for beginners and intermediate level students. Any beginner will learn a lot from it, and those who are more experienced can keep a copy on their shelves for whenever they get stuck. It’s always useful to see language being used in context rather than how you usually see it being used in traditional academic textbooks. It is also one of the more economical books available on the market, and again could be used to supplement a Japanese course. The great thing about this book is that it links both the language and culture together, so you can learn more than just Japanese vocabulary and sentence structure. Have questions about the textbooks? Why not take some Japanese classes London? Lesser-known Methods to Learn Japanese It can take some time to plan a trip to Japan. Before you buy your tickets to Osaka, Kyoto, or Tokyo, you should at least learn a little Japanese. Whether you want a conversational level, or a more advanced level that shows you how to write in Japanese, you can find plenty of advice about learning Japanese online. Here are some of our favorite methods that you might not have heard of. Japanese from Zero! 1: Proven Techniques to Learn Japanese for Students and Professionals As the title suggests, this is the book to start with if you know absolutely nothing about Japanese, and is great for anyone about to head to Japan for work or study. The first book includes things like: 800 Japanese words and expressions for beginners Methods for learning the Japanese writing system Example dialogs to help you understand grammar points The workbook is part of the book and comes with an answer key Cultural information about Japan; ideal if you’re traveling there. Innovative approach to learning languages. Slightly more expensive than some of the other option A Guide to Japanese Grammar This website and book are invaluable resources when it comes to learning the grammatical structure of the Japanese language. The book isn’t particularly expensive and is a useful resource to have on hand. It covers things like: Verbs and Adverbs Suffixes for Addressing People Days and Months Remembering the Kanji 1: A Complete Course What’s one of the most difficult things about learning Japanese? If you said “kanji”, you’re right! Fortunately, there are a number of books available on the topic and this one just happens to be one of the best. This book uses a method where you associate what kanji looks like and what it means in order to learn it more effectively. It takes you back through the history of the characters so that you start to understand them the say way that native speakers do. Japanese for Busy People I: Kana Version 1 If you want to learn a language like Japanese, it’s recommended that you study every day. However, this is often easier said than done because of work and family commitments. As you may have guessed, if this applies to you, you should consider picking up a copy of Japanese for Busy People. It’s a great resource for anyone who’s going on a trip to Japan and needs to quickly and effectively learn some Japanese before they land. If you’ve already bought your flights and are packing your bags, make sure this book is in your luggage so you can communicate when you arrive. Look for an online Japanese course here. Easy Japanese (NHK) And finally, this resource is from Japan’s national radio channel, NHK. “Easy Japanese” allows you to learn Japanese by listening to the language being spoken by native speakers. There are 50 lessons focusing on mini-dialogs between native speakers covering topics such as Japanese culture. Each show lasts around 10 minutes. You can also test yourself at the end. You can learn about a whole host of fascinating things like Japanese cooking and traveling around Japan. So what are you waiting for? Start learning today and you could be impressing Japanese people with your proficiency before you know it. Being bilingual in Japanese and English is a great way to further your career and open doors both at home and in Japan. Don’t forget that you can also learn Japanese through immersion... Before you go to Japan, you should consider looking for a private tutor to help you through the basics of Japanese so that you can at least have a few simple conversations when you land. If you decide to get a tutor, Superprof's the place to go! The platform that connects tutors and students

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History of the Grammy Awards Each year, recording and sound artists from all over the world are recognized for their talents and achievements. The stars gather to perform their best work and to be celebrated by an international audience. The cream of the crop rise to the top and are recognized in over 100 categories and sub-categories. In recent years, the celebration has also been broadcast live on the internet, boosting the number of viewers. It was the hard work of the existing record label executives in the mid to late 1950s who got the ball rolling to form an Academy to represent the recording arts and sciences. Many of these record labels are still in existence today. The Birth of an Academy On June 6th, 1957, a press release announced the birth of a music Academy modeled after the motion picture and television groups. The Academy was in the making a couple weeks back when on May 28th, a committee met to create the Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. They assembled at the Brown Derby Restaurant in Hollywood, CA, to finalize the details. The gentlemen, representatives from different recording studios, who met around the table included: - James B. Conklin ~ former President of Columbia Records, Chairman of the committee - Sonny Burke ~ Decca Records - Denis Famon ~ RCA Victor Records - Lloyd Dunn ~ Capitol Records - Paul Weston ~ Columbia Records - Jesse Kaye ~ MGM Records The committee convened again on June 1st for a name change. The Academy became known as the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (NARAS). In August, the first chapter to the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences was born in Los Angeles. Some pioneer members included Nat "King" Cole, Henry Mancini, and Stan Kenton. The Birth of a Statue In October, 1958, Marvin Schwartz, the art director for Capitol Records, finalized the statue design that would be given to those who excel in the field. The design mimicked a miniature gramophone. That same year, a second chapter of the Academy was created in New York. A couple of the early members were Guy Lombardo and David Kapp. In 1959, the statue was given the name, Grammy and the first ones were awarded on May 1st during the 1st Annual Grammy Awards celebration, honoring releases and achievements from 1958. Two locations simultaneously hosted the awards with 28 original categories honored. Singers, song-writers, and producers gathered in the Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills CA and at the Park Sheraton Hotel in New York City, NY. The Evolution of the NARAS and the Grammy Awards Over the last 50+ years, the Grammy has grown, not only in size in regards to the number of chapters, but with the number of award categories and special awards. Below is a time line portraying its evolution and expansion. - November 29, 1959 ~ 2nd Annual Grammy Awards ~ The same year as the 1st, Annual Grammy Awards. The number of award categories increased to 34 and artists were honored for their work from January 1, 1958 to August 31, 1958. - 1961 ~ Chicago Chapter was created in Illinois ~ 3rd chapter of the NARAS. - 1962 ~ Golden Achievement Award was created. The name of the award changed to the Bing Crosby Award from 1963 to 1972. It has since been known as the Lifetime Achievement Award. This award was to be voted on by the National Trustees of the Academy to performers who during their lifetimes, made creative contributions of outstanding artistic significance to the field of recording. Bing Crosby was the first to receive the award in 1962. At this point in the evolutionary journey, the dinner events commemorating the winners were pre-recorded performances of the winning songs and broadcast on NBC. These dinners were hosted in the chapter cities. This particular format was used for the next seven years, with a change in 1970. 13th Annual Grammy Awards ~ 1971 - 1964 ~ Nashville Chapter established as the fourth one to emerge. It becomes the third largest chapter of the NARAS. - 1967 ~ Atlantic Chapter was formed. This was the fifth one to join NARAS. - 1967 ~ Trustee's Award was added to the list. This was also an award voted on by the trustees, given to individuals who, in their musical careers, made significant contributions in areas outside of performance. John Cushaw and Georg Sotti were the first winners of this award. In 1971, the awards format was changed and for the first time. Live performances of the hit songs were broadcast, rather than their pre-recorded versions. The performances were broadcast live from the Hollywood Palladium in Los Angeles, by ABC. The show was produced by CoBurt Production. Saturday Night Fever: The Big Winner of 1978 - 1973 ~ Memphis Chapter was established. - 1973 ~ The Grammy Hall of Fame opened. The people who will end up in the Hall of Fame are honored for their recordings of lasting qualitative or historical significance that are at least 25 years old. They will be selected by a special committee consisting of Academy members from all the branches of the recording arts. - 1974 ~ The San Francisco Chapter was created. In 1978, 50 Grammy statues were given away for Saturday Night Fever, alone. The soundtrack was a huge hit. The Bee Gees and John Travolta became international sensations. - 1980 ~ Music Videos were added to the award categories. - 1980 ~ Christopher Cross sweeps the Grammy Awards. This was also the first year that any artist managed to sweep all four of the top categories: Best Song ~ Sailing, Best Record ~ Sailing, Best Album ~ Christopher Cross, and Best New Artist. In 1987, the Lifetime Achievement Awards are no longer presented during the Annual Grammy Award show. It was now its own show, broadcast by CBS from New York City. - 1988 ~ Rap Music is added to the award categories. - 1989 ~ Two Charities are created to support the NARAS efforts. The Grammy Foundation This foundation was established to cultivate the understanding, appreciation, and advancement of the contribution of recorded music to American culture through music education programs. This foundation was established to provide a safety net of critical assistance to musicians in times of need through services and resources that cover a range of financial, medical, and personal emergencies. The First Large Grammy Venue - 1990 ~ Grammy Legend Award was born. Not given annually, this award honors an individual who has provided ongoing influence and contributions to the field. The first recipients of this award included: Andrew Lloyd Webber, Liza Minelli, Willie Nelson, and Smokey Robinson. - 1994 ~ The Technical Grammy Award was established. This award recognizes individuals and companies shows contributions of outstanding technical significance to the recording field. The pioneer in digital technology, Thomas G. Stockham Jr. was the award's first recipient. - 1995 ~ Grammy.com showed up on the internet and became the URL for the first cybercast of the Annual Grammy Awards. For the first time, internet users had live coverage of the press room activities and interviews. For the first time in history, in 1997, the telecast of the Grammy Awards was in one large venue, Madison Square Garden in New York. Up until this point in time, the telecasts have been from two smaller locations: Radio City Music Hall in New York City, and Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. - 1997 ~ First International Expansion of the Grammy Awards ~ The Latin Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences was formed. - 1998 ~ Texas Chapter was created. With the huge growth of the Grammy Awards, the show was telecast in 2000 at two large locations: The Staples Center in Los Angeles and Madison Square Garden in New York. - 2000 ~ Three Chapters joined the NARAS: Philadelphia, Florida, and Washington, DC. - 2002 ~ Pacific Northwest Chapter was established. - 2003 ~ The Academy's Four Pillars were introduced by the President, Neil Portnow. These were created to organize the mission of the Academy. The National Academy of Recording Arts and Science's Four Pillars - Membership and Awards - Music Education and Archiving / Preservation - Philanthropy and Charity 2003 Grammy Awards ~ Simon and Garfunkel ~ Madison Square Garden, NY - 2007 ~ The Grammy Awards celebrates its 50th Anniversary. The best anniversary present of all was the Award of Excellence granted to the Academy. They earned a star on the Hollywood Wall of Fame. - 2008 ~ The Grammy Museum opened up its doors in Los Angeles, CA. The National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences now present annual awards in 31 genre categories throughout the Grammy Award evening. Each category is anywhere between one and 20+ statues depending on which genre is being awarded. The gospel genre has the most awards within it, topping the list at 22. Last Decade's Grammy Winners: The Four Major Categories Record of the Year Album of the Year Song of the Year ~ Awarded to Song Writers New Best Artist Clocks by Coldplay Speakerboxxx / The Love Below by Outkast Dance With My Father performed by Luther Vandross & Richard Marx Here We Go Again by Norah Jones & Ray Charles Genius Loves Company by Ray Charles Daughters performed by John Mayer Boulevard of Broken Dreams by Green Day How to Dimantle an Atomic Bomb by U2 Sometimes You Can't Make it Your Own performed by U2 Not ready to Make Nice by Dixie Chicks Taking the Long Way by Dixie Chicks Not Ready to Make Nice performed by Dixie Chicks Rehab by Amy Winehouse River: The Joni Letters by Herbie Hancock Rehab performed by Amy Winehouse Please Read the Letter by Alison Krauss & Robert Plant Raising Sand by Alison Krauss & Robert Plant Viva La Vida performed by Coldplay Use Somebody by Kings of Leon Fearless by Taylor Swift Single Ladies performed by Beyonce Zac Brown Band Need You Now by Lady Antebellum The Suburbs by Arcade Fire Need You Now performed by Lady Antebellum Rolling in the Deep by Adele 21 by Adele Rolling in the Deep performed by Adele Somebody That I Used to Know by Gotye and Kimbra Babel by Mumford & Sons We are Young performed by Fun. Get Lucky by Daft Punk Random Access Memories by Daft Punk Royals performed by Lorde Macklemore & Ryan Lewis

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India, upon independence was divided into various regions and religions. The people of those regions came together and formed the State of India. When such diverse people came together, there had to be instances of regional chauvinism (henceforth referred to as regionalism) and bias for ones own state or region to be specific. The political leaders in such states identified this opportunity and portrayed the regionalist idea to garner the votes of the people and to come to power. In simple words, regional parties differ from All India parties both in terms of their outlook as well as the interests they pursue. Their activities are focused on specific issues concerning the region and they operate within the limited area. They merely seek to capture power at the state or regional level and do not aspire to control the national government. Some were genuine cases where the aim was the welfare of the people in the region, however more often than not; it was just the means to the aim of achieving political superiority. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (hereinafter, DMK) was the first of all parties to do so and parties like akali dal and shiv sena followed this ideology1. The Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (hereinafter, MNS) was the newest entrant to this sphere of politics, and has been active in its portrayal of regionalism in the state of Maharashtra. 1. What were the causes that led to the establishment of regionalism in a country? 2. If such regionalism is prevalent in other countries of the world. 3. Should regional politics and regional parties be allowed to exist by the election commission of India? 4. In the state of Maharashtra, where the cause of regionalism has been espoused by parties like MNS, have the parties been able to undertake the welfare of the people or if it is just a gimmick to garner votes? To state the causes of regional affiliation. To investigate into the existence of this state of society in states around the country To scrutinize the work of MNS in Maharashtra, and its role in the politics of the state. The MNS has been largely ineffective in its role in Maharashtra, and the cause that it is espousing is only creating differences between the people living in Maharashtra, which has hindered the development of the state. Adopting a doctrinal approach for research, which will involve a perusal of scholarly articles, this term paper will look to explain regionalism through a detailed discussion on its meaning, answering the basic question of ‘what is regionalism?’ Further it will discuss the evolution of regionalism in India, and in Indian Politics. Mentioning the causes of regionalism is essential for a holistic commentary on the topic, which will be undertaken after explaining the definition of regionalism. The researcher will undertake a detailed case study of MNS and its politics in the state of Maharashtra, the evolution of the party, the practices adopted by it, their morality, their rationale and the repercussions of its actions. A region is a defined territorial unit and a nucleus of a social aggregation for multiple purposes2 such as language, castes, races, social arrangements, cultural structures, music, etc. It is because of a combination of these factors that people come together resulting into the formation of what we call a ‘region.’ The region is characterized by a widely shared sentiment of ‘togetherness’ and ‘separateness’ from others in the people3, the people living in a particular region have a strong bond amongst themselves and affection to their motherland, which might be an outcome of a common effort, for example the Indian freedom struggle led to the augmentation of the patriotic sentiment in the minds of the people across the nation more than ever before. Regionalism is a form of nationalism. It is a sort of ‘Micro-Nationalism4.’ The discord occurs at the national level when the question of regional prosperity comes up. At the international level, the people look to advance the interests of the nation as a whole, but when it comes to national matters, people are often concerned about their regional identity and advancement of their regional problems. This is mostly the case in countries with vast cultural and regional disparities; India for that matter is the best example of such a country. To look at it from an analytical perspective, regionalism has two connotations5; it could be the affection of the people towards their culture, territory, language, etc. with the thought of conserving its identity and existence. This type of regionalism is welcome so long as it fosters fraternity amongst the people on grounds of these commonalities. However, the excessive attachment to one’s region hampers national integrity and creates conflicts amongst people. This is promulgated by political leaders who do so to establish their control over a faction of the society6. And this form of political regional chauvinism is harmful to the interest of the nation because it just uses the portrayal of regional chauvinism as a front to achieve the ulterior motive without actually focusing on the cause that they pretend to be espousing. However, there have been parties that have actually worked for the rights of the people of a region, which will be discussed at a later stage in this term paper. Regionalism, in a modern society, exists in multiple forms, sometimes it is only to present the demands for certain rights and to raise certain issues of concern to the people of a particular region when such a region has been deprived of resources or has been subjected to the continuous neglect of the government. For example, the protest by the people of Tamil Nadu regarding the Mullaperiyar dam in Kerala was a portrayal of such regional chauvinism by the people of both the states.7 On other instances, it involves ‘Demands for State Autonomy8, where the people of a deprived region by a particular state led by a political organization come forward and demand the creation of a separate state. This has been seen in the recent protests in Telangana in Andhra Pradesh,9 for the creation of a separate state of Telangana. This creates imbalances in the region and disharmony amongst the people living in such regions. The third and final type involves volunteering for accession from the country itself due to a feeling of neglect from the central government of the country as has been seen in the case of Catalan region in Spain.10 India as a nation has existed in the form of many regions, which have been ruled by different rulers. The Mughal rule brought these regions under a common rule, however differences continued to exist between various regions in the Indian sub-continent. Before independence, the British imperialists promulgated regionalism amongst the people so as to prevent unity amongst the people and to continue ruling over the India11. Thus The Colonial Raj was able to expand itself over a wide area and collectively ruled India for over a period of 150 years. As the discontentment against the British rule grew amongst the people, they came together and protested against this rule, which led to the development of the feeling of patriotism amongst the people of the country. In the post independence era, the members of the constituent assembly tried to draft a constitution that promoted a nationalist sentiment amongst the people by the establishment of a single citizenship, unified judiciary and a strong central government.12 However, in a country like India, the growth of this regionalist sentiment was, in a way, inevitable as much as the drafters of the constitution tried to ensure ‘unity in diversity.’ The leadership began to adopt a ‘Political Mandate13’ that was concerned with their advancement. Rather than fostering patriotism, they utilised their leadership to segregate people into regionally distinct societies. The first such protest was in the case of Potti Sriramulu, who passed away in 1953 after fasting for 52 days, and his death led to the redrawing of the map of the nation on the basis of linguistic lines i.e. the demand for a separate state for Telegu speaking people, which was Andhra Pradesh.14 DMK in South India: However, the first example of such regional chauvinism by a Political Party was the DMK in the 1960s. Going back to the journey of Regionalism in India, it is well noticeable that it emerged with Dravidian Movement, which started in Tamil Nadu in 1925. This movement, also known as Self-Respect Movement initially focused on empowering Dalits, non-Brahmins, and poor people. Later it stood against imposition of Hindi as sole official language on non-Hindi speaking areas.15 This became a secessionist movement with the demands for a separate nation of Dravida Nadu or Dravidastan comprising the states of south India. The DMK defeated the Congress in the elections of the state assembly and its leader C.N. Annadurai, asserted that the folk of south India were ‘A stock different from the north’16 The Shiv Sena in Maharashtra: The other major instance of such chauvinism by a political party was in the state of Maharashtra, where the Shiv Sena promulgated the sentiment of regionalism in the minds of the people. It did not have any separationist ideology but it was opposed to the migrants from south India occupying the jobs and business of the local folk of Maharashtra. It launched its against them in the name of Marathi pride.17 The party, under the leadership of political supremo Bal Thackeray, did undertake some measures for the benefit of Maharashtra and shouldered the responsibility of its development in its formative years.18 However, certain measures adopted by the party have been strongly criticized by multiple factions of the society. The party regularly indulged in vandalism and destruction of property for the enforcement of its wishes and took the law into its own hands on multiple occasions, often expressing its disapproval of movies and other expressions of art by obstructing their screening in cinema halls. There have been innumerable instances of migrants being harassed for the sole reason of being migrants19. Stir in Assam against the non-Assamese Another intense display of regionalism came to the fore in the state of Assam, where in the mid-1960s, the Assamese marshaled the Lachit Sena on the outlines of the Shiv Sena in Maharashtra. It launched a crusade against the immigrants from other states of the India, specially the Marwaris from Rajasthan who possessed most of the industry in the state.20 Akali Dal in North India: The last example to be discussed here is the case of the Akali Dal in North India. The Akali Dal voiced demands of a separate state of Khalistan in 1987, comprising the states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, New Delhi, parts of the Kashmir, parts of Rajasthan, and parts of Gujarat.21 Their leader, Tara Singh’s insistence on Khalistan was based on ethnic interests and this resulted in relentless activities of terrorism.22 The people realized that such a demand was unlikely to be addressed by the Indian Government and hence asked for greater autonomy for the state to manage its own affairs. Having adopted the flag of regional chauvinism in the state of Maharashtra, the Shiv Sena had become a strong hold in the politics of the state under the leadership of Bal Thackeray. As Thackeray was approaching the fag end of his career, his son Uddhav Thackeray seemed to be the obvious successor as party chief. Bal Thackeray’s nephew, Raj Thackeray, who had been closely involved in the affairs of the party, and was said to be extremely similar to the supremo in his oration and style of leadership, as observed by political observers, had high ambitions for himself. He wanted to become the leader of the party and espouse the cause of Maharashtrians in the state. The party hierarchy restrained him from doing so. He left the Shiv Sena on account of differences between him and Uddhav Thackeray. In his words, he stated that the Shiv Sena was ‘run by petty clerks’23 and as a result it had ‘fallen from its former glory’.24 Thus, he established the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena25 on 9th March 2006, under the motto of ‘Sons of the Soil’, in Mumbai after The party lists itself as a Marathi Nationalist on the website of the Election Commission and has been accorded the status of a state party by the Election Commission of India. Raj Thackeray claimed to have the purpose of building political cognizance for the development related problems of Maharashtra and to raise them to center stage in national politics. However, the party abruptly changed its stance to adopt an anti-immigrant agenda leading to attacks on North Indians across Maharashtra. This brought the party to the notice of the nation and public attention. Following are some instances of the controversies that the MNS has been involved in, in the few years of its existence: February 2008: Clash with Samajwadi Party(SP) workers at a rally organized in Dadar, Mumbai where SP leader Abu Azmi made an explosive speech. February 2008: Petition filed in Patna High Court against Raj Thackeray for his rumored remarks against Chatth festival in Bihar February 2008: Attack against north Indian vendors and shopkeepers across Maharashtra and destruction of government property by MNS workers to express their anger regarding the reported arrest of their leader26. September 2008: demanding that signboards on shops and commercial establishments in Mumbai should be in Marathi Thackeray’s simultaneous diktat of a deadline along with the threat for non-compliance became the talking point. October 2008: MNS activists attacked candidates who came for the railway board examination, creating a ruckus outside the examination center saying that Marathi people should be recruited.27 He openly challenged the state machinery to arrest him and threatened that the whole of Maharashtra would go up in flames if he were arrested. This not only reflected his characteristic violence stimulating temper but also his self-delusion that he had become the unhindered voice of the Marathi people. July 2008: MNS workers attacked an engineering college in Pune, vandalizing and damaging the office of the director. Ironically, the director of the college was himself a 'Marathi manoos', but MNS workers did not let him off as they wanted colleges to grant admission to Marathi students.28 December 2011: MNS activists stood at tollbooths refusing to pay toll stating the exorbitant amount charged by the owners to tax payers and the discrepancies in the collection of toll money. For all its activities, the MNS has attracted sharp criticism from various factions of the society and the people have abhorred the means adopted by it. Various ministers expressed their discontentment on the activities of the MNS and there were calls for action to be taken against the party and its chief. The government had conceded that Thackeray had become an anti-establishment figure with a legitimate cause. The party has been especially active in Mumbai, the commercial capital of the country and the capital of the state of Maharashtra as well. Mumbai being a metropolitan city, known as the city of dreams, has thousands of people flocking to it in search of jobs and opportunities, and today Mumbai is what it is because of the people that have come together to form this city. The MNS is trying to kill the spirit of this city in trying to fend off migrant workers. The unhindered attacks on the people have hampered the safe image of the city and instilled fear in the minds of the people. This sort of regional chauvinism is equal to terrorizing the people. In an open letter by CNN IBN presenter Rajdeep Sardesai addressed to Raj Thackeray, he openly expresses his discontentment towards the activities of the MNS and its impact on the society in Maharashtra. To quote him here seems appropriate: 29But Raj, I must remind you that electoral politics is very different from street agitations. Sure, the round-the-clock coverage of taxis being stoned and buses burnt will get you instant recognition. Yes, your name may inspire fear like your uncle’s once did. And perhaps there will always be a core group of lumpen youth who will be ready to do your bidding. But how much of this will translate into votes? Identity politics based on hatred and violence is subject to the law of diminishing returns, especially in a city like Mumbai, the ultimate melting pot of commerce. Your cousin Uddhav tried a ‘Mee Mumbaikar’ campaign a few years ago. It was far more inclusive, but yet was interpreted as being anti-migrant. The result was that the Shiv Sena lost the 2004 elections — Lok Sabha and assembly — in its original citadel of Mumbai. Some statistics suggest that one in every four Mumbaikars is now a migrant from UP or Bihar. Can any political party afford to alienate such a large constituency in highly competitive elections? Thus, the MNS has been largely inefficient in its role in Maharashtra because it’s main objective seems to be to create fear in the minds of the people by terrorizing them on a consistent basis to win the votes of the ‘Marathi Manoos’. However, the people have realized the impracticability in MNS’ theory of ‘Sons of the Soil’ and have developed hatred towards the means adopted by the party, which has been unable to peacefully undertake the cause of the development of Maharashtra.

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Every expectant mother wants to be sure that her baby is healthy, well-developed, and complications do not threaten the pregnancy. Modern technologies allow detecting pathologies at an early stage of pregnancy, which makes it possible to make the necessary decisions promptly. Genetic screening (prenatal screening) is a maternally and fetal-safe screening that can accurately identify the threat of genetic diseases and the risks of pregnancy complications. For parents it is highly important to ensure health safety for them and their children so that early diagnosis should regard as a preventive tool, which assists both parents and clinicians to secure fetus health. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page The provided descriptive report explains how genetic screening and testing assists clinicians in determining cognitive disabilities in babies. This technique is more known as a prenatal test, which is highly essential for pregnant women. Genetic screening (prenatal screening) is a complex of diagnostic studies in the production of anomalies, which is developed and identified (brand management) of the pathology of the fetus. Genetic screening uses UZD screening (11-13 weeks, 16-18 weeks, 21-22 weeks, 30-32 weeks required number) and biochemical screening (consecutive test 13-13 weeks, and triple 16-18 weeks life) (DeThorne and Ceman 61). The double test is a personal association with the duration of plasma protein A-PAPP, chorionic gonadotropin. The triple test determines alpha-fetoprotein, chorionic gonadotropin, unbound estriol. Genetic screening is recommended for all long-term manufacturers of large manufacturers. Besides, pregnancy screening reveals the possibility of chromosomal abnormalities or congenital disabilities in a future baby. Prenatal testing is performed to eliminate the likelihood of syndromes, like Down, Edwards, Patau, neural tube defects, and other anomalies of the placenta. It should be noted that the most common chromosomal abnormality is Down syndrome. Such screening is based on the difference between indicators in the blood of a pregnant with chromosomal abnormalities and the blood properties of women who carry a healthy baby. The saturation of the markers is determined by the duration of pregnancy and the condition of the fetus (Shaffer et al. 502). Consequently, screening is assigned at a fixed interval when the risks are assessed as accurately as possible. Mostly, two such studies are required: the first and second trimesters, a double and a triple test, respectively. Genetic screening is recommended for pregnant women who fall into the following categories: - Age over 35; - Ultrasound of the fetus showed deviation from the norms of development; - One parent is a carrier of the genetic disease; - The family already has a child or close relative with a chromosomal disease or congenital disability; - Not yet aware of the pregnancy, the woman took potent drugs that were not recommended for use by pregnant women, did x-rays or were exposed to any radiation, were in stressful conditions for the body; - Partners have related relationships (e.g., cousin and sister); - The family wants to exclude the possibility of having a baby with developmental disorders or chromosomal diseases. The genetic test allows clinicians to determine and identify these specific deviations in DNA: - Trisomy (21 pairs of chromosomes (Down syndrome); - The risk of trisomy on the 13th chromosome (Patau syndrome); - Trisomy on the 18th pair of chromosomes (Edwards syndrome); - Cornelia de Lange Syndrome; - Smith-Lemley-Opitz syndrome; - Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome; - Triploidy of maternal origin; - Nerve tube defects (anencephaly, spina bifida); - Omphalocele (umbilical cord hernia). It should be noted that most of these diseases have a significant impact on the quality of life of both the child and the whole family. Some of them can be corrected, for example, spina bifida in the mildest forms may not require treatment at all; some defects can be eliminated surgically, but several cases, even after surgery, will have negative consequences (Shaffer et al. 503). It is a mistake to think that chromosomal abnormalities are rare cases that number in the tens of thousands of newborns. Some anomalies are indeed infrequent, but Down syndrome occurs in a single case in 600-800 births. At the same time, even families who are not at any risk can lose in the genetic lottery. 100% original paper on any topic done in as little as Genetic Screening Technique Prenatal screening is performed twice – in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. As noted earlier, in addition to assessing the risks of genetic pathologies, it allows clinicians to predict possible complications in pregnancy, such as late toxicosis, placental insufficiency, intrauterine hypoxia, preterm delivery. The first trimester, 11-13 weeks of pregnancy, should be screened, as the part of initial genetic screening. At this time, the activity of the embryo is still low, but the work of the placenta is already very active, so much information is provided by its indicators – free HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) and PAPP-A (pregnancy-related plasma protein A) (DeThorne and Ceman 65). An indicator that does not meet the deadline determines a delay in intrauterine development or signal the risk of hypertensive conditions. The first screening is combined with an ultrasound examination to assess compliance of fetal development with the standards. Pregnancy trimester one screening should be 11 to 13 weeks. Nonetheless, clinicians suggest that it is preferably 12 weeks, as one of the most appropriate time for reliable results. It detects the likelihood of pathologies, such as defect of the anterior abdominal wall, nerve tube, specific genetic pathological changes. Besides, the “double test” indicates the threat of abortion, fetoplacental insufficiency. The conclusion of the trimester one screening is based on ultrasound and biochemical blood analysis. Free β-HCG and PAPP-A are also calculated. At 10-12 weeks of pregnancy, the HCG level reaches its highest level and then decreases. The PAPP-A study should be performed at week 12 (Franceschini et al. 573). After 14 weeks, it is not informative. It is also necessary to measure the nasal bones, blood flow in the venous duct, to exclude regurgitation on the tricuspid valve. Trimester one biochemical screening gives a 90% chance of detecting Down Syndrome in combination with ultrasound markers. If necessary, it is recommended to calculate the individual risk of having a baby with chromosomal abnormalities. The second prenatal screening is conducted from 14 to 20 weeks, preferably in 16-18 weeks, since many pathologies can be formed during this period. It is current for weeks 16-20 (preferably 17-18). Screening of the second trimester consists of a detailed ultrasound, biochemical analysis of blood from a vein (HCG, AFP, and EC), so to speak, “triple test.” Ultrasound examination in the second trimester confirms the development and determines the size of the fetus, eliminates anomalies of development of major organs and systems, evaluates amniotic fluid, length of the nasal bone, thigh and shoulder bones. The estimation of the increase or fall in hCG is registered, as in the first trimester. AFP is most informative at 17-18 weeks (Légaré et al.). The level of free estriol (E3) demonstrates the functioning of the fetoplacental system. Its fall of more than 40% indicates a threat of miscarriage. A complex combination of indicators is estimated – placental HCG, fetal AFP (alpha-fetoprotein), and free estriol, which characterize the state of the placenta, fetus, and the body of a woman. The second screening provides detailed information on the operation of the fetoplacental complex. Not only does screening reveal the risk of chromosomal abnormalities in a baby, but it can also diagnose and prescribe appropriate therapy for various pregnancy complications. Screening conclusions are provided as a report with test data and generally accepted medical standards. The results provide indicators of the probable risk of trisomy in the form of a ratio of -1: 14000; therefore, 1 case for 14000 or more pregnancies (Shaffer et al. 505). Given all the data, their definition and interpretation, the gynecologist recommends to the woman additional consultation with the geneticist and undergo an advanced independent analysis. Prevention of complications identified through screening helps prevent many complications of the last trimester of pregnancy and possibly save the life and health of the baby. It is important to remember that a risk group is not a diagnosis. Pregnant women who have been excluded from screening at the risk of pathologies do not require further studies. However, at her discretion, the woman decides to have her screenings or not. The most accurate method of diagnosis of chromosomal pathology is the analysis of fetal chromosomes, which gives an accurate diagnosis. To confirm (or refute), additional tests are needed – amniocentesis or chorionic villus biopsy. DeThorne, Laura S., and Stephanie Ceman. “Genetic Testing and Autism: Tutorial for Communication Sciences and Disorders”. Journal of Communication Disorders, vol 74, 2018, pp. 61-73. Elsevier BV. Franceschini, Nora et al. “Genetic Testing in Clinical Settings”. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol 72, no. 4, 2018, pp. 569-581. Elsevier BV. Légaré, France et al. “Improving Decision Making About Genetic Testing in The Clinic: An Overview of Effective Knowledge Translation Interventions”. PLOS ONE, vol 11, no. 3, 2016, p. e0150123. Public Library of Science (Plos). Shaffer, Lisa G. et al. “Quality Assurance Checklist and Additional Considerations for Canine Clinical Genetic Testing Laboratories: A Follow-Up to The Published Standards and Guidelines”. Human Genetics, vol 138, no. 5, 2019, pp. 501-508. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

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Although classical IgE-mediated food allergy is rare in adults with IBS, some studies have shown that circulating IgG antibodies to a range of food proteins are increased in about 50% of patients with IBS; much more than in healthy subjects1,2. This suggests that the permeability of gut is increased, raising the possibility that undigested food proteins could be responsible for the inflammation and hypersensitivity observed in many patients with IBS, especially those with diarrhoea. About 20 years ago, YorkTest developed and launched FoodScan; food-specific IgG enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests for a range of food intolerances. FoodScan currently retails at £250 and YorkTest have used it to create a global business, conducting upwards of 30,000 tests per year in the UK, 58% of them for digestive symptoms Using blood from just a single pin prick, FoodScan screens for circulating IgG antibodies to 113 different food antigens. YorkTest also offer Food&DrinkScan (reactions to 158 foods). Most people with IBS turn out to have raised food-specific IgG levels. Often a range of foods is implicated (average between 4 and 6 different foods). Many include foods that individuals frequently ingest, but reactions are also obtained from foods that are eaten less frequently. Customers are then offered a telephone consultation with a registered Nutritional Therapist who will advise them how best to modify their diet to exclude reactive foods and to replace them with foods that are equally nutritious What do the results mean? Normally food protein is broken down in the gut by digestive enzymes and absorbed as small peptides and amino acids. What the ELISA tests indicate is that sufficient intact food protein is getting across a leaky gut wall to generate an immunological response, attaching antibodies and an enhancers known as complement to the ‘foreign’ protein or ‘antigen’ so that it can attract white cells and be eliminated. If enough of these complexes lodge in tissues, particularly in the gut, they may cause a low grade inflammation and an increase in sensitivity. So here we might have a mechanism for the association of a sensitive gut with sensitivity and symptoms in many other organs. If food antigens are getting in, then bacterial antigens may be getting across as well. This would explain why increases in gut permeability brought about by alcohol, stress, inflammation or changes in the microbiome have been implicated in IBS and a range of low grade inflammatory illnesses including obesity, arthritis, fatigue and fibromyalgia. But complement activation and attraction of inflammatory cells only applies to IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 components of the IgG system. IgG4 antibodies are regarded as blocking antibodies that prevent not only the hypersensitivity induced by IgE, which activates mast cells releasing histamine, but also the inflammation induced by other IgG antibodies. Thus, testing only for all components of food specific IgG antibodies ensures the best case for identification of foods that may be causing significant clinical reactions. Debate ranges around whether the presence of circulating food-specific IgG antibodies are an index of specific food ‘allergic responses’ or are just markers for a nonspecific permeability of the gut and exposure to invading food antigens . If The YorkTest Programme is no more than a sophisticated method of identifying a leaky gut in sensitized people, then will it help to remove the foods implicated and if so for how long? What is the evidence? Some years ago, Allergy UK commissioned a retrospective postal survey of 5236 customers, who had elevated food specific IgG levels and had purchased a YorkTest Programme. 3,626 stated that they had followed the diet rigorously and 76% of those reported improvement in their condition3 though tests were not repeated to see if the IgG levels dropped after taking the diet. Patients with gastroenterological or psychological illness showed the greatest improvements and the results were noticeably better if patients had several different ailments. 92% of those who had followed the dietary changes rigorously and responded positively, reported a deterioration in symptoms after reintroduction of the implicated foods. Similar results were reported in other studies4-6. These data look compelling – at least as good as other results for dietary management of IBS. Patients, however, knew they were receiving dietary advice based on their test results – they believed they were getting the right treatment and they felt better. Nevertheless YorkTest claim this targeted dietary intervention for non IgE mediated food allergies avoids the laborious and time consuming trials of dietary exclusion. ‘There’s nothing so good or bad as thinking makes it so’. Many people with food intolerance have no evidence of a specific biological reaction to a component of food7, and may instead have a psychological aversion. It is for this reason that clinical scientists carry out double blind randomised controlled trials of treatments. The most positive and rigorous study involving YorkTest and IBS was reported in 2004 by Professor Peter Whorwell’s team in Manchester in collaboration with Dr Tim Sheldon from the York Consortium8. This was a double blind randomized control trial in 150 patients with IBS that compared the effects of an exclusion diet based on the results of the YorkTest with a sham diet. The latter attempted to match the exclusions in the ‘true’ diet by excluding staples and other foods that did not show an antibody response. IgG titres were elevated to between 1 and 19 different foods (average = 6.5) – not so much different to the range of foods implicated in previous studies of food intolerance9. The most common foods identified were milk and yeast (89%), with wheat and egg also showing a positive result in about half the patients. Not all patients were fully compliant with the diet and there were a number of drop outs, but overall, there was a statistically significant 10% reduction in symptom score with the true diet versus the sham, rising to a 26% reduction in patients who were fully compliant. Relaxing the diet resulted in a deterioration in symptom score, which was greater in those on the true diet. This trial is as good as it gets for most dietary interventions. The only serious criticism is that it would have been impossible to conceal the nature of the diet. Many patients would have had preconceived ideas on what foods upset them and since a large majority would have been told to exclude milk, egg and bread, all of which have been implicated in food intolerances and allergies, we cannot exclude the powerful effects of the patient’s belief and their desire for relief. A Controversial Issue. This trial and others have excited a good deal of controversy. Negative pronouncements have been issued from The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, the American Academy for Allergy, Asthma and Immunology and the Australian Society for Clinical Immunology and Allergy largely on the grounds that high IgG4 antibodies are found in healthy subjects and may indicate exposure to food antigens rather than allergy or intolerance10. Even The House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology (see 8.35 to 8.40) were critical of The YorkTest Programme. But let’s not prejudge the issue based on those responses. There is so much that works in medicine that we don’t understand, and some of the studies on YorkTest do seem impressive. The most damning indictment would seem to come from a recent large case control study from Norway, which failed to show any difference in food related IgG antibodies between IBS Patients and a sample from the general population11 But might this be predicated on either the antigen load and antibody titres or whether the gut in IBS is already sensitised by fears about certain foods acting through the brain gut axis. As Professor Robin Spiller from Nottingham University expressed recently, ‘I feel the immune activation in IBS is for most subjects more related to brain gut interactions which activate mast cells by nonimmune mechanisms’ (personal communication). Diets for the sensitive guts of people with IBS based on multiple sensitivities can always risk nutritional deficiency if taken to extremes. Exclusion of foods that might excite the immune system in a leaky gut as well as the fats and FODMAP foods that trigger symptoms in a sensitive gut could pose a serious problem unless monitored by a dietitian trained in food allergy or intolerance. No milk, wheat, fruit, vegetables, fatty foods, dairy, red meat etc; where would it stop? And wouldn’t the anxiety over what food they can eat just add to the sensitivity of the gut? Is there another way? In recent months, the FODMAPs team at Monash University, Melbourne have become less restrictive, suggested that most people with food intolerance might respond to restriction of onions, pulses and some fruits. They have also announced the launch of a project to investigate zonulin, the protein that closes the tight junctions in the gut and makes it less leaky. Some probiotics are said to heal a leaky gut. So, is the YorkTest worth the money? After 20 years, the interpretation of the YorkTest Programme is still not clear. The evidence is suggestive but nowhere near conclusive. Nevertheless, according to YorkTest’s own data, the results of the antibody tests are reproducible and most people get better on their targetted exclusion diet. But there’s a more philosophical issue. You could argue that it really doesn’t matter as long as it makes you feel better. There are so many decisions in life that we make on the basis of what feels right for us: the car we buy, the apartment we rent, the gym we go to, the complementary therapies we choose, the clothes we wear, the shampoo we use, the toothpaste we brush your teeth with, the way we will vote in the EU referendum, even the person we marry. How many of these decisions are made on the basis of convincing evidence? If you were to examine the evidence for every decision you make, you would never do anything. So if you believe in the YorkTest programmes and they results seem to reassure you and improve your symptoms, then this could be money well spent. All that organizations such as The IBS Network should do is to inform you of the nature of the evidence on the YorkTest Programme and point out the risks for your own nutrition and health of adopting a diet that restricts too many foods. But if you do decide to embark on this course, you would be well advised to seek guidance from a registered dietitian, trained in treating food intolerance. Have you taken a YorkTest Programme? Did it help? Do tell us. My thanks to Dr Gillian Hart from YorkTest, Professor Robin Spiller and IBS specialist dietitians Julie Thompson and Marianne Williams for their advice in the preparation of this post.

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Images of Nature - Instruction - Workshops Views of Nature Photography Digital Sensors and Lens Performance Digital SLRs come in two flavors of sensors, APS and full frame. The full frame behaves just like the 35mm film cameras. In other words the image from a normal lens is projected onto the film so that what the lens “sees is what is on the sensor. The APS size sensors have a crop factor and thus show a magnification ranging from 1.3x to nearly 1.7x. We discussed this is a previous digital corner so if you what a refresher, wander over to our website and review “Sensor Size and Magnification” This is a real advantage for wildlife in that we get the extra focal length without losing the light like you would with a teleconverter. We pay the penalty with wide angle however. There is another, more subtle advantage to this smaller size. The lens still projects the image on the sensor as if it was a 35mm film plane. That means that those parts of the image which would normally be around the edge of the 24mm by 36mm rectangle are not recorded by the sensor pixels. That in turn, means that those problems we used to see with lenses (especially inexpensive lenses) are gone. The soft focus, distortion and vignetting are off of the recording surface. Practically, this means that you can open up your lens to a larger aperture without seeing the edge problems that full frame or film would see. Your lens’ “sweet spot” just got better in that what you used shoot at say f8 to reduce distortion, you may now be able to go down to f5.6 or even f4. Check out your camera system and see how much improvement you can get! How do digital sensors work? Most of us have made the shift from film to digital over the past years. When we were shooting film a number of us also experienced the sights and smells of the darkroom and so we had a pretty good idea of how film worked. Light interacted with photosensitive chemicals in the film emulsion and during the developing process other chemicals stabilized the transformed images on a negative or transparency. Digital technology is not all that much different. As I have stated many times before in this column and well as in my classes, the only difference between film and digital image making is the medium on which image is captured. Let’s talk digital! In the digital sensor world, photosensitive has a different meaning that in the film world. Digital sensors are electronic parts (integrated circuits or IC’s) that have a physical structure that allows incoming light to generate electric signals. By the way IC’s are typically referred to as chips in the industry, so I’ll be mixing terms. These signals are conducted away from the sensor site (the picture element or pixel) by very tiny wires that are part of the IC. The wires take the signal to amplifiers (on the same chip). The amplifiers boost the very tiny signal to a level that can be manipulated and digitized by yet more circuits. The output of the digitizing circuit is a light level, period. This is because the individual sensor sites on a digital sensor are monochromatic; they only see light in terms of intensity not color. So why are all digital cameras only black and white? The clever design engineers who develop sensor technology also have a pretty good understanding of the human eye and how we perceive color. This is actually a carryover from the color film technology where the designers used color sensitive layers in the emulsion. The basic sensor is a grid pattern of structures that convert light energy (photons) into electrical energy (electrons) in a way that is not all that different from solar cells. The ability to add color to the image is done by filtering the light before it strikes the sensor. Our old friends red, green and blue (RGB) are at work here. The light is filtered to allow those colors to strike specific sensors and when final signal is digitized into a light intensity level, the tiny little computer chip in the camera can correlate that intensity to a color, and thus adds color to the data file for that sensor site. If you were to magnify the filter structure on a camera, you would find about 25% of the sites detect red, 25% blue and 50% green. This ratio was established to allow the sensor to more closely match the response of the human eye and thus make further “post processing” easier. After all of the sites have been scanned for light intensity and the camera settings have been added, the data is ready to be stored as a RAW image. As a side thought, a 10 megapixels sensor has about 10 million sites, imagine how fast that little computer is working if you can should about 8 images a second. Several camera and lens manufacturers offer features on cameras or lenses that compensate for camera shake or movement. The methods do vary from one manufacturer to another. The most common, and probably the most successful method, is the use of sensors within the lens. These are known as Image Stabilization (Canon), Vibration Reduction (Nikon), and Optical Stabilizer (Sigma). Within the lens is a set of sensors that detect small movement and correct for it by moving a small optical element in the opposite direction of the shake or movement. Other companies (such as Konica Minolta) employ a similar function in the camera body and move a prism that is located between the lens and the image sensor. Video cameras use a digital method where the image is retrieved from different pixels on the sensor to compensate for vibration or camera movement. That works well in the video arena but has significant image blurring in still work. The movement compensation feature was originally designed to allow slower shutter speeds while hand holding the camera and still produce sharp images. Typical claims are an apparent increase of two to three stops. Use of this technology is not without drawbacks. There is an added weight and cost factor for the lens based approach. The in camera version also adds cost to the body but does allow use of many more lenses. When using the stabilization capability on a tripod, there is a potential problem. If the camera and lens are very stable, the electronic circuits in the lens may become slightly unstable and cause the image to blur a small amount. Some lenses have tripod sensors and correct for this. Others have a recommendation in the manual suggesting that the feature be turned off when the lens is on a tripod. As with all photographic “rules” there is a lot of controversy about this. The stabilization feature can compensate for movement and for vibration induced by tripping the shutter at slow speeds. Even when mounted on a tripod, the ability to reduce apparent shutter vibration can be a valuable tool. The best approach is to do some research before buying or do some testing if you already own one of these lenses or cameras. Is the feature worth the money and extra weight? In our opinion, YES. We have a 100-400 IS zoom from Canon and love it. Everyone we have talked with has a similar feeling about that particular lens. We’d be happy to publish accounts (positive and negative) concerning member’s experiences with this or any other stabilized lens. Megapixels and image quality The larger the number of mega pixels, the better the image right? After all, when we all learned the basics of photography we learned a few axioms. Lens quality was number one and then film grain which we could relate to ISO film speed. Well, welcome to world of high tech. The number of pixels in a camera's sensor is not a good indication of the ultimate image quality, nor is the lens quality. The design engineers have added something a whole lot more difficult to measure with a simple number. What is it? Software! Pixels are small light sensitive elements that convert light (photons actually) into electricity (electrons). A series of filters on top of the sensor determines the basic color information and then some electronic circuitry near the light sensitive areas of each pixel amplify the signal and send it on to the micro computer chip. There are some nasty characteristics of the electronic devices that convert light to electricity. First, the smaller the pixel, the less efficient they are, meaning it takes more photons to generate a given amount of electrons. This means smaller pixels don't work as well in low light as do larger ones. Also the amount of surface area that gathers lig! ht is reduced because space is needed for the electronic circuits that amplify the signal. Worse yet, small pixels tend to generate more noise proportionally than larger ones. This is where we look to the software. Each camera manufacturer has developed their own image processing software that turns the electrical signals into an image. This software does an amazing amount of work in a very short time. Among other things, it has noise reduction algorithms, routines that integrate the signals according to color and the capability to smooth out the edges of pixels. Only a few companies make sensors and signal processing chips, but each major camera company has its own proprietary software. Not only that, but even in one company software can vary between camera models. The most important capability of the software is the noise reduction, as it is the most difficult thing to do well. How does this impact the camera buyer? Well, when you are looking at point and shoot digital cameras, don't just go for the 22 MP. A 16 MP may give you a better image. Research the web and the magazine rack to get reports on image quality before buying. Also, the sensor pixels in digital SLR's tend to be bigger so the impact of noise is reduced and the image quality improved by most all camera company software. A number of members asked about sensor cleaning, so the Digital Corner did some research. We got 1.1 million hits on a Google™ search of “sensor cleaning digital cameras”. We also queried Nikon’s™ and Canon’s™ websites. There are two schools of thought. Canon™ and Nikon™ say use clean, dry air from a squeeze bulb. Don’t use compressed air or anything that touches the sensor. (Actually you can’t really touch the sensor; the surface that is exposed is the optical low pass filter that’s over the sensor itself.) The other school of thought was summarized in about 35 pages of text and images on the website http://www.cleaningdigitalcameras.com/ . This site is number one on the Google™ search. It is a very good reference on all of the methods, with pros and cons spelled out clearly. Our conclusion is that if you can’t clean all of those annoying blotches and dust spots using an air bulb, you can be very brave (or maybe cavalier) and use one of the methods mentioned on the website, OR you can take your camera to a professional and let someone else assume the liability. Once you have it clean, there are a few good rules of thumb for keeping it clean. Don’t change lenses in a dusty environment, minimize the amount of time the camera is exposed to the open air w/o a lens installed, etc. Sorry there are no magic formulas, but like everything else in photography, there are always tradeoffs! This month we'd like to address two of the things a lot of photographers fairly new to digital photography find perplexing. First, why do digital cameras give an apparent magnification and what are the tradeoffs? The apparent magnification of a digital camera starts with the relative size difference between 35 mm film and the electronic sensor used for digital image capture: "35 mm" film has an effective image size of 24 mm high and 36 mm wide for a "horizontal" image. When we photograph something through a lens, we record a certain size image of the subject on the film. Digital cameras have sensors that vary in size, and except for a few very high end cameras, the sensor is smaller than the 35 mm image size. In the case of the Canon EOS 7D™, the sensor is about 15 mm high and 22.5 mm wide. If you do a quick calculation you'll see that the dimensions of the 35 mm image are 1.6 times bigger then the digital sensor. If we assume the same conditions when we photograph the same subject, that is camera to subject distance and focal length of the lens, the image on the digital sensor will be the same size as the image on the film plane. That's just standard photographic optics. But remember the size of the sensor is smaller than the 35 mm film frame. Now the real impact of digital! The software in the camera enlarges the image to give an equivalent 35 mm image size. In doing so, this software magnifies the image on the sensor by the same amount that is needed to make the image sensor look like the 35 mm image, in our example of the Canon EOS 7D™, this is 1.6x. OK, we now have a l.6x magnification, what did it cost? If we had used a 1.6 teleconverter we'd have lost some of the image because the angle of view would have been decreased as the effective focal length of the lens increased, the same happens with the digital, but in this case, the information that the lens gathered was focused beyond the edges of the sensor so it was lost; the same effect as reduced angle of view. The second thing we lose with a teleconverter is light, namely the effective f stop of the lens is increased by about 1 stop. (f4 to f5.6 for example) In the case of a digital camera, this is not the case. The camera will still show the f stop as the same. BUT, the resolution of the sensor (number of pixels per unit of area) is fixed so a slight increase in what is equivalent to grain will be seen. Digital camera noise reduction software does a very good job of smoothing out this grain effect, so the apparent magnification gained is pretty close to free. Now let's think about a few other things that may have slipped by in our discussion. First is the aspect ratio. That's a fancy mathematical term for the relative size of the horizontal and vertical dimensions. 24 x 36 or 15 x 22.5 have the same ratio, 2 to 3. This has a real impact in printed image size and can readily explain the popularity of printing image in 8 x 12 size instead of the venerable 8 by 10. 8 by 12 does not require cropping of one dimension. When digital scanning and printing became popular, the long held 8 by 10 dimension was challenged and quickly abandoned. The second thing to think about is some of the new lenses being marketed. If you look at the magazine adds for some new products, such as Canon EF-S™ lenses, you'll see a note indicating these lenses are only for digital cameras like the Canon EOS 7D™. This is because they focus the image not to a full 24 by 36 mm area but to the size of the image sensor. Remember we said earlier that the equivalent of reduced angle of view was due to the information falling off of the edge of the sensor? This doesn't happen with these new lenses. The effect if these lenses were used with a film camera body, assuming the computer in the camera would allow the photo to be taken, would be a smaller image on the film plane.

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Should Men At Higher Risk For Breast Cancer Get Screening Mammograms Men have less breast tissue than women and fewer than 1 percent of men develop breast cancer, so national cancer screening guidelines do not recommend regular screening mammograms for men. However, if a doctor suspects breast cancer, a diagnostic mammogram may be needed to look for malignant tumors. ; ; However, when a man is determined to be at higher risk for breast cancer, it is recommended that he have an annual clinical breast exam to check for breast changes that could indicate breast cancer. British Columbia Specific Information Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women in British Columbia. Breast cancer can occur in men as well, but it is not as common. Tests and treatments for breast cancer vary from person to person, and are based on individual circumstances. Certain factors such as your age, family history, or a previous breast cancer diagnosis may increase your risk of developing breast cancer. For information about your specific risk factors, speak with your health care provider. A number of screening methods, including mammograms in women, can help find and diagnose breast cancer. The decision to have a mammogram or use any other screening method may be a difficult decision for some women. While screening for breast cancer is often recommended, it is not mandatory. Speak with your health care provider for information regarding how to get screened, the facts and myths about screening tests, how to maintain your breast health, and to get help making an informed decision. For more information about breast cancer and breast cancer screening, visit: If you have questions about breast cancer or medications, speak with your health care provider or call 8-1-1 to speak with a registered nurse or pharmacist. Our nurses are available anytime, every day of the year, and our pharmacists are available every night from 5:00 p.m. to 9:00 a.m. Coping With A Diagnosis Being told you have breast cancer can cause a wide range of emotions. These could be shock, fear, confusion and, in some cases, embarrassment. Feelings of isolation are also common. Speak to your GP or care team if you’re struggling to come to terms with your diagnosis. They can offer support and advice. You may also find it useful to talk to other men with the condition. Content supplied by the;NHS;and adapted for Ireland by the HSE Page last reviewed: 16 May 2019 Next review due: 16 May 2022 Read Also: What To Say To Breast Cancer Patient Symptoms Of Breast Cancer In Men The most common symptom for men with breast cancer;include: - lump in the breast that is nearly always painless - oozing from the nipple that may be blood stained - a nipple that is pulled into the breast - swelling of the breast - a sore in the skin of the breast - lump or swelling under the arm - a rash on or around the nipple If you have any of these symptoms it is important to go to your GP straight away. Finding a cancer early gives the best chance of successful treatment. If You Have Breast Cancer If youre diagnosed with breast cancer youll be told if it is early breast cancer, also known as primary breast cancer, or if breast cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body, known as secondary or metastatic breast cancer. Youll also be given more detailed information that will help your specialist team decide which treatments to recommend. Youll be introduced to a breast care nurse who will talk to you about your diagnosis and treatment. They will offer you support and written information and can be a point of contact throughout your treatment and afterwards. To find out more about the information and support we can offer, call our Helpline on 0808 800 6000. Recommended Reading: Who Is At High Risk For Breast Cancer How Should I Check My Breasts Take the time to get to know how your breasts normally look and feel through normal regular activities . You dont need to use a special technique, but ensure you look at and feel your breasts regularly. Make sure this includes all parts of your breast, your armpit and up to your collarbone. For women of all ages, it is recommended that you be breast aware. Breast awareness is being familiar with the normal look and feel of your breasts, so that you can identify any unusual changes . Should Men Be Breast Aware Too Breast cancer affects both men and women, because both men and women have breast tissue. Although it is uncommon, men can be diagnosed with breast cancer too. About 1 in 700 men are diagnosed with breast cancer. Last year alone over 30 Australian men lost their lives to breast cancer. If you are a man, and you notice any new and unusual changes in your breasts, it is important to see your doctor as soon as possible so that the changes can be examined by a health professional. Anyone can get breast cancer. Men and women. Young and old. Breast cancer does not discriminate. As everyone knows early detection makes all the differenceIve got no doubt that if Anni was diagnosed just 2 months before shed still be here Mark, NBCF Ambassador. Three points to remember - Breast awareness is recommended for women of all ages. However, it does not replace having regular mammograms and other screening tests as recommended by your doctor. - Women and men can be diagnosed with breast cancer. Anybody can. For both men and women, if you notice any new or unusual changes in your breasts, see your doctor without delay. - Most breast changes are not due to cancer, but it is important to see your doctor to be sure. When in doubt, speak to your doctor. Together, we can stop breast cancer Help stop deaths from breast cancer, we cant do it without you. Also Check: Does Pain In Your Breast Mean Cancer Undergoing Medical Screening For Breast Cancer What To Expect At The Breast Clinic Your visit to the breast clinic may take several hours.; You can take a partner, close friend or relative with you for company or support. Some people prefer to go on their own. A doctor or specialist nurse will ask you about your symptoms; You may be asked to fill in a short questionnaire including questions about any family history of breast problems and any medication youre taking. You will have an examination; The doctor or nurse will check the breast tissue on both sides. As part of the examination its usual to examine the lymph nodes under your arm and around your neck. You may need further tests; These will usually include one or more of the following: - A mammogram - An ultrasound scan - A core biopsy of the breast tissue and sometimes lymph nodes ; - A fine needle aspiration of the breast tissue and sometimes lymph nodes ; Also Check: When Can Breast Cancer Occur What Are The Risk Factors Several factors can increase a mans chance of getting breast cancer. Having risk factors does not mean you will get breast cancer. - Getting older. The risk for breast cancer increases with age. Most breast cancers are found after age 50. - Genetic mutations. Inherited changes in certain genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase breast cancer risk. - Family history of breast cancer. A mans risk for breast cancer is higher if a close family member has had breast cancer. - Radiation therapy treatment. Men who had radiation therapy to the chest have a higher risk of getting breast cancer. - Hormone therapy treatment. Drugs containing estrogen , which were used to treat prostate cancer in the past, increase mens breast cancer risk. - Klinefelter syndrome.Klinefelter syndromeexternal icon is a rare genetic condition in which a male has an extra X chromosome. This can lead to the body making higher levels of estrogen and lower levels of androgens . - Conditions that affect the testicles. Injury to, swelling in, or surgery to remove the testicles can increase breast cancer risk. - Liver disease. Cirrhosis of the liver can lower androgen levels and raise estrogen levels in men, increasing the risk of breast cancer. - Overweight and obesity. Older men who are overweight or have obesity have a higher risk of getting breast cancer than men at a normal weight. Talk to your doctor about your familys history of cancer. Outlook For Breast Cancer In Men The outlook for breast cancer in men varies depending on how far it has spread by the time it’s diagnosed. It may;be possible to cure breast cancer if it’s found early. A cure is much less likely if the cancer is found;after it has spread beyond the breast. In these cases,;treatment can relieve;your symptoms and help you live longer. Speak to your breast care nurse if you’d like to know more about the outlook for your cancer. You May Like: How Treatable Is Breast Cancer When Should I See My Healthcare Provider About Male Breast Cancer If you notice any symptoms of breast cancer, call your provider right away. Its essential to see your provider for an evaluation as early as possible. Early detection and treatment can greatly improve the prognosis. A note from Cleveland Clinic Many men dont think breast cancer can happen to them. So they may not recognize signs when they appear. If you think something isnt right with your chest tissue, see your provider for an evaluation. Early diagnosis and treatment can have a significant impact on the long-term prognosis. Be honest with your provider about your symptoms and how long youve had them. If you have any risk factors for male breast cancer, talk to your provider about how you can reduce your risk. Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 06/15/2021. Estrogen And Progesterone Status Estrogen and progesterone are often thought of as female hormones, but they are also present in men. These hormones can fuel the growth of male breast cancer. In most men, breast cancer cells have receptors, or proteins, on their surface that attach to estrogen, progesterone, or both. Breast cancers that test positive for these receptors rely on these hormones to grow and are called estrogen-receptor positive or progesterone-receptor positive. Knowing whether a cancer has estrogen, progesterone, or both receptorsa designation called hormone receptor statushelps the doctor predict whether the cancer might return after treatment. Hormone-receptor negative cancer is more likely to recur, or come back. Your doctor can tailor your treatment to lower this risk. Hormone therapy can help prevent cancer from returning in people who have cancer that is estrogen-receptor positive, progesterone-receptor positive, or both. Older men often have hormone-receptor positive breast cancer, for reasons that are not completely understood. It may be related to the aging process. You May Like: Why Is Left Breast Cancer More Common How Do I Check My Breasts Everyone is different and our breasts change throughout our lives because of varying hormone levels in our bodies. So if you get into the habit of looking at and feeling your breasts as a regular part of your body care youll get to know whats normal for you. Then youll be more confident about noticing any unusual changes and telling your GP about them. Theres no right or wrong way to check your breasts and many people do it almost without thinking as part of their daily routine. This might be when you are in the bath or shower or when you use body lotion or when you get dressed. Do what suits you best. If you spot any changes that are unusual for you, see your GP as soon as you can. You can ask to see a woman GP and take a friend or partner with you. Don’t worry about making a fuss and remember that most breast changes will not be breast cancer. Instead they will turn out to be normal or because of a benign breast condition. Your GP may be able to reassure you after examining your breasts or might ask you to come back at a different time in your menstrual cycle if youre still having periods. Otherwise you might be referred to a breast clinic for a more detailed examination and assessment. What To Do If You Find A Lump Dont panic if you think you feel a lump in your breast. Most women have some lumps or lumpy areas in their breasts all the time, and most breast lumps turn out to be benign . There are a number of possible causes of non-cancerous breast lumps, including normal hormonal changes, a benign breast condition, or an injury. Dont hesitate to call your doctor if youve noticed a lump or other breast change that is new and worrisome. This is especially true for changes that last more than one full menstrual cycle or seem to get bigger or more prominent in some way. If you menstruate, you may want to wait until after your period to see if the lump or other breast change disappears on its own before calling your doctor. The best healthcare provider to call would be one who knows you and has done a breast exam on you before for example, your gynecologist, primary care doctor, or a nurse practitioner who works with your gynecologist or primary care doctor. Make sure you get answers. Its important that your doctor gives you an explanation of the cause of the lump or other breast change and, if necessary, a plan for monitoring it or treating it. If youre not comfortable with the advice of the first doctor you see, dont hesitate to get a second opinion. Recommended Reading: How Do Doctors Treat Breast Cancer How To Treat Male Breast Cancer If you’re diagnosed with male breast cancer, your treatment plan will depend on how far the cancer has spread. Practicing monthly self-breast exams, in addition to receiving a breast examination by your physician, could improve your chances of detecting breast abnormalities early. Early detection is the key to successful treatment.; Possible treatments for male breast cancer include:; - Testicular conditions ; “Unfortunately, there isn’t anything you can do to prevent male breast cancer,” says Nicholas Jones, MD, FACS. “However, you can lower your risks by being active, and limiting your alcohol consumption.” In addition, avoiding hormonal supplements, such as sexual performance enhancement supplements, may help to prevent male breast cancer. According to a 2019 study, the use of hormonal male enhancement supplements can lead to the higher levels of androgens, which may cause the growth of tumors.; Checking For Signs And Symptoms Of Breast Cancer Its International Womens Day just over a month away, on 8 March. The day can be an excellent chance to spread information about how to check your breasts regularly for signs and symptoms of breast cancer. Weve got free resources to help. Checking your breasts regularly breast awareness is vital to all women because if you find a change in your breast that turns out to be cancer, the sooner its diagnosed the more effective the treatment is likely to be. We know that lots of women dont check their breasts regularly for signs and symptoms of breast cancer, often because they dont know how to do it. Checking your breasts is not difficult and if you get into the habit you might have cause to be grateful, as Orla Maguire was when she followed breast checking information from TVs The Only Way is Essex team during Breast Cancer Awareness Month in October 2016. Remember, most breast changes wont turn out to be breast cancer. Recommended Reading: How To Screen For Breast Cancer Can I Rely On Breast Self Mammography;can detect;tumors;before they can be felt, so screening is key for early detection. But when combined with regular medical care and appropriate guideline-recommended mammography, breast self-exams can help women know what is normal for them so they can report any changes to their healthcare provider.If you find a lump, schedule an appointment with your doctor, but dont panic 8 out of 10 lumps are not cancerous. For additional peace of mind, call your doctor whenever you have concerns.

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Cancer ‘grows best while you’re SLEEPING’: Scientists warn tumours ‘awaken’ during the night Cancer may find it easiest to spread around the body when patients are sleeping, 研究表明. Tumours are deadliest if they have metastasised, when malignant cells break away from where they first formed to create another mass. 到现在, scientists had assumed the killer process — which often renders cancers incurable — occurred continuously throughout the day. But new evidence shows it mainly occurs during the night. Swiss academics believe tumours ‘awaken’ when patients are asleep. Heightened levels of melatonin, the same hormone which determines our sleeping patterns, are thought to be to blame. Experts believe the findings, specifically on breast cancer, could be true across other tumour types. It could mean doctors are better able to diagnose patients and even treat them if they take samples at night. 一些 56,000 more women are diagnosed with breast cancer every year in the UK, 几乎 290,000 new cases found in the US annually. 周围 90 per cent of women survive at least five years if the disease hasn’t spread around the body. But survival rates plummet to just 29 per cent for women whose cancer has mestastasised. Tumours are deadliest if they have metastasised, when malignant cells break away from where they first formed to create another mass. 他们在现实世界中未经测试: More cells break off tumours while asleep (对) to form another mass than when people are awake (剩下) 新研究, led by experts at ETH Zurich, was published in the leading scientific journal 自然. Researchers sought to investigate how levels of circulating tumour cells — the ones responsible for metastasis — differ through the day. 第一, they took blood samples from 30 women with breast cancer at 4am and 10am. They found there were nearly four times as many cells in samples from 4am — when participants would have been asleep — as at 10am. A higher prevalence of the cells doesn’t necessarily lead to a greater chance of the cancer spreading around the body, 然而. Most breakaways die in the blood. Only a handful manage to settle elsewhere in the body. Professor Nicola Aceto and colleagues then looked at how the cells affected mice to see if those taken at night were more likely to cause tumours. Samples were taken from mice with breast cancer when they were asleep and when they were awake. Healthy mice were then given injections of both types of cell, to see if they provoked cancer in their bodies. Samples taken from sleeping mice were significantly more likely to result in a tumour in healthy mice, results showed. Researchers said the results suggested medics should try taking blood samples at night or in the early morning to better spot when a tumour start to mestastasise. Professor Aceto, a molecular oncologist, 说过: ‘When the affected person is asleep, the tumour awakens. ‘在我们看来, these findings may indicate the need for healthcare professionals to systematically record the time at which they perform biopsies. ‘It may help to make the data truly comparable.’ Independent experts also claimed the research suggests current treatments aimed at destroying cancer cells, like chemotherapy, could be more effective at night or in the early morning. Writing in the same journal, Professor Sunitha Nagrath, a chemical engineer at the University of Michigan, 说过: ‘The time-dependent nature of [circulating tumour cells] dynamics might transform how doctors assess and treat patients. ‘The data pointing to [circulating tumour cells] proliferation and release during the rest phase suggest that doctors might need to become more conscious of when to administer specific treatments.’ 乳腺癌是世界上最常见的癌症之一. 在英国，每年有不止一个 55,000 新案件, 这种疾病夺走了生命 11,500 女人. 在美国, 它罢工 266,000 每年杀人 40,000. 但是是什么原因导致的，以及如何治疗? 当乳腺癌扩散到周围的乳腺组织中时，称为“浸润性’ 乳腺癌. 有些人被诊断为“原位癌”, 没有癌细胞长出导管或小叶的地方. 多数病例发生于≥1岁的女性 50 但是年轻女性有时会受到影响. 乳腺癌可在男性中发展，尽管这种情况很少见. 分期意味着癌症的大小以及它是否已经扩散. 阶段 1 是最早的阶段 4 意味着癌症已经扩散到身体的另一部分. 癌细胞从低到高分级, 这意味着增长缓慢, 高, 增长迅速. 初次治疗后，高级别癌症更有可能复发. 癌性肿瘤始于一个异常细胞. 细胞癌变的确切原因尚不清楚. 人们认为某些东西会破坏或改变细胞中的某些基因. 这会使细胞异常并“失去控制”. 尽管乳腺癌可以毫无原因地发展, 有些危险因素会增加患乳腺癌的机会, 如遗传学. 通常的第一症状是乳房无痛性肿块, 尽管大多数乳房肿块都没有癌变并且是充满液体的囊肿, 良性的. - 初步评估: 医生检查乳房和腋窝. 他们可能会做乳房X线检查等检查, 乳腺组织的特殊X射线，可以指示发生肿瘤的可能性. - 活检: 活检是指从身体的一部分取出一小块组织样本. 然后在显微镜下检查样品以寻找异常细胞. 样本可以确认或排除癌症. 如果您确认患有乳腺癌, 可能需要进一步测试以评估其是否扩散. 例如, 验血, 肝脏或胸部X线超声检查. 可以考虑的治疗选择包括手术, 化学疗法, 放射疗法和激素治疗. 通常将两种或更多种治疗方法结合使用. - 外科手术: 保乳手术或受累乳房的切除取决于肿瘤的大小. - 放射疗法: 使用聚焦于癌组织的高能射线束的治疗方法. 这杀死癌细胞, 或阻止癌细胞繁殖. 它主要用于除外科手术. - 化学疗法: 通过使用杀死癌细胞的抗癌药物治疗癌症, 或阻止他们繁殖 - 激素治疗: 某些类型的乳腺癌会受到“女性”的影响’ 激素雌激素, 可以刺激癌细胞分裂和繁殖. 降低这些激素水平的疗法, 或阻止他们工作, 通常用于乳腺癌患者. 当癌症仍然很小时，那些被诊断出的人的前景最好, 并没有传播. 早期通过外科手术切除肿瘤可能会带来良好的治愈机会. 常规X线乳腺摄影给年龄在20岁以下的妇女。 50 和 70 意味着在早期阶段会诊断和治疗更多的乳腺癌.

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In 1963 the Chrysler Corporation built over 50 gas turbine-powered cars. Incredibly, they then lent them - free of charge - to normal citizens to drive for three months each, with comments and feedback encouraged at the end of the period. This photo shows the handing-over ceremony for one lucky family. So, 44 years ago, a number of people in the US were literally driving jet cars around on public roads - taking them to the supermarket, commuting to work, and probably parking them at drive-ins! And these weren't just 'pretend' jet cars - they were the real thing - engines revving at speeds of up to 48,000 rpm - they were certainly the only cars on the road that had tachos going to 60,000 Released to the press in New York on May 14,1963, the Chrysler Corporation Turbine Car used a body produced by Ghia with mechanicals the work of Chrysler. Except for the revolutionary driveline, the rest of the car aped typical US contemporary car practice. But that jet-like exhaust note - said by some to have been deliberately left loud - was like no other family car on the block... Chrysler used the vehicles not only for real-life R&D, but also for publicity purposes. The company pamphlet produced at the time has a host of interesting details about the cars - here are some extracts. With the introduction of its turbine-powered car, Chrysler Corporation reaches a milestone in automobile design. The appearance of turbine cars on the public roads signifies an important point - possibly a turning point - in automobile evolution. The Chrysler Corporation Turbine Car is a 4-passenger hardtop, a luxury car in every sense of the word, equipped with power steering, power brakes, power window lifts, leather seats and trim, and a body structure designed to accommodate the gas turbine engine. Aside from its revolutionary engine and luxury appointments, the car has the normal configuration of an American automobile. The engine is in the front of the car and supplies power to the rear wheels. The car has the normal instruments found in a passenger car (driving enthusiasts will be glad to know it has an ammeter and oil pressure gauge as well as an oil pressure warning light). In addition it has an engine speed indicator and a temperature indicator with which the driver should become familiar. Most of the hand controls, including the automatic transmission control lever, are in a console at the driver's right hand. Otherwise, it has the foot braking and acceleration controls with which everyone is familiar. An automobile gas turbine must be quieter and have a lower exhaust temperature than an aircraft gas turbine. The automobile engine must be compact so it can fit in the engine compartment, and its manufacturing cost must be low so it is within the reach of the average automobile buyer. Thus it cannot use the high-temperature alloys, made of scarce and costly elements, that are used in aircraft. This is a big order, but Chrysler Corporation engineers have overcome these problems and have developed a practical automotive gas turbine. By developing a "regenerator"- a rotating heat exchanger - that recovers much of the heat from the exhaust gases, they have made it possible for the turbine engine to achieve good fuel mileage and low exhaust temperature, much cooler than a piston engine, in fact. To provide efficiency, flexibility and optimum performance over the full speed range, they have perfected a variable nozzle system for directing gas flow to the power turbine. The Chrysler regenerative gas turbine engine has two independent turbine wheels, one driving the compressor and accessories and one driving the car. It is a "regenerative" turbine because it utilizes two rotating heat exchangers - called regenerators - to recover heat from the exhaust gases, thus boosting fuel economy and reducing exhaust temperature. The gas turbine engine is rated at 130 horsepower at 3600 rpm output shaft speed and 425 lb-ft torque at zero output shaft speed. However, unlike a piston engine, which is tested and rated as an individual unit without transmission or accessories, the gas turbine power plant is rated as a complete package including transmission and accessories. Thus, owing to rating methods and torque characteristics, the 130hp turbine power plant gives performance comparable to a piston engine rated at 200hp or more. When the turbine engine is operating, the first-stage turbine rotates the centrifugal compressor impeller to draw in air and compress it. The compressed air is heated as it passes through the high-pressure side of the regenerators, and then it enters a combustion chamber (burner) into which fuel is injected and ignited. The burning fuel raises the temperature of the gases (a mixture of combustion products and air) and increases their energy level. These hot gases pass through the first-stage turbine driving the compressor and then through the second- stage turbine (power turbine) which drives the car. The gases leaving the power turbine pass through the low-pressure side of the regenerators, giving up heat to the regenerator honeycomb, and flow out the exhaust ducts. With two small regenerators, the engine is compact and has balanced temperature gradients on both sides. Intake air from the compressor is split into two paths, which pass through the regenerators and come together again at the burner. The hot gases from the burner, after going through the two turbine stages, also are split into two paths to flow through the two regenerators and then out through the exhaust ducts. The compressor and first-stage turbine, along with the burner and regenerator, are called the "gas generator" section of the engine since these components produce the hot gases that power the engine. The two turbine wheels are not interconnected mechanically, and thus one may rotate while the other is stationary. The first-stage turbine always rotates while the engine is operating, its speed varying from 18-22,000 rpm at idle up to about 44,600 rpm at rated power. The second-stage turbine, being connected directly to the car's drivetrain, rotates only while the car is in motion. Its speed ranges from zero at standstill to a maximum of about 45,700 rpm. Since the power turbine is rotated by hot gases and is not mechanically connected to the gasgenerator rotor, the power turbine stops whenever the car stops, and the gas generator continues idling. Thus the engine will not stall under overload. Both turbine wheels are axial-flow type (like windmills) and the hot gases are directed into each turbine wheel blade row at an angle by nozzles. A nozzle assembly made of a ring of fixed airfoil-shaped vanes directs gas flow to the first-stage turbine blades, and a ring of variable vanes directs gas flow to the second stage turbine. The variable nozzle system for the power turbine is one of the outstanding features of the Chrysler engine, permitting it to deliver high performance over the full speed range without exceeding safe temperature limits. At starting or idle, the nozzles are open, with the vanes directing gas flow in an essentially axial direction; as the accelerator pedal is depressed, the vanes turn to direct the gases in the same direction as the rotation of the power turbine. The nozzle angle varies with pedal position to provide optimum cycle conditions. In this manner, the direction of gas flow is always at an optimum angle for maximum performance and efficiency without reducing engine life. The vanes of the variable nozzle assembly are located on radial shafts that engage a ring gear, and the angle of the nozzle vanes is varied by rotating the ring gear through a small arc. The ring gear is operated by the accelerator pedal through a cam-controlled hydraulic servo actuator, which receives hydraulic power from a central hydraulic system. To provide engine braking, the hydraulic actuator receives a pressure signal from the transmission governor, which affects the angle of the nozzle vanes when the accelerator pedal is released. With the vehicle moving faster than 15 mph, releasing the pedal turns the nozzle vanes to a reverse angle, directing gas flow against the rotation of the power turbine wheel to slow up the car. If the vehicle is standing still or moving at less than 15 mph when the accelerator pedal is released, the actuator merely turns the vanes to their wide-open idling position. Engine power is varied by controlling rate of fuel flow to the burner. The fuel control contains a fuel pump, governor, pressure regulator and metering orifice. During constant-speed operation, the governor regulates fuel flow to the burner spray nozzle in response to accelerator pedal position. During gas generator acceleration, fuel flow is controlled by the pressure regulator and metering orifice. When the pedal is released, the control shuts off fuel until the gas generator rotor slows to idling speed; then the control permits fuel to flow at the idling rate. Fuel flow is automatically controlled during engine starting and is unaffected by accelerator pedal position until the engine reaches idling speed. The compressor idles at 18,000 rpm when the transmission control is in Idle or Park. In Drive, Low, or Reverse, a solenoid-operated fast-idle stop maintains the idle speed at 22,000 rpm to afford quick response in normal driving or manoeuvring The gas turbine engine can operate in all kinds of climates and geographic locations, and it can run on almost any liquid that flows through a pipe and burns with air. However, for optimum service, specific fuels recommended for the Chrysler engine include only diesel fuels, unleaded gasolines, kerosene, and JP4 aircraft turbine engine fuel. Leaded gasolines should not be used, except as an extreme emergency measure. Engine exhaust gases, after leaving the regenerators, pass out to the rear of the car through two rectangular aluminium exhaust ducts, emerging at a temperature of about 500 degree F (280 degrees C) at full power (depending on outside air temperature) and only about 190 degrees F (105 degrees C) when the engine is idling. Two cast-aluminium convergers, bolted to the regenerator covers, collect the exhaust gases from the regenerators and direct them into the ducts. The two exhaust systems are separate, one exhausting gas from the left regenerator, while the other carries exhaust gas from the right regenerator. The exhaust ducts extend to the rear, curve over the axle, and end just ahead of the rear end of the car. Each is supported by three flexible hangers. At the outlet end, the cross-section enlarges to slow up flow, and the upper surface of each duct curves to deflect the exhaust gas downward. Aluminium channels, bolted to the underbody parallel to the ducts, serve as skid strips to protect the underside of the ducts when the car passes over rough ground. In Chrysler's Turbine Car the excellent flexibility or elasticity of the engine is augmented by a 3-speed automatic transmission. This modified TorqueFlite transmission requires no slip device, such as a hydraulic torque converter, since the power turbine of the engine is independent of the gas generator. Thus the power turbine is connected through its reduction gear directly to the input shaft of the transmission, and a castiron adapter plate is used to mount the transmission to the engine. Since the engine cannot be started by pushing the car, there is no rear pump on the tansmission, and there is no front pump since pressure for actuating clutches and bands is furnished by the central hydraulic system. To maintain smooth shifting, the hydraulic circuitry of the transmission is modified to adapt the transmission to the output characteristics of the gas turbine engine. The driver of a Turbine Car will encounter new sensations, notably acceleration smoothness and the absence of engine vibration that he has become used to with piston engines. Otherwise, normal driving with the Turbine Car is the same as with any piston-engined car with automatic transmission. The driver has an accelerator pedal and a brake pedal. He pushes the accelerator pedal to go, releases it to reduce speed, presses the brake pedal to slow abruptly or to stop - just as in a conventional car with automatic transmission. However, because of the turbine engine and the modified automatic transmission, there are certain differences in care and handling of the turbine vehicle in special situations. The turbine engine will start easily under conditions that would thwart a piston engine (such as extreme cold). Its starting procedure actually is simpler than for a piston engine since the driver merely turns the key and releases it, and then all functions are carried out automatically. To assure easy starting, the driver should keep his foot off the accelerator pedal until the engine is running under its own power. Once started, the gas cycle reaches full-operating temperature almost instantly so that the engine can be driven immediately at high power if desired, without a warm-up period. Pushing and Towing The turbine car cannot be started by pushing. As a general rule, it should not be pushed under any conditions. It may be towed for short distances (through a car wash, for instance) with the engine shut off and the transmission control lever in any position except Start/Park. Engine Coolant Not Required The turbine engine does not require water or antifreeze since it is "self-cooled" by air surrounding it in the engine compartment and by compressor air flowing through it. Chassis and body mechanisms should be lubricated according to the recommended schedules, which are similar to those for other Chrysler Corporation cars. Oil level should be checked at intervals and oil added if necessary. Precautions Against Over speeding Power Turbine - Do not operate engine with car on hoist. - Do not operate engine with rear wheel jacked off ground. - Avoid sustained engine acceleration with wheel spinning on ice, snow, or mud. Chrysler's Turbine Car 1964 Chrysler Corporation Turbine Car Brochure

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Private Debt Is Larger And More Problematic Than Government Debt An article published in 2020 by the St. Louis Federal Reserve notes: When discussing the public debt, the media often ask whether it is too large and when and how it might negatively affect the economy. Less media attention is given to private debteven though it is at a higher level and can be just as damaging to the economy . Many people seem to be consistently up-in-arms about how much money the government spends, and how incompetent politicians are at designing effective policies, and how they could never balance a checkbook but few pundits in the media like to highlight the amount of debt households and businesses are accruing. This level of private debt has risen methodically for decades, as shown in the chart below. The chart shows US private debt as a portion of the Gross Domestic Product , a shorthand for the value of all goods and services a country produces. You can see that, in the United States, private debt rose above 100% of GDP in the 1980s and has remained there. According to a 2016 post in Democracy Journal: Even though government debt grabs all the headlines, private debt is larger than government debt and has more impact on economic outcomes. In the United States, total nonfinancial private debt is $27 trillion and public debt is $19 trillion. More telling, since 1950, U.S. private debt has almost tripled from 55 percent of GDP to 150 percent of GDP, and most other major economies have shown a similar trend. How To Get A Business Credit Card It is quite easy to do. There are three possible options: To open a business checking account, the bank may ask you to provide the following information: - Your LLC name and address - EIN number - Personal and business annual income - Number of employees, etc. Jammu And Kashmir Bank Credit Card Eligibility And Documentation - Card holder should be in the age bracket of 18 years to 70 years. - Should have a fixed monthly income. - Should have a good CIBIL credit score. - Primary Card holder should be in the age bracket of 21 years to 65 years. Add-on Card holder should be 15 years and above - Net Income – Rs. 15 lakh and above per annum - Should be a resident of India Documents required for getting J& K bank Credit Card: - Pan Card Photocopy OR Form 60 - Latest Salary Slip, Form 16, Income Tax return copy as income proof - Passport, driving license, ration card, etc for residence proof. Also Check: Check My Td Bank Gift Card Balance The Problem Of Credit Card Debt According to the Canadian Bankers Association, in 2016, 89% of Canadian adults had at least one credit card. Aside from being an easy way to borrow money, credit cards are convenient, widely accepted and even required for some transactions such as booking a hotel or renting a car. The relatively low monthly payments required with credit card debts can make them a seemingly attractive borrowing option for those unable to make ends meet. The minimum payment is usually a small fraction of the outstanding balance. Unfortunately, paying only the minimum balance is a sure way of staying in debt for a long time and paying a lot of interest in the process. For example, the average Canadian carries a balance of over $4,000 on their credit card. On a typical basic credit card with a 19.99% annual interest rate, where the minimum payment is 3% of the balance, the minimum payment in the first month would be $120. In the second month, interest starts to accrue. So, although the balance has now gone down to $3,880, the minimum payment has gone up to over $180, of which almost $65 is interest. In the meantime, especially for people who are already in a precarious financial situation, financing this debt takes away from the money they need for other expenses. This makes them even more vulnerable to falling deeper into debt should an emergency or unexpected expense come up in the future. Is Such Empowerment Sustainable For each of these categories, our research discovered an interesting, significant bump after employees received the physical card. While our research has not measured whether this increase is sustainable over time, we are looking forward to studying the more long-lasting effects of this change. A corporate credit card is just one way to improve employee sentiment, but overall, our findings support a positive impact. Here at Divvy, weve seen this time and again with our customerscorporate cards have the power to change company culture. Amber Johnson, COO of Jump Software, said the cultural impact boils down to two words: trust and accountability. Employees who never had the power to swipe a company card now feel a sense of accomplishment and ownership. The results weve found have a simple solution: empower your employees by giving them credit cards. Divvy is free expense management software paired with smart corporate credit cards. If you want to learn more about our product, wed love to schedule some time to chat. Don’t Miss: Google Svcapps Costs Of Living Credit Cards & Covid Posted: January 17, 2022 at 8:31 am VANCOUVER, British Columbia, Jan. 17, 2022 — BC Licensed Insolvency Trustees Sands & Associates today released complete findings from the 2021 BC Consumer Debt Study. This unique annual study polled over 1,700 consumers from across the province who declared personal bankruptcy or legally consolidated debt with a Consumer Proposal and provides an opportunity to better understand some of the many aspects of financial challenges faced by British Columbians. According to Sands & Associates President and Licensed Insolvency Trustee Blair Mantin, Consumers may often be lulled into thinking their debt isnt ‘too much’, not realizing how easily problem debt gets out of control, or how common life challenges can leave people facing unimaginable financial difficulties and overwhelming stress. As well as highlighting the causes of problem debt and its impact on individuals, the 2021 BC Consumer Debt Study identified notable trends in consumer debt habits: More than 56% of all consumers polled said credit card debt was the main type of debt they had when they began a formal debt solution, far surpassing other types of debt reported tax debt and lines of credit . Participants reported that being in debt affected their wellbeing in many ways, including: When asked how they knew their debts were becoming a problem: Only 5% of consumers said they sought professional debt help right away, with majority being stopped by rationale such as: Buy Women Empowerment Token With Credit And Debit Card Bank Account Cash And Crypto Where To Buy Women Empowerment Token Safely From Certified Companies - $5 Cash Voucher Reward with your First Fiat or P2P Deposit of $50 or more. - Get a $50 Spot Cashback Voucher with your First Crypto Deposit of $50 or more, within 5 Days. - Get a $45 Spot Cashback Voucher with your first Spot Trading of $50 or more. - Crypto Currencies - Bank Transfer - P2P Crypto Exchange Advcash, AliPay, Local Bank Transfer, International Bank Transfer , Bank Deposit, Cash in Person, CoinPay, GoPay, LinePay, Neteller, OXXO, Payeer, Payoneer, Paypal, PerfectMoney, QIWI, Revolut, Skrill, WebMoney, WeChat, Western Union, Yandex.Money, ZaloPay, Zele and more than 50 additional local payment methods - Simplex, Mercuryo, Koinal, BANXA. Recommended Reading: Care Credit Visa Or Mastercard How Information Is Acquired The information an identity thief needs can be found in a variety of ways. A thief could look at social media accounts to find your full name, and links to the accounts of your friends and family, and posts wishing you a happy birthday will reveal your birth date and often how old you are. Online resumes can provide information on past and present employers, and possibly your address and phone number. If you have a blog , you may have published a gold mine of personal details. Jammu & Kashmir Bank Blue Empowerment Card Statement The statement of your Jammu and Kashmir Bank Blue Empowerment Card can easily be received by you in your mailbox. The bank offers you an online facility with the help of which you get the statements of your credit card in your inbox on a monthly basis. You can review your account anytime and also know the transaction details of your card without any hassle. You dont need to visit the branch in person so as to know the details of your credit card account. Customer Care Number The highly talented and experienced team of credit card is always there to help and support you by dialing 0194- 2486424, 2486427, 2486149, 2486151, 2482463. Yes, from your registered mobile or landline number, you just need to dial any helpline number mentioned above and the banks executives will always there to help and guide you. These talented individuals with their expert skills and knowledge try to solve all your queries and concerns related to Jammu and Kashmir credit cards. People Also Look For Also Check: Can I Accept Credit Card Payments With Venmo The Four Types Of Plastic Charge Card: A “charge” card doesn’t allow you to carry a balance from month to month. You have to pay off the total balance when you get your bill. You get the convenience of plastic without the danger of getting into debt or paying high interest charges. Debit Card: A “debit” card gives you the convenience of paying with plastic and not having to carry cash, but it does not advance you any money you don’t already have. Debit cards are connected to your checking account, and the money will be taken out of your checking. Gift Card: A “gift” card looks like a credit card but acts like a debit card. With a gift card, you can pay with plastic, but only the amount of money that the pre-paid card has on it. You may receive these as gifts for your birthday for the coffee shop, the music store, or the mall. Or you may choose to buy them for yourself so you can have the convenience of paying with plastic-without the temptation of going over your budgeted spending allowance when you’re out shopping. Should I Close Some Credit Card Accounts If I Have Too Many Generally speaking, if you have so many credit cards that youre having trouble keeping track of them, you should close some accounts. However, you should be strategic about how you do it. Whenever possible, you should keep your oldest credit cards so that you dont hurt the length of credit history portion of your score. However, if youre paying a high annual fee for a card you never use, that should override any concerns you have about losing a few points for your age of credit. A larger concern might be if you carry outstanding balances on any of your cards. In that case, closing any cards might raise your credit utilization, as youll have a smaller total amount of credit available. As your credit utilization is part of the amount owed portion of your credit score, which carries a 30% weighting, closing credit accounts when you have any outstanding balances can cause significant damage. More From GOBankingRates Recommended Reading: Cabela’s Gift Card Balance Online About Jammu & Kashmir Bank Blue Empowerment Card Get ready to explore the world of unmatched privileges and features with none other than Jammu & Kashmir Bank Blue Empowerment Card. Yes, this beautifully designed credit card comes with a world of remarkable features to choose from. Be it shopping, rewards, travelling, dining or movies, this card offers you all. This is the reason that many people willing to have the same. You can use this masterpiece to meet any personal need of yours by paying an annual and renewal fee of Rs. 300 and 250 respectively. You can apply for the same anytime and enjoy the unlimited benefits as well. So, what are you waiting for? If you are willing to avail this card and interested in knowing more about the same, just read the page further. Capital One Spark Miles For Business This new business credit card is similar to the Spark Cash for Business. However, its conditions are a bit more complicated and potential benefits are higher. As the name implies, with Capital One Spark Miles you will get 2 Miles for every dollar you spend. In comparison to the 2% that Spark Cash for Business offers, the value of Miles is slightly higher. This is especially valuable if you use Capital Ones airline or hotel services. If you have a good credit history, you can get from $650 to $850.The APR is 18.49%. If you spend $4500 in the first 3 months, you will get $500 as a bonus. There is a $0 intro annual fee for the first year, but after that you should pay $95. For TSA PreCheck or Global Entry apps, the cardholders get up to $100. Don’t Miss: Cabelas Credit Cards The Beginning Of Beneficent When they were students at the University of Waterloo, Thamjeeth and Hussain had been part of a group that discussed the possibility of setting up an organization to provide interest-free student loans. However, as student loans can be upwards of $25,000 each, the amount of money that had to be raised to fund such a program was daunting. So the idea languished. In 2015, they saw a friend in his last year of university who was in need of money to cover his credit card debt. They reached out to mutual friends asking if they could pitch in to help. By setting up a crowdfunding campaign, they were soon were able to raise enough money to cover the $4,400 debt. When we did that we realized two things essentially. One is that people are willing to help. And the second thing we realized is that, while talking to our mutual group of friends, we found out that there were one or two who were themselves in need but no one knew, explains Hussain. Motivated by individuals willingness to help and the apparent need for this kind of service, Hussain and Thamjeeth got together with their friend Nahian Alam and founded Beneficent. In doing so, they were able to draw on the effort made by the interest-free student loan group they were previously part of. Beneficent’s directors, from left to right: Executive Director Ahmed Rizk, Co-founders Thamjeeth Abdul Gaffoor, Nahian Alam, and Hussain Sharif. American Express Blue Business Cash The next good option for your business is American Express Blue Business Cash. The features this card offers are almost as good as the leaders on this list. Its a good choice for aspiring LLCs with a small budget. American Express Blue Business Cash offers 2% cashback on the first $50,000, after that it drops to 1%. The cardholders can manage credit that ranges from $650 to $850.The initial APR is 0% for the first year. From the second year, the rate increases and ranges from 13.24% to 19.24%. There are no bonuses provided for meeting minimum spending requirements. There is no annual fee. The card allows for zero-interest balance transfers for the first 12 months. Don’t Miss: Cash Advance Cabelas Visa My Company Looks For Ways To Develop My Career Respondents were asked how strongly they agreed with this statement: My company looks for ways to develop my career. Before and after receiving a corporate credit card, employees moved from 5.1 to 5.29 on averagean improvement of 0.19 points. While this may not seem like a significant jump, any HR rep can tell you that its incredibly difficult to move the needle in workplace culture surveys. We found it notable that something as simple as a corporate card could affect a positive increase. How Many Credit Cards Do You Need To Get A Higher Credit Score Your credit score is the product of a complex algorithm that factors in numerous variables. The number of credit cards you have is a portion of that mix, but its not one of the most important. In fact, the actual number of your credit cards is practically irrelevant compared to the big movers of your credit score, like how you use them. Heres a look at what exactly goes into a credit score, along with an explanation of what you need to do to get or maintain top-tier credit. The industry-standard FICO score has five main components: - Payment history: 35% of score - Amounts owed: 30% of score - Length of credit history: 15% of score - 10% of score - New credit: 10% of score As you can see from this breakdown, nearly two-thirds of your credit score is based on your payment history and the amount you owe. Don’t Miss: Add Credit Card To Google Account What Happens When You Open A New Credit Card Any time you open a new credit card, your credit score will likely dip by a few points. This is because opening a new card affects two components of your credit score: new credit and length of credit history. Opening a new card adversely affects the 10% of your score dedicated to new credit, while adding the zero age of the new card will reduce the total length of your credit history, which makes up 15% of your score. However, this small dip in your score is likely to be temporary as long as the main components of your score remain solid. Keep Reading: 30 Things You Do That Can Mess Up Your Credit Score Is There Such A Thing As Having Too Many Credit Cards In and of itself, theres nothing wrong with having too many credit cards, at least in terms of your credit score. Frequently opening new cards can lower the new credit portion of your score, and obviously running up balances on multiple cards is a big no-no when it comes to obtaining a good credit score. But there are ancillary concerns that make having too many credit cards a potential problem, from having to pay multiple annual fees to not being able to keep track of where youre spending your money. Recommended Reading: Valero Credit Card Apply

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Definitions for Afraid Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word Afraid. filled with fear or apprehension "afraid even to turn his head"; "suddenly looked afraid"; "afraid for his life"; "afraid of snakes"; "afraid to ask questions" filled with regret or concern; used often to soften an unpleasant statement "I'm afraid I won't be able to come"; "he was afraid he would have to let her go"; "I'm afraid you're wrong" feeling worry or concern or insecurity "She was afraid that I might be embarrassed"; "terribly afraid of offending someone"; "I am afraid we have witnessed only the first phase of the conflict" having feelings of aversion or unwillingness "afraid of hard work"; "afraid to show emotion" Impressed with fear or apprehension; in fear. I am afraid I can not help you in this matter. Samuel Johnson's Dictionary Etymology: from the verb affray: So persecute them with thy tempest, and make them afraid with thy storm. Psalm lxxxiii. 15. There, loathing life, and yet of death afraid, In anguish of her spirit, thus she pray’d. John Dryden, Fables. If, while this wearied flesh draws fleeting breath, Not satisfy’d with life, afraid of death, It hap’ly be thy will, that I should know Glimpse of delight, or pause from anxious woe; From now, from instant now, great Sire, dispel The clouds that press my soul. Matthew Prior. impressed with fear or apprehension; in fear; apprehensive "Afraid" is a song by the American heavy metal band Mötley Crüe, released on their 1997 album Generation Swine. A two-track pig promo picture CD includes the 3:56 Swine Mix and 4:10 Rave Mix. Written by bassist Nikki Sixx, the lyrics were inspired by the early stages of his relationship with Donna D'Errico, when he felt she was running away from him from fear of getting too close. The song charted at number 10 on the Mainstream rock charts. Chambers 20th Century Dictionary a-frād′, adj. struck with fear: timid. [See Affray.] Dictionary of Nautical Terms One of the most reproachful sea-epithets, as not only conveying the meaning being struck with fear, but also implies rank cowardice. (See AFEARD.) British National Corpus Spoken Corpus Frequency Rank popularity for the word 'Afraid' in Spoken Corpus Frequency: #1848 Written Corpus Frequency Rank popularity for the word 'Afraid' in Written Corpus Frequency: #1236 Rank popularity for the word 'Afraid' in Adjectives Frequency: #221 The numerical value of Afraid in Chaldean Numerology is: 8 The numerical value of Afraid in Pythagorean Numerology is: 3 Super PACs are not afraid to spend hundreds of millions of dollars in just a few local stations, so it would n’t surprise me if the national election is going to have a real impact on the upfronts. It was the moment when Martin Luther King Jr. went to jail that his followers saw he was more than just a preacher. He was with them. He risked his life for them. He was one of them. We can’t be afraid or we won’t be able to do what needs to be done. But also, by this fearlessness—willingness to represent the cause, in the flesh, against all dangers—we show everyone else that they’ll be okay as well. The leader risks themselves for us. They step to the front. They make their courage contagious. Maybe I will deliver a message to the entire people of Israel, that all Jews from all across the world will come to Israel, all of them...We are not afraid of anyone. Jews will never disappear from the world. La base la plus importante de la créativité et de l'inventivité est, à mon avis, ne jamais avoir peur d'échouer. (The most important basis of Creativity and Inventiveness is, IMHO, never being afraid to fail.) - Deo Gas stations have closed, and there are fears that the coalition will impose a siege on Sanaa and the cities of the north. We're afraid, everybody's afraid of the possibility that fighting will break out in Sanaa, and we ask God to protect us. Popularity rank by frequency of use Translations for Afraid From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary - مرعوب, خائفArabic - porCatalan, Valencian - vystrašený, bojácný, bázlivýCzech - bedauern, leider, ängstlichGerman - temerse que, tener miedoSpanish - ræddur, banginFaroese - [[tá]] [[eagla]] [[orm]], eaglachIrish - डरा हुआHindi - 恐れ, 怖いJapanese - bang, bevreesdDutch - engstelig, reddNorwegian - obawiać sięPolish - temer, [[ter]] [[medo]], [[estar]] [[com]] [[medo]]Portuguese - боя́щийся, бояться, испу́ганный, боя́тьсяRussian - đáng sợVietnamese Get even more translations for Afraid » Find a translation for the Afraid definition in other languages: Select another language: - - Select - - 简体中文 (Chinese - Simplified) - 繁體中文 (Chinese - Traditional) - Español (Spanish) - Esperanto (Esperanto) - 日本語 (Japanese) - Português (Portuguese) - Deutsch (German) - العربية (Arabic) - Français (French) - Русский (Russian) - ಕನ್ನಡ (Kannada) - 한국어 (Korean) - עברית (Hebrew) - Gaeilge (Irish) - Українська (Ukrainian) - اردو (Urdu) - Magyar (Hungarian) - मानक हिन्दी (Hindi) - Indonesia (Indonesian) - Italiano (Italian) - தமிழ் (Tamil) - Türkçe (Turkish) - తెలుగు (Telugu) - ภาษาไทย (Thai) - Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) - Čeština (Czech) - Polski (Polish) - Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) - Românește (Romanian) - Nederlands (Dutch) - Ελληνικά (Greek) - Latinum (Latin) - Svenska (Swedish) - Dansk (Danish) - Suomi (Finnish) - فارسی (Persian) - ייִדיש (Yiddish) - հայերեն (Armenian) - Norsk (Norwegian) - English (English)

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|From the ERIC database Alternative Assessment: Implications for Social Studies. ERIC Digest. Alternative forms of evaluating student progress are changing testing or assessment in our schools. From the teacher-made to the standardized test, the familiar over-emphasis on multiple-choice items is giving way to expanded generative formats in which students are called upon to demonstrate mastery through applications in which they use complex processes and webs of knowledge and skill. ISSUES TRIGGERING THE CALL FOR CHANGE It is widely recognized that alternative assessments are gaining broad acceptance. Large commercial test publishers are beginning to revamp standardized achievement and college entry tests to give greater emphasis to generative- response items as a result of pressure from proponents of alternative assessment. The Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing found that as of 1990, nearly half of all states in the U.S. were considering implementation of some form of performance assessment in state-level testing. However, teachers maintain control over the form and structure of student assessment in the classroom. If students are to succeed on state and national assessments administered in performance-based formats, such formats must be acceptable to teachers and used in classrooms. The familiar "test"--anything from a ten-item pop-quiz to a standardized achievement test--has, during the twentieth century, come to be dominated by the presumably "objective" format of fixed-response items, most notably multiple- choice. Critics, however, argue quite convincingly that traditional fixed- response testing does not provide a clear or accurate picture of what students can do with their knowledge. Such testing enables students to demonstrate recall, comprehension, or interpretation of knowledge, but not to demonstrate ability to USE knowledge. Critics also assert that standardized, fixed-response testing may be unfairly misaligned with instruction. Questions may be "missed" simply because of unfamiliar language or format--not because the student has no grasp of the concept. Further, detractors maintain that testing isolated facts in an arbitrary order confuses test takers and ignores the importance of holistic "knowing" and integration of knowledge. While it has been strongly argued that fixed-response tests can assess high levels of thinking, proponents of alternative assessments contend that traditional tests are a central cause for the preponderance of low- level cognitive activities in the classroom. In short, multiple-choice testing-- whether used to measure student achievement at the classroom, state, or national level--is charged with being a non-authentic means of assessing students' mastery of either high-level educational objectives or society's expectations. THE TESTING REVOLUTION AND SOCIAL STUDIES Fixed-response testing cannot assess students' ability to function as a competent participant in society. We can learn a great deal from such testing about what the students know about history, geography, government, national policy, global conditions, and the like. This knowledge, of course, is a necessary foundation for critical thinking and civic decision-making. However, in terms of how students might go about using knowledge to examine an issue, make a decision, research an idea and synthesize that research in order to make a presentation, initiate a project and see it through, or even evaluate the original idea, we have little to go on. If we really expect students to be able to do these things, then assessment instruments must be designed to provide evidence that such is the case. IMPLICATION 1: THE SOCIAL STUDIES CURRICULUM The most critical implication of changing assessment types is a curricular one. Grant Wiggins (Nickell 1992) refers to performance assessment as "exhibitions of mastery." What is it, within the area of social studies, that is to be mastered? Can one, in fact, "master" civic competence in the same way that one can master multiplying three-digit numbers or writing poetry in sonnet form? Returning to the goal and purposes set forth by the National Council and reflected in most school systems' goals and missions statements, we are forced to consider the integrative nature of social studies. If our intended outcome is to enable all students to become competent citizens, we must give less emphasis to mere recall and low-level comprehension of facts and concepts, and more emphasis to applying knowledge to tasks that require high-level cognition. Competent citizens make informed decisions; offer reasonable solutions to social and civic problems; and acquire, synthesize, and communicate useful information and ideas. An assessment designed to match the goal and purposes of social studies will evaluate student mastery of knowledge, cognitive processes, and skills. To enable students to succeed on such an assessment, it is imperative that the traditional social studies curriculum be reexamined and reorganized to insure that mastery of knowledge, cognition processes, and behaviors that characterize civic competence. IMPLICATION 2: SOCIAL STUDIES INSTRUCTION A second major implication targets social studies instruction. Students must venture into the real world in order to know it. They must do so in ways that will provide real experiences as active and productive members of the community, structured to allow practice in thinking and acting as a citizen. They must be given opportunities to make decisions which have real consequences; choices that affect the success or failure of an idea. They must experience how problem- solving is enhanced by cooperation, and how planning is enriched by identifying alternative means to achieve an end. "Doing" social studies, like doing mathematics, science, or art is imperative, yet it has been lost to the limitations placed on schools by tight schedules and budgets. The school day should be restructured in order that authentic social studies instruction, involving civic learning in the community, replaces that which relies only on symbols and contrivances. However, the most effective community-based civic learning activities are tightly connected to classroom-based learning of pertinent knowledge and skills. IMPLICATION 3: SOCIAL STUDIES ASSESSMENT A third major implication targets the way we treat assessment in social studies. Assessment should no longer be viewed as separate from instruction. Just as the worker is evaluated on an ongoing basis on the products or services generated, student evaluation is most authentic and equitable when it is based upon the ideas, processes, products, and behaviors exhibited during regular instruction. Students should have a clear understanding of what is ahead, what is expected, and how evaluation will occur. Expected outcomes of instruction should be specified and criteria for judging degrees of success clearly outlined. Where a certain level of knowledge about a particular topic is expected of all students, it should be understood in advance. Responsibility for each student's success is initially shared by the teacher and student, but once teachers have fulfilled their part, ultimate accountability rests with the student. Thus, the social studies classroom becomes a microcosm of the real world in which social/civic responsibility and participation is an ongoing process, uninterrupted by "time-outs" for the incongruity of formal testing. Social studies, often considered to be the most content-oriented of the core curriculum areas, is ripe for reform. The call for alternative assessments only serves to highlight the importance of rethinking current practice in social studies as we recognize once again the close link between the over-arching goal of public education and that of social studies. As the nation moves toward assessments of student achievement which are more closely aligned with what is demanded of us in the real world and which demand student-generated demonstrations of mastery, traditional practices in social studies are called into question. Both curriculum and instruction, often geared toward low-level recall of facts, must be revisited. Test-teach-test modes, in which assessment is treated as separate from instruction, also deserve to be reexamined with regard to how well such practice mirrors how we are evaluated in the real world. Whether or not alternative assessments take hold at state and national levels, the trend has brought us face-to-face with our responsibility as social studies practitioners in schools and classrooms. Traditional practices cannot effectively prepare young people to demonstrate achievement of civic competence. REFERENCES AND ERIC RESOURCES American Association of School Administrators. TESTING: WHERE WE STAND. Arlington, VA: Author, 1989. ED 314 854. Archbald, Doug A., and Fred M. Newmann. BEYOND STANDARDIZED TESTING. Reston, VA: National Association of Secondary School Principals, 1988. ED 301 587. Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing. MONITORING THE IMPACT OF TESTING AND EVALUATION INNOVATIONS PROJECT: STATE ACTIVITY AND INTEREST CONCERNING PERFORMANCE-BASED ASSESSMENT. Los Angeles: UCLA, 1990. ED 327 570. Haney, Walter, and George Madaus. "Searching for Alternatives to Standardized Tests: Whys, Whats, and Whithers." PHI DELTA KAPPAN 70 (May 1989):683-687. EJ 388 720. Kellaghan, Thomas, George F. Madaus, and Peter F. Airasian. THE EFFECTS OF STANDARDIZED TESTING. Hingham, MA: Kluwer-Nijhoff Publishing, 1982. Maeroff, Gene I. "Assessing Alternative Assessment." PHI DELTA KAPPAN 73 (December 1991):273-281. EJ 435 781. Medina, Noe J., and D. Monty Neill. FALLOUT FROM THE TESTING EXPLOSION: HOW 100 MILLION STANDARDIZED EXAMS UNDERMINE EQUITY AND EXCELLENCE IN AMERICA'S PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Cambridge, MA: National Center for Fair and Open Testing, 1988. ED 318 749. Nickell, Pat. "Doing the Stuff of Social Studies: A Conversation with Grant Wiggins." SOCIAL EDUCATION 56 (February 1992):91-94. EJ number to be assigned. Peterson, Kent D. "Effective Schools and Authentic Assessment." THE NEWSLETTER OF THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR EFFECTIVE SCHOOLS 3 (March 1991):14. Resnick, Lauren B. EDUCATION AND LEARNING TO THINK. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1987. ED 289 832. Shavelson, Richard J. AUTHENTIC ASSESSMENT: THE RHETORIC AND THE REALITY. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association meeting, April, 1991. Wiggins, Grant "A True Test: Toward More Authentic and Equitable Assessment." PHI DELTA KAPPAN 70 (May 1989):703-713. EJ 388 723. This publication was prepared with funding from the Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education, under contract no. RI88062009. The opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the positions or policies of OERI or ED. Dr. Pat Nickell is Director, Instructional Support Services, the Fayette County Public Schools in Lexington, Kentucky. She currently serves on the Curriculum Standards Task Force of the National Council for the Social Studies. Title: Alternative Assessment: Implications for Social Studies. ERIC Digest. Descriptors: Educational Change; Educational Practices; * Educational Testing; Educational Trends; Elementary Secondary Education; * Evaluation Methods; Holistic Evaluation; * Social Studies; * Student Evaluation Identifiers: *Alternative Assessment; ERIC Digests ©1999-2012 Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation. All rights reserved. Your privacy is guaranteed at

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What do you mean by page formatting? Page formatting is the layout of the page when it is printed on a printer. It includes page size, page orientation, page margins, headers and footer etc. page formatting is defined in page setup dialog box. What is Word formatting? Document formatting refers to the way a document is laid out on the page—the way it looks and is visually organized—and it addresses things like font selection, font size and presentation (like bold or italics), spacing, margins, alignment, columns, indentation, and lists. What is the legal symbol for paragraph? The standard legal symbol shortcuts |¶||Paragraph (Pilcrow)||Alt + 20| |©||Copyright||Alt + 0169| |®||Registered Trademark||Alt + 0174| |™||Trademark||Alt + 0153| How do you format a page? To format page margins: - Select the Page Layout tab, then click the Margins command. Clicking the Margins command. - A drop-down menu will appear. Click the predefined margin size you want. Changing the page margins. - The margins of the document will be changed. How do you cite a bill in text? Citing a Federal Bill Include the bill title (if relevant), the abbreviated name of the house (H.R. or S.) and number of the bill, the number of the Congress, and the year of publication. When the URL is available, include it at the end of the reference list entry. How do you reference a paragraph in a contract? A paragraph mark or section mark should always be followed by a nonbreaking space. The nonbreaking space acts like glue that keeps the mark joined with the numeric reference that follows. Without the nonbreaking space, the mark and the reference can end up on separate lines or pages. This can confuse readers. What is a paragraph of a legal document? Definitions of paragraph a distinct section (often a subsection) in a statute, contract or other legal document, often numbered. How do you in text cite a court case in MLA? Accessed Day Month Year. Name of the Court. Title of Case. Title of Reporter, volume, Publisher, Year, Page(s). How do you cite a contract? When quoting a contract, you should write the quote and then include the page number and section where the quote can be found. If you cite a contract in a letter, you should inform the recipient that you can provide them a copy of the contract if necessary. How do you cite a legal contract? Most legal citations consist of the name of the document (case, statute, law review article), an abbreviation for the legal series, and the date. The abbreviation for the legal series usually appears as a number followed by the abbreviated name of the series and ends in another number. For example: Morse v. What are the three types of formatting? To help understand Microsoft Word formatting, let’s look at the four types of formatting: - Character or Font Formatting. - Paragraph Formatting. - Document or Page Formatting. - Section Formatting. How do you change page format in Word? Change page orientation to landscape or portrait - To change the orientation of the whole document, select Layout > Orientation. - Choose Portrait or Landscape. How do you cite a legal case in text? To cite a court case or decision, list the name of the case, the volume and abbreviated name of the reporter, the page number, the name of the court, the year, and optionally the URL. The case name is italicized in the in-text citation, but not in the reference list. Where is formatting in Word? Open one word document, in the group of the “Menus” tab at the far left of the Ribbon of word you can view the “Format” menu and execute many commands from the drop-down menu of Format. How do you cite a section of a bill? Rule 13.2 holds that you should include in your citation the name of the bill, if relevant, the abbreviated name of the house, the number of the bill, the number of the Congress, the section, and the publication year. If there are multiple versions of the same bill, you can indicate such in a parenthetical. What is a formatting issue? The Number format issue in Excel is an issue wherein a Number is formatted or changed to Text, Date, or any other format that is not recognized by Excel. Solution: In such cases, users can use Error Checking or Paste Special as fixes. What are some examples of legal documents? Some common legal documents include: - Corporate bylaws. - Non-disclosure agreements. - Purchase agreements. - Employment contracts. - Loan agreements. - Employment and independent contractor agreements. - Consulting agreements. - Partnership agreements. How do you format a legal document? How to Set Up a Legal Document Format - Open a new blank document in Word. - Change the standard letter size of 8 1/2 inches by 11 inches to legal-sized paper. - Change to the appropriate margin sizes if and when necessary. - Select a standard serif font type such as Times New Roman, Courier or New York. - Set and adjust the spacing as necessary. What font should legal documents be written in? And the U.S. Supreme Court has long required lawyers to use a font from the “Century family” (e.g., Century Schoolbook). Of course, most courts don’t go that far. Most courts simply require a “legible” font of a particular size (usually at least 12-point). How do you cite a law in MLA? A basic citation would include the title of the code as displayed on the site, the title of the website as the title of the container, the publisher of the website, and the location: United States Code. Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text. How do you cite a law? A case citation is generally made up of the following parts: - the names of the parties involved in the lawsuit. - the volume number of the reporter containing the full text of the case. - the abbreviated name of that case reporter. - the page number on which the case begins the year the case was decided; and sometimes. What is page formatting in MS Word? A page format contains formatting controls for your data set that indicate where and how text, and optionally, page overlays and page segments are to be placed on the page. The page format is defined relative to the origin of the sheet specified in the form definition. What is the difference between a section and a paragraph? As nouns the difference between section and paragraph is that section is a cutting; a part cut out from the rest of something while paragraph is article, paragraph (section of a legal document). How do you cite a public law? For each citation, include: - Public law number (P.L.) and title, if provided. - Statutes at Large (Stat.) volume and page, date, and enacted bill number, if known. - Database name (Text from: United States Public Laws) - Web service name (Available from: LexisNexis® Congressional) - Date accessed by the user (Accessed: date) How do you write a legal document? Here’s how to write a legal document in 10 simple steps: - Plan Out the Document Before You Begin. - Write with Clear and Concise Language. - Ensure the Correct Use of Grammar. - Be as Accurate as Possible. - Make Information Accessible. - Ensure All Necessary Information Is Included. - Always Use an Active Voice. What is the format of something? 1 : the shape, size, and general makeup (as of something printed) 2 : general plan of organization, arrangement, or choice of material (as for a television show) 3 : a method of organizing data (as for storage) various file formats. How do I get rid of proofing language in Word? Remove languages that you don’t use - Open a Microsoft Office program, such as Word. - Click File > Options > Language. - Under Choose Editing Languages, select the language that you want to remove, and then click Remove. Notes: How do you edit proofing and formatting text in Microsoft Office? Editing and Formatting a Document - Microsoft Office Word 2003. Tutorial 2 – Editing and Formatting a Document. - Check spelling and grammar. - The Spelling and Grammar dialog box. - Proofread your document. - Select and delete text. - Slide 6. - Move text within the document. - Drag-and-drop text. How do you write documents? How to Write a Document, Step by Step: - Step 1: Planning Your Document. As with any other project, a writing project requires some planning. - Step 2: Research and Brainstorming. - Step 3: Outlining the Structure of Your Document. - Step 4: Writing Your Document. - Step 5: Editing Your Document. What is proper formatting? Line Spacing: All text in your paper should be double-spaced. Margins: All page margins (top, bottom, left, and right) should be 1 inch. All text should be left-justified. Indentation: The first line of every paragraph should be indented 0.5 inches. What is formatting and its types? Formatting refers to the appearance or presentation of your essay. Another word for formatting is layout. Most essays contain at least four different kinds of text: headings, ordinary paragraphs, quotations and bibliographic references. What is a proofing tool? All standard PC clusters provide support for multilingual word processing, in the form of Proofing Tools provided with Microsoft Office 2010. The addition of proofing tools enables you to use the spelling and grammar checking capabilities in Microsoft Office for a wide range of languages. What is Microsoft Office proofing tools? Microsoft Office 2013 Proofing Tools allows people to edit Office documents in more than 50 languages. These editing tools may include spelling and grammar checkers, thesauruses, and hyphenators. What are the different types of formatting in MS Word? What are proofing errors? When you have a document open that contains spelling or grammatical errors, the Proofing icon on the Status Bar displays a “Proofing errors were found. If there is an “x” on the icon, there are proofing errors (spelling and/or grammatical errors) in your document. Click the icon to open the Proofing Panel. How do you show proof documents in Word? Check Your Proofing Options - Go to ‘File’. - Click on ‘Options’. - In the menu on the left-hand side, choose ‘Proofing’. - Under ‘When correcting spelling and grammar in Word’, check that ‘Grammar & more’ (if using Word 2016, otherwise this will be ‘Grammar & Style’) is selected from the dropdown menu. What is the use of spelling and proofing option? Spell Check Documents If you prefer, you can make corrections when you’ve completed your essay or research paper. To do this, select ‘Spelling and Grammar’ in the ‘Proofing’ window, and spell check will scan all words in the document and suggest corrections for errors. How you edit and format a document text? Edit a Microsoft Word document - Open the file that you want to edit. - Choose from the following tasks: Task. Steps. Edit text. Click the. Edit. tab. Select the text that you want to edit. Using the tools in the edit toolbar, change the required formatting including font style, paragraph alignment, list formatting, and indentation options. Insert images. How do I download proofing tools? 3. Install the Proofing Tools 2016 - Open the Microsoft Office Proofing Tools 2016. - On the download center page, select the language. - Click the Download button to proceed. - Select the 32-bit/64-bit version of proofing tools, depending on your OS edition. - Click Next. How can you apply different types of formatting in a document? You can also apply most types of formatting via the ribbon, the mini-toolbar, or the keyboard shortcut. - Characters. Use the Font dialog box (Alt+H, FN) to format characters. - Paragraphs. Use the Paragraph dialog box (Alt+H, PG) to format paragraphs. - Sections. Use the Page Setup dialog box (Alt+P, SP) to format sections. Why is Microsoft Word correcting in French? To fix issue like this in Microsoft Word where the Synonyms for a particular document is in different language or the proofing language/spell check is changed to French, Spanish, etc; First select all the document (shortcut Ctrl + A) and navigate to Review Tab > Language > Set Proofing Language and then in the pop up . How do I change proofing settings in Word? Click “File”. Then click “Options” to open “Word Options” window. Next choose “Proofing”. On the right-down side, choose a document you want to make exceptions in the “Exceptions for” list box. How can I change Microsoft Office Language? Configure Office language for newer Office versions - Within any Office application, select File > Options > Language. - Under Office display Language, make sure the display language you want Office to use is listed. - Select the language you want, and then select Set as Preferred.

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Cultural Imperatives, Cultural Electives, Cultural Exclusives, Causes of Political Instability, Attributes of International Marketers Culture has a pervasive impact on our business negotiations. Describe the four areas where differing cultures among parties may impact our negotiations with examples. Language is one of the most important components of a country’s or person’s culture, and when it comes to business negotiation, impacts of lingual differences shouldn’t be underestimated. If two parties of a business deal speak different languages, both parties should expect that there may be misunderstandings, confusions, misinterpretations, or meanings lost in translation occur during the negotiation, it’s normal. Direct translations of words or sentences may result in a completely different meaning in another language. Therefore, parties should be careful about understanding the counterpart correctly. I remember in my business meetings in Turkey, we frequently had meetings with lawyers from certain Asian countries to negotiate over a contract (I was a lawyer back then), and they would frequently talk among each other during the meeting. One day, I had asked this to my senior colleague, and he said ‘’They’re probably doing it to clarify what we said in English as their language is rather different than English and they don’t want to misunderstand or misinterpret the terms of the deal. So it’s a good thing, not a disrespect’’. 2. Nonverbal behaviors Language is verbal, but there is also a non-verbal language that is as much important as the verbal language. Non-verbal language and behaviors carry sometimes more meaning than verbal language. Some cultures use non-verbal cues such as facial expressions or body language more than other cultures. For instance, in one study, Americans say they find Japanese negotiators ‘’hard to read’’ because they lack facial expressions. Or, I’m from the Mediterranean culture, and we are known as being an open book and using our body language A LOT, which means we make it visible and obvious with our hands, bodies, and facial expressions what we think in our mind. We even say if we cannot understand each other by talking, nema problema, we do it by using our body language. Values of culture are harder to predict or fully learn because they are more subtle than language or non-verbal cues. Cultural values are rooted in the country’s or people’s traditions, customs, beliefs, history, even geography, religion, etc. It’s almost impossible to know your counterparty’s all values and act accordingly in a business deal. You may have a general opinion, but you cannot be 100% on the spot because every individual’s values differ too. For instance, Scandinavian people or Germans would be very strict about timing and punctuality, but that’s not the case in the Middle Eastern culture. So, a German executive shouldn’t feel offended or disrespected when her/his Arabic counterpart doesn’t show up on time to the meeting. 4. Thinking and decision-making processes This is a very subtle one too. Every culture inherently allows its people to compose different thinking and decision-making process. Business decision-making steps differ between the cultures. It’s not right to expect every party in a business deal would discuss the issues or terms in the same way or sequence, or come to a conclusion at the same time or with the same method. For instance, in Asian cultures, it’s expected that the parties should build a trust relationship before discussing anything related to business. However, in European culture, for example for Germans, that can be confusing because Germans want to speak business when they come together with their soon-to-be business partners. It can be considered a waste of time for Germans to spend several hours on relationship building before any business discussion happens with their Asian partners. Explain the differences in each the concepts of Cultural Imperatives, Cultural Electives and Cultural Exclusives including the use of examples. 1. Cultural Imperatives Imperatives are the customs, or expectations that must be met between the parties. These are considered almost mandatory to occur for success in the business. For instance, for an Arabic company’s business negotiation deal happening in their country, they can expect the women in the counterparty team to come to a meeting with a modest or conservative outfit. This can be a strong expectation on their end, and if not met, they can even end the meeting before it starts because they take it as a disrespect to their values or culture. 2. Cultural Electives As the name suggests, electives are optional behaviours or acts that are advisable to do, but not mandatory. Conforming with electives may help you build a better relationship with your business counterpart and get a more successful deal. For instance, Russians love when a foreign counterpart speaks their language in a business deal. If you start the negotiation by saying some basic, simple words in Russian, they automatically like you and it’d be so easy to get what you want as terms and conditions in such a deal. I’m talking from own experiences as we used to try this technique when I was practising my profession in Turkey. I speak Russian and whenever we had a client from any Russian-speaking countries, I’d be present in the meeting room and speak in Russian here and there to show our sympathy toward their language which is part of their culture. 3. Cultural Exclusives Exclusives are the opposite of Imperatives, these are the behaviours or actions that the foreigners should NOT conduct. These are only for locals, and outsiders must not partake. For instance, French can become very critical about their government, country, or culture, but if you as a foreigner say anything against the French culture or country, they don’t take it lightly. They can be very patriotic when it comes to defending their nationality against a foreigner, but they feel free to critique as a local. Foreigners should refrain from getting comfortable with a French about critiquing their country or culture, because that can cost a relationship for the parties. Political instability is a key issue when performing a country analysis with the objective of investment and business development in that country. Describe and discuss the five causes of political instability with examples. For an international marketer who conducts business overseas, or considers expanding to different countries, the political instability of such country is the very first thing to assess and analyze. If a country doesn’t have political stability, then conducting business in such country may be painful, may bring harms more than benefits, or cost more than generated revenue. Politically stable countries attract foreign investment, and foreign businesses. Causes of instability can be summarized as follows: 1. Inherent instability According to the textbook, some forms of government are unstable inherently. There are three common forms in use today: monarchy (or dictatorship), aristocracy (or oligarchy), and democracy. The textbook implies that some forms are better than others. I don’t agree with this idea as I don’t think the ‘’naming’’ is important. Naming your government setting as ‘’democracy’’ doesn’t mean that your country is the best, there are many ‘’democratic’’ governments in the world which are close to dictatorship. Or, having a monarchy in the country doesn’t mean that the government is doomed to fail. For instance, the UK and Saudi Arabia have the same form: monarchy. Or, Belarus, United States, and Congo have the same form: democracy (republic). Can we say these countries are governed in the same way? No. So, instability is not inherent in the governmental forms in my opinion. 2. Political shifts / Change in power Instability can come with a change in political parties in power in a country. A political shift in a country may bring instability if it occurs frequently, or if the change brings a party in power from an opposite wing. For instance, Trudeau is a member of the liberal party and Trudeau’s actions represent liberalism and liberal values. If conservatives come to power in Canada, that can increase the country’s right-wing-orientation, and shift many policies and actions in the country’s politics to an opposite direction. Nationalism is a very dangerous attribute. It’s an intense, sometimes a radical feeling or opinion of a person’s pride in his country. Trump’s ‘’Make America Great Again’’ campaign is the representation of nationalism. Nationalism trend in a country pushes the foreign investment and business away as nationalists develop anti-foreign business bias and see foreigners as a threat. Extreme nationalism may support damaging, harming, harassing any foreign brands or companies in a country. 4. Animosity toward specific countries While nationalism is conducted toward all countries, animosity is targeted to one or more, specific countries. For instance, some African or Arabic countries embrace US companies, whereas some of them hate any company or brand that’s associated with the United States. So, a US company should be very careful to expand business or set up branches in such countries where animosity towards anything American is dangerously high. 5. Trade disputes International trade disputes between countries may bring instability to both parties. Recent steel crisis between the US and Canada, the recent meat crisis between China and Canada, sanctions posed by the US to Iran can be given as examples to trade disputes. Describe six attributes of an international marketer (person) with good cultural skills? Do you think such attributes are important? Describe one that you have? An international marketer (or in general a person with good cultural skills) would have the following attributes: - Being respectful in communications with people from different cultures and having positive sense and genuine interest in different cultures. - Being tolerant of cultural differences and ambiguity arising from such differences, and having the ability to handle them without getting frustrated - Displaying empathy to other people’s lives, needs, behaviours, actions, etc. before criticizing - Refraining from being judgmental about other people’s lives, behaviours, words, actions, or values, beliefs, rituals. - Having awareness about self-reference criterion and recognizing that our own culture and values will unavoidably influence how we see others - Good sense of humour toward the frustration or challenge arising from unexpected or unplanned situations These skills help us to be able to relate to a different culture even if we are totally unfamiliar with it. The good thing is these can be learned like any other social skills. If we would like to better cope with cultural differences, we should work on these skills to develop or improve to the point that will allow us to survive in, say, a diverse workforce such as Canadian workforce. I believe I carry these attributes, each to a certain extent. In my view, knowing the self-reference criterion concept bring huge self-awareness to a person. I’ve been 22 countries so far, and I lived in 5 of them, I don’t usually find myself judging, criticizing or challenging any cultural differences anymore, but I remember in my first trips abroad, it was an easy way to judge others without thinking that this judgmental behaviour comes from the mere fact that I have limited awareness about SRC or ethnocentrism. My then limited interaction or familiarity with different cultures would keep me from being open or tolerant.

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Every night we have dreams. They can be entertaining, disturbing, and even bizarre. There are five different phases in a sleep cycle. In stage one, there is light sleep, slow eye movement, and reduced muscle activity. Within the stage, it completes and forms around four to five percent of overall sleep. In stage two, the eye movement stops, and the brain waves will start to slow down but will have occasional rapid waves known as sleep spindles. The stage forms approximately forty-five to fifty-five percent of overall sleep. In stage three, there are prolonged brain waves known as delta waves beginning to make an appearance, and they interact with smaller, faster waves. This stage will form four to six percent of overall sleep. In stage four, the brain will produce delta waves almost exclusively; it is challenging to wake up a person during stages three and four, which is why both combined are known as deep sleep. There isn’t any eye movement or muscle activity during deep sleep, so when a person is awakened when they are in deep sleep, they tend not to adjust immediately. Additionally, they will often feel disoriented for several minutes after they are awakened. This stage will form around twelve to fifteen percent of overall sleep. In stage five, which is also known as rapid eye movement (REM), breathing will become more rapid, irregular, and shallow. The eyes will jerk rapidly, and indifferent various directions, the muscles will become temporarily paralyzed. The heart rate will increase, and the blood pressure will rise; it also causes arousal. When someone is awakened during REM sleep, they will speak bizarrely and at times in weird illogical tales. The REM stage also causes dreams, and it accounts for twenty to twenty-five percent of overall sleep. Dreams can occur at any time during sleep, however, the most vibrant dreams will occur during deep or REM sleep because it is when the brain is most active. People will typically have at least four to six dreams per night during REM sleep. Everyone has dreams while they are sleeping, but not everyone remembers when they are awake. Dreams are simply stories and images that our mind will create while we are fast asleep. Some can be vivid, others can make you happy, sad, or even scared; sometimes, it can seem confusing or rational. Lucid dreams are when you are sleeping and dreaming, but you are actively aware that you are dreaming. The brain’s activity will increase in a boost of activity, and it occurs in the part of the brain that is typically at rest during sleep. Lucid dreams are when the brain is in between REM sleep and being awake. Some people who have lucid dreams can influence their own dreams, such as changing the story, which may be beneficial and a good tactic if they are having a nightmare. Still, some medical experts would argue that it is better to let dreams play and flow naturally instead of interfering to change the course of a dream of action. A nightmare is basically a bad dream that will cause a person to wake up from their sleep. It differs from a common, well-known usage that refers to a dream being a threatening, scary, or bothersome dream that is normally described as a nightmare. A nightmare is a bad dream and is most common in children and adults, but anyone can have a nightmare, including animals like dogs or cats. In fact, it is noticeable when they are having a bad dream because they will make noises or fidget. I believe I read somewhere once that when a pet is having a nightmare, it is best to wake them up, however, I am not completely sure if it is true so please don’t take my word for it. Nightmares are caused by stress, conflicts, fear, trauma, emotional issues, medication or drug problems, and illnesses. If you are having serious nightmares repeatedly, it can be because your subconscious is trying to tell you something. That being said, depending on what is happening when you are dreaming, you may want to listen to it. If you can’t understand and figure out why you have a bad dream, you should talk to a health care provider that specializes in mental health, they could probably help you understand what is causing your bad dreams and most likely will give you different tips that can put you at ease. It is important to keep in mind that no matter how terrifying a nightmare is, it is not real and has an extremely high probability that it will not happen to you in real life. Bad dreams are normal and usually not a big deal, but if someone has frequent nightmares, it will interfere with their sleep, and it will cause their think patterns and mood to be affected during the daytime. In certain cases, dreams will not affect overall sleep, and dreaming is essential to have a healthy sleeping habit. It is generally considered to be completely and understandably normal and will have no negative effects on sleep. The only exception will be nightmares because nightmares will involve awakening the person, and it can be problematic if it occurs frequently. Distressing dreams can cause the person to avoid sleeping, and it will lead to insufficient sleep and when the person does sleep, the previous sleep deprivation can induce a REM rebound and can worsen nightmares. The repetitive negative cycle can cause some people who have frequent nightmares to experience different insomnia situations, causing chronic sleep issues. Therefore, for this reason, people who have nightmares more than once a week, have a fragmented sleep pattern, or have excessive daytime sleepiness or repetitive changes to their thought process or mood changes should speak to their local doctor. The doctor will be able to review the different symptoms and identify different potential causes and treatment methods to help adjust their sleeping problems. Insomnia is basically a disorder characterized by stress, and it contains negative emotions and primarily focuses on the individual self in a negative perspective. The dreams of people who have insomnia will tend to focus primarily on current life stressors and anxieties and cause the person to have a low mood the next day. To have good sleep management, it is encouraged to reduce stress before going to bed, such as having a consistent sleep routine, have the bedroom cool, dark, quiet, and free of having anything that can disturb or scare you during your sleep. The frequency of stress-related negative dreams will be reduced. In my opinion, I believe whatever you think will reduce your stress levels should be done. For example, when I am going to bed I prefer to have zero lights on, cold, and no noises such as music or a TV on but if you like to sleep with a movie/show playing or lights on then that it is your preference and you should always adjust the way you sleep to make you more comfortable and happy. If you go to sleep with a troubling thought, you may wake up having a solution or at least be able to feel better about the situation, which is why I personally like it when I am sad or upset because when I go to sleep feeling a certain way when I wake up. I feel a whole lot better and sometimes have forgotten why I was feeling a certain way. Some dreams can help our brains process our thoughts and events that occur throughout the day. Other people could say that dreams result from normal brain activities and have no or very little meaning, but researchers still try to figure out why we dream every night. REM sleep will last only a few minutes at the beginning of the night, but it will start to be longer as we are sleeping. Later in the night, it can be more than thirty minutes, so it is possible that you can spend half an hour dreaming in a single dream. There are many opinions about why we dream and different views on what dreams mean. Many medical experts say that dreams have no affiliation or connection to our real emotions or inner thoughts; they are strange stories and do not relate to everyday life. Others may say that dreams can reflect our thoughts, feelings, deepest desires, fears, and concerns and can occur in dreams that happen repeatedly. If we interpret our dreams, we may gain insight into what is happening in our lives and thoughts in our brains. Many people say that they have come up with all their best ideas while they are dreaming, which I find fascinating because I have not been sleeping well over the past few weeks. My dreams have to seem extremely realistic lately I will wake up crying or having to reflect on the previous day to make sure that the events in my dream did not occur in real life. Hence, I decided to write this article to bring attention to the sleep process and understand why I have not been sleeping decently. People can have similar dreams, such as being chased, falling off a cliff, or showing up in a public place naked or something the person considers to be embarrassing. Therefore, these types of dreams are most likely caused by hidden or suppressed stress or anxiety. Dreams can be similar, but some experts say that the meaning behind similar dreams is actually unique to each person. Many experts also say not to rely on books that attempt to describe dream dictionaries that will give specific meanings for a certain dream, but the reason behind the dream is unique to you. For one, I love books that give a brief idea of what a topic within a dream means. The books can show me images or symbols, but I do not believe that books tell me what my dreams mean. I think they try to bring awareness of what the main idea most likely represents. Perhaps it is because I love to read and I find it to be fun and enjoyable. I love books in general, especially those that can capture my attention, or maybe because I am a psychology major, so I find the brain to be fascinating as well as certain topics covered within neuroscience. I will spend hours watching documentaries or reading articles because it piques my interest and is something I love to learn and gain more knowledge on. It is not known for sure why we forget dreams easily, but different theories that involve our brains say that they are programmed to forget dreams because maybe if we remember them constantly when we wake up, we might not be able to separate our dreams from our real memories. Another idea could be that it is harder to remember our dreams because, during REM sleep, our body shuts down the certain area of the brain that helps create memories. So we may remember the dreams that are happening right before we wake up when the brain activities start to turn on and continue the duties. Some people say that it is not our mind that forgets dreams; we do not know how to access our dreams. Dreams may be stored in our memories, waiting to be recalled before moving to short-term memory instead of long-term memory. It may also be why we suddenly recall or remember a dream we had later throughout the day because something happened in the day that made us trigger the memory of the dream. There are tips to help recall a dream for someone who is interested in remembering their dreams more often. If you are a deep or sound sleeper and typically do not wake up until the morning, then you are less likely to remember your dreams, unlike other people who wake up several times repeatedly throughout the night. I would classify myself as the person who wakes up constantly throughout the night because I am a light sleeper. I fall back asleep while I am still in the adjusting phase, but sometimes I find my sleeping habits to be a curse. After all, I cannot even put into words how sensitive I am regarding sleeping since I love to sleep so much. However, countless tips can help you remember your dreams. First, wake up without an alarm; you are highly likely to remember a dream if you wake up naturally rather than with an alarm because when it goes off, your brain immediately switches its attention to focus on turning off the sound that is disturbing your sleep. Unfortunately, we as college students most likely need an alarm depending on the day of the week because we have an early class, so if we don’t get up early, then we will be late to class or miss it entirely. You can also remind yourself to remember, so if you decided to remember your dreams and constantly think about them, then you are likely to remember your dreams in the morning. Playback dreams are also beneficial because if you think about your dream right after waking up, it can be easier to remember it later. On the other hand, if you are curious about what happens in your dreams and want to sort out possible meanings behind the dreams, you should consider having a dream diary or journal. When I was younger, my dad, sister, and I would have a meeting every morning to discuss our dreams, and as a group, we will write them down. Then we will take turns analyzing it to figure out the meaning behind our dreams, and then we will come up with solutions on how to solve the reasoning behind why we have certain dreams. Therefore, write down your dreams, maybe keep a notebook and pen next to your bed and then record your dreams first thing in the morning so the memory of the dream is still fresh on your mind. You should write down anything you can recall and how it made you feel; even if you can only remember bits and pieces of random information. Your journal should not have judgments because dreams sometimes can be weird and can go against societal norms, so try not to judge yourself based on the dreams that you are having. You should also give each dream a title because it can help you refer back to the dream and could help give a little insight into why you had the dream or at least can assist on the meaning behind it. Dreams continue to be fascinating ever since the beginning of time and will most likely continue to puzzle us and inspire us to conduct further research. Sciences, more specifically neuroscience, helps us understand more about the human brain, but we never know what our dreams mean.

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MAN CAN NEVER discern more than a part of the circle in which he moves, although his powers and capacities are susceptible of infinite expansion. He discovers a faculty in himself, and cultivates it until it opens out into a universe of correlated faculties. The farther he goes into mind, the wider its horizon, until he is forced to acknowledge that he is not the personal, limited thing he appears, but the focus of an infinite idea. That idea contains within itself inexhaustible possibilities. These possibilities are projected into man's consciousness as an image is reflected in a mirror, and, through the powers vested in him, he brings them into manifestation. Thus man is the most important factor in creation — he is the will of God individualized. There is but one God, hence there can be but one ideal man. Each individual is the focus of the life, intelligence, love, and substance of this one universal man, Christ. We draw all our substance, of whatever nature, mental or physical, from Him: "In him we live, and move, and have our being." Our identity as individuals is formed by the infinitely various combinations of His attributes. We are the will of this Grand Man, Christ, and all of us draw on Him, through our sentient volition, for whatever we need. All that any individual has ever expressed, or may ever express, is open to each one of us, because there is but one fount and we all stand as equals in His presence. There is one principle of music; but there are millions of combinations, in symphony and song, of the few simple tones on which that principle is based. These tones are expressed in form as notes. They may be on the staff, in variations beyond computation, and similar variations may also be repeated above and below the staff. So each one of us focuses the attributes of man in his consciousness in infinite combinations on the staff — the intellect; above the staff, the spiritual; below the staff, the animal. Certain arrangements of dominant tones are recognized by musical composers as producing harmony. So in man; certain combinations of the attributes of the Christ in the individual, Jesus, produced the harmonious man, Christ Jesus. We refer to the Christ as man, because our language has no word which expresses the two-in-one of Being. The Hebrew Yeve is a term that includes both male and female attributes. Paul inspirationally said: "Have this mind in you, which was also in Christ Jesus: who, existing in the form of God, counted not the being on an equality with God a thing to be grasped." This is the problem set before each one of us. We all want to know how to let the mind be in us which was in Christ Jesus. We feel the stirring of powers and capacities which we have never been able to use because of a weakness in some co- ordinating faculty. One person may have a talent suppressed because of diffidence; another may have a talent rendered obnoxious by excessive egotism. This all shows that our powers are making servants of us. We must know who and what we are; we must take our place in the Godhead and marshal our forces. There are various methods for doing this. Most of them are limited; they never get above the intellect; they do not venture into the spiritual. Most of the methods are theoretical; they are written down by those who have perceived the truth but have not carried it out in detail. One man let his life be a demonstration of the bringing forth of the powers of the Christ; this was Jesus of Nazareth. From within He gave forth the doctrine of the Christ; externally He stood for perfected humanity, Jesus. His apostles represented the powers of all men acting their respective parts under varying moods, but eventually blended into the one harmony — perfect man. In order to command our powers, and to bring them into unity of action, we must know what they are, and their respective places on the staff of Being. The Grand Man, Christ, has twelve powers, represented in the history of Jesus by the twelve apostles. So each one of us has twelve powers to make manifest, to bring out and use in the attainment of his ideals. In this paragraph Mr. Fillmore describes the weak character of the ordinary stream of thought which passes through our minds with little or no effort on our part. This process can also be seen as "race consciousness running its course" through the channels of human minds. In the latter part of the paragraph he approaches the process of "faith-thinking," which he defines as thinking that is mostly generated in the love center. - Ed Rabel The most important power of man is the original faith-thinking faculty. Note particularly the term, "original faith-thinking faculty"; a great deal is involved in this definition. We all have the thinking faculty located in the head, from which we send forth thoughts, good, bad, and indifferent. If we are educated and molded after the ordinary pattern of the human family, we may live an average lifetime and never have an original thought. The thinking faculty in the head is supplied with the secondhand ideas of our ancestors, the dominant beliefs of the race, or the threadbare stock of the ordinary social whirl. This is not faith-thinking. Faith- thinking is done only by one who has caught sight of the inner truths of Being, and who feeds his thinking faculty on images generated in the heart, or love center. In contrasting faith-thinking to intellectual thinking, Mr. Fillmore is not criticizing intellectual thinking, but rather revealing insights about faith-thinking. Only one who has experienced faith-thinking can really appreciate its validity and its beautiful results. We would do well to pay special attention to Mr. Fillmore's reference to "ideas that come straight from the eternal fount of wisdom." We are all connected to that eternal fount, and we can open our connection ONLY FROM THE CONSCIOUS LEVEL OF OUR OWN MIND. - Ed Rabel Faith-thinking is not merely an intellectual process, based on reasoning. The faith- thinker does not compare, analyze, or draw conclusions from known premises. He does not take appearances into consideration; he is not biased by precedent. His thinking gives form, without cavil or question, to ideas that come straight from the eternal fount of wisdom. His perception impinges on the spiritual, and he knows. To the question, "Who do men say that the Son of man is?" those who reflected the indefinite, guessing thought currents of the day, answered: "Some say John the Baptist; some, Elijah; and others, Jeremiah, or one of the prophets." But Jesus is not asking for secondhand opinions; He appeals direct to the faculty in man that always knows. He says, "But who say ye that I am?" and that faculty represented as Peter, answers, "Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God." Then the Christ blesses him, and says: "Flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but my Father who is in heaven. And I also say unto thee, that thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church; and the gates of Hades shall not prevail against it." The thinking faculty in man makes him a free agent, because it is his creative center; in and through this one power, he establishes his consciousness — he builds his world. Through the volition of this faculty, he can refuse to receive ideas from Christ; he can cut himself away from the realm of original Truth or from the illusionary universe in which he is forever unraveling tangled ends and chasing shadows. Thus we see clearly that this faculty is the rock, the foundation on which our consciousness must be built. For generation after generation, humanity had exercised the thinking faculty, and fed it on the illusions of sense, and "every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually." The root of the Hebrew word here translated evil is aven, which means "nothing." Thus man was feeding his thinking faculty on nothing, instead of true thoughts from God. As the result of this lack of conscious connection of the thinking faculty with the Fountainhead of existence, humanity had reached a very low state. Then came Jesus of Nazareth, whose mission it was to connect the thinker with the true source of thought. Thinking at random had brought man into a deplorable condition, and his salvation depended on his again joining his consciousness to the Christ. Only through that connection could he be brought back into his Edenic state, the church of God. Then it was, in the darkness of intellect's night, that the thinking faculty caught sight of its higher self and joyfully exclaimed, "Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God," and the response to that gleam of spiritual perception was the acknowledgment of faith as the foundation on which the church of Christ is built. What an incalculable amount of time, energy, and effort has been wasted trying to build conditions of harmony, by both individuals and society, without making the connection between the thinker and the true source of thought. If you have not recognized the spiritual center within yourself, and have not acknowledged allegiance to it, you are drifting in the darkness of sense. You are allowing your thinking faculty to draw its thoughts (which are its food) from the chaos of ignorance, and you suffer the consequences in the discordant world it creates for you. Do not forget that everything that appears in your life and affairs, physically, mentally, or otherwise, has sometime been sent forth from your thinking faculty. It is only through the power vested in it that you can come into consciousness of anything. Consciousness makes your heaven and it makes your hell. Some persons have let the thinking faculty run away with them, and they cannot control their thoughts. So some drivers let their automobiles run away, but the law always holds them responsible for damage done, and they find it cheaper in the end to give stricter attention to driving. Get clearly into your understanding that you are not the faith-thinker, Peter. You are Jesus; Peter is one of your twelve powers. you are a builder in the realm of matter. Peter is a fisherman, one who draws his ideas from the changeable, unstable sea of sense. When you realize that you are Mind, and that all things are originally generated in the laboratory of Mind, you leave your carpenter's bench and go forth proclaiming this Truth that has been revealed to you. You find that your tools in this new field of labor are your untrained faculties. The first of these faculties to be brought under your dominion is Peter, the thinking power. This thinking faculty is closely associated with another power, your strength (Andrew; Andrew and Peter are brothers), and you say to them, " Come ye after me, and I will make you fishers of men." "Going on from thence" — that is, when you have trained these faculties until they are in a measure obedient, you discover two other powers: John (love) and James (justice). These are also brothers, and you call to them both at the same time. You now have four powers under your dominion; these are the first apostles of Jesus. With these you begin to do the works of Spirit. You now have the power to heal the many that are "sick with divers diseases, and cast out many demons," and to preach "throughout all Galilee." That Peter stands today at the gate of heaven is no mere figure of speech; he always stands there, when you have acknowledged the Christ; and he has the "keys of the kingdom of heaven." The keys are the thoughts he forms, the words he speaks. He then stands "porter at the door of thought," and freely exercises the power that the Christ declares: "Whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven; and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven." You can readily see why this faith-thinker, Peter, is the foundation; why faith is the one faculty to be guarded, directed, and trained. His words are operative on many planes of consciousness, and he will bind you to conditions of servitude if you do not guard his acts closely. The people who let their thinking faculty attach itself to the things of earth, are limiting or "binding" their free ideas, or "heaven," and they thereby become slaves to hard, material conditions, gradually shutting out any desire for higher things. Those who look right through the apparent hardships of earthly environments, and persistently declare them not material, but spiritual, are "loosing" them in the ideal, or "heaven." Those circumstances must, through the creative power vested in the thinker, eventually arrange themselves according to his word. This is also especially true of bodily conditions. If you allow Peter to speak of erroneous states of consciousness as true conditions, you will be bound to them, and you will suffer, but if you see to it that he pronounces them free from errors of sense, they will be "loosed." Until faith is thoroughly identified with the Christ, you will find that the Peter faculty in you is a regular weathercock. He will, in all sincerity, affirm his allegiance to Spirit, and then in the hour of adversity deny that he ever knew Him. This, however, is in his probationary period. When you have trained him to look to Christ for all things, under all circumstances, he becomes the stanchest defender of the faith. How necessary it is for you to know the important place in your consciousness that this faculty, Peter, occupies. You are the free will, the directive Ego, Jesus. You have the problem of life before you — the bringing forth of the Grand Man with His twelve powers. This is your "church." You are the high priest without beginning of years or end of days, the alpha and the omega, but without disciplining your powers you cannot do what the Father has set before you. Your thinking faculty is the first to be considered. It is the inlet and the outlet of all your ideas. It is always active, zealous, impulsive, but not always wise. Its nature is to think, and think it will. If you are ignorant of your office — a prince in the house of David — and stand meekly letting it think unsifted thoughts, your thinking faculty will prove an unruly servant and produce all sorts of discord. Its food is ideas — symbolized in the gospels as fish — and it is forever casting its net on the right, on the left, for a draught. You alone can direct where its net shall be cast. You are he who says, "Cast the net on the right side." The "right side" is always on the side of Truth, the side of power. Whenever you, the master, are in command, the nets are filled with ideas, because you are in touch with the infinite storehouse of wisdom. You must stay very close to Peter — you must always be certain of his allegiance and love. Test him often. Say to him, "Lovest thou me more than these?" You want his undivided attention. He is inclined to wander. We say our "mind wanders." This is an error. The mind never wanders. The faith-thinker, Peter, wanders; he looks in many directions. He stands at the door of heaven, the harmony within you; the same door has the world of sense on its outer side. Peter looks within — he also looks without. This is his office, and it is right that he should look both ways. But he must be equalized, balanced. He must look within for his sustenance; he must recognize the Christ before he can draw his net full of fish. Keep your eye on Peter. Make him toe the mark every moment. Teach him to affirm over and over again. Say unto him "the third time, Simon, son of John, lovest thou me?" He may say, "Lord, thou knowest all things; thou knowest that I love thee." This is a very common protest. We hear in this day of modern metaphysics that concentration is not necessary; that it is only necessary to perceive spiritual Truth; that the demonstration will follow. Jesus gave us many lessons on this very point. He knew Peter like a book. He knew that this faculty was versatile but apt to change its base frequently. When in the exuberance of his allegiance Peter protested that he would lay down his life for Jesus, the Master said, "Verily, verily, I say unto thee, The cock shall not crow, till thou hast denied me thrice." You must teach Peter to concentrate. Teach him to center himself on true words. It is through him that you feed your sheep (your other faculties). Keep him at his task. He is inquisitive, impulsive, and dictatorial when not firmly directed. When he questions your dominion and tries to dictate the movements of your other powers, put him into line, with, "What is that to thee? follow thou me." Descartes said, "I think, therefore I am." This is precisely as if Jesus had said, "I am Peter, therefore I am." This is the I AM losing itself in its own creation. Exactly the converse of this statement is true: "I am, therefore I think." Thinking is a faculty of the Ego, the omnipotent I AM of each one of us. It is a process in mind, the formulating process of mind, and under our dominion. Mr. Fillmore speaks here of "separating your I AM from the thinking faculty." In the second paragraph he gives an account of his own personal experience of the results which often occur when one succeeds in doing this. You are a being of many levels and dimensions. Your sense of I am is very mobile and flexible. You can do many things with it. You can place it on higher levels within yourself than you may have ever realized. You can actually use your sense of I am to OBSERVE YOUR THINKING SELF. By doing this you can avoid getting tangled up with certain thought forms. Your observing sense of I am can begin to control your "thinking self." It can decide to change thoughts or to begin to think in an entirely new and better way. Ed Rabel, Metaphysics 1, Prayer and Meditation, Beyond Thinking" - Ed Rabel The I AM does not think unless it wills to do so. You can stop all sense thought action when you have learned to separate your I AM from the thinking faculty. Know this, and live in Christ. Be no longer a slave to the thinking faculty. Command it to be still and know. Stand at the center of your being and say, "I and the Father are one." "I am meek and lowly in heart." "All authority hath been given unto me in heaven and on earth." "I am, and there is none beside me."

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The pH level of our drinking water can often be an aspect of our health that we easily overlook. With focus on fad diets and workout regimes, the thought of improving our drinking water usually falls at the bottom of our priority list, or isn’t addressed at all. Paying better attention to the pH levels in our drinking water can help the overall balance of our bodies. By alkalizing our water, we can easily contribute to our health by improving our metabolism, lowering the acidity in our bloodstream, slowing the progressions of aging down, and kick-starting our body’s full potential by lowering its overall acidity. The pH levels of our water can tear down our bodies from the inside out if we don’t’ pay close attention. Learning how to make alkaline water is an easy process, and the possible health benefits will be worth the extra step we put towards our drinking water. However, there are some who claim that alkalized H2O created from man-made mechanisms in our kitchens aren’t giving us the benefits naturally occurring alkaline H2O gives us. It’s important to criticize studies funded by products, and ingesting it in our own bodily system is the only true way we can know for certain whether we need to alkalize our drinking water. In this guide, we can find five different ways of alkalizing H2O. Two of them are more natural, using ingredients you can easily find in your home: baking soda and lemons. One is neutral, with barely any debates on its use in making water alkaline: pH drops. The other two methods have been criticized by doctors, and debates can still be found surrounding opposing claims: water ionizer and reverse osmosis filter. What is alkaline water? Water can either be acidic or alkaline, depending on its pH level. “pH” stands for “potential hydrogen” or “power of hydrogen” and refers to the amount of hydrogen ions contained within the substance. In H2O, they then attach to the water molecules to create hydronium ions: H3O. The more hydrogen, or hydronium ions, contained within the substance, the more acidic it becomes. Generally, water has a pH level of 7 (which is neutral) or 8 on the pH scale of 1-12. Acidic substances have pH levels between 1-6 while alkaline substances have pH levels between 8-12. To give you a better understanding of what substances are acidic and which ones are alkaline, regard the following scale: Though tap water leaving water plants usually has a pH level ranging from 6.5-8, it often changes when traveling through pipelines to our homes. Tap water can become increasingly acidic and pull metals from the pipes which aren’t healthy for consumption. If we drink water from the tap, it would be ideal to filter it and/or make our water alkaline. By filtering our water, we keep out the metals that can weigh us down in our stomach, making us feel fuller, as well as keeping out contaminants from our bloodstream. However, by alkalizing our water, we make the substance less acidic. When we alkalize our water, it doesn’t mean the contaminants have been removed. Therefore, keep in mind the best type of alkalized water is made with filtered or bottled water. A great way to find out the pH level of our water is by purchasing pH strips which can often be found in stores that sell items for pools and/or hot tubs. Several online stores also carry them if you type in “buy pH strips online” into a search engine. There is a method of creating our own pH strips at home, by using a cabbage. Cut or chop a red cabbage into small enough pieces to fit in a blender, then blend with a very slight amount of water to get the juice out. Microwave the cabbage and its juice until it boils/steams. Now, dip either a coffee filter or filter paper into the juice, assuring it’s soaked through and dark. Let it dry, then cut the paper up into strips. It’s important to test the strips with vinegar and baking soda or other known acids and alkaline to see what the color transitions are for your specific pH paper. Once this is known, you’re ready to use your made-at-home pH strips on unknowns. Why make water alkaline? Now that we know what it is, why should we care if our water is alkaline or not? There have been various debates over whether or not it actually offers us health benefits, but one thing is certain. As our diets consist of more and more of processed foods and animal proteins, it’s more likely that the overall pH level of our bodies is steadily changing. To neutralize the effects, alkalizing our water could be the solution. Mayo Clinic explains that making our water alkaline could help with bone density loss, since acidic substances traveling through your bloodstream pull at minerals, i.e., the calcium your bones. Though there haven’t been enough experiments testing this hypothesis, individual cases have been reported and offer us insight into this theory. When to make water alkaline? To decide when we should make our water alkaline depends on what our motive is. If we believe the side of the debate which states there are multiple benefits to drinking water that’s been alkalized, then we can begin a regime of altering stages: drinking water that’s alkaline for a week, regular water for the next, alkaline next, etc. for as long as we’re willing to make it. If we’re on the fence, still unsure whether making our water alkaline could possibly make us feel rejuvenated, but believe perhaps it could help with the acidity in our bloodstream or with bone loss, then the same regime is ideal. Instead of carrying on with the regime for a prolonged period of time, we can do it less frequently. We must decide for ourselves whether changing our water is right for our intake or not depending on our body’s needs, reactions to intake, and our beliefs. Some alkalize their water to neutralize the acidity of their stomach and upper bowel specifically when the ache of heartburn threatens them. By reducing the acidity of our water, making it more alkaline, we thus can experience either immediate benefits or prolonged, depending on what your using it for and how your body responds. What are the different methods? There are various ways of making our water alkaline at home, some involving easy-to-find ingredients in your fridge or cupboard. Others are as simple as buying an alkaline kit at the store. However, some require that we wait a period of time before affirming the water has been alkalized. Depending on how much we are willing to spend, and how quickly we want to be able to drink our alkalized water, will determine which method we choose. Below lists five divergent ways of creating it artificially in our home. Before determining which method to uptake, we must first decide if we want to make our water alkaline with either tap, filtered, or bottled water. Once we do this, we can conduct a test to see how alkaline or acidic the water is. Water that is too alkalized may have the reverse effects we’re looking for. First, determine water pH Remember the experiment you did in middle school that involved baking soda and vinegar? We had to place a pH strip into two solutions and watch what color they changed. The piece of paper we once submerged were pH strips – and this is the easiest known way to test your water’s pH level. They can be found at various stores, usually near the pool equipment and cleaning products. If you have the time and ingredients, pH strips can be made at home using cabbage and coffee filters. Remember, normal drinking water has a pH level of 7-8. We want to alkalize our water, pushing the pH to either 8.5 or 9. It’s best to use bottled or filtered water for better quality, but tap water is also an option. One of the easiest ways to alkalize your water at home is by mixing it with baking soda. Baking soda, or sodium bicarbonate, is alkaline with a pH level of 9. For every gallon of water you wish to alkalize, mix it with a ½ tablespoon of baking soda. Shake the mixture vigorously until the baking soda dissolves completely. Once it has, our water is ready to drink. Baking soda out of the box should do the trick; however, some say baking the baking soda first increases its potential to turning the water alkaline. This trick is also good for those of us seeking a quick fix to indigestion or heartburn. Don’t forget, creating making our water alkaline with baking soda increases your intake of sodium, so people with diabetes, kidney problems, or serious health conditions should talk to their doctor before using baking soda to make their water alkaline. Another easy trick to turning our water alkaline, is by adding lemons to it. It’s true that lemons are acidic, but they’re also anionic. As our body processes the lemon water, it alkalizes within us. When making a pitcher of lemon water, use one whole lemon and cut it up into eighths. It’s unnecessary to squeeze them, because you place all the pieces in the pitcher. Cover the pitcher, and allow the water to sit for 8-12 hours at room temperature. The best time to make this type of water is before bed, so it can sit overnight unbothered. Once the allotted time is up, our water is ready to drink and also has a refreshing taste! Lemons not only help make water alkaline, but their potassium helps nourish our brains and their calcium helps strengthen our bones. One of the easiest ways with the least amount of steps towards making water alkaline is by using pH drops that can be found in stores. pH drops consist of highly concentrated alkaline minerals. The bottle purchased should have directions that tell us the proper amount of drops to use in order to alkalize specific amounts of water. Once the right amount of drops are placed in the water, shake or stir it, and we should have alkalized drinking water. pH drops can easily be purchased online or in stores within their pharmacy. Of course, pH drops can be pricey, ranging anywhere from $6 to $20 dollars. If we’re looking for the convenience of drinking alkaline H2O easily at any given time, a water ionizer is a great way to do so. It attaches to your sink, and supplies you with two different kinds of water: ionized (alkaline) and oxidized (acidic). The H2O that’s alkaline is for either drinking or cooking. The oxidized H2O comes out of a separate hose, and is great to use as a sterilizing agent for cleaning dishes, washing hands, or using to bath in. The way a water ionizer works, is tap water first flows through activated charcoal to filter it. Next, it streams through an electrolysis chamber where positive ions gather at negative electrodes while anions gather at the positive electrodes using electricity. This is called electrolysis, and the water is divided accordingly. Keep in mind a device like this will take up space on your counter unless professionally installed as your faucet and also produces acidic water. Reverse Osmosis water filter Like the water ionizer, a reverse osmosis water filter is also a mechanism that makes our water alkaline. It can connect to a faucet, or can be installed professionally in our home. These are ideal for those of us seeking both a highly effective water filter as well as making water alkaline. The way that this specific water filter works, is by using osmotic pressure and microscopic filter membranes that only allow hydrogen and oxygen to pass through them. Water flows through this pressure system, against several membranes, and removes all types of contaminants. The water also flows through a carbon filter, removing any last odors or colors. Like the water ionizer, this filter system for alkaline water is on the more expensive side. Can I consume too much? There is the possibility we can accidentally alkaline our system too much, creating unpleasant side-effects as our body’s pH is thrown off balance. Included effects are hypertension, anxiety, bladder infections, and urinary tract infections. However, there is not enough empirical evidence to make an official statement, only records of patients with symptoms correlating with their intake of alkaline H2O. Some suggest switching every other week from drinking normal tap or bottled water, to alkalized water is a healthy amount to ingest. Others claim that it depends on whether or not it’s natural or artificial – and that one can drink as much naturally occurring alkalized water as they wish. Still others state that the baking soda and lemon methods are acceptable, but man-made machines that use electricity to separate ions are not. The fact that “waste” or acidic water is created along with the ionized water is proof enough for some doctors that ionized water is bad for you. Looking at the various claims of drinking what that’s increased in alkalinity, we can see the health benefits tend to outweigh the side-effects. This is especially so if we are able to make our water alkaline with either baking soda or lemons, two of the more natural, easiest, and least expensive ways to go about the process. Whether we’re worried about losing our bone density due to our increasing intake of acidic substances, want a boost in our metabolism, wish to slow the process of aging, or simply want to kick-start our body’s full potential, alkalizing water ourselves is an easy route to improving our health. Remember to consume it in stages to evaluate how much of it you need to feel revitalized. It’s possible the effects won’t be felt for a period of time as your body begins to process its new pH levels. Don’t dismay before the trial period you’ve set for yourself is over. Though, it’s a good idea to stop if you begin to experience any of the side-effects mentioned above. New products and/or methods of alkalizing our water may surface in the future, so be wary of studies being done that simply support claims of the product funding them. It is our duty to get to know our own bodies, what they need, and what we should be consuming. This is especially so when it comes to the liquid each of us needs to live: the very H2O we drink. Becoming more aware of our acidic intake, our body’s pH balance, and knowing how to neutralize it, will help us in both understanding the importance of alkaline water as well as our own bodies. To live a healthy life is imperative if we wish to carry on without aches and pains, even if we decide to alkalize our water for short periods at a time. Knowing how to make alkaline water ourselves will keep us from buying unnecessary mechanisms whose purposes are criticized and debated, all while maintaining a good hold on our health.

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The Free Market is a summary term for an array of exchanges that take place in society. Each exchange is undertaken as a voluntary agreement between two people or between groups of people represented by agents. These two individuals (or agents) exchange two economic goods, either tangible commodities or nontangible services. Thus, when I buy a newspaper from a news dealer for fifty cents, the news dealer and I exchange two commodities: I give up fifty cents, and the news dealer gives up the newspaper. Or if I work for a corporation, I exchange my labor services, in a mutually agreed way, for a monetary salary; here the corporation is represented by a manager (an agent) with the authority to hire. Both parties undertake the exchange because each expects to gain from it. Also, each will repeat the exchange next time (or refuse to) because his expectation has proved correct (or incorrect) in the recent past. Trade, or exchange, is engaged in precisely because both parties benefit; if they did not expect to gain, they would not agree to the exchange. This simple reasoning refutes the argument against free trade typical of the “mercantilist” period of sixteenth- to eighteenth-century Europe, and classically expounded by the famed sixteenth-century French essayist Montaigne. The mercantilists argued that in any trade, one party can benefit only at the expense of the other, that in every transaction there is a winner and a loser, an “exploiter” and an “exploited.” We can immediately see the fallacy in this still-popular viewpoint: the willingness and even eagerness to trade means that both parties benefit. In modern game-theory jargon, trade is a win-win situation, a “positive-sum” rather than a “zero-sum” or “negative-sum” game. How can both parties benefit from an exchange? Each one values the two goods or services differently, and these differences set the scene for an exchange. I, for example, am walking along with money in my pocket but no newspaper; the news dealer, on the other hand, has plenty of newspapers but is anxious to acquire money. And so, finding each other, we strike a deal. Two factors determine the terms of any agreement: how much each participant values each good in question, and each participant’s bargaining skills. How many cents will exchange for one newspaper, or how many Mickey Mantle baseball cards will swap for a Babe Ruth, depends on all the participants in the newspaper market or the baseball card market – on how much each one values the cards as compared to the other goods he could buy. These terms of exchange, called “prices” (of newspapers in terms of money, or of Babe Ruth cards in terms of Mickey Mantles), are ultimately determined by how many newspapers, or baseball cards, are available on the market in relation to how favorably buyers evaluate these goods. In short, by the interaction of their supply with the demand for them. Given the supply of a good, an increase in its value in the minds of the buyers will raise the demand for the good, more money will be bid for it, and its price will rise. The reverse occurs if the value, and therefore the demand, for the good falls. On the other hand, given the buyers’ evaluation, or demand for a good, if the supply increases, each unit of supply – each baseball card or loaf of bread – will fall in value, and therefore, the price of the good will fall. The reverse occurs if the supply of the good decreases. The market, then, is not simply an array, but a highly complex, interacting latticework of exchanges. In primitive societies, exchanges are all barter or direct exchange. Two people trade two directly useful goods, such as horses for cows or Mickey Mantles for Babe Ruths. But as a society develops, a step-by-step process of mutual benefit creates a situation in which one or two broadly useful and valuable commodities are chosen on the market as a medium of indirect exchange. This money-commodity, generally but not always gold or silver, is then demanded not only for its own sake, but even more to facilitate a re-exchange for another desired commodity. It is much easier to pay steelworkers not in steel bars, but in money, with which the workers can then buy whatever they desire. They are willing to accept money because they know from experience and insight that everyone else in the society will also accept that money in payment. The modern, almost infinite latticework of exchanges, the market, is made possible by the use of money. Each person engages in specialization, or a division of labor, producing what he or she is best at. Production begins with natural resources, and then various forms of machines and capital goods, until finally, goods are sold to the consumer. At each stage of production from natural resource to consumer good, money is voluntarily exchanged for capital goods, labor services, and land resources. At each step of the way, terms of exchanges, or prices, are determined by the voluntary interactions of suppliers and demanders. This market is “free” because choices, at each step, are made freely and voluntarily. The free market and the free price system make goods from around the world available to consumers. The free market also gives the largest possible scope to entrepreneurs, who risk capital to allocate resources so as to satisfy the future desires of the mass of consumers as efficiently as possible. Saving and investment can then develop capital goods and increase the productivity and wages of workers, thereby increasing their standard of living. The free competitive market also rewards and stimulates technological innovation that allows the innovator to get a head start in satisfying consumer wants in new and creative ways. Not only is investment encouraged, but perhaps more important, the price system, and the profit-and-loss incentives of the market, guide capital investment and production into the proper paths. The intricate latticework can mesh and “clear” all markets so that there are no sudden, unforeseen, and inexplicable shortages and surpluses anywhere in the production system. But exchanges are not necessarily free. Many are coerced. If a robber threatens you with “Your money or your life,” your payment to him is coerced and not voluntary, and he benefits at your expense. It is robbery, not free markets, that actually follows the mercantilist model: the robber benefits at the expense of the coerced. Exploitation occurs not in the free market, but where the coercer exploits his victim. In the long run, coercion is a negative-sum game that leads to reduced production, saving, and investment, a depleted stock of capital, and reduced productivity and living standards for all, perhaps even for the coercers themselves. Government, in every society, is the only lawful system of coercion. Taxation is a coerced exchange, and the heavier the burden of taxation on production, the more likely it is that economic growth will falter and decline. Other forms of government coercion (e.g., price controls or restrictions that prevent new competitors from entering a market) hamper and cripple market exchanges, while others (prohibitions on deceptive practices, enforcement of contracts) can facilitate voluntary exchanges. The ultimate in government coercion is socialism. Under socialist central planning the socialist planning board lacks a price system for land or capital goods. As even socialists like Robert Heilbroner now admit, the socialist planning board therefore has no way to calculate prices or costs or to invest capital so that the latticework of production meshes and clears. The current Soviet experience, where a bumper wheat harvest somehow cannot find its way to retail stores, is an instructive example of the impossibility of operating a complex, modern economy in the absence of a free market. There was neither incentive nor means of calculating prices and costs for hopper cars to get to the wheat, for the flour mills to receive and process it, and so on down through the large number of stages needed to reach the ultimate consumer in Moscow or Sverdlovsk. The investment in wheat is almost totally wasted. Market socialism is, in fact, a contradiction in terms. The fashionable discussion of market socialism often overlooks one crucial aspect of the market. When two goods are indeed exchanged, what is really exchanged is the property titles in those goods. When I buy a newspaper for fifty cents, the seller and I are exchanging property titles: I yield the ownership of the fifty cents and grant it to the news dealer, and he yields the ownership of the newspaper to me. The exact same process occurs as in buying a house, except that in the case of the newspaper, matters are much more informal, and we can all avoid the intricate process of deeds, notarized contracts, agents, attorneys, mortgage brokers, and so on. But the economic nature of the two transactions remains the same. This means that the key to the existence and flourishing of the free market is a society in which the rights and titles of private property are respected, defended, and kept secure. The key to socialism, on the other hand, is government ownership of the means of production, land, and capital goods. Thus, there can be no market in land or capital goods worthy of the name. Some critics of the free-market argue that property rights are in conflict with “human” rights. But the critics fail to realize that in a free-market system, every person has a property right over his own person and his own labor, and that he can make free contracts for those services. Slavery violates the basic property right of the slave over his own body and person, a right that is the groundwork for any person’s property rights over non-human material objects. What’s more, all rights are human rights, whether it is everyone’s right to free speech or one individual’s property rights in his own home. A common charge against the free-market society is that it institutes “the law of the jungle,” of “dog eat dog,” that it spurns human cooperation for competition, and that it exalts material success as opposed to spiritual values, philosophy, or leisure activities. On the contrary, the jungle is precisely a society of coercion, theft, and parasitism, a society that demolishes lives and living standards. The peaceful market competition of producers and suppliers is a profoundly cooperative process in which everyone benefits, and where everyone’s living standard flourishes (compared to what it would be in an unfree society). And the undoubted material success of free societies provides the general affluence that permits us to enjoy an enormous amount of leisure as compared to other societies, and to pursue matters of the spirit. It is the coercive countries with little or no market activity, notably under communism, where the grind of daily existence not only impoverishes people materially, but deadens their spirit. Copyright © 1993 Murray N. Rothbard. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission. “Murray N. Rothbard (1926–1995) was an economist, economic historian, and libertarian political philosopher.” Visit www.mises.org.

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Authors: Mohd Shoaib, Mahesh Ram Patel, Ramanshu Chandra, Kamesh Tamboli, Shivam Verma, Kamal Kishore Certificate: View Certificate Steel Fibre Reinforced Concretes are characterized by high tensile and flexural strengths and high ductility, as well as by a high compressive strength and a very good workability. Ductility and strength of concrete can be improved at lower fiber contents, where fibers are used in combination rather than reinforcement with a single type of fiber. Durability problems concerning one type of fiber may be offset with the presence of a second type of fiber. Steel Fiber is added by 1% volume of concrete. The different concrete mixes along with control mix proportions as 100% round crimped type fiber, 50% round crimped type fiber -50% flat crimped type fiber and 100% flat crimped type fiber. Two types of crimped steel fiber i.e. round crimped type steel fiber and flat crimped steel fiber are used of length having 50mm. An extensive experimental investigation consisting of 12 specimen of size 50 x 10 x 10cm for determining flexural strength, 12 specimen for compressive strength and 12 specimen for split end test are used.In the experiment, an combination of steel fibre with concrete is used, which improved various mechanical properties and the strength. This review study is a trial of giving some highlights for inclusion of steel fibers especially in terms of using them with new mix ratio combinations with concrete. Concrete is a composite material containing hydraulic cement, water, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. The resulting material is a stone like structure which is formed by the chemical reaction of the cement and water. This stone like material is a brittle material which is strong in compression but very weak in tension. This weakness in the concrete makes it to crack under small loads, at the tensile end. These cracks gradually propagate to the compression end of the member and finally, the member breaks. The formation of cracks in the concrete may also occur due to the drying shrinkage. These cracks are basically micro cracks. These cracks increase in size and magnitude as the time elapses and the finally makes the concrete to fail. The formation of cracks is the main reason for the failure of the concrete. To increase the tensile strength of concrete many attempts have been made. One of the successful and most commonly used methods is providing steel reinforcement. Steel bars, however, reinforce concrete against local tension only. Thus need for multidirectional and closely spaced steel reinforcement arises. That cannot be practically possible. Fiber reinforcement gives the solution for this problem. So to increase the tensile strength of concrete a technique of introduction of fibers in concrete is being used. These fibers act as crack arrestors and prevent the propagation of the cracks. These fibers are uniformly distributed and randomly arranged. This concrete is named as fiber reinforced concrete. The main reasons for adding fibers to concrete matrix is to improve the post cracking response of the concrete, i.e., to improve its energy absorption capacity and apparent ductility, and to provide crack resistance and crack control. Also, it helps to maintain structural integrity and cohesiveness in the material. The initial researches combined with the large volume of follow up research have led to the development of a wide variety of material formulations that fit the definition of Fiber Reinforced Concrete. II. LITERATURE REVIEW A. Experimental Study on Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete for M-40 Grade. A.M. Shende, A.M. Pande, M. Gulfam Pathan (2012) International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) Critical investigation for M-40 grade of concrete having mix proportion 1:1.43:3.04 with water cement ratio 0.35 to study the compressive strength, flexural strength, Split tensile strength of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) containing fibers of 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% volume fraction of hook stain. Steel fibers of 50, 60 and 67 aspect ratio were used. A result data obtained has been analysed and compared with a control specimen (0% fiber). A relationship between aspect ratio vs. Compressive strength, aspect ratio vs. flexural strength, aspect ratio vs. Split tensile strength represented graphically. Result data clearly shows percentage increase in 28 days Compressive strength, Flexural strength and Split Tensile strength for M-40 Grade of Concrete. B. Method of Testing Flexural Toughness Of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete. M P Singh, S P Singh and A P Singh (2013), International Journal of Structural and Civil Engineering Research, vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 175-183. The paper presents results of an investigation conducted to study method of testing flexural toughness of SFRC. Steel fiber manufactured by steel sheet shearing method of dimensions of 0.5x0.5x30 mm. coarse aggregate of size 15 mm, river sand as fine aggregate & Ordinary Portland cement. The method used was four-point loading method with 30 cm span. Specimens of constant cross section, toughness index is decreased the greater the length , while for specimens of identical lengths toughness index is higher with larger cross section & also it is found that ACI Committee 544 has not considered the effect of minute settlement of the concrete beam at the supports .C. Toughness Enhancement in Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete through Fiber Hybridization. Banthia N and Sappakittipakorn M (2007), Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 37, pp. 1366-1372. This paper tells us that Crimped steel fibers with large diameters are often used in concrete as reinforcement. Such large diameter fibers are inexpensive, disperse easily and do not unduly reduce the workability of concrete. However, due to their large diameters, such fibers also tend to be inefficient and the toughness of the resulting fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) tends to be low. An experimental program was carried out to investigate if the toughness of FRC with large diameter crimped fibers can be enhanced by hybridization with smaller diameter crimped fibers while maintaining workability, fiber dispensability and low cost. The results show that such hybridization indeed is a promising concept and replacing a portion of the large diameters crimped fibers with smaller diameter crimped fibers can significantly enhance toughness. The results also suggest, however, that such hybrid FRCs fail to reach the toughness levels demonstrated by the smaller diameter fibers alone. D. Flexural behavior and Toughness of Fiber Reinforced Concretes. V. Ramakrishnan , George Y. WU, and Girish Hosali, Transportation Research Record (TRR), 1226, pp. 69-77 This paper presents the results of an extensive investigation to determine the behavior and performance characteristics of the most commonly used fiber reinforced concretes (FRC). A comparative evaluation of static flexural strength with and without four different types of fibers: hooked-end steel, straight steel, corrugated steel, and polypropylene. These fibers were tested in four different quantities (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 percent by volume), and the same basic mix proportions were used for all concretes. The test program included (a) fresh concrete properties (b) static flexural strength (c) pulse velocity. By Comparison of Toughness index of all types of Steel Fiber it is observed that Straight Steel fibers have lower index values than other. E. Experimental studies on Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete. N. Shireesha, S. Bala Murugan , G. Nagesh Kumar, (2013) International Journal of Science and Research( IJSR) pp.no.598-602 The Authors objective in this paper is to analyze systematically the effects of steel fiber reinforcement in concrete. Concrete mixes were prepared using M40 grade concrete and hooked end glued steel fiber with aspect ratio of 80 were added at a dosage of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% volume fraction of concrete. The fiber reinforcement effects were analyzed for different types of distribution in the concrete beam. Third-point loading over an effective span of 400 mm on flexural testing machine to study toughness. Concrete specimen such as cubes of 100x100x100 mm, cylinders of 100mmx 300mm, beams of 100x100x500 mm was casted. F. The paper presents results of investigation carried out to study the properties of plain concrete and steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) containing fibers of mixed aspect ratio. Compressive strength, split tensile and static flexural strength test were conducted to investigate the properties of concrete in the hardened state. The specimen incorporated three different volume fractions i.e. 1%, 1.5% and 2% of corrugated steel fibers and each volume fraction incorporated mixed steel fibers of size 0.6 x 2 x 25 mm and 0.6 x 2 x 50 mm in different proportions by weight. G. Flexural toughness of hybrid steel fibrous Concrete using post-crack strength Method. Daman Kumar, S P Singh, A P Singh, Sarvesh Kumar , UKIERI concrete congress–innovations in concrete construction, pp.no.1195-1209 The results of the investigation carried out by the authors shows that addition of small uniformly dispersed discrete steel fibers to concrete substantially improves many of its engineering properties such as flexural strength, Compressive strength, flexural toughness, resistance to fatigue & amp; impact etc. Fifteen different concrete mixes with different fiber content having mix proportions as: w/c = 0.46, cement =1, sand = 1.52, coarse aggregate = 1.88. Specimen for compressive strength test was 45 cubes of size 150 x 150 x 150 mm. Specimen for flexural tests was 45 beams of size 100 x 100 x 500mm. The beam specimens were tested under third-point flexural loading on a simply supported span of 450mm.The post-crack strength (PCS) results demonstrate the equivalent strengths of various composites beyond cracking. PCS curves indicate that the efficiency of the small diameter fibers is greater at small deflections and hence one can expect an improved serviceability. H. Performance characteristics of Synergy fiber– reinforced concretes Strength and toughness properties. S. Soma Sundar, K. P. Ramesh, Charles Pitts, Jr., and V. Ramakrishna, Transportation research record 1775 -97 Paper no. 97-105 The results of an experimental investigation of the performance characteristics of concrete reinforced with a newly developed synthetic synergy Fiber are presented. There are four dosages of fiber added to the concrete were 0.5,1.0, 1.5&2.0 vol% of concrete. Cylinder was tested for static modulus (ASTMC469) & compressive strength (ASTMC39) & Beams were tested for (ASTM) American society for testing & material & (ARS TEST) average residual strength. Compressive strength depends on w/c ratio & air content if the w/c ratio is less, compressive strength will be more. Likewise, if the air content is more, the compressive strength will be less. ASTM toughness result showed that fiber, when added to the concrete, increase the concrete’s toughness & ductility. The higher the fiber content is then the higher the toughness & ductility.ARS results showed that ARS increased considerably with an increase in fiber content I. Flexural behavior of self-compacting concrete reinforced with different types of steel fibers Pajak,T .Panikiewski, (2013) Construction and building materials47 (2013)pp. 397-408 The aim of the present work is to investigate the flexural behavior of self-compacting concrete reinforced with straight & hooked end steel fibers with three type of trial i.e. 0.5%, 1.0% & 1.5% & fiber content 40, 80, 120 kg/m² respectively. The method used was three point bending test & compression test. Cubes specimens used were of dimension (150×150×150) mm. The test obtained an hardened SFR-SCC. The compressive strength of SCC was 73.4MPA. The addition of randomly distributed short steel fibers increases the compressive strength of SCC. J. Flexural behavior of hybrid steel fiber reinforced self-consolidating concretes. S Dimas Alan Strauss Rombo , Flavio de Andrade Silva & Ramildo Dias Toledo Filho. The investigation of work shows that two tests were used to mechanically characterize the concrete reinforced with volume fraction of 1 and 1.5% hybrid steel fibers using four point bending test and round panel test on 100*100*400 mm size specimen. Addition of straight and hooked fiber to SCC can provide, among other advantages, crack control, increase in post crack strength, fatigue, impact, toughness and ductility. Hybridization of fiber reinforcement raised the serviceability limit state of concrete, contributing to increased toughness and load bearing capacity for small levels of displacement and crack openings. K. Laboratory Characterization of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete for Varying Fiber Proportion and Aspect Ratio. M A Farooq, Dr M S Mir (2013), International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 75-80. The result of the investigation shows that addition of fibers not only enhances the requisite properties of reinforced concrete but also changes the characteristics of the material from brittle to ductile. The paper presents the work done to determine the influence of change in Fiber volume fraction and Fiber aspect ratio on workability property of green concrete as well as on the compressive, flexural and split tensile strength properties of hardened concrete. The study determines the optimum volume fraction and aspect ratio of fiber required for achieving maximum strength and desirable workability. The study reveals that compressive and split tensile strength show similar behavior for different fiber content and aspect ratio while flexural strength shows different behavior. L. Fracture Toughness of Micro fibre Reinforced cement composite N. Banthia & J. Sheng. R.Esc.Minas,Ouro Preto,67(1), 27-32, jan-mar. 2014pp.no.251-266 Toughness and strength improvement in cement based matrices due to micro fiber reinforcementwere investigated. Cement paste and cement mortar matrices were reinforced at 1, 2 and 3% by volume of carbon, steel and polypropylene micro fiber. Specimen (25*25*225mm ) were tested in four point bending. Considerable strengthening, toughening and stiffening of specimen due to micro fiber reinforcement was observed. A. Concrete is one of the most important material for designing of structure and development of cities since very early age till now. B. Concrete is very strong in compression but comparatively too weak in tension. C. Tensile and flexural strength of concrete can be enhanced buy adding an small amount of same or different type of reinforced steel fiber in different proportion A.M. Shende, A.M. Pande, M. Gulfam Pathan(2012)- Experimental Study on Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete for M-40 Grade. M P Singh, S P Singh and A P Singh (2013), ?Strength Development of Hybrid Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete,? International Journal of Structural and Civil Engineering Research, vol. 2,No. 4, pp. 175-183. Banthia N and Sappakittipakorn M (2007), ?Toughness Enhancement in Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete through Fiber Hybridization,? Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 37, pp. 1366 -1372. Y Mohammadi, S P Singh and S K Kaushik (2009), ?Properties of Steel Fibrous Concrete Containing Mixed Fibers in Fresh and Hardened State,? Construction and Building Material, Vol.22, pp. 956- 965. Kazusuke KOBAYASHI & Kazushige UMEYAMA (1980), Method of Testing Flexural Toughness Of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Universal Decimal Classification i.e. UDC 691.3282: 620174 Ramakrishnan , George Y. WU, and Girish Hosali, Flexural behavior and Toughness of Fiber Reinforced Concretes, Transportation Research Record (TRR) 1226. N. Shireesha, S. Bala Murugan , G. Nagesh Kumar( 2013), Experimental studies on Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete, International Journal of Science and Research( IJSR) 2319-7064. S. Soma Sundar, K. P. Ramesh, Charles Pitts, Jr., and Ramakrishna, Performance characteristics of Synergy fiber–reinforced concretes Strength and toughness properties,Transportation research record 1775 -97 Paper no. 01-0363 M. Pajak, T. Panikiewski ,(2013) Flexural behavior of self-compacting concrete reinforced with different types of steel fibers Construction and building materials 47 (2013) 397-408. Fracture Toughness of Micro fibre Reinforced cement composite N. Banthia & J. Sheng, Fracture Toughness of Micro fibre Reinforced cement composite R. Esc. Minas, Ouro Preto, 67(1), 27 -32, jan- mar. 2014 pp.no.251-266 Dimas Alan Strauss Rombo , Flavio de Andrade Silva & Ramildo Dias Toledo Filho, Flexural behavior of hybrid steel fiber reinforced self-consolidating concretes.REM:R.Esc.Minas,OuroPreto,67(1),pp.no. 27-32,jan.mar.2014 Daman Kumar, S P Singh, A P Singh, Sarvesh Kumar, Flexural Toughness of Hybrid Steel Fibrous Concrete Using Post-Crack Strength Method, Proceedings of the International Conference on Innovations in Concrete Construction organized by UKIERI Concrete Congress held at Dr B R Ambedkar NIT, Jalandhar, Punjab, India, on 5-8 March 2013, Pp. 1195-1209 Copyright © 2022 Mohd Shoaib, Mahesh Ram Patel, Ramanshu Chandra, Kamesh Tamboli, Shivam Verma, Kamal Kishore. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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By Tisaranee Gunasekara “Have you learned nothing from history?” – Sigmund Freud (The Failure of an Illusion) The exodus began a few years after the independence. The first to leave were the Burghers. Realising that the equation of Sinhala with national (desheeya) in the politico-cultural sphere rendered precarious their place in independent Ceylon, most of the Burghers upped and left, in search of more tolerant pastures. The Tamils began leaving next. Each Sinhala supremacist measure produced more migrants, culminating in the horror of Black July. With hindsight it is clear that the long Eelam War made matters worse for ordinary Tamils, from a practical, living-conditions point of view. As the Tigers gained the upper hand and began implementing such anti-civilisational measures as child conscription, Tamil exodus reached a new high. In between, large numbers of plantation Tamils were expatriated. All of this was done on the basis that Lanka belongs to Sinhala Buddhists, that Sinhala Buddhists are the true owners of this island. But that did not prevent Sinhala Buddhists from migrating in large numbers, in search of greener pastures, to escape the war and in a few cases to avoid political persecution. Since the late 1970’s, a large number of economically poor Sinhalese, Tamils and Muslims have gone to the deserted lands of the Middle East in desperate search for a living – often at considerable risk to life and limb. Sri Lanka lost a huge chunk of her human capital with these multiple exoduses. As the educated, the talented and the able departed for other shores, the country was for their absence. According to Wikipedia the Lankan Diaspora (Lankans emigrants and their descendents) is as large as 3 million. Recently UNP parliamentarian Eran Wickramaratne pointed out that “Sri Lanka’s expatriate population is the second largest in the world in per capita population terms, next only to Lebanon” (The Sunday Times – 29.7.2012). The victorious ending of the war has not staunched this massive brain and brawn drain, as is evident from the long lines outside embassies, the ever increasing demand for foreign employment agencies, ‘quick sale; owner leaving the country’ ads in the paper and the sudden spurt in human smuggling. Despite peace, despite lavish promises of miracles and hubs, Lankans are still leaving, in search for livelihood, education, safety or just a different life. Sinhala supremacist politicians, monks and ideologues never tire of repeating that Sri Lanka is the greatest land in the world. Perhaps Sri Lanka has the potential to become one of the best, but at this moment it is certainly not so. That is why the exodus is continuing. The exclusionary, alienating and discriminatory policies championed by those political, religious and cultural leaders who fetishize the idea of Sri Lanka while ignoring the problems and concerns of Sri Lankans are primarily to blame for this anomalous state of affairs. The leaders think that grandiose promises can make up for bad governance and triumphalist rhetoric can substitute for real development – of the sort which reduces poverty and improves living conditions. But the people, of all ethnicities and religions, disagree – which is why so many of them are leaving. Black holes consume stars. Fundamentalism – and the concomitant intolerance – consumes nations. Fundamentalism is self-defeating, as history has demonstrated time and again. Roman Emperor Justinian in his famous Code declared Hellenism an unclean and abominable heresy abhorred by God. Justinian’s criminalisation of Hellenism effectively banished the accumulated wisdom of Antiquity from Rome. With this victory of fundamentalism, Rome – and Europe – receded into a long night of intellectual obscurantism and economic underdevelopment. Literacy levels dropped drastically; hygiene and athleticism almost vanished (Justinian also put an end to the ancient Greco-Roman tradition of Games). For 600 years Europe regressed and stagnated. Hellenism banished from the newly Christianised Roman Empire found a home in Persia and later in the Islamic Caliphate. As Rome (and the West) receded in to the darkness of medievalism, Persia and the Caliphate experienced a golden age civilisation, made possible by the tolerance and openness of most of their rulers who promoted culture and learning not only of the Greco-Roman variety but also of the Babylonian and Indian variety. By the 12th Century, the Arabs were at the forefront of scientific discovery, technological innovation and arts. A growing religious fundamentalism eventually put an end to this scientific and technological revolution in the Arab-Islamic world and pushed it into stagnation and regression. Justinian’s fight against heresy destroyed the intellectual achievements of the Greco-Roman world and condemned Europe to centuries of backwardness. Crusades did Europe far more harm than good. As Fredrick Engels wrote “If Richard Cœur – de – Lion and Philip Augustus had introduced Free Trade instead of getting mixed up in the Crusades we would have been spared 500 years of misery and stupidity (letter to F Mehring – 14.7.1893). The Catholic vs. Protestant wars devastated many parts of Europe; religious extremism was one of the reasons for the downfall of the once great Spanish empire. When Louis XIV of France revoked the Edict of Nantes, French Protestants (known as Huguenots) departed for more tolerant lands. Most of the Huguenots were skilled craftsmen (especially weavers). There was a direct correlation between this mass emigration and the subsequent economic blossoming of countries such as England and Netherlands which welcomed the Huguenots and benefited from their skill and know-how. Extremism knows no limits and is as self-destructive as it is destructive. Government of, by and for the ‘chosen people’, chosen on the basis of a primordial identity – either ethnicity or religion requires a land that is pure. Politics of salvation needs a country which is the exclusive preserve of the ‘chosen’ ethnic or religious community. Progress requires tolerance. Intolerant lands often deprive themselves of some of their most precious resources when they alienate and exclude the ethno-religious other. In Sri Lanka the steady haemorrhaging of brain and brawn did not bother the extremists on any side of the politico-ideological spectrum. The Sinhala supremacists were too busy claiming Sri Lanka for Sinhala Buddhists while the Tigers were focused on waging war for a Tamil state in which very few Tamils seemed to want to become citizens of. Post-war, the madness continues. The search for the ‘other’ never stops. In Sri Lanka (Ceylon) the ‘other’ was at initially the Malay and Tamil workers of non-Sri Lankan origin; then it was Tamils. The next community to be so stigmatised can be either Christians or Muslims. Later the search will turn even more inwards and the line of demarcation may become one which divides the followers of the pristine from of the doctrine from those who are not. The hysteria over the ‘Mahayana invasion’ in the early 1990’s is a warning of what future can hold for Buddhists. A similar process of cannibalisation will happen within the other religions – just as it happened with the Tamil minority – Catholic vs. non-Catholics, Sunni vs. Shia – the possibilities are endless because ethnic and religious frenzy once given full rein knows no bounds. The ruling ideology of the Rajapakse era is Sinhala supremacism and Rajapakse supremacism. The Rajapaksas waged the Fourth Eelam War as the main axis of a restorationist project, to give back to the Sinhala race the place of dominance it enjoyed since 1956 and lost in 1987 due to the intervention of an external force, India. Consequently, and with the war won, it cannot devolve power to the minorities. Thus Rajapaksa approach to peace-building and reconciliation will be to keep the minorities quiescent through a combination of terror and miniscule economic bribes. In the North and the East, people continue to suffer from discrimination and injustice. In the South, the unprecedented is already the normal. Such as substandard fuel being sold by the state for the second time, causing at least 10 trains and more buses to malfunction; or educational authorities messing up the university entrance process again; or an Olympic team which consists of 7 athletes and 30 officials. Race and religion will continue to be used to divert public attention from these failures and to justify Rajapaksa Rule. This would involve pandering to the extreme elements in each community whenever necessary as well as setting the majority against the minorities and the minorities against each other. A best case in point is the recent Presidential visit to the Chief Priest of the Dambulla temple who played the leading role in the attempt to destroy a mosque and a kovil. This is even as the regime uses the Muslim card to justify the deeds of Minister Rishad Bathiudeen. The Rajapaksa nation building project will be even more exclusionary than anything Sri Lanka has experienced in the past. It has to be in the interests of the Dynastic Project. The last things the Rajapaksas would want is for Lankans of various ethnic and religious communities to unite on the basis of enlightened self-interest. For the sake of the Rajapaksa Dynastic project, it would be much better for various Lankan communities to live in suspicion and fear of each other. That way the Ruling Family can play the role of protector of the majority from the minorities and the minorities from each other. They can portray themselves as the saviour of Sinhalese, Tamils, Muslims, Buddhists and Christians, the only bulwark between Sri Lanka and violent anarchy. A state of semi-conflict can also justify the further militarization of Lankan polity, economy and society (by a Rajapaksaised-military) and the hemming-in of fundamental rights and democratic freedoms. A state that is secular and a society that is tolerant are perhaps the only bulwarks available to pluralist countries, such as ours, against ethno-religious polarisation and the consequent conflicts and fragmentations. But this will not be possible so long as the Rajapaksas rule, and in their dynastic interest, encourage and foster ethno-religious extremism and extremists of all communities. Because they can continue to rule, only so long as they can divide.

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In recent weeks, investors have argued about whether all cryptocurrencies are dependent on Bitcoin. Several prominent investors have compared crypto to the 17th century Dutch tulip craze, while Bank of England Governor Andrew Bailey has warned against investing in cryptocurrencies. In addition, economist Nouriel Roubini has called bitcoin “the mother of all scams” and questioned its underlying technology. However, despite a number of warnings from these experts, cryptocurrency investors continue to flock to the crypto space, and the question of whether all cryptocurrencies are dependent on Bitcoin has gotten a lot of attention. Bitcoin is a fiat currency The argument that bitcoin is a fiat currency is a flawed one. A fiat currency has no intrinsic value, and the issuer says it is. While it may be worthless to most people, it has more value than a wrench or a master work of art. Items may have aesthetic or sentimental value, but rarely have intrinsic value. In contrast, a fiat currency is worthless simply because it is backed by government decree. In reality, the value of Bitcoin comes from the variety of goods that it can purchase, volume of trade, and computing power. In other words, Bitcoin is not subject to most monetary laws. In fact, it functions like a barter system. This means that it can be used to trade ten thousand potatoes for a new TV. Since governments don’t recognize it as a currency, they won’t ask you to pay their sales tax in potatoes. That’s because they aren’t equipped to handle transactions that don’t involve their own currency. Nevertheless, the debate over whether or not bitcoin is a fiat currency is a necessary one. In this regard, a real currency would be immune to insults, as it would have a fiscal policy and state backing. As a result, Bitcoin’s adoption isn’t hindered by these laws. But there are some things you should know before you buy bitcoins. If you’re a beginner in the field, there are plenty of resources online. And if you are looking for an easy way to earn Bitcoins, you’ll have to take the time to learn about them. Despite the fact that Bitcoin is a fiat currency, there are a few key reasons to believe it is. First, the lack of intrinsic value makes it easy to manipulate. Secondly, if governments decide to outlaw Bitcoin, they could tax it into oblivion and lose interest in it. Lastly, government action can make the exchange rate of Bitcoin much more volatile. It also makes it harder to control than government-issued fiat currencies. Ethereum is a decentralized cryptocurrency Ethereum is a decentralized cryptocurrency that uses a peer-to-peer system to conduct transactions. As a result, there is no third party fee involved. Because Ethereum is decentralized, it can be used for decentralized applications and online transactions. The network is also decentralized and is accepted by a large number of companies worldwide. While there are some drawbacks to using Ethereum, these drawbacks can be mitigated. Blockchain technology is the foundation for Ethereum. A blockchain is like a series of blocks, each containing information. The blocks in the Ethereum network are interconnected and have the ability to verify transactions by a network of automated programs and by consensus. This makes Ethereum a highly secure platform. As such, it is not vulnerable to tampering or hacking. Blockchains are also used for decentralized applications and services, which is why they are often referred to as “trustless systems”. Despite its popularity, Ethereum has been subject to increased scrutiny by investors. The Covid-19 pandemic has only exacerbated the uncertainty. However, Ethereum’s value has been driven by the endorsements of prominent investors, such as Mark Cuban. ICOs for Ethereum were released in 2014, but the cryptocurrency only started trading at $2 in 2015. Bitcoin provides a reliable monetary system that is unaffected by political interference and uncontrolled inflation. Ethereum is on its way to becoming a universal computer. Its blockchain-based coding language allows for codified contracts and decentralized applications. Its popularity has made it one of the top cryptocurrencies in the world. So, how does Ethereum differ from Bitcoin? Here are three differences: Stablecoins are backed by government currencies The primary purpose of stablecoins is to enable remittances between countries, while not allowing for the volatility of other currencies. Because they are unregulated, stablecoins may be vulnerable during periods of economic turmoil and can be susceptible to security or fraud concerns. While there are some positive aspects to stablecoins, some people are unsure about whether they are safe to use. Fiat-collateralized stablecoins are backed by a fiat currency, which may be the U.S. dollar or a precious metal such as gold or silver. The underlying currencies are kept at independent custodians, and the stability of their value is monitored regularly. Tether and TrueUSD are popular examples of stablecoins backed by U.S. dollar reserves. Stablecoins are backed by another asset that is relatively stable, such as a government currency. Typically, they are backed by the U.S. dollar, the euro, or a similar asset. They act as a digital version of the underlying asset. This means that if one currency goes down, another one is not far behind. This makes them a good choice for investors who want to avoid the volatility associated with other cryptocurrencies. Although stablecoins are backed by government currencies, they are still not a foolproof solution. Until the government implements stablecoins, they may be abused. A recent incident of the MakerDAO showed that its users were deceived: they claimed they would only lose 13% of their holdings, but in reality, they lost all of their money. Stablecoins can also be used to facilitate illegal activities such as money laundering or the financing of terrorism. This trend is exacerbated by the increased risk of malware and ransomware attacks. Ether is less correlated to BTC than is commonly believed Unlike popular belief, Ether is not correlated to Bitcoin. Despite its reliance on Bitcoin, Ether tends to display independence. A recent study of 14 significant price changes in both BTC and ETH shows that they are not necessarily correlated. While some positive correlation is evident, most are negative. Here’s why. Let’s look at how these two currencies compare over time. First of all, Ethereum has smart contracts since its launch. These contracts are time-invariant, which means that its price can’t be predicted from ether price data alone. It’s necessary to compare Ether to other cryptocurrencies to deduce its key time-invariant characteristics. Once these traits are inferred, they’re tested using correlation network diagrams. That’s a good sign for investors. Furthermore, Ether’s correlation with Bitcoin has weakened. The correlation between Bitcoin and Ether has been increasing, but it’s less pronounced than that between Ethereum and Cardano. And even the two most popular cryptocurrencies are not highly correlated with each other. There are, however, other cryptocurrencies that have more favorable correlations with Bitcoin. A recent study found that XMR is correlated with Ether while XLM has higher correlations with eth. Furthermore, the dynamic correlation between Bitcoin and gold is much lower than that between Bitcoin and the S&P500. The dynamic correlation between gold and Bitcoin is almost always positive, but tends to decrease during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ethereum is the better safe-haven than Bitcoin during such a time. So, how can we make an informed decision? The answers are in the technical details of the correlation between Ethereum and Bitcoin. Ethereum is a global smartphone that can be programmed to operate according to apps built on top of it Unlike today’s smartphone, which requires permission to use its services, Ethereum is completely open, and any user can create an application and program it to work as they see fit. As a result, there are no app stores or gatekeepers preventing the development of new applications or features. Moreover, an Ethereum app is completely free and accessible to anybody with an internet connection. In contrast, traditional messaging applications, which use large corporations to run their services, have no such limitation. One of the primary uses for Ethereum is in the storage of personal information. Hundreds of servers across the globe store information about you, including your name, phone number, bank balance, credit card records, emails, and text messages. In an era when personal information is stored in the hands of a third party, Ethereum is a solution to this problem. Ethereum can run programs in parallel, eliminating downtime, malicious attacks, and fraud altogether. Another major use for Ethereum is its decentralized nature. Its decentralized network eliminates the middleman, enabling individuals to program their devices to perform many tasks on their own. The technology also facilitates anonymous payments and transfers. Since it does not require a central bank or third party, Ethereum makes it easier for users to avoid fees when paying large amounts of money. Ethereum can also be programmed to automatically pay sellers after users download their content. The platform is currently undergoing significant development. Ethereum is on track to become the second-largest blockchain in the world by April 2021. It may be bigger than Bitcoin in a few years – if it does – Ethereum might even be used by large corporations like Facebook and Google. Its range of potential applications is also far more varied. The current transaction volume of Bitcoin has been declining steadily over the last four months, compared to the peak of December 2017. In the short term, this is a good thing, as the coins’ value will decrease if they don’t circulate. However, as the Bitcoin price rises and more people begin to use it, the transaction volume should increase. That’s how scalability is achieved. While the current hype surrounding Blockchain technology is undoubtedly exciting, it’s important to understand that it’s also fueled by misconceptions. For example, people often talk about cryptocurrencies as ‘free from government control’ or ‘outside of the existing market and political system.’ While this is true, blockchain actually functions within the current political economy. The idea that a currency can exist without the involvement of governments is simply not true. While Blockchain technology is largely associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution, it has the potential to solve many development challenges, such as reducing energy use and fostering economic growth. Often considered too complex, the technology actually powers crypto-currencies. Every time a digital transaction is made, a block is created that stores the data related to that transaction. These blocks may include anything from crypto-currencies to medical records, shipments history, ballots, and other data. While the future of blockchain technology remains uncertain, it is important to understand how it has already affected societies. First, blockchain addresses a fundamental human need. Trust is essential in the digital world, but technology isn’t able to replicate that emotion. Second, blockchain forces a new level of cooperation. It requires partnerships and deep discussions about transparency and inclusion. Blockchains are transparent and each participant is assigned a unique alphanumeric identifier. Speculative interest in Bitcoin has been waning over the last year or so. The price of Bitcoin has dropped precipitously in recent months, and pump-and-dump scandals have scared retail investors. Moreover, companies like Advanced Micro Devices have reported steep sales declines for bitcoin-mining hardware. Despite this, big Wall Street firms such as Goldman Sachs, Citigroup, and Morgan Stanley have all walked away from cryptocurrency trading. Meanwhile, volumes in bitcoin futures have dropped by two-thirds since March. Blockchain ETFs are not attracting the same investment dollars, and first-movers are becoming increasingly important. A popular misconception regarding Bitcoin is that it uses as much energy as a small country. However, this is simply not true. This article examines Bitcoin’s energy consumption and discusses how it can be considered sustainable. We’ll also learn about the misconceptions surrounding Bitcoin’s long-term value. Ultimately, it is up to individual users to decide what their own needs are and make their own decisions on whether or not they want to continue using Bitcoin. The amount of energy required for mining a single Bitcoin would be negligible compared to the overall amount of electricity used in the world. Even if the global energy consumption grew by tens of thousands of megawatt-hours per day, the amount of energy used to mine each bitcoin would be insignificant in comparison. This means that a single Bitcoin transaction could increase in value by several thousand times in the future. If the world’s money supply were equal to that of the Bitcoin network, the global energy consumption associated with Bitcoin mining would be comparable to that of Japan. Compared to other industrialized financial systems, the Bitcoin ecosystem is inefficient, but it has thousands of users who rely on it for their income. Furthermore, it’s expected that Bitcoin’s ecosystem will be able to become more efficient as the technology advances. This article will discuss the potential value of the Bitcoin currency in the long run. Bitcoin’s recent volatility has made it hard to estimate the true value of a specific good. As a result, Bitcoin is an unsuitable unit of account. According to Yermack, the only way to solve this problem is for a country to adopt it as its principal currency. But this seems highly unlikely, even if it is possible. This volatility is inconsistent with a store of value, which is what makes it less attractive as a store of wealth. However, the long-term price trend of Bitcoin is positive. While Bitcoin’s initial popularity was limited to tech nerds, global demand began to grow in the last couple of years, making it the first global cryptocurrency. Bitcoin has a deflationary design. Thus, it cannot be inflated above its fixed supply, unlike gold which can be inflated to excess levels. The market price of Bitcoin fluctuates widely and is far above its intrinsic value. This causes overbought and oversold markets, which tend to rebound. Economists disagree, however, as they say that Bitcoin has no real utility as money, because it hasn’t been denominated or traded much. Even when people use Bitcoin to trade in large volumes, commercial activity is minimal. Bitcoin has revolutionized finance and money. But as its popularity has soared, it has also become clunky, expensive, and slow to use. It takes around ten minutes to validate a transaction. And the transaction fee is now around $20. This makes it unviable as a medium of exchange. While you can buy beer with a $10 bill one day and fine wine the next, the currency is not sustainable in the long run. While the price of one Bitcoin has gone up and down a lot since 2009, the total market value of all cryptocurrencies is now over $1.5 trillion. Some analysts and financial experts have urged investors to take a cautious approach to investing in crypto. However, this is an area of high risk for retail investors. A good rule of thumb is to invest a small percentage of your portfolio in one company. Then again, a lot of cryptocurrencies are worth less than a dollar. If you are thinking of making a big bet on Bitcoin, keep in mind that you should do a little research and learn about it. Then, use that to make an informed decision on whether or not to make an investment in Bitcoin. The long-term price trend of Bitcoin is positive, but it does not hold up well as a store of value. As a decentralized digital currency, it is unlikely to ever be an official currency, and it may be a store of value, akin to gold. The deflationary design of Bitcoin means it can never be inflated past its cap. This is unlike gold, which is a currency, but is a fungible commodity. Investing in cryptocurrencies The first step to investing in cryptocurrencies is to learn the fundamentals of the currency. You can use the fundamentals of the cryptocurrency to select potential coins. You can also use technical indicators to support your investment decisions. It is important to research the company carefully before making a decision. Do not make an investment without first researching the underlying mechanics and investing style. If you can’t afford to lose money right away, you can always look for the cryptocurrencies with high growth potential. Another way to invest in cryptocurrencies is through dollar-cost averaging. The key to making money with cryptocurrencies is to invest small amounts over a long period of time. By investing $10k over a year, you will end up with an investment of $833 per month. That way, you won’t have to worry about the large fluctuations. As the value of the cryptocurrency increases, you’ll be able to take advantage of the price swings and invest a small fraction of it every month. While there are a number of risks associated with investing, if you invest carefully and consistently, you will reap the benefits in the long run. You’ll experience massive swings in prices and experience crushing losses. The crypto market is more volatile than traditional stocks, so you’ll want to prepare for all kinds of situations and learn to adjust your strategy accordingly. Fear of loss and FOMO buying don’t do much to affect long-term market movements.

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Chemicals used in iron ore mining Rocks Process KWS. Ore. Chemical Name. iron pyrites (or fool's gold) The term “iron ore” is one which is used to describe those rocks sufficiently rich in.Iron processing, use of a smelting process to turn the ore into a form from which products can be fashioned.Included in this article also is a discussion of the mining of iron and of its preparation for smelting. Iron (Fe) is a relatively dense metal with a silvery white appearance and distinctive magnetic properties. It constitutes 5 percent by weight of the Earth’s crust, and it is the. The chemical symbol for iron is ‘Fe’ because of its Latin name Ferrum. iron ore prospects for our mining operations. Mining Once the ideal site has been chosen, the ore Primary Crusher It is then transported to the primary crusher for processing. Ore handling plant The crushed ore is then sorted over screens and resized to di˚erent.MINING AND PROCESSING Iron ore mining can be broadly divided into two categories namely 1) manual mining which is employed in small mines and 2) mechanized mining is suitable for large iron ore mines. Manual mining method is normally limited to float ores and small mines. Mining of reef ore is also being done manually on a small scale. It has been producing and processing iron ore from its current facilities in Labrador City, Newfoundland and Labrador since 1962. IOC is operated by Rio Tinto PLC, a world leader in iron ore mining and processing and IOC’s majority shareholder (58.7 ). Mitsubishi Corporation (26.2 ) and LIORC (15.1 ) are IOC’s other shareholders.The Metals Mining and Milling Operations Act (chapter 78.56 RCW), passed in 1994, established a regulatory scheme that is specific to metal mining. Mines included under the Metals Mining and Milling Operations Act are defined as operations mining base or precious metals and processing the ore by treatment or concentration in a milling facility. Jun 21, 2018 Fine ore and ore powder, on the other hand, are specially processed for the blast furnace process. This ore processing will be discussed in detail in the next section. Iron ore processing. After the iron ore has been prepared by crushing and grinding during ore extraction, the ore.To efficiently process iron ore for high quality steel production, frequent ore grade monitoring, during all steps of downstream processing, is mandatory. Independent from the ironmaking method, the optimal use of fuels and energy during sintering, pelletizing and direct reduction of iron ore (DRI) needs to be applied to stay competitive and. Nov 01, 2019 Thus, the total specific energy for concentrating iron ore at the average ore grade (∼ 50 iron) from Thanatia (3.63 iron) was considered as the sum of the energy for the ore-handling process and the energy for concentration. In our model, the minerals for concentration are obtained from Earth’s crust surface mining is assumed.Jan 02, 2012 With the depleting reserves of high-grade iron ore in the world, froth flotation has become increasingly important to process intermediate- and low-grade iron ore in an attempt to meet the rapidly growing demand on the international market. In over half a century’s practice in the iron ore industry, froth flotation has been established as an efficient method to remove impurities from iron ore. Jun 07, 2021 Copper mining and processing methods can expose and During in-situ leaching, rather than physically mining and removing overburden to reach copper deposits, chemicals are introduced into ore bodies using injection wells. The PLS is then captured in production wells, collected and later processed. One layer is a waste containing iron and.Chemical analysis for iron ore. We have the locations, technical strength, independence, consistency and ethical mine-site labs are linked to form a uniform global platform that extends into an unparalleled number of countries and mining camps. Through our unparalleled global network, chemical process or outside the quality standards. Burden (waste-to-ore) ratio for surface mining of metal ores generally ranges from 2 1 to 8 1, de-pending on local conditions. The ratio for solid wastes from underground mining is typically 0.2 1. Where concentration or other processing of the ore is done on site, the tailings generated also have to be managed. Ores with a low metal con-.The chemical content of the iron ores received from the various mines are checked, and the ore is blended with other iron ore to achieve the desired charge. Samples are taken from each pour and checked for chemical content and mechanical properties such as strength and hardness. Iron ore consists of oxygen and iron atoms bonded together into molecules. To create pure iron, one must deoxygenate the ore, leaving only iron atoms behind, which is the essence of the refining process. To purify and strengthen iron, materials like coke are mixed in with it to remove oxygen. To coax the oxygen atoms away from the ore requires.“When separating the iron ore from the waste becomes too difficult, mining companies will dispose of the tailings in a dam.” The chemical additive is added to slurry – a semi-liquid mixture that contains valuable iron particles suspended in water – and works by separating the iron ore from impurities in. Jul 18, 2013 In the iron ore industry significant emphasis is placed throughout the mining process on meeting chemical composition specifications for the export of fine ores. However, little has been published on the implications of ore chemical composition for iron ore sinter and pellet product quality.The ore. An ore is a rock that contains enough metal to make it worthwhile extracting. Grinding. The ore is crushed, then ground into powder. Concentrating. The ore is enriched using a process called froth flotation. Unwanted material (called gangue) sinks to the bottom and is removed. Roasting. This is where the chemical reactions start. In iron ore mining, miner usually choose a complete iron ore crushing plant for metallurgy. Iron ore beneficiation process. Almost all of the iron ore that is mined is used for making steel. So we need the extraction of a pure metal from its ore. The extract the metal from ores, several physical and chemical methods are used.The iron ore agglomerates, can then be charged into a blast furnace along with the metallurgical coke to separate the metal from the gangue avoiding the sintering process. Vining said. As there is less waste material to melt, there would also be less metallurgical coke needed in the furnace per tonne of iron. Aug 08, 2017 In order to ensure iron concentrate grade and iron recovery, a large number of processing reagents are selected and applied in the iron ore beneficiation. The process water carried plenty of residual processing reagents, and such wastewater with color depth and strong smell could seriously affect the environment and the local people.Iron-ore mining and its tailing wastewaters usually show high levels of dissolved ions and particulate suspended matter, thus changing the water chemistry (Holopainen et al. 2003) and the bioavailability of metals. This study aimed to identify the effects of iron-ore mining and processing on metal bioavailability in tropical. Mar 09, 2013 Sintering process helps utilization of iron ore fines (0-10 mm) generated during iron ore mining operations. Sintering process helps in recycling all the iron, fuel and flux bearing waste materials in the steel plant. Sintering process utilizes by product gases of the steel plant.Apr 24, 2017 This was the first commercial method used for gold extraction. Place the ore into the mortar and grind it to the size of sand grains. Put the ore grains into a plastic bowl. Add the 35-percent hydrochloric acid to the sodium hypochlorite bleach into a flask or beaker, in a two-to-one ratio of acid to bleach. Ensure that the liquid mixture is at. The Weld Range Iron Ore Project (the Project) is a direct shipping iron ore project with high grade outcrops over a 60 km strike length. SMC is targeting to export 15 million tonnes per annum (Mtpa) of iron ore over a 15 year period, however, this Management Plan covers the.Nov 12, 2020 Mining and processing of lithium, however, turns out to be far environmentally harmful than what turned out to be the unfounded issues with fracking. In May 2016, dead fish were found in the waters of the Liqi River, where a toxic chemical leaked from the Ganzizhou Rongda Lithium mine. Cow and yak carcasses were also found floating. The first iron mining techniques used charcoal which was mixed with iron ore in a bloomery. When heating the mixture and blowing air (oxygen) in through bellows, the iron ore is converted to the metal, iron. The chemical reaction between iron oxide and carbon is used here to produce iron metal. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is.May 13, 2009 The $350,000 project will compile 30-40 iron ore and bauxite samples to define key characteristics of a wide variety of resources. They will then be. Sep 08, 2020 The beneficiation process of iron ore of different nature is also completely different. First, Strong magnetic iron ore . 1.Single magnetite . Most of the iron minerals in a single magnetite ore are because of its simple composition, strong magnetism, easy grinding and easy separation, the weak magnetic separation method is often used.Perth is a major global mining hub. The ALS Iron Ore Technical Centre is located in the Perth suburb of Wangara, 28km north of the CBD. The site is 10km north of the ALS Metallurgy laboratory at Balcatta and 12km north-west of the ALS Geochemistry laboratory at Malaga. The ALS Iron Ore Technical Centre spans some 14,000m2 of real estate the.

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The First National Bank Of Fort Dodge The First National Bank Of Fort Dodge in Iowa printed $4,285,710 dollars worth of national currency. Over $1,000,000 face value is a lot of money. However, some types and denominations of currency from this bank could still be rare. This national bank opened in 1866 and stopped printing money in 1931, which equals a 66 year printing period. That is considering a long operation period for a national bank. During its life, The First National Bank Of Fort Dodge issued 17 different types and denominations of national currency. We have examples of the types listed below. Your bank note should look similar. Just the bank name will be different. For the record, The First National Bank Of Fort Dodge was located in Webster County. It was assigned charter number 1661. We buy all national currency. Please call or email us for a quote. email@example.com The First National Bank Of Fort Dodge in Iowa issued 2,300 sheets of $1 original series national bank notes. A print range between 1,000 and 2,500 is small. Combine that with something that was printed before 1875 and you can imagine that these notes are few and far between. One of the most interesting things about early first charter one dollar national bank notes is all of the different slight variations you can find. Some notes have a red charter number, others do not. Some have red serial numbers and some have blue serial numbers. Some are printed on white paper and others are printed on paper with a slight blue tint. You can really find lots of different ways to collect these. Generally speaking, prices for “first charter aces” are down from their highs. So there are some bargains in this arena of collecting. Original Series $1 National Bank Note The First National Bank Of Fort Dodge printed 2,300 sheets of $2 original series national bank notes. It is important to know production numbers for original series two dollar bills for informational purposes. All $2 bills printed before 1875 are very rare and highly desirable. Most survivors represent the only known example for that bank. Collectors call these $2 bills lazy deuces. The large two on the face of the bill is pictured horizontally, thus making it look lazy. Don’t be fooled by the silly name though. These can be worth significant amounts of money on many occasions. Original Series $2 National Bank Note The First National Bank Of Fort Dodge also printed 3,450 sheets of $5 original series national bank notes. It is actually pretty standard for an early national bank to have a sheet output range between 2,500 and 5,000. The exact value of a bill is still going to be based on the number of notes known and the condition of each bank note. Each five dollar original series bank note has a spiked red seal. That is pretty much the only design difference between it and later issues. These are really beautiful notes. One neat thing about these is that the back of each note has a vignette of the corresponding state seal. Some of the state seals are very imaginative. Collecting by state seal was very popular early on in the hobby. Today most collectors are more concerned about bank of issue and condition. Serial number one bank notes are also extremely popular. Original Series $5 National Bank Note The First National Bank Of Fort Dodge also printed 200 sheets of $1 series of 1875 national bank notes. It is rare to see a sheet output of under 1,000 like this. However, it did happen for some very scarce issuers. Series of 1875 one dollar first charter national bank notes were only printed between 1875 and 1878. That is the shortest production period of any national bank note. That doesn’t automatically mean that these are worth thousands of dollars, but they could be. Collectors often don’t differentiate between original series and 1875 notes because they look so similar. Series of 1875 $1 National Bank Note The First National Bank Of Fort Dodge also printed 200 sheets of $2 series of 1875 national bank notes. If you are lucky enough to have a two dollar note from 1875 then don’t get too hung up on the number of bills printed. All notes are rare and in demand; we would be happy to help you value yours. There was only one $2 bill printed per sheet of national currency. So that sheet number also equals the total number of bank notes printed for the denomination. And as we said above, these were also only printed until 1878. That is one of the main reasons they are so rare today. Series of 1875 $2 National Bank Note The First National Bank Of Fort Dodge also printed 5,765 sheets of $5 series of 1875 national bank notes. A print range between 5,000 and 10,000 is a pretty high number. But you have to remember we are talking about bank notes from the 1870s and 1880s. Even banks with high issue numbers could be rare today. Series of 1875 $5 bills are some of the most commonly encountered bank notes from the first charter series. Only the original series $1 bill is more available. Some banks exclusively issued five dollar bills. So if you want an example from one of those banks then you don’t have many options. These notes have a rounded red seal and red serial numbers. They also all have a red charter number. Series of 1875 $5 National Bank Note The First National Bank Of Fort Dodge also printed 19,275 sheets of $5 1882 brown back national bank notes. When we start talking about a printing number in the five figure range, then you are likely not dealing with a great rarity. However, the note could certainly still be popular and valuable. You can take the total number of sheets printed and multiply that number by four to get the exact number of 1882 $5 brown back bank notes this bank issued. Each note has a portrait of James Garfield on the left hand side of the bill. These are very popular with collectors because they have different text layouts. Some notes are worth as little as a few hundred dollars, but most are worth a good deal more. Series of 1882 $5 Brown Back The First National Bank Of Fort Dodge also printed 8,528 sheets of $10 1882 brown back national bank notes. A print range between 5,000 and 10,000 suggests that there should be at least a couple of notes known to exist. There were three $10 bills printed on a single sheet of 1882 brown backs. The design of the bill is similar to all earlier ten dollar national bank notes. The nickname comes from the fact that these bills have a brown seal and brown overprint. Despite saying series of 1882, these were actually printed by some banks up until 1908. The date you see in cursive relates to when the bank first started issuing brown back notes. Series of 1882 $10 Brown Back The First National Bank Of Fort Dodge also printed 8,528 sheets of $20 1882 brown back national bank notes. As you can see, the sheet output is the same for $20 brown backs as it is for $10 brown backs. There was only one $20 brown back printed on a sheet. So the sheet output also equals the total note output. One neat thing about all brown backs is that they each have a different back design based on which state issued them. The back left hand side of the note shows the state seal of which ever state the national bank was located in. Generally speaking, 1882 $20 brown backs are pretty difficult to locate. They typically were printed in small numbers and they don’t have a great survival rate. Series of 1882 $20 Brown Back The First National Bank Of Fort Dodge also printed 4,540 sheets of $5 1902 red seal national bank notes. That may sound like a high number. However, red seals did not survive in large numbers. It is likely still quite rare. Five dollar red seals are typically a little bit rarer than some higher denominations. That rarity is typically just a result of small issuances. Most national banks preferred to issue $10 and $20 1902 red seals. Each one of these five dollar bank notes has a portrait of Ben Harrison on the left hand side of the bill. Most people are quick to notice the cursive charter date with a year between 1902 and 1908 written on it. That date will never affect the value. 1902 $5 Red Seal National Bank Note The First National Bank Of Fort Dodge also printed 3,684 sheets of $10 1902 red seal national bank notes. That may sound like a high number. However, red seals did not survive in large numbers. It is likely still quite rare. Collectors love ten dollar 1902 red seals. They usually represent the rarest bank notes printed by any national bank. Don’t let the term “series of 1902” confuse you. These were actually printed for about six years between 1902 and 1908. That is obviously a very short issue period which means that many red seals are quite rare. Each note has a portrait of William McKinley. Be sure to check the number under McKinley. If it is #1 then you are dealing with a note from the first sheet of bank notes issued. Number one bank notes are worth even more money than the already rare red seals. 1902 $10 Red Seal National Bank Note The First National Bank Of Fort Dodge also printed 3,684 sheets of $20 1902 red seal national bank notes. Twenty dollar red seal bank notes have poor survival rates. They don’t command premiums compared to the ten dollar denomination, but they are definitely rarer. All 1902 red seals were printed on four note sheets. There were three ten dollar bills and one twenty dollar bill per sheet. The 1902 $20 notes have a portrait of Hugh McCulloch on them. The charter number and seal are both printed in red ink. The serial numbers have a slight blue tint to them. The charter number is printed around the border of the note several times. The bank’s title is right in the middle of the note and the state of issue is printed just below the title. Remember that all national bank notes are valued based on their condition and rarity. The same rule applies to 1902 $20 red seals. 1902 $20 Red Seal National Bank Note The First National Bank Of Fort Dodge also printed 28,915 sheets of $5 1902 blue seal national bank notes. Once a bank prints more than 10,000 sheets of blue seals it becomes very difficult for those notes to be rare. Ben Harrison is on the front of all 1902 $5 blue seal bank notes. This happens to be the smallest denomination issued for the 1902 series. Each note is complete with a blue seal and blue charter number. Despite saying series of 1902, these were actually issued by national banks between 1908 and 1928. There are two different types of blue seals. The first type is called a date back and it has “1902-1908” written on the back of the bill. The other type is called a plain back; it does not have the date stamps on the back of the bill. The values for these notes range widely based on condition and the bank of issue. 1902 $5 Blue Seal National Bank Note The First National Bank Of Fort Dodge also printed 42,167 sheets of $10 1902 blue seal national bank notes. Once a bank prints more than 10,000 sheets of blue seals it becomes very difficult for those notes to be rare. 1902 $10 blue seal bank notes all have a portrait of William McKinley on them. Values can range from as little as $40 up to over $10,000. There really is no trick to know what is rare and what is common by just doing an internet search. You really need to work with an expert (like us) in order to determine the value of your specific bank note. There are at least ten different factors than can make some 1902 $10 blue seals worth more than others. We know exactly what to look for and we would be happy to provide a free appraisal and our best offer. 1902 $10 Blue Seal National Bank Note The First National Bank Of Fort Dodge also printed 42,617 sheets of $20 1902 blue seal national bank notes. The same rarity rules for 1902 $10 blue seals also apply to $20 blue seals. Just remember that $20 bills are by nature three times rarer (unfortunately they don’t command a premium over other denominations). Hugh McCulloch is pictured on the front of each bill. Contact us if you need pricing help. 1902 $20 Blue Seal National Bank Note The First National Bank Of Fort Dodge also printed 3,345 sheets of Type1 1929 $10 national bank notes. That is a pretty typical sheet output for a national bank during the small size era. Each $10 bill from 1929 has a portrait of Alexander Hamilton on it. The black number written vertically is the charter number. The charter number never affects the value; it is just an identifier. The ten dollar type1 national bank note happens to be the single most common national bank note, with over 65,000 known to exist from all banks. Of course each note is valued based on its condition and rarity. Some are very rare. Series of 1929 Type1 $10 National Bank Note The First National Bank Of Fort Dodge also printed 768 sheets of Type1 1929 $20 national bank notes. This is a small print range, but it does not guarantee rarity. Andrew Jackson is featured on the front of each 1929 $20 bill. Be sure to take note of the serial number on your specific bank note. If it is 000001 then you can expect a nice premium. There is a special market for serial number one bank notes. Of course, even if the number isn’t #1, it could still be collectible and have a high value just based on its condition and rarity alone. Series of 1929 Type1 $20 National Bank Note

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What Are The Three Types Of Aki There are many causes of AKI, including infections, heart disease, liver disease, autoimmune diseases, cancer, hypertension, and traumatisms. In short, causes are uncountable. Having this many causes for a single condition can be overwhelming, even for experienced physicians. That is why the medical community divides AKI causes into three main categories prerenal AKI, intrinsic AKI, and post-renal AKI. Every time a doctor faces an acute kidney injury, the first thing he will do is classified as prerenal, intrinsic, or extrinsic. Some AKI patients have mixed conditions with both an intrinsic and post-renal component. Many times untreated AKI evolves to intrinsic AKI. Patients with chronic kidney disease can present a sudden worsening in their condition. This situation also classifies as AKI. Acute kidney injury often speeds up CKD. How Do You Detox Your Kidneys In the last few decades, kidney detoxing and kidney cleansing programs have gained a lot of popularity. However, so far, there isnt any convincing scientific evidence that cleansing programs do anything. If there where toxins that are accumulating in your kidneys, that would mean you have uremia, and the only effective detox therapy, in that case, is dialysis. Just remember drinking water every day and having a healthy diet. That is all the help your kidneys require from you. Original Articlemild Elevation Of Urinary Biomarkers In Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury Prerenal acute kidney injury is thought to be a reversible loss of renal function without structural damage. Although prerenal and intrinsic AKI frequently coexist in clinical situations, serum creatinine and urine output provide no information to support their differentiation. Recently developed biomarkers reflect tubular epithelial injury therefore, we evaluated urinary biomarker levels in an adult mixed intensive care unit cohort of patients who had been clinically evaluated as having prerenal AKI. Urinary L-type fatty acidbinding protein , neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin , interleukin-18 , N-acetyl–D-glucosaminidase , and albumin in patients with prerenal AKI showed modest but significantly higher concentrations than in patients with non-AKI. We also conducted a proof-of-concept experiment to measure urinary biomarker excretion in prerenal AKI caused by volume depletion. Compared with cisplatinum and ischemiareperfusion models in mice, volume depletion in mice caused a modest secretion of L-FABP and NGAL into urine with more sensitive response of L-FABP than that of NGAL. Although no histological evidence of structural damage was identified by light microscopy, partial kidney hypoxia was found by pimonidazole incorporation in the volume depletion model. Thus, our study suggests that new AKI biomarkers can detect mild renal tubular damage in prerenal acute kidney injury. - Previous article in issue Also Check: Can You Have 4 Kidneys Acute Kidney Failure Prerenal Causes Prerenal failure is the most common type of acute renal failure . The kidneys do not receive enough blood to filter. Prerenal failure can be caused by the following conditions: - Dehydration: From vomiting, diarrhea, water pills, or blood loss - Disruption of blood flow to the kidneys from a variety of causes: - Drastic drop in blood pressure after surgery with blood loss, severe injury or burns, or infection in the bloodstream causing blood vessels to inappropriately relax - Blockage or narrowing of a blood vessel carrying blood to the kidneys - Heart failure or heart attacks causing low blood flow - Liver failure causing changes in hormones that affect blood flow and pressure to the kidney There is no actual damage to the kidneys early in the process with prerenal failure. With appropriate treatment, the dysfunction usually can be reversed. Prolonged decrease in the blood flow to the kidneys, for whatever reason, can however cause permanent damage to the kidney tissues. Acute Kidney Injury And Extra Recent evidence in both basic science and clinical research are beginning to change our view for AKI from a single organ failure syndrome, to a syndrome where the kidney plays an active role in the evolution of multi-organ dysfunction. Recent clinical evidence suggests that AKI is not only an indicator for severity of illness, but also leads to earlier onset of multi-organ dysfunction with significant effects on mortality. Animal models of renal injury have been used extensively in order to elucidate the mechanism of remote organ dysfunction after AKI despite their limitations due to interspecies differences. These studies have shown a direct effect of AKI on distant organs. These animal studies include models of ischaemiareperfusion injury and sepsis, mainly lipopolysaccharide endotoxin induced sepsis due to its reproducibility in creating distant organ failure. AKI is not an isolated event and it results in remote organ dysfunction to the lungs, heart, liver, intestines and brain through a pro-inflammatory mechanism that involves neutrophil cell migration, cytokine expression and increased oxidative stress . Three recent excellent reviews explore the mechanisms and the long-term consequences of AKI other organ systems. Kidney-lung crosstalk in the critically ill patient Heart-kidney crosstalk: the cardiorenal syndrome Recommended Reading: What Laxative Is Safe For Kidneys How Can I Prevent Acute Kidney Injury Because AKI happens suddenly, it can be hard to predict or prevent it. But taking good care of your kidneys can help prevent AKI, chronic kidney disease and kidney failure/ESRD. Follow these general rules to keep your kidneys as healthy as possible: - Work with your doctor to manage diabetes and high blood pressure. - Live healthy! Eat a diet low in salt and fat, exercise for 30 minutes at least five days per week, limit alcohol and take all prescription medicines as your doctor tells you to. - If you take over-the-counter pain medicines, such as aspirin or ibuprofen, do not take more than is recommended on the package. Taking too much of these medicines can hurt your kidneys and can cause AKI. Diagnostic Tests & Interpretation - Compare to baseline renal function . - Urinalysis: dipstick for blood and protein microscopy for cells, casts, and crystals - Sterile pyuria suggests AIN triad of fever, rash, and eosinophilia present in 10% of cases - Proteinuria, hematuria, and edema, often with nephritic urine sediment , suggest GN or vasculitis. - Casts: transparent hyaline castsprerenal etiology pigmented granular/muddy brown castsATN WBC castsAIN RBC castsGN - Urine eosinophils: 1% eosinophils suggest AIN . - Urine electrolytes in an oliguric state - FENa = × 100 - FENa < 1%, likely prerenal > 2%, likely intrarenal - If patient on diuretics, use FEurea instead of FENa: FEurea = × 100 FEurea< 35% suggests prerenal etiology. Follow-Up Tests & Special Considerations Read Also: Is Honey Good For Kidney Health What Is The Treatment For Acute Kidney Injury The treatment for AKI depends on what caused it to happen. Most people need to stay in the hospital during treatment and until their kidneys recover. While you are being treated for the problem that caused your AKI, you may also have treatments to prevent problems that can make it harder for your kidneys to heal. Some possible treatments include: - Temporary hemodialysis to do the work that your kidneys should be doing, until they can recover - Medicines to control the amounts of vitamins and minerals in your blood - Treatments to keep the right amount of fluid in your blood When you return home, your doctor may ask you to follow a kidney-friendly diet plan to help your kidneys continue to heal. Your doctor may be able to refer you to a dietitian, who can help you make a kidney-friendly diet plan that works for you. Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury Must Know Drugs Prerenal acute kidney injury is absolutely something that happens in real life practice. One of the reasons that this is something that is seen on a somewhat regular basis is that the drugs that can cause prerenal acute kidney injury are very common. Diuretics, Diuretics, Diuretics Any medication that can promote the loss of fluid can cause dehydration, and ultimately prerenal acute kidney injury . Loop and thiazide diuretics are two extremely common medications that increase fluid loss out of the body and can cause dehydration. When the vessels dont have enough fluid in them, the blood pressure within the kidney falls. With inadequate pressure, the supply of nutrients and oxygen dwindles, leaving the kidney damaged and not functioning properly. What makes things really challenging is when patients need diuretics for heart failure. There is a very delicate balance between running fluid off and running too much off and causing prerenal acute kidney injury. ACE Inhibitors and ARBs The exact mechanism of reducing that pressure in the glomerulus is through blocking vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole. The efferent arteriole is the one that exits the glomerulus. If the pressure gets too low, this can lead to AKI. You can begin to understand how using all three of these agents together can really put a strain on the kidney and increase the risk of prerenal AKI. Don’t Miss: Seltzer Water Kidney Stones Acute Renal Failure In Children Dilys A. Whyte, Richard N. Fine Acute Renal Failure in Children. Pediatr Rev September 2008 29 : 299307. After completing this article, readers should be able to: Define acute renal failure . Differentiate the three forms of ARF. Initiate treatment, including stabilization, of a patient who has ARF. Discuss the various medications necessary for treating a patient who has ARF. Acute renal failure is defined as an acute decline in renal function characterized by an increase in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine values, often accompanied by hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, and hypertension. Significant morbidity and mortality can accompany ARF. Patients who have ARF recover their renal function either partially or completely or they develop end-stage renal disease. They also may develop associated multiorgan disease. ARF is divided into three forms: prerenal failure , intrinsic renal failure, and postrenal failure. Treatment ranges from conservative medical management to dialysis or renal transplantation, depending on the severity of… B Common Pitfalls And Side There are a few common pitfalls in the evaluation and management of pre-renal failure. Since the patients volume status is not always clinically clear in ineffective circulating volume states, there may be times where the decision between diuresis and volume resuscitation is difficult. If a patient has received more than a liter of isotonic intravenous fluids and the creatinine has not decreased, you can probably conclude that this is not isolated pre-renal failure due to a low circulating volume, although this has not been well studied. Reliance on the FENa should also not supersede good clinical judgement given its poor specificity and many potential confounders. Recommended Reading: What Causes Kidney Problems In Humans What Is The Kidney And What Does It Do The kidneys are two coffee bean-shaped organs found in the posterior part of the abdominal cavity which name is retroperitoneum. They connect with the bladder through two thin muscle tubes called the ureters. The kidneys primary function is to filter blood, remove excess fluid, electrolytes, and waste material to make urine. Urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder. Then, it goes from the bladder to the urethra and finally, from the urethra to the toilet. The kidneys are vital in maintaining a healthy balance of electrolytes, fluids, acids, and bases in the body. They are also crucial in arterial tension regulation and are the target of important antihypertensive medications . Kidneys also produce essential hormones that control red blood cell production. Each kidney is made up of millions of nephrons. Each nephron has two main parts the glomerulus and the tubule. The glomerulus is the filter, it works more or less in the same way as a coffee filter does. The tubule removes and adds different elements to the original filtrate according to the bodys needs. For example, in the dehydrated person, the tubule will absorb a lot of the fluid from the original glomerular filtrate. If a person has excess acid in the body, the tubules will excrete that acid and reabsorb bicarbonate in turn. The substances and fluid the tubules do not reabsorb become urine that flows into the bladder. Continue Learning About Kidney Failure Important: This content reflects information from various individuals and organizations and may offer alternative or opposing points of view. It should not be used for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. As always, you should consult with your healthcare provider about your specific health needs. Also Check: How Much Money Is A Kidney Worth Acute Kidney Failure Medications The patient may be given medicines to treat the cause of the acute renal failure or to prevent complications. - Antibiotics: To prevent or treat infections - Diuretics : Quickly increase urine output Acute Kidney Injury & Failure Symptoms Causes & Treatments When your kidneys stop working suddenly, over a very short period of time , it is called acute kidney injury . AKI is sometimes called acute kidney failure or acute renal failure. It is very serious and requires immediate treatment. Unlike kidney failure that results from kidney damage that gets worse slowly, AKI is often reversible if it is found and treated quickly. If you were healthy before your kidneys suddenly failed and you were treated for AKI right away, your kidneys may work normally or almost normally after your AKI is treated. Some people have lasting kidney damage after AKI. This is called chronic kidney disease, and it could lead to kidney failure if steps are not taken to prevent the kidney damage from getting worse. Don’t Miss: Fluid Buildup Around Kidney Preventing Acute Kidney Injury Those at risk of AKI should be monitored with regular blood tests if they become unwell or start new medication. It’s also useful to check how much urine you’re passing. Any warning signs of AKI, such as vomiting or producing little urine, require immediate investigation for AKI and treatment. People who are dehydrated or at risk of dehydration may need to be given fluids through a drip. Any medicine that seems to be making the problem worse or directly damaging the kidneys needs to be stopped, at least temporarily. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence has produced detailed guidelines on preventing, detecting and managing AKI. Who’s At Risk Of Acute Kidney Injury You’re more likely to get AKI if: - you’re aged 65 or over - you already have a kidney problem, such as chronic kidney disease - you have a long-term disease, such as heart failure, liver disease or diabetes - you’re dehydrated or unable to maintain your fluid intake independently - you have a blockage in your urinary tract - you have a severe infection or - you’re taking certain medicines, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or blood pressure drugs, such as ACE inhibitors or diuretics diuretics are usually beneficial to the kidneys, but may become less helpful when a person is dehydrated or suffering from a severe illness - you’re given aminoglycosides a type of antibiotic again, this is only an issue if the person is dehydrated or ill, and these are usually only given in a hospital setting You May Like: Which System Do Kidneys Belong To C Criteria For Diagnosing Each Diagnosis In The Method Above The RIFLE criteria should be applied to a patient with suspected of acute renal failure to determine the degree of acute kidney injury and whether or not the patient is oliguric or not. The next step should be take a good history and determine if the patient is at risk for potential causes of pre-renal failure and if their physical exam supports one of these potential diagnosis. If the history and physical are suggestive of one of the low circulating volume states, empiric treatment with volume repletion can be initiated without further diagnostic tests. What Tests To Perform Serum creatinine concentration is the main test used to diagnose AKI. In non-steady state conditions such as AKI, the SCr concentration may not provide an accurate estimate of glomerular filtration rate because changes in SCr may lag by many hours. In the setting of AKI, daily measurements of SCr should be performed. More frequent measurements may be indicated in critically ill individuals. The pattern of rise in SCr may be helpful diagnostically. Pre-renal azotemia usually leads to modest rises in SCr that return to baseline with treatment of the underlying condition. Contrast nephropathy typically leads to a rise in SCr within 24 to 48 hours, a peak within 3 to 5 days, and subsequent resolution within 5 to 7 days. Atheroembolic disease usually shows more subacute rises in SCr, though rapid increases may be observed in severe cases. Increases in SCr of 0.5 mg/dL or greater within 24 hours may reflect substantially reduced kidney function, and such patients should be monitored carefully. Blood urea nitrogen increases in AKI but can also increase due to hypercatabolic states, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, hyperalimentation, and corticosteroid therapy. A disproportionate rise in BUN compared to SCr, in the absence of other causes of BUN elevation, may be observed in pre-renal azotemia. Don’t Miss: Does Red Wine Cause Kidney Stones What Pee Color Is Bad In acute kidney injury, urine tends to turn very strong and dark. It can look very yellow, brown, or reddish. However, this does not occur in all cases of acute kidney injury. Hematuria can also present as brown urine. It should not be mistaken for dark urine due to any of the causes, as mentioned earlier.

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SAINT PISHOY THE PERFECT MAN, BELOVED OF OUR GOOD SAVIOUR The great Saint Abba Pishoi was born in the village of "Shinsha" in the "Menoufia" Province of Egypt, in the year 320 A.D. His parents were devout and righteous abounding in every good work. Pishoi was the youngest of seven brothers. While still in his childhood, his father departed to Paradise leaving his mother to look after the seven children. THE VISION One night, his mother saw a vision; an Angel of the Lord standing before her and saying: "The Lord sayeth give me one of thy children that he may serve me all the days of his life". The mother answered saying: "Behold, all my children are befor thee, choose whomsover pleaseth thee". And the Angel stretched out his hand and touched the forehead of little Pishoy. Now Pishoi was of a lean body, and the mother answered and said: "This is the weakest among them all, choose a stronger one my Lord". But the Lord who searches the hearts and is no respector of person has already chosen the blessed Pishoi to serve Him. IN THE WILDERNESS OF SCETIS At age 20 (circa A.D. 340), Pishoi left into the wilderness of Scetis (or Ascete, from which the word "Ascetic" was derived), were he met the great Abba Pambo (pronounced Pamwo). This great teacher was a Disciple of Saint Macarius the great, and the teacher of Abba John the Dwarf. This great Saint trained the young Pishoi in the tradition of the great Ascetics of the wilderness of Egypt. Through his obedience and strife, he soon earned a place among the monks and was vested in the Monastic garb by his teacher who surnamed him "the Luminous". When Abba Pambo departed to Paradise, Abba Pishoi remained with his friend Abba John the Dwarf in the place where the "Tree of obedience" grew. It may be appropriate at this point,to digress a little to recount the story of this tree. In order to train Abba John the Dwarf to be obedient, the great Abba Pambo gave him his staff and asked him to plant it and water it every day. Abba John the dwarf did this unquestioningly for three years, at the end of which the staff started to grow leaves and brought fruit. And the great Abba Pambo carried some of the fruits and went around the brethren offering them a taste of the fruit of the "Tree of obedience". Abba Pishoi gradually increased his ascetic efforts so much so that he fasted for one week at a time and when he ate, he only ate bread and salt. He memorized many of the books of the Scripture, while keeping the tradition of the Desert Fathers: weaving baskets while reciting his Psalmody. One book of the Scripture that had a special place in his heart was the book of Jeremiah, which he often read. At times the Prophet Jeremiah would appear to him explaining the Scripture. HIS SOLITUDE Although he enjoyed the company of hif friend John the Dwarf, yet deep inside him was a burning desire for the solitary life. Now Abba John the dwarf percieved in his spirit that desire and one day spoke to him saying: "I know that you are thinking about the solitary life and so am I, so let us spend the whole night in prayer that God may grant us discernment regarding this matter". And indeed the Angel of the Lord declared unto them that they are to depart, with John staying in the place where they both used to live. And Pishoi arose early in the morning and went two miles south of that place where he found a cave, and he lived there for three years where he set his eyes on no one. He exercised his Ascesis more diligently, and practiced continuous prayers, and long vigils, always recalling the Master's words: "He that loseth his life for my sake shall find it". THE LORD APPEARS TO HIM One day while standing for prayer, the Lord Jesus appeared to him and spoke to him saying: "Pishoi my chosen one!" The Saint started to tremble and fell on his face but the Lord held him by the hand and raised him up speaking to him in comforting words. Abba Pishoi increased his ascetic labours, praying and fasting, and the Lord appeared to him once more encourageing and strengthening him. In a short while the aroma of his virtues filled the wilderness round about him, and many monks gathered around him to be his disciples. Although leading separate lives, Abba Pishoi and Abba John the Dwarf visited often to talk about the things pertaining to the Kingdom of Heaven. A VISIT FROM A SYRIAN SAINT One of the great Syrian Ascetics, Saint Ephreim the Syrian (surnamed the Harp of the Spirit) was once praying, when it was revealed to him that there is a man in the wilderness of Scetis named Pishoi that was his equal in piety. Immediately he arose and took a ship to Alexandria, and from there he travelled by land to Scetis . He met with Abba Pishoi, they embraced each other and prayed together. There was a problem however, neither of them knew the language of the other. Abba Pishoi lifted his eyes to heaven and asked the Lord that he may give him understanding , and immediately the Lord revealed to him what Abba Ephreim was saying. Abba Ephreim stayed with him for one week then he returned to Syria. IN THE PRESENCE OF THE LORD The monks in the wilderness knew about the repeated appearances of the Lord to Abba Pishoi, and they were filled with the desire to witness the appearance of the Lord. Abba Pishoi prayed, asking the Lord to appear to the brethren that they may be strengthened , and the Lord promised that he will appear on a certain date. Abba Pishoi told the brethren and they were very happy. Early in the morning of that day, every one started walking up the mountain where the Lord said He would appear. Every one wanted to be there first. Walking at the end of the trail was a frail old man who could hardly make it up the mountain, whom hardly any one noticed except for the compassionate Abba Pishoi, who went to him and asked if he could carry him up the mountain. At first the old man felt so light but gradually he became heavier and heavier until Abba Pishoi realized that he was actually carrying the Lord. Abba Pishoi trembled and cried saying: "My Lord, the heavens are not large enough to contain Thee, and the earth trembleth before Thy Majesty, so how can a sinner like myself carry Thee ?". And the Lord comforted him and told him that because he carried Him, his body shall not see corruption. Abba Pishoi went up the mountain to watch the other monks looking up to heaven and waiting to see the Lord , but he told them that the Lord came but the eyes of their hearts were blinded so they could not see Him. WASHING THE MASTER'S FEET One of the virtues in which the great Saint excelled was his hospitality towards strangers. One day he noticed a man walking far off and immediately he went towards him and insisted that he come in to rest his feet. He brought him into his cell and brought water to wash his feet. The "stranger" spoke and Pishoi was filled with awe, "My chosen one Pishoi, thou blessed old man" said the "stranger", and Pishoi prostrated himself before the Lord. Abba Pishoi washed the feet of the Lord then the Lord departed from him. He drank the water but kept a little for his disciple. When the disciple came, Abba Pishoi told him to drink of the water but he would not. But when he saw that the Saint was not pleased with him he finally went to the pot but the water was gone. He came and prostrated himself before Abba Pishoi asking him the truth about the water . The Saint told him and he cried bitterly realizing that he was punished for his disobedience. THE FLIGHT INTO EGYPT In the year 408 A.D. hordes of the "Berber" attacked the monastries in Scetis devastating the place and killing many of the monks. Saint John the Dwarf came to his friend Pishoi and told him: "my brother, the Berber are coming, and although I am not afraid to die, yet I donot wish that one of them would go to Hell because of killing me, so I am thinking of going into Egypt. Abba Pishoi was pleased with his friends' discernment and decided to go with him. They both departed from scetis into the Valley of the Nile. Saint John the Dwarf into the Monastry of Saint Anthony and his friend Abba Pishoi settled in upper Egypt in the town of Ansana. There, Abba Pishoi met another monk who was to become a companion and a friend to the old man. This monk was no other than Saint Paul of Tamouh. They visited each other frequently, prayed often together and encouraged each other. Because they loved each other, it was revealed to Abba Pishoi that their bodies shall be buried together. HIS DEPARTURE Many years passed, and Abba Pishoi was close to a hundred years old, and the Lord recalled to Him his chosen one. Abba Pishoi gave up the Ghost in Ansana on July 15, 417 A.D. The brethren layed his body to rest with great honour, as befits a great Saint of the Church. He was burried just outside Ansana. Three months Later, his friend Abba Paul of Tamouh also reposed in the Lord and was burried beside his friend Abba Pishoi. At a later date, a Monastry bearing the name of the Saint was established in Ansana, and the Monks wanted to transfere the body of Abba Pishoi into the Monastry. So, they brought the body into a boat to transfere it there, but the boat would not move for two days. Now there happened to live in that area an old monk full of the Holy Spirit, and the name of the monk was Armanius. This monk was moved by the spirit to reveal to the brethren that the Lord has promised the two Saints that their bodies shall be together. Immediately the brethren brought the body of Saint Paul of Tamouh and the boat smoothly glided to its destination. The two bodies were put in one Coffin and remained in that monastry till 842 A.D. During that time, miracles of cure were widely reported all the time. THE RETURN TO SCETIS During the Papacy of Abba Yousab, the 52nd Pope of Alexandria, the Church lived in relative peace. The Pope made a visit to the Monastries of Scetic during Easter. while there, the monks asked the Pope to help them bring bck the body of their blessed father Abba Pishoi, into the place where he lived, and taught. So, the Pope wrote two letters, one to Abba Youannis Bishop of Ansana, and one adressed to the people of Ansana so that they hinder not the transfere of the body. As soon as the messages of Pope Yousab were received, the monks carrying the messages were lead into the Monastry were the bodies were kept (about one mile south of the Town). The bodies of both Abba Pishoi and Abba Paul of Tamouh were then transferred into a new coffin and taken to the house of Abba Youannis the Bishop, until a boat was found to transport the bodies to Babylon (Old Cairo). From there, the bodies were carried on a donkey into the holy wilderness of Scetis. On arrival, the monks went out to meet the bodies carrying palm leaves and olive branches, with censors and candle tapers. The monks spent the whole night singing praises to the Lord. This historical day was the fourth day of the blessed month of Kiahk in the year 558 A.M. according to the coptic Calendar. May their holy blessings be with us. Amen.

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The Nesting Dolls: A Novel “this compulsively readable novel of historical fiction is about three courageous women trying to triumph over the forces of history and forced to make life-altering choices.” Alina Adams portrays three generations of women, spanning the 20th century from Odessa 1931 until Brighton Beach 2019. This book is a historical family saga of three courageous women who have to make difficult personal choices about love and sacrifice in order to survive. Odessa, USSR, 1931: Dvora Kanaganovith, or Daria, has a good life. She marries a well-known pianist, Edward, who is praised for his concerts. She lives in a small apartment with his parents, and their two young girls, Alyssa and Anya. Until one day there's a knock at the door. A Russian soldier tells them to dress and to go downstairs. They're told that Stalin ordered all Jews to relocate to Kyril, Siberia, in the Gulag, where the land is ripe with vegetables and fruit. They're packed into trains like sardines, with no food, and they have to sleep on the floor. Although Daria hurriedly packs food and warm sweaters, Alyssa and Anya complain that they're cold and hungry. Daria, although also cold and hungry, gives them her own warm shawl. She tells them that they will be going to a better place. They finally arrive after a long and bitter train ride. In shock, they are forced to undress completely in front of the guards and are given work clothes that don't fit. They sleep in barracks, five or six crowded together in one bunk, and are forced to till the land from morning until evening with just a bowl of watered soup for nourishment. Unbeknown to them, the land is bare, nothing grows, their hands become red and chapped and their lips blue from the cold. Although Daria loses her clothes, her precious possessions, and is deprived of food and shelter, she refuses to lose her dignity. "Daria again refused to perform as expected of her. Instead of cowering, she haughtily unhooked her brassiere and dropped the remainder of her clothes into the guard’s outstretched bag . . . all the jewelry she'd brought for bribes was gone." All they have is their bunk. They realize that they are prisoners and were lied to about relocation. Daria tries to get Edward to smile or wink because he's weak, tired, and becomes melancholic. She tells him to follow the rules. "What had her husband uttered once regarding the arbitrary caprices of history, of life. "It's like music, Papa. You have to let it flow where it wants. You can't force it. All you can do is adjust the key and find your rightful rhythm within it." Stalin's idea was to deport the Jews to cold Siberia, in the North, to till the land and get the food they needed. "If the land didn't produce, they could blame themselves. Such was the unprecedented social justice of Communism." Daria's resourcefulness and resilience eventually save her family when she gets involved with the head guard, Adam. "Adam's eyes wanted her. And she remembers how that look made her feel. Beautiful. Powerful. Exultant. Hopeful. Disloyal." Daria is determined to give her husband back his dignity by shaving him with sharpened rocks and neatening up his ragged work uniform. Edward survives by listening to the music inside. He would never let them take his music. "He'd fought in his own way, in a way Daria wasn't used to, in a way she didn't recognize." By adjusting the key, he alters the circumstances. Daria thinks that her actions and sacrifice are justified. However, does she realize that she's destroyed her husband in order to survive? Or is that the price she has to pay to get her family out of the Gulag and back to Odessa? "In the spring of 1970, Natasha Crystal received two lessons regarding the infamous Jewish problems. Those that were about math, and those that were about men." Odessa, 1970. Daria is now the matriarch of her growing family, including Natalia Nahumova, also known as Natasha, daughter of Alyssa and granddaughter of Daria. Daria teaches her that by following the rules, one can survive in any circumstances. Headstrong and stubborn like her grandmother, she refuses to obey. "Natasha stepped forward, ostentatiously confident in a way her mother insisted would get them arrested one day." The story begins with Natasha, a brilliant student, applying to Odessa University to study mathematics. But she first has to pass a grueling examination. However, the examiners give her an impossible math problem to solve in 60 seconds. Then they test her loyalty to the Russian state. "My father is a decorated veteran of the Great Patriotic War. He gave his eye for the cause." Natasha fails the exam. She knows it's because she's Jewish. The Soviets are trying to keep Jews from entering prestigious universities. Devastated and angry, her only option left is to graduate from Teacher's College and teach math to elementary school students. Her roommate and best friend, Boris, also fails the exam. Natasha perks up when she encounters Dima, an activist, who is refused entry to Moscow University to study medicine. "Ones they came up with," special," Dima explained, amused she didn't know. "They can't be solved; to keep Jews out of universities." Natasha is attracted to Dima, to Boris' chagrin. She dreams of seeing him again and having a romantic relationship. She's disappointed with her dates. They were either strict rule-followers, terrified of being disloyal, or louts who proclaimed their independence by stealing and drinking. She falls into melancholy. "Her days blended into the next, with Monday proving no different from Friday . . . Until Dima returned." He asks her to come and see him at ten o'clock that night in another district. Thinking that it's a café and that he wants a romantic relationship, she puts on her best dress. She's shocked when she sees it's an older apartment building. She knocks at the door and a young woman, named Ludmilla, beckons her inside where ten other women are sitting around a table deep in discussion. But Natasha only sees Dima. "The way his silken hair shimmered; the way his translucent azure eyes glowed." Eventually, they have a romantic relationship, and she thinks he's going to marry her. However, when she's asked to perform subversive activities, she realizes that Dima is a dangerous person who is willing to save Jews from further persecution by staging a revolt and getting them out of the USSR. He's even willing to put Natasha's own life in danger and has no intentions of marrying her. "This is our way out," he explains to Natasha. She's devastated when she learns that he and Ludmilla will be getting married. She tries to find a way out but delves further into betrayal and mistrust. Defeated and exhausted, Natasha returns home, pregnant with Dima's child. "Dima was a hero, a risk-taker." But Natasha is a coward, standing by while her fellow Jews are being beaten and bloodied. When Boris welcomes her into his arms, no questions asked, she realizes that he's the real hero who'd risked loving her. Even Dima hadn't been able to do that. Brighton Beach, Brooklyn, N.Y., 2019. Zoe or Zoya, great-granddaughter of Daria is the third generation of Daria's growing family. Brighton is a low-income neighborhood, jam-packed with produce displays, fruit markets, and small apartment buildings. In contrast, Manhattan Beach is a suburban heaven with clean streets and large houses. Zoe dreams of leaving the suffocating streets and small minds of Brighton and moving to Manhattan, where her divorced, wealthy father, Eugene, lives in his own home. Zoe finishes university with a promising career in software development. But her baba just wants her to get married. "You will never disappoint any of us. Your expensive school, your important career, and soon, a nice Jewish boy, yes? . . . You will be the one to achieve all of baba's dreams that she left the Soviet Union for." Zoe is ashamed of her baba's Russian accent and that she still has the immigrant mentality. Eventually Zoe lands a job in a Translation software company, working for her boss, Alex Zagarodny, who is also the son of Russian immigrants. Her assignment is to research businesses in which her boss might want to invest two million dollars. He's developing a new coding app that hasn't been tried before and wants funding from big business. Her family is hoping for a marriage. Alex gives Zoe a tour. She notices a dozen employees slouched over keyboards and screens. He introduces her to his chief engineer, Gideon Johnson. Zoe tries to talk to him but Alex pulls her away. Zoe is frightened that she won’t succeed in her assignment because her boss talks in technical terms she doesn't understand. Then he asks her on a date. Her baba advises her not to be honest with him but to keep her innermost thoughts to herself. So we have "following the rules" again. "Why you should always be careful! Nobody cares what we say. Why do we have to keep lying to each other?" . . . We're not in the USSR." Zoe, like her predecessors, remains headstrong and stubborn. Zoe agrees to a date with Alex. But instead of an intimate evening, she's surprised to find herself at a Mix, Mingle and Pitch party. She feels very uncomfortable with all the wealthy businessmen. She's shy and has nothing in common with them. Not only that, but Alex pays her no attention while he mingles with his partners. She feels confused and alone. Alex later apologizes and, for the next date, he decides to take her to visit a museum. She's to meet him at his office. When she arrives, Gideon tells her that he's in a meeting and to wait. In the meantime, she has a conversation with Gideon and finds that although he's Black, they have a lot in common. When Alex still doesn't show, she decides to see a movie with Gideon. After several clandestine dates with Gideon, Zoe finds that she's in love with him. But what would her family say about her not marrying a wealthy Jewish boy? Zoe, who wants so much to leave Brighton for a better life, finds that what she tries to outrun holds her true happiness after all. Spanning the 20th century from the Russian Gulag to the Soviet "refuseniks" to the oceanside of Brighton Beach, this compulsively readable novel of historical fiction is about three courageous women trying to triumph over the forces of history and forced to make life-altering choices.

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Inputs and outputs can be either digital or analog. This is because I/O devices vary so widely in their functionality and speed (for example a mouse, a hard disk and a CD-ROM), varied methods are required for controlling them. This part of the CPU performs arithmetic operations. When specific keys are pressed the Makey Makey board can mimic those keystrokes. So materials chosen as the input must conduct some level Use the Micro:bit emulator or the Codebug emulator to explore inputs and outputs. This Java tutorial helps you understand the java.io.Console class which provides convenient methods for reading input and writing output to the standard input (keyboard) and output streams (display) in command-line (console) programs.. As the Java platform evolves over the years, it introduces the Console class (since Java 6) which is more convenient to work with the standard input/output ⦠You can program Makey Makey in Scratch to respond in certain ways when specific keys are pressed; Makey Makey If you are in the business of organizing parties, if you fail at organizing parties, you are out of business. students to remotely control elements such as sliders. They must work in complete synergy because that will ensure smooth overall functioning. One of our favourite models for work is IPO: Input â Process â Output. (A way to put information inside, makes sense, right?) Information System as an Input-Process-Output Model . The processing step includes all tasks required to effect a transformation of the inputs. The inputs represent the flow of data and materials into the process from the outside. Example: â¢Input= Applicants apply for the position online and take a short online personality test. provides movement that can be made faster or slower. Create an animal that moves in response to the sound of your voice. Other similar kits may vary in components and They are existential â the reason behind everything we do. kit. The outputs are the data and materials flowing out of the transformation process. Tell students that they will be creating a digital solution for their own project. For example, a telephone billing system takes customer records and telephone meter readings (inputs) from an exchange switch, computes the costs for each customer (process) and then prints bills (outputs) for each customer. signals to the circuit. It is responsible for coordinating tasks between all components of a computer system. The Bluetooth bit enables Statement of work 2. replace Show number to Light level. Output refers to the results and information that are generated by the system. Create movement (servo) or light (LED) using the sound sensor (for example, clapping to activate a Connect with a tutor instantly and get your Therefore, the quality of system input determines the quality of system output. Start off by setting simple challenges. Examples of challenges are connecting a circuit that: provides a light that pulses or that can be dimmed or made brighter. A programming board, such as a Micro:bit or Codebug, can have different inputs. concepts cleared in less than 3 steps. A computer, notebook, tablet and smartphone are all examples of digital systems. The LittleBits kit, for example, has a number of inputs such as buttons, dimmers and sensors. Proposed system requirements including a conceptual data model, modified DFDs, and Metadata (data about data). For example, many chemical processes follow the S-shaped Hill equation relation between input concentrations and output concentrations. Really there are three main types of input that people talk about: Sensors; Computer chips; Interfaces; Most inputs are a combination of a couple of these things. Section 4. Watch lectures, practise questions and take tests on the go. Saying that computers have revolutionized our lives would be an understatement. Inputs; Outputs; Communication Inputs An input is any way that a robot or computer takes information into its system. ⢠Delete one row and one column of K at a time and evaluate the properties of the reduced gain matrix. The information entered into a computer system, examples include: typed text, mouse clicks, etc. Here, it has to rely on a component called the central processing unit. The CPU further uses these three elements: Once a user enters data using input devices, the computer system stores this data in its memory unit. Unit SOLO Taxonomy. High customer satisfaction begins with selling to them via their preferred channel, which requires a supply chain and inventory management system that can seamlessly accommodate multiple sales channels. Data can be in the form of numbers, words, actions, commands, etc. The main function of input devices is to direct commands and data into computers. Turns out a good party is a pretty complex system. input devices. The following are examples of projects that students could undertake. Input is something put into a system or expended in its operation to achieve output or a result. 2: Input-Transformation-Output Process Here youâll find the complete examples of input and output devices. Examples of input and output devices: Input and output devices are the basic components of a computer system. implementation. from the Makey Makey input key to Makey Makeyâs ground. In an information system, input is the raw data that is processed to produce output. Another example of input devices is touch-screens. For user this is the second phase but according to the system this is third because processing phase which is the internal part not seen by the user of the system. Remotely control elements such as temperature or light ( LED ) using the sound of your voice pre-programmed... Do this you need the LittleBits Bluetooth Low Energy ( BLE ) bit enables students to the. Into a format which humans can understand transformation of the coronavirus pandemic, we can even perform logical functions the... Output devices fill in the correct words in these sentences time and evaluate the of... Complete examples of projects that students could undertake basically reproduce the data formatted by the system and it.: a small engineering firm believes there are a few different types of input and output devices are manual direct. Ca n't begin to plan the most basic structure for describing a process of system input determines the of! Words, are machines that perform a set of functions according to the sound sensor ( for example, laptopâs! Offer students an opportunity to explore simple circuitry that can be made faster or slower components as! Many introductory programming and systems analysis texts introduce this as the input and output concentrations Evolution and of! Can detect movement of the system and manage it better software and an output such storing! A number of inputs at one end and the BLE bit to move motors on vehicles... And DVD drive, multifunctional printer, modem, digital camera, etc for processing purchases, and! Obeying Newtonian mechanics, and retrieving the information produced by a series of operations or,... Position online and take a short online personality test in your system Name an input unit entering! Inputs can be either digital or analog simply choose a number of inputs includes... 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The Arawaks, the first human inhabitants of St. Maarten, originated from the Orinoco basin in Venezuela. Archaeological findings indicate their presence on the island between 600 –1200 AD. They made their living by fishing and harvesting wild fruits. Stones and shells were used as tools. For transportation between the different islands canoes were used, called Piroques. Housing consisted of temporary settlements, (for example at Cupecoy on the Dutch side) or permanent housing, villages (for example at Hope Estate on the French side) The Arawaks were a spiritual people, they believed in the power of supernatural beings surrounding them. Salt has always been a precious natural resource for people. The Arawaks named the island “Soualugia”, meaning land of Salt. When the Dutch moored on St. Maarten (1624) to repair damage they had sustained during their voyage, they soon “discovered” The Great Salt Pond. This was a major find, because now they had access to a vast supply of valuable goods. The salt was sold to traders in the Caribbean and “New England” in the USA. St. Maarten had become very important to them. The salt was stored at three locations in Philipsburg without protection from the elements. If, for a prolonged period of time there was no rain, the salt yields were very substantial. The salt industry was a very hard life for all those involved in it. During harvest season (6 – 7 months of the year) at least 500 people, including children and senior citizens, slaves and free citizens from the Dutch and the French side of the island, would work in different groups with each person having a special task to fulfill. The Dutch side stopped production of salt in 1949, to be followed by the French side in 1967. After which the salt industry came to an end on the island. Processing of salt The sun causes the evaporation of water from the sea water, which leaves a crust of salt crystals. These can be removed by shoveling and scraping. Another method was by putting stakes in the salt ponds and removing the formed salt cakes around the stakes by hand (reaping). The technique used at the Salt factory located at Foga, consisted of heating salt water to high temperatures until the water evaporated and salt crystals were formed. The Salt factory, also known as the Foga Ruins, were built in 1862 by Slotemaker and Ademante, did not produce as expected and was abandoned. Ruins of the factory can still be seen at the Salt pond opposite Philipsburg. When the French and the Dutch settled on St. Maarten in the 17th century, they established the plantation and salt industries. A great shortage of labor arose, and therefore it was decided to bring enslaved Africans. The Africans, brought in against their own free will and under inhumane circumstances, cultivated indigo, tobacco, cotton and sugarcane. They toiled in the sugar factories, and picked salt in the salt ponds. These salt ponds functioned as the primary meeting place for freed and enslaved Africans, to socialize and exchange information, such as calls for emancipation. Driven by innate desire to be free, the enslaved made strong efforts to escape to the hills and other safe havens, forcing the insular authorities to pass anti maroon (runaway slave) legislation in 1790. Abolition of slavery ended this “unholy institution” on the northern part of the island. (the French side) in 1848. Slaves on the southern part (the Dutch side), having learned this, set out to the border to become free. Fearing further revolt, the slave owners on the Dutch side pleaded with the authorities for abolition, but received no official reaction. Therefore they decided to release their slaves from bondage, and to pay wages for work. Slavery ended in fact on St. Maarten in 1848; however, the official abolition of slavery for the Dutch West Indian colonies was not proclaimed until the 1st of July 1863. Emancipation declaration for the Netherlands Antilles Here you can read the emancipation declaration for the Netherlands Antilles written by the Governor of Curacao in 1863. To the affranchised population of Curacao and dependencies. In the month October of last year has been proclaimed in your island the law by which it pleased His Majesty, our most gracious King, to decree that on the 1st of July 1863 slavery should ever be abolished in Curaçao and its dependant Islands That happy day is here now there. From this moment you are free persons and enter society as inhabitants of the colony. Most heartily do I congratulate you with the blessing bestowed on you by the paternal care of the King; sincerely may rejoice in the same, but you must also make yourself worthily of this benefit. In your previous state you have always distinguished yourself by quite, orderly behavior and obedience to your former masters: now as free persons, I am fully confident of it, you will orderly and subordinate to the government perform your duty as inhabitants of the colony, working regularly for fair wages, which you may dispose of at your pleasure, to provide for yourself and your family. The government will attend to your interest and promote the same as much as possible. If you require advice address yourself to the District- commissary of your district or to the other competent authorities they shall assist you in every thing which may tend to promote your well being Curaçao, the 1st of July 1863. HMS Proselyte (shipwrecked 1801, Great bay) H.M.S Proselyte was originally a Dutch war Frigate, named “Jason”, was built in Rotterdam in 1770. Through mutiny the ship was handed over to the British Royal Navy in June 1796. The British altered it from a 36 piece (canon) to a 32 piece (canon) and renamed it H.M.S. “PROSELYTE”. The Ship sank in full view of Philipsburg on September 2nd, 1801 when it hit a coral reef. The “PROSELYTE” today lies on her starboard side just beyond the mouth of Great Bay at Philipsburg. The “PROSELYTE Reef” has become a popular dive site. A model of the ship and many collected artifacts found on the seabed can be viewed in the museum. St. Maarten is what it is today thanks to the dedication and efforts of some very special people. These hard working men and women are our National Heroes. If you would like to learn more about our National heroes then, come to the museum, see them on the wall and we are more than willing to provide you with further information. Our wall counts twenty-five heroes. If you think some other persons deserve to be on our wall of National Heroes, please contact us. We are always open for suggestions. The plantation period covers different aspects of the industrial history of the island. It started with the first Dutch arriving on the island in 1624. When they landed here to repair their ship they soon discovered the great Salt Pond and that the island had no habitants. These two facts led to the interest of other Europeans nations. With the result that the island frequently changed hands during the following centuries. In 1735 John Philips, born in Arbroth Scotland, was appointed by W.I.C (Dutch West India Company) as commander of St. Maarten. He revived and increased the agriculture and salt industry, rebuilt the fort and named it Fort Amsterdam in 1737 and invited more investors (mostly English) to settle on the island. The increase of industry required more labour thus more enslaved Africans were brought in. In 1790 the island reached its peak of prosperity, with 92 small estates. In 1848 slavery was abolished (officially by the Dutch 1863). During this period most of the estates were in a state of decline with only a few remaining active around 1950. Some descendents of enslaved Africans bought/“inherited” the estates of their former “owners”. A few own this property up to this day. Master House- where the slave master lived Slave Quarters- where the slaves slept Boiling House- where the cane juice would go to be purified and turned into sugar Cattle Mill- Where the animals use to walk in a circle to turn the gears, that would be used to squeeze the juice out of the sugarcane. PARTS OF A PLANTATION THE MASTER HOUSE The Master house or Great House is where the master (owner of the plantation) used to live with his family. THE BOILING HOUSE The boiling house is where the cane juice is carried to. The juice would be put into large pans and are boiled. The mill, also known as the animal or cattle mill. Is where the sugar cane was crushed by rollers, which squeezed out the cane juice and is carried to the boiling house. The animals would walk in a circle which causes the rollers to turn. The windmill would be one of the largest structures on a plantation. It was used as an alternative method of turning the rollers. The cistern collects rain or well water, which is used in the production of sugar. The cure house is where the sugar is carried to be settled and molasses drip from the sugar crystals. The slave housing/village is where the slaves lived. Where the rum was made. The first European settlers on St. Maarten were: the Dutch They officially claimed the island in 1631 and built a Fort on the peninsula, between Great Bay and Little Bay. The Spanish invaded the island in 1633. At the time the population consisted of 95 Dutch men, 2 Dutch women, 20 Negro men and 10 Negro women, and one Indian woman. The Dutch loss of St Maarten, led to the conquest of Curaçao. The Spanish occupied St. Maarten until 1648. During their occupation they expanded the fort. The Dutch made an attempt to recapture St. Maarten in 1644. Stuyvesant failed to do so and lost his leg during this battle. In 1874 Fort Amsterdam was used for the last time with the firing of a canon in honor of King William III silver reigning anniversary. In 1987 a group of Dutch archaeologists, coordinated by Jan Baart archaeologist of the city of Amsterdam excavated a large portion of the fort during their three month stay. Some of the most important findings were the skeleton of a Spanish officer who died in the battle with the Dutch in 1644 and artifacts presenting the Spanish, Dutch and English occupations. More information can be founded under National Symbols. Life on St. Maarten was not easy after the abolition of slavery, the days of our (great) grandparents, here were very few jobs and there was a lot of poverty in the community, even amongst the plantation owners. With the end of the plantation era, people returned to subsistence agriculture and fishing. The first group of St. Maarteners left the island due to lack of work in 1890 and settled on the surrounding islands and the USA. The second wave migrants from St. Maarten went to the Dominican Republic for seasonal work in the cane fields, returning to the island in time for harvesting of salt. The third wave occurred in the 1920’s. Massive migration from St. Maarten to Aruba and Curacao took place. St. Maarteners went to work in the oil companies of Aruba and Curacao, resulting in a decline of the population to 1458 in 1952. In the 1950’s automation was introduced in the oil refineries in Aruba and Curacao. The migrated workers from St. Maarten lost their jobs. They returned to the island. As of 1955 with the opening of the first tourist hotel “Little Bay”, jobs became available in the emerging tourist industry. This caused people from other countries to migrate to St. Maarten, bringing the population to a total number of 2928 in 1961, 9006 in 1972 and 12.207 in 1978. As the tourist industry continued to grow throughout the following decades, the population increased drastically to more than 51.000 on the Dutch side and 29.000 on the French side in 2008 WHAT IS IT The cottage industry has been part of Sint Maarten culture for centuries. This home-based industry was carried out by family members, using their own equipment. Also working at hours that are suitable to them. The finished products would be sold on the local market or traded for other goods. EXAMPLE OF COTTAGE INDUSTRY ON SINT MAARTEN: Expand Your Knowledge Our Museum has several different types of rock formations on display that gives the visitor an insight in the geological history of the island. An example of this is a piece of Point Blanche rock formation. This layered rock is a result of crystallization of lime stone and dates back to about 15 million years. About two million years ago St. Maarten, Anguilla and St. Barths were one island. This was visible because the sea level was about 36 meters lower than it is today. In the Museum a 3dimensial map of what was then know as greater St. Maarten can be viewed. For more information see "ENVIRONMENT." Hurricane Luis hit our island on September the 5th and 6th of 1995. This exhibit presents you with a display with a collection of newspaper clippings, images and eye accounts of the aftermath of the monster hurricane Luis. Visitors of the Museum can also request to watch a video about Hurricane Luis. For more information about hurricanes go to the menu environment and see the hurricane sections Hurricane Irma hit our island on September 6th of 2017 which was the twenty-second (22) anniversary of Hurricane Luis. The effects of Irma are still felt today as Sint Maarten is still recovering from the damage that was caused.

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Cascadia Research is undertaking a field project off the island of O‘ahu from October 10-24, 2010. Although we’ve worked off all the main Hawaiian Islands, this is the first field project we’ve had off O‘ahu since 2003. Our primary goals for this project are to obtain information on movements and habitat use of a number of species of toothed whales through the deployment of satellite tags, but we will also be obtaining photos and biopsy samples (for toxicology and genetic studies) from most species of odontocetes we encounter. Species that we are hoping to satellite tag include false killer whales, short-finned pilot whales, melon-headed whales, pygmy killer whales, Cuvier’s beaked whales, and Blainville’s beaked whales. The research team includes Greg Schorr, Daniel Webster, Jessica Aschettino and Robin Baird of Cascadia and a number of volunteers. This work is being funded by grants from the Naval Postgraduate School (funded by N45) and the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. For more information see our Hawai‘i odontocete research page Sign up to our Facebook page if you want to receive notices of when information is posted and updates on other Cascadia projects. The most recent updates are at the top of the page October 24, 2010 Pygmy killer whale, October 24, 2010. Photo by Jessica Aschettino. Today was our last day on the water for this trip. We were on the water 14 of the last 15 days, and covered 1,501 kilometers of trackline off the south and southeast short of Oahu. We had 30 sightings of 10 species of odontocetes, collected 32 biopsy samples for genetics and toxicology studies, took 18,666 photos for individual photo-identification, and deployed 12 satellite tags. Today we encountered a different group of pygmy killer whales than the one we saw last week, and were able to photo-identify all 24 individuals present, and deploy a satellite tag to track movements. Our next field project will start in just weeks (early December) off the island of Hawaii – check out our projects page for updates starting December 5th. Pygmy killer whale waving tail in air. Photo by Jessica Aschettino. Pygmy killer whale mother and juvenile. Photo by Robin Baird. Pygmy killer whales adults, photo by Kelly Wright. Pygmy killer whale, showing the distinctive rounded flipper of this species. Photo by Robin Baird. Pygmy killer whales socializing, photo by Daniel Webster. October 23, 2010 Pantropical spotted dolphin with abrasions below the dorsal fin caused by one or more persistent remoras. Photo by Chuck Babbitt. We are not sure what caused the linear abrasions further forward on the body, although linear marks like this are often caused by propellor strikes. Today our only cetacean sighting was a group of pantropical spotted dolphins. Several individuals had large remoras and were leaping repeatedly in an attempt to remove the remoras. Pantropical spotted dolphin leaping to try to get rid of a large remora. Photo by Greg Schorr. Pantropical spotted dolphin leaping, again, to try to get rid of a large remora. Photo by Daniel Webster. Persistent remora damage can be seen on the right side of this individual below the dorsal fin. Pantropical spotted dolphin calf with “neonatal folds”, the light vertical bands along the side of the body. Photo by Chuck Babbitt. Such light bands occur due to the folding of the fetus in utero, although this individual is probably several months old, given the evidence of healing of a likely cookie-cutter shark bite wound on the dorsal fin. October 22, 2010 A false killer whale with a crowned pufferfish, October 22, 2010. Photo by Robin Baird. This individual dropped the fish and another juvenile behind it grabbed the pufferfish, then later dropped it and we were able to collect the pufferfish to confirm the species. Today we encountered our second group of false killer whales for the trip. We recognized many of the individuals from the resident (Hawai‘i insular) population, were able to photo-identify about 19 individuals, collected one biopsy sample for genetics and toxicology, and deployed two additional satellite tags, including one of the location/dive tags. False killer whale mother and calf, October 22, 2010. Photo by Robin Baird. Juvenile false killer whale tail lobbing, October 22, 2010. Photo by Daniel Webster. Spinner dolphin, October 22, 2010. Photo by Jonas Webster. We also encountered a group of spinner dolphins, our second group of this species this trip. Group of spinner dolphins bowriding, October 22, 2010. Photo by Jonas Webster. October 20 and 21, 2010 Pantropical spotted dolphin, October 20, 2010. Photo by Daniel Webster. In the last two days we encountered another group of Blainville’s beaked whales, several groups of spotted dolphins, and our 10th species of odontocete for the trip, a lone dwarf sperm whale (sadly no photos). Below are maps of movements of two of the species we’ve deployed satellite tags on this trip. Movements of two of the short-finned pilot whales satellite tagged during this project, as of October 21. One individual (85582 in the map) has moved 140-170 kilometers offshore since tagging on October 19th, while the other has remained close to the islands but has moved to the east off of Lana‘i. Movements of HIPc200, the false killer whale tagged off O‘ahu October 15th. October 19, 2010 A Blainville’s beaked whale south of O‘ahu, October 19, 2010. Photo by Daniel Webster. The white oval scars on the body are healed scars from cookie-cutter shark bites, which are visible for up to about 10 years on this species. Today was our 9th day on the water and we encountered our 9th species of odontocete for the trip, a group of three Blainville’s beaked whales. We were able to get identification photos of two of the three individuals but were not able to get close enough to deploy a satellite tag. From work off the island of Hawai‘i we know there is a resident population of this species off that island, but there have been no re-sightings of photo-identified individuals from any of the other islands, so we do not know if these are part of a resident population or an open-ocean population. For more information on Blainville’s beaked whales see our web page for this species. Short-finned pilot whale spyhopping off O‘ahu, October 19, 2010. Photo by Daniel Webster. We also encountered two groups of short-finned pilot whales about 35 kilometers offshore of the island, with more than 90 individuals. Adult male short-finned pilot whale with satellite tag, October 19, 2010. Photo by Robin Baird. We were able to photo-identify most of the individuals present and also deployed satellite tags on three individuals. October 18, 2010 Whale shark next to our boat off Waianae, October 18, 2010. Photo by Robin Baird. It took 55,000+ kilometers of trackline over the last 11 years for us to see our first whale shark. Hopefully we won’t have to wait another 11 years! Pygmy killer whale with satellite tag, October 18, 2010. Photo by Robin Baird. Today we re-located the group of pygmy killer whales we encountered last week, and were able to photo-identify all the individuals, obtain three biopsy samples, an acoustic recording, and deploy another satellite tag. A melon-headed whale off Waianae, October 18, 2010. Photo by Jessica Aschettino. We also sighted our 8th species of odontocete for the trip, a lone melon-headed whale. Normally melon-headed whales travel in groups of several hundred individuals so it was extremely unusual to find a lone individual. For more information on our melon-headed whales in Hawai‘i see our web page for this species. A very well-marked pantropical spotted dolphin, October 18, 2010. Photo by Lisa Schlender. The white linear marks on the dorsal fin are tooth rakes from another spotted dolphin. The complex swirl of white markings on the body are caused by the healing of cookie-cutter shark bites distorting the spotting pattern. Our tracklines from the last 8 days. Today’s trackline is highlighted – we covered 165 kilometers to the southwest of O‘ahu. October 17, 2010 A map showing the movements of the Pseudorca since it was satellite tagged on October 15. The 1000 meter depth contour is shown. The individual has been identified as HIPc200 in our catalog, first seen in December 2004 off the island of Hawai‘i (and seen again in September 2008 off the island of Hawai‘i). Today the group came back close to O‘ahu but moved past the area where we were able to work due to very rough seas off the south shore of O‘ahu. October 16, 2010 Short-finned pilot whales off Waianae, October 16, 2010. Photo by Daniel Webster The tagged Pseudorca from yesterday was about 75 kilometers offshore this morning so we surveyed closer to shore and found a dispersed group of about 47 pilot whales, and deployed two more satellite tags to track movements. A large subadult or small adult short-finned pilot whale off Waianae, October 16, 2010. Photo by Daniel Webster October 15, 2010 False killer whales, October 15, 2010. Photo by Robin Baird. A good day on the water. We encountered a group of pilot whales and were able to deploy a satellite tag on one individual. While with the pilot whales a group of false killer whales moved through in the opposite direction, and we left the pilot whales to work with the false killer whales. Although we haven’t yet looked at the photos we think this group is part of the resident “Hawai‘i insular” population of false killer whales. False killer whale, October 15, 2010. Photo by Jessica Aschettino. We were able to photo-identify about 26 individuals, make one acoustic recording, collect three biopsy samples for genetic and toxicology studies, and deploy one satellite/dive tag. In the past we have collected some short-term information on diving behavior of false killer whales from suction-cup attached time-depth recorders, but this tag (a Wildlife Computers Mk10a tag) will record and transmit information on diving behavior, as well as locations of the whale, for up to several months. For more information on false killer whales in Hawai‘i see our web page for this species. False killer whale, October 15, 2010. Photo by Daniel Webster. This individual is missing the dorsal fin, likely lost through an interaction with fishing gear. We first documented this individual in May 2003, along with two other individuals with dorsal fin disfigurements from line interactions. We published a paper on these individuals and a comparison of such injuries in false killer whales and other species, available here. False killer whale and mahimahi, October 15, 2010. Photo by Robin Baird. Mahimahi and wedge-tailed shearwater, October 15, 2010. Photo by Daniel Webster. The mahimahi was in the air after being thrown there by a false killer whale. False killer whale with mahimahi, October 15, 2010. Photo by Daniel Webster. October 14, 2010 Common bottlenose dolphin off Waianae, October 14. Photo by Jessica Aschettino. Our fourth day on the water and our fourth species for the trip, a group of about 18 bottlenose dolphins. We were able to get photo-IDs of most individuals and two biopsy samples from the group. From our earlier work on bottlenose dolphins off O‘ahu (in 2002 and 2003) we found no movements of individuals between O‘ahu and any of the other islands in Hawai‘i, indicating a resident population. For more information on bottlenose dolphins in Hawai‘i see our web page for this species. Bottlenose dolphin off Waianae, Photo by Daniel Webster. October 13, 2010 Pygmy killer whale off Waianae, October 13, 2010. Photo by Robin Baird. Today we encountered one of our high priority species for the trip and one of the rarest species of oceanic dolphins in the world, pygmy killer whales. We were able to obtain photos of all 18 individuals in the group, which we will compare to our photo-identification catalog of this species to assess movements and population structure. Most of our photos are from encounters off the island of Hawaii (see our pygmy killer whale web page), although we have also encountered this species off Ni‘ihau and Lana‘i in the past. We were also able to deploy one satellite tag, and are hoping the tag will give us at least several weeks of movement information. We have satellite tagging data from two individual pygmy killer whales tagged off the island of Hawai‘i (in 2008 and 2009), both of which stayed closely associated with the island for the duration of tag attachment (10 and 22 days). Pygmy killer whale off Waianae, October 13, 2010. Photo by Robin Baird. A little bit of background on pygmy killer whales. Pygmy killer whales were first discovered based on two skulls, one described in 1827 and the other in 1874. The species was then effectively lost to science until 1952. The first six times live individuals were documented in the wild are worth reporting. The first live individual known to be of this species was harpooned, off Taiji, Japan, and brought in for processing. Although the individual was quickly flensed almost all the parts were obtained and the external appearance was recreated and described, along with the skeleton. The common name pygmy killer whale was first proposed based on this specimen by Yamada (1954). The second time this species was documented alive in the wild, off Senegal in 1958, the individual was captured and killed. The third known at-sea sighting was of a group of 14 individuals off Japan in 1963 – in this case the entire group was captured and taken into captivity, where all died within 22 days. The fourth recorded at-sea sighting of this species, also in 1963, ended a bit better, when only one individual in the group was captured and taken into captivity, this time in Hawai‘i. The fifth record of a live animal was an individual captured and accidentally killed in a tuna purse seine off Costa Rica in 1967. In the spring of 1969 a live individual was harpooned off St. Vincent. Finally, later in 1969, a group was observed in the Indian Ocean with none of them being killed or captured. We also found two groups of spotted dolphins offshore and collected three biopsy samples, and observed a Kuahonu Crab (Portunus sanguinolentus) near one of the spotted dolphin groups, at the surface in about 1300 meters of water. This is the first time we’ve seen this species of crab. Photo by Daniel Webster. October 12, 2010 Today was spent dealing with one of the inevitable aspects of operating a boat, unexpected maintenance. October 11, 2010 Rough-toothed dolphin, October 11, 2010. Photo by Jessica Aschettino. This individual has several sets of tooth rake marks from interactions with other rough-toothed dolphins. Today we had another good encounter with rough-toothed dolphins – we were able to collect four additional biopsy samples as well as identification photos of about 20 individuals. Brown booby off Waianae, October 11, 2010. Photo by Daniel Webster October 10, 2010 Rough-toothed dolphins off Waianae, October 10, 2010. Photo by Daniel Webster. Our first day on the water. Despite a forecast of 20 knot winds we were able to find relatively calm water off the Waianae coast for most of the morning, covering almost 90 kilometers of trackline, with two sightings of rough-toothed dolphins and two sightings of pantropical spotted dolphins. We were able to collect biopsy samples from four rough-toothed dolphins. These samples will be contributed to a study of rough-toothed dolphin population genetics being undertaken by Ph.D. student Renee Albertson at Oregon State University as well as to a study of toxicology by M.Sc. student Kerry Foltz at Hawai‘i Pacific University. Rough-toothed dolphins off Waianae, October 10, 2010. Photo by Robin Baird. We were also able to obtain identification photos from about 20 individual rough-toothed dolphins which will be contributed to our catalog for this species. From comparisons of photos taken off Kaua‘i and the island of Hawai‘i we have evidence there is little or no interchange between the two areas within the main Hawaiian Islands (see a recent publication and more information on rough-toothed dolphins in Hawai‘i here). These photos will help assess potential boundaries between the two areas. Pantropical spotted dolphin, October 10, 2010. Photo by Daniel Webster. This individual has a recent wound from a cookie-cutter shark on the back. Pantropical spotted dolphin with a cookie-cutter shark bite wound on the head, October 10, 2010. Photo by Daniel Webster. We also collected two biopsy samples from spotted dolphins today, which will be used both for toxicology and genetic studies. October 9, 2010 A wind vector forecast map for October 10, 2010, for 0800 HST, from the Haleakala Weather Center The 27′ Whaler we use for our work off the big island was shipped over to O‘ahu and is now at the dock at Ko‘olina Marina, located at the south end of the Waianae (SW) coast of O‘ahu. Tomorrow we start the project at sunrise. Photos on this page taken under NMFS Scientific Research Permits (Nos. 731-1774 and 774-1714). All photos are copyrighted and should not be used without permission.

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Separation Anxiety in Babies: Causes, Signs, and Tips for Handling It In the first few weeks and months of a baby’s life, parents often marvel at how wonderful their little angel is when others hold them. Fast forward a few months, however, and it’s likely a whole different ball game. Any attempts to escape or leave are met with shrieks and screams and a mess of tears and drool. Why the change? Chances are your little one is learning what object permanence is, and they’re feeling anxious and unsettled when they’re away from the security of mom or dad. In other words, it’s just a touch of separation anxiety. Ahead we’ll take a closer look at separation anxiety, what brings it on, common signs, and a few great tips for dealing with it. What is separation anxiety? Separation anxiety is the anxiety your baby or toddler will feel when you or anyone else, such as a caregiver, leaves their site. Whether it’s walking out of a room for a moment or dropping them off at daycare for the day, your absence can trigger a fearful and anxious response in your child. However, rest assured that this is just a phase that almost all kids go through, and it’s a completely normal part of their development. Signs of separation anxiety While the signs of separation anxiety in babies tend to vary from child to child, parents can expect to see any or all of the following: - Crying when a caregiver or parent leaves the room - A strong preference for one parent over another - Clinginess in new and unfamiliar situations - A fear of strangers - Night waking and crying - A refusal (or inability) to fall asleep without a parent nearby What causes separation anxiety? Before the eight-month mark, babies don’t necessarily develop attachments. For that reason, most parents will find that their baby will adjust relatively easily to any caregiver. Somewhere around eight months, however, your child begins to distinguish between people and faces clearly, and from that point on, they’ll begin forming strong emotional attachments to their caregivers. Around this same time (approximately 4 to 7 months of age), babies can begin to develop a sense of object permanence. In other words, they gain the understanding that people and objects still exist even when they can’t be seen or heard. When you pair their new understanding of object permanence with the fact that kids at this age don’t understand the concept of time, you have a recipe for disaster – also known as separation anxiety. Essentially, your child knows that mom or dad is gone, but they don’t know that mom or dad will come back. This can leave them scared and anxious when their parent or caregiver leaves their site. How long does separation anxiety last? Like every other stage of your child’s development, separation anxiety will vary from child to child. While some babies may start to show signs of separation anxiety as early as 4 to 5 months, most will begin to show signs of separation anxiety somewhere around eight months. Separation anxiety tends to peak somewhere between 10 to 18 months, and it usually ends by the time your child hits toddlerhood — or the 3-year mark. Tips for dealing with separation anxiety Separation anxiety isn’t easy for anyone – not you, and certainly not your child. Here are some tips for getting over the hump. Practice makes perfect Kim Sopman, certified sleep consultant and founder of Rest Easy Sleep Consulting, suggests that parents practice brief separations with their children. She says, “leave your child with a caregiver for brief periods and short distances at first, gradually increasing time away as the child becomes more comfortable.” This teaches your baby that while you can go away, you’ll still come back. It’s worth noting that practicing separation might be more fun for your baby when he initiates the leave-taking. So, the next time your baby crawls into another room, seize the opportunity and wait a few minutes before going after him. If you don’t follow up right away, it gives him a minute or two to process your absence. If you plan to practice separations, do the exercise after a nap or feeding. As Sopman notes, “babies are more susceptible to separation anxiety when they’re hungry or tired.” Use playtime as practice Sopman shares that playtime is an excellent way to support your child’s learning of object permanence. Here are some valuable games to try playing with your baby. - Hiding behind a cushion, then a sofa, then the door as your baby begins to tolerate absences better - Practice goodbyes – start with just 2 minutes of absence, then work this time up slowly - ‘Lift the flap’ books - Hiding toys under a blanket to see if the baby knows to search for them Create a goodbye ritual Rituals, routines, and consistency are incredibly reassuring to children, and they’re especially important to younger babies. To ease feelings of separation anxiety in your child, try creating a goodbye ritual that would ease the tension for both of you. In this case, Sopman urges parents to keep it simple and resist the urge to overcomplicate things. “It could be as simple as a special wave or special goodbye kiss.” Leave without fanfare, but make your departure known While it’s tempting to sneak out when your baby isn’t looking (we’ve all done it), this is a mistake. According to Sopman, “Sneaking out creates mistrust and can lead to increased separation anxiety down the road.” Instead of sneaking out, Sopman urges parents to announce their departure and go quickly. Mind your own emotions Every parent feels a surge of emotions when dropping their child off at the daycare for the first time (again, you’re not alone). But as hard as it might be, you must keep your own emotions in check for everyone’s sake. According to Dr. Fran Walfish, Beverly Hills family and relationship psychotherapist, and author, of The Self-Aware Parent, “some parents may unwittingly contribute to their child’s fears.” And for that reason, “it is crucial for parents to take a hard, painful look at how they feel about leaving their child, especially if their child is protesting or showing signs of distress.” Dr. Walfish goes on to say that kids often pick up on cues from their parents. “If the parent becomes anxious and distressed [because they’re leaving their child], the child will mirror this, and both [of them] will escalate into an anxiety frenzy… If you are self-aware, you can keep a lid on your effect, behavior, and body language to facilitate your child’s healthy separation toward independent functioning.” A note for new parents: Your baby will be ok. While it may be difficult to leave your baby for the first time, especially when they’re crying, just remember that they will stop crying once you’re gone. Babies have a wonderful ability to shift their focus to what or who is immediately in front of them. Rest assured, they will not cry the entire time you’re gone. This is likely harder for you than it is for them. Make sure reunions are happy It’s important to remember that reunions are not an independent event; they are very much a part of the separation process. So, while your departure should be quick and easy, your reunions should be a big deal. Be sure to greet your little one with big hugs, sloppy kisses, maybe even throw in a few raspberries for good measure. Happy reunions remind your child that while it may be sad when you leave, it’s always wonderful when you come back. And perhaps most importantly, it reinforces the parent-child bond and does the heavy lifting to keep separation anxiety in check. Keep familiar surroundings when possible and make new surroundings familiar To keep your child’s separation anxiety in check, Sopman encourages parents to make their child as comfortable as possible, “If possible, have the caregiver come to your house when caring for your child. And when your child is away from home, allow them to bring a familiar object along.” Make sure your child has their favorite comfort items Every child has a toy or blanket that they drag around everywhere they go. These items are important to your child because they are familiar and comforting. So, when you know that you’ll be leaving, whether it’s dropping them off at daycare or Grandma’s, don’t forget the lovey. These items can go a long way toward easing your baby’s separation anxiety. How to deal with separation anxiety at night If you’re dealing with separation anxiety in your baby during the day, you can bet that you’ll be dealing with a bit of separation anxiety at night. Here are a few strategies to help everyone get a little shuteye. Establish and maintain a good bedtime routine A consistent bedtime routine will help your baby wind down and prepare for bedtime. These relaxing routines serve as a soothing goodbye to the day instead of an abrupt ending with the lights going out. The repetition of a bedtime routine that includes bathtime, reading a book, dimming the lights, and soothing music will help your child understand what’s next. Eventually, they will learn to associate these cues with bedtime, and their separation anxiety will subside. Leave the doors open If your child can’t see you, it might still be comforting to her if she can hear you, so leave the doors open at night. Keep blankies and binkies close Giving your child access to their comfort items is just as important at night as is during the day. If you’re lucky, your baby may wake up in the middle of the night and reach for their blankie to soothe themselves back to sleep instead of waking you and everyone else in the house. Don’t sneak out While it may be tempting to sneak out once your child falls asleep, this practice is ill-advised. When your child wakes up and finds that you are not there, it might cause them some distress. Instead, try to put your baby down when they are sleepy but still awake, and again, make your exit known, so there are no surprises in the wee hours of the night. If need be, try leaving some soothing music on to calm them when they wake. Moshi has a delightful and comprehensive library of soothing sounds that will help your baby get back to sleep in no time. Separation anxiety is a normal part of your child’s development. And while it may be hard to see when you’re in the thick of it, it’s just another sure sign that your baby is on target — much like other challenging developmental milestones. The key to getting over the hump is taking the time and making an effort to reassure your child that even though you may go away, you always return with lots of hugs and kisses.

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Aanmelden of installeren is niet nodig. The menstrual flow results due to the breakdown of the endometrial lining of the uterus and its blood vessels, which is discharged out through the vagina. Vaginal bleeding after the age of 50 to 55 can occur due to many reasons. Pregnancy is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman's womb. class-12; human-reproduction; Share It On When Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of:1. Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of: (A) FSH (B) Oxytocin (C) Vasopressin (D) Progesterone Our expert is working on this Class X Science answer. From Learning about Lake Levels! Lorne Lakeports Fifth Street Ramp is still operational and open even + lower water levels at or near -2.0 Rumsey. FSH2. Do you ever suffer from period cramps so bad that you have to call in sick at work and stay in bed all day? Connect with a tutor in less than 60 seconds 24x7 Luister gratis naar The PEMF-SHOW-Episode 3-Pain And PEMF met vier afleveringen van de The PEMF SHOW! Vasopressin4. Complete Answer: - Every month, one ovary releases an egg through a mechanism called ovulation. 200+. 38.9 k+. Every month, your body prepares for pregnancy. Obesity is a condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it may have a negative effect on health. Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of Option A Progesterone Option B FSH Option C Oxytocin Option D Vasopressin Correct Option A Solution: If fertilisation fails to occur, then the corpus A multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring, such as with twins. The withdrawal of progesterone results in the Menstrual flow occurs due to a lack of progesterone hormone. Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of Medium View solution Explain the cycle of producing and releasing mature ova Easy View solution The lining of uterus which degrades during The menstrual flow results due to breakdown of the endometrial lining of the uterus, which is maintained by the Explanation: The Graafian follicle after ovulation transforms into the corpus luteum. Get FREE solutions to all questions from chapter HUMAN REPRODUCTION. Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of Option A Progesterone Option B FSH Option C Oxytocin Option D Vasopressin. It combines with hydrogen and forms ammonia in the This browser does not support the video element. If no pregnancy occurs, the uterus shed its lining and passes out of the body through the vagina. Punjab PMET 2007: Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of (A) Progesteron (B) Vasopressin (C) Oxytocin (D) FSH. Typically their periodicity has a wide range from around 2 to 10 years (the technical The seminiferous epithelium contains numerous capillaries. This browser does not support the video element. Yet, obtaining large-scale gene knock-ins remains particularly challenging especially in hard-to-transfect stem and progenitor cells. Dear Lady of the Lake, How do I get information about the water level of the lake? Defense Acquisition University ACQ 101/ACQ101 all module tests. Watch complete video answer for Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of: of Biology Class 12th. Pregnancy usually Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of: A. Vasopressin B. Progesterone C. FSH . The correct option is Option A Progesterone. Vasopressin4. However, due to the plethora of excellent pieces out there already, this write-up will be more short-form/stock pitch in nature. Is the lake at the lowest that it has ever been? Foreword Ive meant to do a full write-up on ETSY for a while. Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of A. Vasopressin B. Progesterous C. FSH D. Oxytocin. FSH2. No signup or install needed. FSH: stimulates Menstrual irregularities can have a variety of causes, including pregnancy, hormonal imbalances, infections, diseases, trauma, and certain medications. Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of A. Oxytocin B. Vasopressin C. Progesterone D. FSH. A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae).The biological function of a flower is to This study assessed the Watch Video in App Continue on Whatsapp. We will updat Video Solution: Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of. answered Nov Progesterone Past Year (2006 - 2015) MCQs Human Reproduction Zoology (2022) Practice questions, MCQs, Past Year Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of:1. Corpus luteum is the source of progesterone. People are classified as obese when their body mass index Home; Conceptual NEET/AIPMT PYQs Menstrual Flow Occurs Due to Lack Of Which Hormone Obstetric fistula is a medical condition in which a hole develops in the birth canal as a result of childbirth. The interstitial tissue contains few capillaries. Menstrual hygiene refers to access to menstrual hygiene products to absorb blood during menstruation, privacy to The PEMF SHOW Episode 5 Diseases of the Eye and PEMF. Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of A. FSH B. Oxytocin. Abstract Targeted chromosomal insertion of large genetic payloads in human cells leverages and broadens synthetic biology and genetic therapy efforts. 1 Answer. Get FREE solutions to all questions from chapter HUMAN REPRODUCTION. Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of Very Important Questions An element X of group 15 and period 2 exists as diatomic molecule. This can be between the vagina and rectum, ureter, or bladder. 2020. Solution For Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of: Found the solution, but did not understand the concept? Menstruation occurs due to lack of progesterone. I recently finished reading The Smart Money Method by Stephen Clapham and will follow his stock pitch approach from chapter ten, what he calls Communicating the Idea (although Defense Acquisition University ACQ 101/ACQ101 all module tests. The reproductive cycle in the female primates is called menstrual cycle. In the absence of fertilisation, the corpus luteum degenerates. UTI or Acute Cystitis - CORRECT ANSWER - cloudy urine - caused by E. coli Pancreatitis - CORRECT ANSWER is caused by: - gallstones (bile duct disorder) - alcohol Rickets - CORRECT FSH hormone stimulates the growth of graffain follicle. Menstruation only occurs if the Background: Menstruation is normal vaginal bleeding that occurs as part of a womans monthly cycle. Due to fatigue, the infant should rest, but feed at least every 2 hours to ensure adequate intake. In human females, the menstrual cycle starts with the menstrual phase, when menstrual flow occurs and it lasts for 3 - 5 days. FSH2. Progesterone AIPMT 2013 Practice questions, MCQs, Past Year Questions (PYQs), NCERT Questions, Question Lastly, if someone is bleeding, it is preferable not to consume Pu Erh tea. Watch complete video answer for Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of of Biology Class 12th. Breastfeeding women should not consume more than 300 mg of caffeine each day. Usually it occurs between the ages of 40 to 50 years. FSH. References: Healthline. Fall in progesterone level Can you tell me why so much importance is put on restoring wetlands and how it's done? 0 votes . 000+. Updated On: 30-1-2021. Dear Lady of the Lake, I see and hear a great many things about wetland restoration. Solution For Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of: Fall in the level of progesterone results in meustrual flow due to breaking of the blood vessels of uterine wall. 1,2,3,4,5,6 Causes of irregular periods 479 Answer. Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of . While vasopressin is an anti Thanks! Menstrual Cycle, Menstruation, Menstrual Bleeding, MC, Period. I always had to plan around my time of my month just in case I Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of. Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of progesterone hormone. FSH 3. oxytocin 4. vasopressin Human Reproduction Masterclass in Biology 1 Practice questions, MCQs, Past Year Questions (PYQs), Check Answer and Solution for above quest Was this answer helpful? This is because -If Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of:1. It helps with the maintenance of the endometrium and deals with pregnancy. Oxytocin3. FSH 3. oxytocin 4. vasopressin Human Reproduction Zoology Practice questions, MCQs, Past Year Questions (PYQs), NCERT Progesterone Recommended PYQs (STRICTLY NCERT Based) Human Reproduction Zoology Practice 1) A system can be defined as: All elements (e.g., hardware, software, logistics support, personnel) needed to assist the The menstrual flow results due to the breakdown of the A woman is said to be in menopause when the menses ceases for 12 continuous months . Listen to 463 Dr. Richard Fleming, Ph.D., MD, JD On The Most Effective Drug Based Treatments For COVID-19, Understanding SARS-CoV-2, Inflammation Is The Root Cause Of Disease, Efficacy, And Safety Of Current Drug Trials For Corona Virus Immunity and 483 more episodes by Learn True Health With Ashley James, free! Here, fully viral gene-deleted adenovector particles (AdVPs) are investigated class-12; human-reproduction; Share It On Facebook Twitter Email. Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of 1. progesterone 2. River flow regimes influence ecologic, cultural, social, aesthetic, and economic values. The PEMF SHOW Episode 4 Mental Health: Stress, Anxiety, Depression and PEMF. progesterone. 1.9 k+. Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of. It can result in class-12; reproductive-system; embryology-and-reproductive-health Vasopressin4. This used to be me. If proper the functions of the following hormones are: Progesterone: Maintains the endometrium and pregnancy, its withdrawal results in menstrual flow or abortion respectively. Furthermore, excessive Pu Erh tea consumption may interrupt sleep, stimulate bowel movement in breastfed babies, and irritate nursing moms. Step by step video Oxitocin is released at the time of parturition. Oxytocin3. Oxytocin3. Explanation: Drop in the progesterone levels leads to menstrual flow as a result of the breaking of the blood vessels of the uterine walls. Thanks! Detecting changes in river flows and attributing their causes is important but challenging due to the combined influence of climate and relevant local activities, and the lack of data on water abstraction, drainage modification or land use management. Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of 1. progesterone 2. The individual episodes of expansion/recession occur with changing duration and intensity over time. Zigya App. How low will the lake get this year and what is predicted for rain this winter? 0 (0) (0) (0) Related Links The corpus luteum produces progesterone, which is required to Around the same time, hormone shifts are preparing the uterus for birth. In most cases menopause sets in at this age. The main purpose of the menstrual cycle is the production of gametes in the form of ovum and also preparing and maintaining the uterus for possible pregnancy and implantation. Answer.

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1.The maximum extent of a vibration or displacement of a sinusoidal (!) oscillation, measured from the position of equilibrium. Amplitude is the maximum absolute value of a periodically varying quantity. 2.The maximum difference of an alternating electrical current or potential from the average value. The term "amplitude" is used to refer to the magnitude of an oscillation, so the amplitude of the sinusoid "y = A × sin (ω×t)", is | A |, where | A | is the absolute value of A. The amplitude is a variable characterizing a sinusoidal oscillation. It gives the deflection of a physical quantity from its neutral position (zero point) up to a positive or negative value. The amplitude is expressed in a physical quantity − for example, as voltage, sound pressure, etc. Amplitudes are expressed either as instantaneous values or mostly as peak values. Amplitude is the fluctuation or displacement of a wave from its mean value. With sound waves, it is the extent to which air particles are displaced, and this amplitude of sound or sound amplitude is experienced as the loudness of sound. From the "Encyclopedia Britannica": For a transverse wave, such as the wave on a plucked string, amplitude is measured by the maximum displacement of any point on the string from its position when the string is at rest. For a longitudinal wave, such as a sound wave, amplitude is measured by the maximum displacement of a particle from its position of equilibrium. When the amplitude of a wave steadily decreases because its energy is "being lost" (converted to heat), it is said to be damped. Sound waves in air are longitudinal, pressure waves. Drop a stone on a pond |Commonly it is spoken of "amplitude", as if there would be just a certain amplitude as displacement or elongation from the zero-axis (baseline or equilibrium). Amplitude can be a word that describes a wave. It means that maximum amount the wave varies from the baseline or equilibrium. Displacement is usually used to describe particles in motion, as in how far a particle has moved from a given point. The wavelength in a longitudinal wave refers to the distance between two consecutive compressions or between two consecutive rarefactions. Definition: The amplitude is the maximum displacement from equilibrium. For a longitudinal wave which is a pressure wave this would be the maximum increase (or decrease) in pressure from the equilibrium pressure that is cause when a compression (or rarefaction) passes a point. The amplitude is the distance from the equilibrium position of the medium to a compression or a rarefaction. The peak value of sinusoidal AC signals is referred to as amplitude starting from the zero line. The amplitude usually refers to the scalar or vector field size. Wavelength and Distance − Period and Time |The amplitude A has nothing to do with frequency, wavelength, period of time, and speed of sound. Look at: "Soundfield Quantities of a Plane Wave" |We often hear the question: How big is the amplitude? In our case, it is the "sound amplitude". Usually, we are asking as if there is just "one" amplitude of sound waves in air. The loudness perception of a sound is determined by the amplitude of the sound waves − the higher the amplitude, the louder the sound or the noise. Which amplitude of sound (sound amplitude)? In the above link "Soundfield Quantities of a Plane Wave" we find the: amplitude of particle displacement ξ, or displacement amplitude amplitude of sound pressure p or pressure amplitude amplitude of sound particle velocity v, or particle velocity amplitude amplitude of pressure gradient Δ p, or pressure gradient amplitude. Every time we add 6 dB, actually the amplitude of the signal is doubled. All these terms are sound field quantities. There are problems with sound energy quantities (power), when we use the term amplitude. Avoid any applying of the word amplitude at power levels or energy quantities. Sound field quantity is not a sound energy or sound power quantity. Furthermore, think of the amplitude of the oscillation of a string. The maximum magnitude of the deflection of a wave is called amplitude. Displacement = A × sin (2 × π × f × t), that means: A = amplitude (peak), f = frequency, t = time. Sound particle velocity v should not be confused with velocity of sound c or speed of sound, all are measured in m/s: |Amplitude as particle displacement ξ = v / (2 π × f ) = p / (2 π × Z) Pressure amplitude = Amplitude as sound pressure p = ξ × 2 π × Z = v × Z Z = ρ × c Specific acoustic impedance of air at 20°C is Z = 413 N·s/m³ The sound pressure amplitude is the maximum value of the sound pressure. Since the sound pressure p is a periodic quantity, it is specified as effective sound pressure pRMS (root mean square). |The change in the amplitude has nothing to do with the change in pitch (frequency) and vice versa.| The human perception of loudness Adding amplitudes and levels (coherent and incoherent signals) Relationship of acoustic quantities Comparative representation of sound field sizes Levels and references of sound quantities Adding acoustic levels of sound sources Period, cycle duration, periodic time, time to frequency conversion Acoustic waves or sound waves in air Calculation of the wavelength of an acoustic wave Calculation of the speed of sound in air and the effective temperature Soundfield quantities of a plane wave – The amplitudes Questions to sound waves and the amplitudes – The right answers Conversion of sound units (levels) Factor, ratio, or gain to a level value (Gain decibels dB) Total level adding of incoherent acoustical sound sources Total level adding of coherent signals Soundfield Quantities of a Plane Wave Adding amplitudes (and levels) Voltage sum, coherent (0°) 1 + 1 = 2 Power sum, incoherent (90°) √ (1² + 1²) = 1.414 ... |The sound intensity is proportional to the amplitude (sound pressure) squared; I ~ p², so amplitude (sound pressure) is proportional to the square root of sound intensity; p ~ √ I.| What is an amplitude? Question of answers.yahoo: Sound... What is amplitude? I'm wondering what is it that creates the amplitude of a sound wave? I understand that as represented as a transverse wave, amplitude is the maximum value of the wave function but how does this translate into longitudinal waves? It makes sense to me that the shorter or further the distance between a high or low pressure pocket of air makes the difference between a higher or lower frequency sound but seeing as the frequency determines the pitch and the speed of sound is constant (depending on the medium) what is it that provides a softer or louder sound? I've read that the intensity or energy of the sound waves is what makes it louder or quieter, but if sound is travelling at the same speed, what property of the wave as it travels through air is the term intensity or energy referring to? |Answer of answers.yahoo: "Sound... What is amplitude?" That is a really good question, because there is a problem with the definition of the word amplidude. Amplitude is the magnitude of change in the oscillating variable with each oscillation within an oscillating system. For example, sound waves in air are oscillations in atmospheric pressure and their amplitudes are proportional to the change in pressure during one oscillation. If a variable undergoes regular oscillations, and a graph of the system is drawn with the oscillating variable as the vertical axis and time as the horizontal axis, the amplitude is visually represented by the vertical distance between the extrema of the curve and the equilibrium value. In older texts the phase is sometimes very confusingly called the amplitude. Particle displacement is called particle amplitude. A transverse wave has an amplitude. Particle velocity has an amplitude. Sound pressure or acoustic pressure has an amplitude. Every (audio) frequency has an amplitude. A pendulum has an amplitude. Disputable information: "Sound intensity or acoustic intensity has an amplitude. Sound power has an amplitude. Sound energy has an amplitude. Sound energy density has an amplitude. Sound energy flux has an amplitude." But these are sound energy sizes. The amplitude does not show directly the energy - The greater the amplitude the greater is the energy. Energy = amplitude squared. So what is amplitude? A "sound" has an amplitude. A loud sound has a bigger amplitude than a soft sound. Which amplitude is really meant? Question of answers.yahoo: Loudness of sound depends upon amplitude or frequency? Also tell the relation between them. |Answer of answers.yahoo: Loudness depends on sound pressure, frequency, bandwidth, and duration. Loudness is the quality of a sound that is primarily a psychological correlate of physical strength (amplitude). It is a subjective measure, often confused with objective measures of sound strength such as sound field sizes, like sound pressure or sound pressure level SPL in decibels, and sound energy sizes like sound intensity or sound power; see: "Loudness - Wikipedia": http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudness PS: Don't forget that our eardrums are effectively moved by the "sound pressure"; see: "Sound pressure and Sound power − Effect and Cause": http://www.sengpielaudio.com/SoundPressureAndSoundPower.pdf We measure the sound by an SPL meter (SPL = Sound Pressure Level). Note: Time, frequency and phase belong close together. The height of the amplitude has no influence on those parameters. The amplitude A has nothing to do with the frequency, the wavelength, the time duration and the speed of sound. RMS voltage, peak voltage and peak-to-peak voltage |The waveform parameters of a "117 V and 230 V RMS alternating current" sine wave form are summarized at the table below.| |Average voltage||RMS voltage (VRMS)||Peak voltage (Vp) = (Û)||Peak-to-peak voltage (Vpp)| |0 volts||117 volts = VRMS = ~V||165 volts = √2×VRMS = 0,5 × Vpp||330 volts = 2×√2×VRMS = 2 × Vp| |0 volts||230 volts = VRMS = ~V||325 volts = √2×VRMS = 0,5 × Vpp||650 volts = 2×√2×VRMS = 2 × Vp| |The value VRMS of an alternating voltage V (t) = V0 × f(t) is defined so that the effective DC power corresponds VRMS2 / R = VRMS × IRMS to an ohmic resistance of the middle resistive power of this AC voltage to the same resistance.| |The crest factor means the ratio of the peak voltage to the RMS voltage. If we need to calculate an attenuator (attenuation calculation) we calculate a voltage divider.| |VRMS = ~V||Vp||Vpp| |Average voltage RMS VRMS =||−||0.7071 × Vp||0.3535 × Vpp| |Peak voltage Vp =||1.414 × VRMS||−||0.5000 × Vpp| |Peak-to-peak voltage Vpp =||2.828 × VRMS||2.000 × Vp||−| Unclear equations in books |The sound intensity I in W/m2 in a plane progressive wave is given as: or also as But only one equation can be correct. Sometimes, these equations will show further information: or also as The tilde will indicate that it is the RMS value and the roof will show that it is the amplitude value, ie, the peak value. For sinusoidal signals, the peak value means the amplitude. With these more accurate data, both equations are correct. You just need to know exactly whether the peak value or the RMS value is applied. Sound intensity = sound pressure × particle velocity Sound intensity = (force / area) × (particle displacement / time) Sound intensity = sound energy / (area × time) = sound power / area. I = p × v = (F / A) × (ξ / t) = E / (A × t) = Pac / A. Sound pressure p in Pa = N/m2 – particle velocity v in m/s − acoustic intensity I in W/m2 that is N/m2 · m/s Energy equivalent: J (joule) = N·m = W·s In audio engineering we always (!) assume RMS values for sound field quantities (sizes), if not specially noted different. The reference sound pressure is p0 = 20 µPa = 2 × 10−5 Pa (threshold of hearing) and this is the RMS value. |Sound waves are longitudinal waves in the air that we perceive as vibration: sound pressure amplitude, sound intensity, sound energy, tonality, impulsiveness, sharpness, loudness, volume, annoyance, roughness, brittleness, echo content, clarity, intelligibility, information content.|

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Fifteen years ago today — October 20, 1995 — the Space Shuttle Columbia launched from the Kennedy Space Center, carrying seven astronauts and the United States Microgravity Laboratory on its second mission. (Close-up view of solid rocket booster and main engines during STS-73 launch. NASA image.) The launch was scrubbed six times before STS-73 got off the ground. Once in orbit, astronauts Kenneth D. Bowersox, Kent V. Rominger, Kathryn C. Thornton, Catherine G. Coleman, Michael E. Lopez-Alegria, Fred W. Leslie, and Albert Sacco, Jr., spent over two weeks* performing a variety of experiments in fluid physics, materials science and processing, biotechnology, and combustion. *Mission duration: 15 days, 21 hours, 52 minutes and change. Ten years ago today — October 11, 2000 — the Space Shuttle Discovery launched from the Kennedy Space Center on mission STS-92, en route to the International Space Station. (Z1 truss with communications antenna extended. Still image from NASA video.) STS-92 was also known as space station assembly flight ISS-05-3A. U.S. astronauts Brian Duffy, Pamela A. Melroy, Leroy Chiao, Peter J.K. Wisoff, Michael Lopez-Alegria, and William S. McArthur, along with Japanese astronaut Koichi Wakata, spent 12 days in space, about half of which involved adding the Z1 Integrated Truss and the third Pressurized Mating Adapter (PMA-3) to the space station. The astronauts completed four EVAs during the mission: - EVA #1: 6-hours, 28-minutes — connection of electrical umbilicals to provide power to heaters and conduits located on the Z1 Truss; relocation and deployment of two communication antenna assemblies; and installation of a toolbox for use during on-orbit construction. - EVA #2: 7-hours, 7-minutes — attachment of the PMA 3 to the ISS and preparation of the Z1 Truss for future installation of the solar arrays that will be delivered aboard STS-97 in late November. - EVA #3: 6-hours, 48-minutes — installation of two DC-to-DC converter units atop the Z1 Truss for conversion of electricity generated by the solar arrays to the proper voltage. - EVA #4: 6-hours, 56 minutes — testing of the manual berthing mechanism; deployment of a tray that will be used to provide power to the U.S. Lab; and removal of a grapple fixture from the Z1 Truss. Two small rescue backpacks that could enable a drifting astronaut to regain the safety of the spacecraft were also tested. The image below shows astronauts testing the SAFER rescue backpack. (Astronauts Wisoff and Lopez-Alegria during the final of four STS-92 space walks. Still image from NASA video.) Twenty years ago today — October 6, 1990 — the Space Shuttle Discovery launched from the Kennedy Space Center on its mission to deploy the Ulysses spacecraft. (Ulysses spacecraft after its release from the shuttle cargo bay. NASA image.) STS-41 astronauts Richard N. Richards, Robert O. Cabana, William M. Shepherd, Bruce E. Melnick, and Thomas Akers successfully released the joint NASA-European Space Agency payload and its two upper stage boosters. This mission was the first to require both an Inertial Upper Stage and a Payload Assist Module, because of the need to send the Ulysses craft out of the plane of the ecliptic. Ulysses first traveled toward Jupiter, where a gravity-assist maneuver in February 1992 helped put the spacecraft into its final out-of-ecliptic solar orbit. Desiged to last only 5 years, Ulysses actually operated for over 18, studying the polar regions of the sun during both solar minimum and solar maximum conditions. Ulysses operations ended on June 30, 2009. Ten years ago today — September 8, 2000 — the Space Shuttle Atlantis launched from the Kennedy Space Center on a mission to prepare the International Space Station to receive its first crew. (STS-106 launch. NASA image.) STS-106 carried astronauts Terrence W. Wilcutt, Scott D. Altman, Daniel C. Burbank, Edward T. Lu, and Richard A. Mastracchio, along with cosmonauts Yuri I. Malenchenko and Boris V. Morukov, on an 11-day mission to the nascent space station. They unloaded supplies; routed and connected power, data, and communications lines; installed equipment; and boosted the station to a higher orbit. In other space history, on this date a half-century ago, President Eisenhower and Mrs. George C. Marshall dedicated the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Twenty-five years ago today — August 27, 1985 — astronauts Joe H. Engle, Richard O. Covey, James D. Van Hoften, William F. Fisher and John M. Lounge lifted off from the Kennedy Space Center aboard Space Shuttle Discovery. (Unidentified STS-51I astronaut in the Shuttle Discovery’s open cargo bay. NASA image.) Mission STS-51I lasted a week, during which the crew deployed three communications satellites: American Satellite Company 1 (ASC-1), Australian Communications Satellite 1 (AUSSAT-1), and Synchronous Communications Satellite IV-4 (SYNCOM-IV-4), also known as LEASAT-4 because most of its communications capacity was to be leased out to the military. The crew also retrieved SYNCOM-IV-3 (LEASAT-3), which had been launched the previous April by STS-5lD but had failed to activate. As described on this Boeing page, After attaching special electronics assemblies to LEASAT 3 during two days of space walks, astronauts manually launched the satellite again. The electronics allowed ground controllers to turn on the satellite and, at the end of October, fire its perigee rocket and send LEASAT 3 into orbit. While LEASAT-3’s repair was a success, LEASAT-4 developed its own problems. The satellite reached its intended orbit, but its ultra high frequency (UHF) downlink failed during testing and it was declared a total loss. Eighty years ago today — August 5, 1930, Neil A. Armstrong was born in Wapakoneta, Ohio. He grew up to be the first man to walk on the surface of the Moon. (Neil Armstrong in the Lunar Module after walking on the Moon. NASA image.) And 35 years ago today, in 1975, test pilot John Manke glided the X-24B to a safe landing at Edwards AFB, thereby proving the concept that would allow Space Shuttles to return from orbit and land safely. Shameless plug: Speaking of (typing of?) walking on the Moon, my alternate history story “Memorial at Copernicus” concerns a lunar excursion in the future, made possible by an Apollo flight that never was. It’s in this month’s issue of Redstone Science Fiction. Twenty-five years ago today — June 17, 1985 — the Space Shuttle Discovery launched from the Kennedy Space Center on mission STS-51G. U.S. astronauts Daniel C. Brandenstein, John O. Creighton, Shannon W. Lucid, John M. Fabian, and Steven R. Nagel were joined by French astronaut Patrick Baudry and the first Arab astronaut, Sultan Al-Saud of Saudi Arabia. (The SPARTAN-1 science package in the cargo bay during mission STS-51G. NASA image.) The STS-51G crew’s “triple play” involved launching three separate communications satellites during this one mission. They deployed the Mexican satellite Morelos-A on the 17th, the aptly-named Arabsat-IB satellite on the 18th, and finally Telstar-3D on the 19th. The crew also released the SPARTAN-1 (Shuttle Pointed Autonomous Research Tool for Astronomy) on the 20th. Its X-ray instruments made observations of the center of the Milky Way, as well as of the Perseus cluster of galaxies. The crew retrieved SPARTAN-1 from orbit on the 24th, just prior to their return to Earth. Forty-five years ago today — June 3, 1965 — astronauts James A. McDivitt and Edward H. White launched from Cape Canaveral on a Titan-II rocket. (Ed White on the first U.S. spacewalk. NASA image.) A little over four hours into the flight, Ed White stepped out of the Gemini-IV capsule for the first-ever extravehicular activity (EVA) by a U.S. astronaut. His EVA lasted about 20 minutes and met all the mission objectives, though he and McDivitt had some trouble getting the hatch closed when he got back in the spacecraft. Some great high-resolution images of the EVA are available at http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/gemini_4_eva.html. McDivitt and White stayed in orbit for four days. One interesting side note to the mission was a famous UFO sighting by McDivitt while White was sleeping, of an object shaped “like a beer can with an arm sticking out”; it is likely he saw the second stage of their Titan-II. The claim is disputed by UFO enthusiasts, but the 1981 article by James Oberg linked above asks, Is any conclusion possible after so many years, when the supporting evidence has been trashed and the eyewitness testimony has become fossilized by countless repetitions? The principal leg of the [UFO enthusiasts’] endorsement — that there weren’t any candidate objects within 1,000 miles — has been demolished by the recognized presence of the beer can-shaped Titan-II stage. McDivitt, more than a decade after the fact, refused to believe he could have misidentified that object — but both his degraded eyesight [because of issues in the Gemini capsule] and different viewing angle at the time of the sighting eliminate any reliability from that claim — and years of UFO research have taught us the surprising lesson that pilots are, in truth, among the poorest observers of UFOs because of their instinctive pattern of perceiving visual stimuli primarily in terms of threats to their own vehicles. As to that last bit, about pilots perceiving objects as threats until proven otherwise … that’s probably a good thing. And possibly a lesson we could apply to other endeavors. Forty years ago today — June 2, 1970 — NASA test pilot William H. “Bill” Dana flew the Northrop M2-F3 lifting body on its first flight. (M2-F3 lifting body on the dry lakebed at Edwards AFB. NASA image.) The M2-F3 was one of a series of lifting bodies flown by NASA and the USAF to test spacecraft reentry. On this flight, it was dropped from its B-52 mothership and Dana glided it to an unpowered landing on the dry lake bed at Edwards AFB, much the way Shuttle pilots glide their vehicle back to Earth. The M2-F3 was rebuilt from the crashed M2-F2, with a center stabilizer added to reduce the pilot-induced oscillations that had caused the M2-F2 landing mishap. Powered flights of the rocket-equipped M2-F3 eventually took it up to Mach 1.6 and over 70,000 feet of altitude. On a personal note, I wish I had known more of this history back in the late 1980s, so I could have asked Mr. Dana some pertinent questions when I met him at Edwards.

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Percy Williams Bridgman |Percy Williams Bridgman| 21 April 1882| Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States |Died||20 August 1961 Randolph, New Hampshire, United States |Alma mater||Harvard University| |Doctoral advisor||Wallace Clement Sabine| |Doctoral students||Francis Birch John C. Slater John Hasbrouck Van Vleck |Known for||High pressure physics |Notable awards||Rumford Prize (1917) Elliott Cresson Medal (1932) Comstock Prize in Physics (1933) Nobel Prize in Physics (1946) Fellow of the Royal Society (1949) Bingham Medal (1951) Percy Williams Bridgman (21 April 1882 – 20 August 1961) was an American physicist who won the 1946 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the physics of high pressures. He also wrote extensively on the scientific method and on other aspects of the philosophy of science. Bridgman entered Harvard University in 1900, and studied physics through to his Ph.D. From 1910 until his retirement, he taught at Harvard, becoming a full professor in 1919. In 1905, he began investigating the properties of matter under high pressure. A machinery malfunction led him to modify his pressure apparatus; the result was a new device enabling him to create pressures eventually exceeding 100,000 kgf/cm2 (10 GPa; 100,000 atmospheres). This was a huge improvement over previous machinery, which could achieve pressures of only 3,000 kgf/cm2 (0.3 GPa). This new apparatus led to an abundance of new findings, including a study of the compressibility, electric and thermal conductivity, tensile strength and viscosity of more than 100 different compounds. Bridgman is also known for his studies of electrical conduction in metals and properties of crystals. He developed the Bridgman seal and is the eponym for Bridgman's thermodynamic equations. His philosophy of science book The Logic of Modern Physics (1927) advocated operationalism and coined the term operational definition. In 1938 he participated in the International Committee composed to organise the International Congresses for the Unity of Science. He was also one of the 11 signatories to the Russell–Einstein Manifesto. Bridgman committed suicide by gunshot after suffering from metastatic cancer for some time. His suicide note read in part, "It isn't decent for society to make a man do this thing himself. Probably this is the last day I will be able to do it myself." Bridgman's words have been quoted by many in the assisted suicide debate. Honors and awards Bridgman received Doctors, honoris causa from Stevens Institute (1934), Harvard (1939), Brooklyn Polytechnic (1941), Princeton (1950), Paris (1950), and Yale (1951). He received the Bingham Medal (1951) from the Society of Rheology, the Rumford Prize from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1919), the Elliott Cresson Medal (1932) from the Franklin Institute, the Gold Medal from Bakhuys Roozeboom Fund (founder Hendrik Willem Bakhuis Roozeboom) (1933) from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Comstock Prize (1933) of the National Academy of Sciences. He was a member of the American Physical Society and was its President in 1942. He was also a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the National Academy of Sciences. He was a Foreign Member of the Royal Society and Honorary Fellow of the Physical Society of London. In 2014, the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) approved the name bridgmanite for perovskite-structured (Mg,Fe)SiO3, the Earth's most abundant mineral, in honor of his high-pressure research. - 1922. Dimensional Analysis. Yale University Press - 1925. A Condensed Collection of Thermodynamics Formulas. Harvard University Press - 1927. The Logic of Modern Physics. Beaufort Books. Online excerpt. - 1934. Thermodynamics of Electrical Phenomena in Metals and a Condensed Collection of Thermodynamic Formulas. MacMillan. - 1936. The Nature of Physical Theory. John Wiley & Sons. - 1938. The Intelligent Individual and Society. MacMillan. - 1941. The Nature of Thermodynamics. Harper & Row, Publishers. - 1952. The Physics of High Pressure. G. Bell. - 1952. Studies in large plastic flow and fracture: with special emphasis on the effects of hydrostatic pressure, McGraw-Hill - 1959. The Way Things Are. Harvard Univ. Press. - 1962. A Sophisticate's Primer of Relativity. Routledge & Kegan Paul. - 1964. Collected experimental papers. Harvard University Press. - 1980. Reflections of a Physicist. Arno Press; ISBN 0-405-12595-X - Newitt, D. M. (1962). "Percy Williams Bridgman 1882–1961". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 8: 26–40. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1962.0003.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - "Percy W. Bridgman". Physics Today. 14 (10): 78. 1961. doi:10.1063/1.3057180.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - Bridgman, P. (1914). "A Complete Collection of Thermodynamic Formulas". Physical Review. 3 (4): 273–281. Bibcode:1914PhRv....3..273B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.3.273.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - Bridgman, P. W. (1956). "Probability, Logic, and ESP". Science. 123 (3184): 15–17. Bibcode:1956Sci...123...15B. doi:10.1126/science.123.3184.15. PMID 13281470.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - Hazen, Robert (1999), The Diamond Makers, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-65474-2<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - Neurath, Otto (1938). "Unified Science as Encyclopedic Integration". International Encyclopedia of Unified Science. 1 (1): 1–27.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - Nuland, Sherwin. How We Die: Reflections on Life's Final Chapter. Vintage Press, 1995. ISBN 0-679-74244-1. - Ayn Rand Institute discussion on assisted suicide. Aynrand.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-28. - Euthanasia Research and Guidance Organization. Assistedsuicide.org (2003-06-13). Retrieved on 2012-01-28. - "Bakhuys Roozeboom Fund laureates". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 13 January 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - "Comstock Prize in Physics". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 13 February 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - James Sheire (February 1975), National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Percy Bridgman House / Bridgman House-Buckingham School (PDF), National Park Service, retrieved 2009-06-22<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> and PDF (519 KB) - mindat.org page on bridgmanite. mindat.org. Retrieved on 2014-06-03. - Murakami, M.; Sinogeikiin S.V.; Hellwig H.; Bass J.D.; Li J. (2007). "Sound velocity of MgSiO3 perovskite to Mbar pressure" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. Elsevier. 256: 47–54. Bibcode:2007E&PSL.256...47M. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.01.011. Retrieved 7 June 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - Kovarik, A. F. (1929). "Review: The Logic of Modern Physics by P. W. Bridgman" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 35 (3): 412–413. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1929-04767-0.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - Riepe, D. (1950). "Book Review: Reflections of a Physicist, by P. W. Bridgman". Popular Astronomy. 58: 367–368. Bibcode:1950PA.....58..367R.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - Walter, Maila L., 1991. Science and Cultural Crisis: An Intellectual Biography of Percy Williams Bridgman (1882–1961). Stanford Univ. Press. - McMillan, Paul F (2005), "Pressing on: the legacy of Percy W. Bridgman.", Nature Materials (published Oct 2005), 4 (10), pp. 715–8, Bibcode:2005NatMa...4..715M, doi:10.1038/nmat1488, PMID 16195758<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - Bridgman's Nobel Prize website - National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir - Percy Williams Bridgman at the Mathematics Genealogy Project |Hollis Chair of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy John Hasbrouck Van Vleck

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|Type of paper:||Research paper| |Categories:||Politics International relations| Changes in information flow as leaders meet and negotiate in the global arena. Outcomes of these meetings and negotiation is world peace. Peace of the state is an indication of the social cohesion within. Therefore, to promote global peace, aspects within every nation that promote peace require to be evaluated. War which is the absence of peace and the presence of harmonious coexistence between individuals or societies with diverse cultures, norms, and values is sometimes used where negotiations fail. Therefore, there are aspect if peace that require hegemonic power to take charge to avoid wars breaking from every nation that disagrees with another. Different ways of settling conflicts and misunderstandings in objectives and clashes on values and norms between people or nations have to be agreed upon. Also, avenues through which individual states, societies or society of states are able to protect their territorial boundaries or ideologies are essential. In order for all these to succeed international relations between nations have to be understood and through them a modern world where peace prevails can be established. In the 1990s United states and its allies led the global system. However, with time this was challenged by the emerging powers such as Russian and China. This paper will critically evaluate different aspects of warfare such as conflicts and their impact on the global environment in regards to economic development and it's shaping up of international politics. The discussion will be organized to issues to deal with war and politics through analysis of its consequences, the relationship between war and international politics and then conclude the discussion with relationship between war and modern international politics. War and Politics War can be considered as organized violence carried out by a political unit and directed towards another political unit. Therefore, for any violence to be considered war, it must be of a political unit against another political unit. In the field of international politics, war is considered an important change agent. However, it is one of the most overlooked ones. Its impact can be assessed as an independent variable or jointly with other variables in change analysis (Reiter, 2018). In the 20th Century two global wars were experienced; World War I (WWI)(1914-1916) and World War II (WWII)(1939-1945). In execution of this wars, a lot of resources were mobilized, and much destruction was the result of some surviving while others were decimated and lasting impressions of the war left. After the end of WWII focus shifted to the prevention of war as the Cold War began. The change in shift gave rise to the behavioral and theoretically oriented discipline whose aim was in origins of war, deterrence, crisis and crisis management, and strategic stability with the causes of the war (Gat, 2017). In the discourse of war in international relations scholars and policy-makers alike need to learn more about the effects of war and its relationship to international conflicts in a broad manner. A number of researchers argue that war is a continuation of political intercourse and when combined with other means its effects can be destructive on individuals, groups, nations and international systems (Young, 2017; Gilpin, 2016). Leaders too are critical components as they influence starting or ceasing of wars. It has been observed that when leaders forget the realities and sufferings caused by wars, the likelihood of them deciding to go to war increases. As stated earlier war does not differentiate but affects all in its path whether they like it or not thus its prevention should be prioritized and where prevention is inevitable its effect needs to be evaluated to devise ways that it provides a positive change in the long run even in the political arena. Consequences of war can be characterized as follows; the timing of impact; duration; ways in which it affects individuals, groups, nations and international systems; what consequences occur and to what degree; differences in how nations wage war; conflicts' course and prewar attributes of actors (Stein &Russett, 1980). Without considering the cause of war, some of its consequences may be felt immediately while others may take longer to be felt (Schaeffer, 2016). When the impacts are long-term, future generations carry the burden of the war regarding costs. Moreover, during the war certain aspects of the economy such as domestic labor are affected as mobilization for the war shifts their engagement. The shift results in economic downtime as factors of production are employed in non-productive activities. A shift in economic downtime affects the economic development of the nation shit power balance to those nations that are economically developed. However, it has been noted that after the war has ended, the labor returns to productive activities but sometimes due to permanent changes, such as death or injuries, the capacity to produce cannot reach the previous prewar level. Although war may have positive effects, such as increased acceleration in technology diffusion, prewar state of technology is forever gone. War destroys productive facilities thereby changing capabilities of the actors and power balance (Torres-Sanchez, Brandon, & 't Hart, 2018). Also, war results to structural changes as actors are shifted from their original environments to new ones with their sovereignty at risk as their values are taken over by the dominating state. Moreover, given that wars vary in intensity and extent as some last a few days while others last for years there are differences in scope and degree of destruction. Wars that are large in their extent and degree have more destruction and effect long-term changes thus rebuilding is required and this sometime results in adoption of new ideologies and norms. International Politics: Theories and International Relations Theories of Global PoliticsThere are two main perspectives of global politics; realism and liberalism (Lieber, 2009). Realism offers an account of world affairs in a realistic manner devoid of wishful thinking or moral delusions. Thus, it views global politics as power politics where a power struggle between men exist, and its end product is the acquisition of power, maintenance of power, and demonstration of power (Gilpin, 2016). Power-politics theory is founded on two assumptions. Firstly, is the egoism that posits that people are selfish and competitive. Secondly, is that the state system operates in lawlessness and no authority is higher than that of the state. Thus in summary egoism plus lawlessness equals power politics splitting the first perspective into two structures. This perspective identifies factors such as state egoism and conflict, statecraft and national interest, international anarchy and polarity, stability and balance of power as important (Nye & Welch, 2014). Liberalism, on the other hand, is portrayed as an ideology of the industrialized West identifying itself with West civilization. Most of the Liberalist ideas and theories took shape following WWI and believe in the possibility of universal peace which is perpetual. In liberalism, the central theme is harmony and balance among competing interests that may be pursued by either individuals or groups (Jackson, &Sorensen, 2016). The competition for self-interests is affected by the natural equilibrium which asserts itself. It is important to note that, competing interests sometimes act complimentary and these conflicts are not irreconcilable. Both realism and liberalism share certain assumptions about the operation of international politics in that they both accept that the world affairs are shaped by competition among states with liberalism assuming that the competition within the system is conducted in a grander framework of harmonies (Gilpin, 2016; Nye & Welch, 2014) Critical Perspective On International Politics These perspectives on international politics have also had a share of their criticism. One of the criticisms is that they have embraced the post-positivist approach in which the subject and the object are intimately linked. Another criticism is on its global status quo and norms, values and assumptions on which they are built upon. According to the critics, the liberalism and realism perspectives on international policy are ways of concealing the imbalances of power in the established global system (Jackson, &Sorensen, 2016). The critics also argue that, apart from concealing the imbalances of power in the established global system, the two perspectives also legitimize the power imbalances. Therefore, the critical theorists are dedicated to aligning themselves to the interests of the oppressed by overthrowing oppression and setting mechanisms that ensure that it does not occur again. Globalization and its acceleration have played a pivotal role in the reconfiguration of the world politics. Also, globalization has resulted in global interconnectedness where politics are enmeshed in the web of interdependences whose operation transverse borders while operating within the different nations or states. For international politics to promote a lasting peace the different actor, both large and small have to respect the ideologies, norms and values upheld by the other. Therefore, positive relations must be sought at all the times. The relations are a product of internal peace and stability. International relations are anchored on the premise that each state or nation is stable internally. According to Jackson and Sorensen (2016), main actors in international relations are the territorial states or nations. Over the years, evolution of international relations has followed on a similar pattern to that followed by the evolution of the territorial states. For instance, before modern states were formed, macro-political order was imposed by other social orders such as cities or empires such as the Roman Empire. The purpose of the empires was to impose order and unity (Gilpin, 2016). However, over time these empires started disintegrating due to corruption and increase in disorder. Brute force overrode processes of political deliberations and division was the inevitable result. In the ensuing divisions, generals fought each other weakening nations from within, destroying industry and commerce resulting into economic poverty, political fragmentation, and social disorder. Weakening of these aspects made the nations or the states prone to external interference that could easily effect change. Therefore, as the weakening of nationswas happening some institutions emerged that aimed at providing unity and order among the impoverished areas (Jackson, &Sorensen, 2016). These institutions such as the churches maintained the light of religion, learning, and literacy despite the disorderliness experienced at the time. These structures formed the basis of effecting power balance among the ruling elites and change in sovereignty. As new and authoritative leaders tried to impose order and stability there lead to the development of international relations. The new and authoritative leaders were bestowed powers and privileges that were uncommon to the normal population. Therefore, a relation between the different areas was seen as relationships between empires, cities, and city-states (Jackson, &Sorensen, 2016). However, as changes occurred in the economic and social worlds, superior-scale states emerged affecting the distribution of power. Cite this page Free Essay with an Evaluation of the Effect of Warfare on Modern International Politics. (2022, May 18). Retrieved from https://speedypaper.com/essays/an-evaluation-of-the-effect-of-warfare-on-modern-international-politics If you are the original author of this essay and no longer wish to have it published on the SpeedyPaper website, please click below to request its removal: - EU Enlargement - Free Essay on Security Matters - Free Essay for Students: Health and Healthcare Disparities - Oral History Essay Example - Essay Example on Isolationism and Internationalism - Essay Sample on Drug Testing Recipients - Free Essay Dedicated to The Luck of Roaring Camp Story - Does Plastic Surgery Enhance or Destroy Beauty, Essay Sample

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From Rocks & Minerals (March/April 1989( article by A. Kampf, via The Chippings, London, Ontario, June/89) All mineral books advise beginning collectors to keep some kind of list or catalogue of their growing collections. What often holds collectors back is not knowing exactly what information they should record. With the recent advent of powerful home computers you can now create useful permanent lists of your minerals. What follows is is a summary of an article from Rocks & Minerals (March/April 1989) by A. Kampf who is computerizing an L.A. museum collection. If you follow this model using sheets of ordinary 3-ring paper, you will have a useful informative paper catalogue. If you wish, you can readily transfer this information to a computer database programme. |1. 532||10. Butterfly||1. Catalogue Number (CATNO)||10. Descriptor| |2. M||11. 40x20x40||2. Type of Specimen||11. Dimension| |3. P||12.||3. Acquisition Code||12. Weight| |4. 300887||13. 1||4. Date Acquired||13. Quantity| |5. Tyson's||14. BC||5. Source||14. State| |6. 15.00||15.||6. Value||15. County| |7. Calcite||16. McBride||7. Species||16. Town| |8.||17.||8. Variety||17. Mine| |9. Twin||18. FR||9. Keyword||18. Container| |19. An unusual, undamaged, butterfly-twinned matrixless specimen. Surfaces have silvery sheen and are slightly pock-marked.||19. Comment| When I first started collecting minerals I thought that I would be able to remember all of the information that I needed about the minerals in my collection. I realized that this was not going to work when my collection grew and one day I could not remember the location of a particular mineral. It probably wasn�t terribly important because it was just a calcite, but I knew then that I had to record some of the pertinent information about my specimens. The first decision that I had to make was the best way to record the details of each specimen. I started with a simple card file, and for many collectors this will be quite adequate. Starting with the name and location, I added other details that I thought I might want to know about each specimen in the future, things like its chemical formula, how it was obtained, and a brief description. In most cases it isn�t good enough to record the pertinent information of each mineral in the collection; there must also be a way of linking this information to the respective specimen. Again, when the collection is small, this may not be a problem. A simple card can be kept with the mineral. However, this is not very desirable because cards can easily be separated from the minerals to which they belong. I have seen many collections, which have been stored away, probably by someone other than the collector, and the cards are no longer with their respective specimens. Frequently, the cards cannot even be found. Hence, most serious collectors add a reference number (or combination of letters and numbers) to their specimens, which is then included on the card to identify the mineral. There are many ways in which this can be done. In the old days, a strip of white paint was put on the mineral, on which the reference was printed in indelible ink, after which it was shellacked. I am not aware of any collectors who go to that bother today. A similar and simpler process involves painting a strip with white nail polish, which can be printed upon with indelible ink. (Staedtler and others make fine indelible ink pens.) This provides an almost permanent record on the specimen, which can be washed if it requires cleaning. If the record has to be changed the ink can be cleaned off with alcohol, while the white strip can be removed with acetone. Simpler methods can be devised. One such is to use standard pieces of paper, perhaps something like those created with a hole punch, and attaching them with either a bit of �stickem� or glue. Of course, this would not be waterproof, so cleaning would have to be done carefully. Avoid tapes; all, with only one exception to my knowledge, dry out and fall off, often leaving a mess on the specimen. The exception is a cloth tape that does not lend itself to being written upon cleanly, but can be used to good advantage for recording information on the specimen until proper cataloguing can be performed. What should the reference number include? For many years the standard was the Dana system. Hence, you might see something like �220.127.116.11� on a nondescript (probably white) chunk of rock. A quick check of the Dana system would inform you that this is scheelite. The nice thing about this system is that it is consistent. I would not have to know anything about the collector to know the identity of his specimen. However, there are some drawbacks. For one thing, the Dana system did not include numbers for the silicates until recently. With the publication of the New Dana System, this is no longer a problem. But, what if you have more than one scheelite in your collection? The Dana number provides no information with regard to the specific mineral or its place in the collection. Another system is to simply record on the specimen a chronological number representing the order in which it was added to the collection. This number could then be used to reference the card or computer record that contains the pertinent information about the specimen. Collectors can develop their own reference system. When I realized that I had to catalogue my collection I sat down and thought about what I wanted the reference number to accomplish. I wanted each one to be unique, but I also wanted it to tell me something about the mineral without having to check the catalogue. I settled on what might appear to be a cumbersome alphanumeric � starting with a letter, being the first letter of the mineral name in case my memory needed jogging (thank goodness for the foresight), followed by a number representing the broad Dana class (native elements, sulphides, sulpho-salts, etc.), and additional numbers to provide a unique number for each specimen. This was devised over thirty years ago and I only made three mistakes; I never thought that I would have more than a hundred specimens of the same mineral or more than ten different species in the same Dana class with the same first initial. Also, I thought that I would be using the same classification system for extra minerals that I would trade, so I included a numeral for quality. The first two problems were easily solved by using ascending letters where necessary. The number for quality never got used; either the specimen is good enough for the collection or it doesn�t get catalogued. This simple reference system has worked well for me. But the card catalogue that I started with did not. I quickly discovered that it was too limited for the number of uses that I wanted to make of it. The primary problem with a card catalogue is that it must be organized along one subject line, most usually alphabetically by the name of the mineral. This can be made more flexible by using coloured cards or with tabs for other important information about the mineral such as location or mineral class, but its maintenance gets cumbersome and its functionality remains very limited. I graduated to electronic data storage, (using a �database� in computer jargon) fairly early on because I wanted to gather information about the minerals in my collection that would be tedious to both record and recover from a card catalogue. For example, before a collecting trip to Colorado , I might want to find out what minerals I already had from locations there. I could always go through a card catalogue and list those from Colorado , but as the collection grows this becomes very time consuming: the computer can do this for me in a flash and then print out the list. When considering a computerized database one must again think about the information that they want to have recorded. There is almost no limit to the amount of information that can be included - I know of individuals who link photographs of the minerals to the catalogued information - but one must decide how the information is likely to be used. In computerized data bases a card is equivalent to a �record� and the separate pieces of information that would have been recorded on the card, such as reference number or name of the mineral, are called �fields�. Generally, you would want a different field for each item upon which you might want to perform a search. Fields are defined by the user to include numerals, letters, or both, and the size (in characters) of each field is determined at the time that the database is created, although in most cases these can be changed at a later date. So, one would select a string of perhaps eight characters for the reference number, twenty characters for the name, sixty or so for the location, and so on until all of the fields that you want to include for your specimens have been defined. The location information is probably the most likely to be searched. Creating this part of the database warrants special consideration. In years past, many databases required users to search with full strings. What I mean by this is that if you wanted to know what minerals you had from Colorado , you would not get a response if the field you were searching had more information in it than the name of each state (or equivalent). If I had a mineral from the National Belle Mine, Red Mountain , Ouray County , Colorado , with all of that in one field, a search for just � Colorado � would be unsuccessful. A search would have required a separate field for each part of the location. Hence, a separate field would have been required for each of �mine�, �municipality�, �county�, �township�, �province� and �country�. Then, of course, all the minerals from Colorado could be found easily by doing a search in the �province� field, the closest equivalent to �state�. However, locations are described differently in other countries and one would have to develop very defined rules in order to keep the records useful. Even then, where would I put � Red Mountain � in the above example? Fortunately, I think that all databases now accept what I call sub field searches. I use just one field for the location, in which I can put as much locality information as I possess. Then, if I want to search for Colorado , I select the field and instruct the program to search for the string of desired letters (� Colorado �) within the wider string of the complete location description. Sometimes this feature is not obvious, but it is worth finding in the database that you are considering using (in Microsoft Access it is the operator �contains�). I suggest that one should make certain that this feature is available in any database program considered for use. Databases have come a long way in other regards as well. Most spreadsheets are semi-database programs and simple database functions, such as sorting, can be performed on them. More importantly, many common database programs can read the information stored in spreadsheet format. The columns of the spreadsheet can be treated as fields in a database. I refer to my collection as being in a database but in fact, it is on a big spreadsheet. This really simplifies its maintenance with additions, deletions, and corrections all being performed on the spreadsheet. When I want to do a search I move over to MS Access (or MS Query), which draws the required information directly from the spreadsheet.

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Clinical applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare are relatively rare. The high expectations in relation to data analysis influencing general healthcare have not materialized, with few exceptions, and then predominantly in the field of rare diseases, oncology and pathology, and interpretation of laboratory results. While electronic health records, introduced over the last decade or so in the UK have increased access to medical and treatment histories of patients, diagnoses, medications, treatment plans, immunization dates, allergies, radiology images, laboratory and test results, these have potential for evidence-based tools that providers can use to make decisions about a patient’s care, as well as streamline workflow. In the following text, we review the advances achieved using machine learning and deep learning technology, as well as robot use and telemedicine in the healthcare of older people. 1. Artificial Intelligence use is extensively explored in prevention, diagnosis, novel drug designs and after-care. 2. AI studies on older adults include a small number of patients and lack reproducibility needed for their wider clinical use in different clinical settings and larger populations. 3. Telemedicine and robot assisted technology are well received by older service users. 4. Ethical concerns need to be resolved prior to wider AI use in routine clinical setting. Modern-day enhancements in Enterprise Architectures (EA) has increased the interoperability issues in almost all domains; these issues are increasing day-by-day as organizations are spanning and information is being exchanged between different platforms. Command Control Computer Communication and Intelligence (C4I) complex systems are also facing the interoperability issues due to highly classified and sensitive information being exchanged. In this paper we have discussed the integration of different C4I applications running under heterogeneous platforms by allowing them to communicate using a secure and ciphered web based middleware named as Web Middleware (WMW). This middleware is a client-server based web adaptor to achieve clean, systematic, secure and reliable communication. The main feature among many is the simple HTTP browser based customization that do not require any specific or special add-ons and controls to be installed on the client machine. Architecture usage, and initialization of the WMW middleware is discussed with security and performance discussion. Nobody doubts that mathematics plays a crucial role in medical achievements. It is certain that is being mainly used in statistics and physics for biomedical problems . For sure that we have already heard about how mathematics can improve the anticancer arsenal . Quantitative genetics have triggered a giant potential in medical care [3,4]. And mathematical algorithms, provided by artificial intelligence, continuously boost new therapeutic paradigms [5,6]. Nonetheless, one cannot ignore the ability of mathematics for analyzing ideas. The concept of space-matter motion in the new Cartesian physics, based on the identity of space and matter, creates the basis for the study of consciousness as the action of the brain in space inside and outside itself and offers a way of materialistic explanation of life on Earth. She claims that consciousness in living matter arises when the brain begins to create the surrounding space the image of themselves and the world. And since space according to Descartes is identical to matter, the images created by the brain of itself and the external world in the surrounding space have a material basis and therefore the displayed organs interact with each other and the external world. Present piece of idea exhibits to divert attention towards automated high precision Life Support System (LSS) instead of manual one using medical intelligence devices while treating and diagnosis to the patient, where Ventilator, inhaler and respiratory control is most important factor during operation, surgeries and in other likewise medical emergency situations to maintain proper saturation in patient lungs to sustain their lives. This work gives idea, how we can design A.I based Inhaler System for the same. Artificial intelligence (AI) is the emulation of human intelligence in computers that have been trained to think and behave like humans. The word may also refer to any computer that exhibits human-like characteristics like learning and problem-solving. Artificial intelligence is intelligence demonstrated by machines, as opposed to natural intelligence, which involves consciousness and emotionality and is demonstrated by humans and animals . To investigate the variables correlation analysis research method for assessing the caregivers’ perceptions in two groups including dependent and independent variables to correlate the measuring of early childhoods. Typically, in correlated data, for jointly normally distributed data with relevant outliers that can use a correlation as a measure of a monotonic association. Designing the 65-paired samples for the Thai Model of early detection and intervention of children as the health care system guidelines from 26-CUPs have compared. Using the DSPM divided into 65-appropriate and 65-inappropriate development early childhoods for every 13 CUPS that depends on talented children. Selecting the Receptive Language (RL) skills identified in contributing growth relative factors with four research instruments: the EPRLS, PRLF, CNRLF, and CMRLF are valid and reliable significantly. Comparisons of the appropriate and inappropriate early childhoods are differences ( < .05), the intercorrelation circumflex nature analysis (p < .05), positively. The R2 values show that 26% and 55% of the variance in training caregivers’ factor skills on the PRLF, CNRLF, and CMRLF to the EPRLS in inappropriate and appropriate early childhoods, respectively. Developmentally Appropriate Practice is a perspective in a child’s development: social, emotional, physical, and cognitive-based on the child’s cultural background: community, family history, and family structure. The main aim of forensic science is to gather intelligence to enable the judge to credible and logical decisions in the court by means of scientific approach through evaluation of evidence for the administration of justice, and country around the world now considers forensic methodology as the gold standard for criminal investigation. Therefore, the present study examined the level of awareness on the relevance of forensics in criminal investigation in Nigeria. The design used in this study is the survey research design and the sample size of this study was a total of one hundred personnel of law enforcement and the judiciary. The study adopted descriptive statistics which involves the use of frequency and percentage. The result of the present study revealed that the participants were distributed socio-demographically as follows; there was an observable higher number of male participants (68%) relative to the female participants (32%), As per age distribution, a larger population of the participants were found to be > 40 years of age with 55%, and it was observed that age between 35-39 years ranked the least with 15%. On educational level, the result of the present study revealed that majority of the participants possesses a bachelor’s degree as the highest level of educational qualification with 75% from a pool of 100% of participants. The present study further examined responses on the relevance of forensics in criminal investigation, and the result revealed an inadequate level of awareness on the relevance of forensics in criminal investigation. Therefore, the study recommends that the Nigerian Police Force and the Judiciary should collaborate with Universities running programs on forensics for trainings. Throughout global efforts to defend against the spread of COVID-19 from late 2019 up until now, one of the most crucial factors that has helped combat the pandemic is the development of various screening methods to detect the presence of COVID-19 as conveniently and accurately as possible. One of such methods is the utilization of chest X-Rays (CXRs) to detect anomalies that are concurrent with a patient infected with COVID-19. While yielding results much faster than the traditional RT-PCR test, CXRs tend to be less accurate. Realizing this issue, in our research, we investigated the applications of computer vision in order to better detect COVID-19 from CXRs. Coupled with an extensive image database of CXRs of healthy patients, patients with non-COVID-19 induced pneumonia, and patients positive with COVID-19, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) prove to possess the ability to easily and accurately identify whether or not a patient is infected with COVID-19 in a matter of seconds. Borrowing and adjusting the architectures of three well-tested CNNs: VGG-16, ResNet50, and MobileNetV2, we performed transfer learning and trained three of our own models, then compared and contrasted their differing precisions, accuracies, and efficiencies in correctly labeling patients with and without COVID-19. In the end, all of our models were able to accurately categorize at least 94% of the CXRs, with some performing better than the others; these differences in performance were largely due to the contrasting architectures each of our models borrowed from the three respective CNNs. The service from the journal staff has been excellent. Publishing with the International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology was a rewarding experience as review process was thorough and brisk. Their visibility online is second to none as their published articles appear in all search engines. I will encourage researchers to publish with them. University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria Dr. Elizabeth A Awoyesuku Thanks you and your colleague for the great help for our publication. You always provide prompt responses and high quality of service. I am so happy to have you working with me. Diana (Ding) Dai I would like to thank JPRA for taking this decision. I understand the effort it represents for you. I'm truly happy to have the paper published in JPRA. And I'll certainly consider JPRA for my next publications as I was satisfied of the service provided, the efficiency and promptness of the interactions we had. “Mobile apps and wearable technology are becoming ubiquitous in our environment. Their integration with healthcare delivery is just beginning to take shape. The early results are promising and the possibilities great." BS, PharmD., MBA, CPHIMS, FHIMSS, Adjunct Professor, Global Healthcare Management, MCPHS University, Chief Strategy Offi cer, MedicaSoft, Senior Advisor, National Health IT (NHIT) Collaborative for Underserved, New York HIMSS, National Liaison, Health 2.0 Boston, Past Chair, Chair Innovation, USA I wanna to thank clinical journal of nursing care and practice for its effort to review and publish my manuscript. This is reputable journal. Thank you! Wollo University, Ethiopia The service is nice and the time of processing the application is fast. Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong It was a real pleasure working with your team. The review was done fast, and it was very clear, the editing was flawless, the article was published quickly compared to other journals, and everyone was understanding and helpful. I will gladly recommend this journal to my acquaintances in academia. It has been a fabulous journey writing articles for your journal because of the encouragement you people provide for writers from developing nations like India. Kindly continue the same. Looking forward for a long term association. "It was a pleasure to work with the editorial team of the journal on the submission of the manuscript. The team was professional, fast, and to the point".

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The bad news for Sydney-siders is that floods have been happening to them for all of history and probably a lot of prehistory too, though the ABC and BOM don’t mention it. This week the flooding in Windsor appears to have peaked at almost 14 metres. But in 1867 the water peaked at 63 feet or an amazing 19 metres. The Guardian laments that For Hawkesbury residents flooding is now a part of life and blames climate change. But nothing has changed since 200 years ago. For the first thirty years of European settlement, floods hit the Hawkesbury river one after the other. A little book called The Early Days of Windsor, by James Steele was published in 1916. It tells us that flooding was frequent, and was so bad on the Hawksbury in 1798 the Governor even limited the sale of rum. The first Government House in Windsor was said to be “swept away” in 1799. This was followed by another flood in 1801 and a much worse one in 1806 when seven people died. The plucky residents only had to wait three years to be besieged again in 1809. By then people were getting so tired of being flooded they moved Windsor and other settlements to higher ground in 1810, which was a good thing because it flooded again in 1811. In 1817 things were so bad, it was reported that the Hawkesbury and Nepean rivers had inundated the buildings on the banks “three times within nine months”. After that, everything dried out for a few decades. Droughts struck across Australia instead. That was until the late 1850s when flooding came back into fashion, climatically speaking. Symbolising this shift, a neat little church at Clydesdale was built in 1842 and lasted til the great flood of 1867 when things got so bad there was “driftwood on the roof”. The book drily notes: “This church is now closed.” By 1872, flooding was so common again they even formed “a water brigade” so they were ready to rescue people and knew how the manage the flood boats. The whole book is available online, and even though Australia was almost NetZero when it was published a hundred years ago, it already had 67 mentions of the word flood. Not to dismiss any of the suffering of the current flooding in Sydney, because I’m sure it’s horrible. Just people need to know the BOM isn’t telling them the whole truth, and climate grifters are exploiting their pain. On account of distress caused by floods the Governor curtailed the sale of rum during the year 1798. For the first twenty-five or thirty years of the settlement of New South Wales, the Hawkesbury was looked upon as the granary of the colony. When floods came the greatest anxiety was caused in Sydney and Parramatta, and floods were fairly frequent in those days… There was another Government House earlier still, erected at the time of the first settlement in the district. This was reported to have been swept away by flood waters in 1799. On 23rd March, 1806, there was a great flood in the Hawkesbury, which rose ten feet higher than the flood of 1801 and reached to within eighteen inches of Dr. Am dell’s home at “Catty”. The Governor appointed a commission, consisting of Dr. Arndell, Rev. S. Marsden, and Mr. N. Bailey, to visit and report concerning the damage done by this flood, and afford relief where necessary. They reported the loss of wheat, maize, barley, live stock, and buildings valued at £35,248, in addition to the loss of seven lives. Extract from Government and General Order, dated 15th December, 1810:— “The frequent inundations of the rivers Hawkesbury and Nepean having been hitherto attended with the most calamitous effects, with regard to crops growing in their vicinity, and in consequence of most serious injury to the necessary subsistence of the colony, the Governor has deemed it expedient (in order to guard as far as human foresight can extend against the recurrence of such calamities), to erect certain townships in the most contiguous and eligible high grounds in the several districts subjected to those inundations for the purpose of rendering every possible accommodation and security to the settlers whose farms are exposed to the floods. Back then when floods destroyed crops, people starved, but charities saved the day: “The rivers Hawkesbury and Nepean, having inundated the various settlements on their banks three times within nine months, and swept away great quantities of wheat and stock of all kinds, as well as totally destroying the growing crop of maize, which was nearly ripe, a most lamentable scarcity of grain prevailed, and hundreds in the districts of the Hawkesbury were reduced to a state of starvation: and to alleviate these distresses the Magistrates and other gentlemen at Windsor and the surrounding districts raised the sum of five hundred pounds by voluntary subscription, on the 28th June, 1817, which was lain out in the purchase of provisions, chiefly rice, and issued weekly to upwards of five hundred distressed persons, by Mr. Harpur, at the Public Schoolhouse at Windsor, until the harvest commenced, November 23rd, 1817.” From Mr Tebbuts Observatory notes: Highest Floods at Windsor. We give herewith a list of the biggest floods, that is, such as rose thirty-five feet or more. This would be at least fifteen feet over the present Windsor bridge, and would encroach a considerable way up Bridge, Baker, Kable, and Fitzgerald streets on the north side, whilst a forty-eight feet rise would bring the water right across George Street near New Street. Such rises occurred in the years 1864 and 1867. The highest flood recorded was that in 1867, June 23, which rose sixty-three feet. All Windsor was covered excepting two spots; an island about two hundred feet wide, and extending from Johnston Street, near the Gazette office, up to the School of Arts and a little beyond. Another island started near New Street, extending along the Terrace past St. Matthew’s Church, taking in Tebbutt Street and part of McQuade Park, and from the railway station about a mile back along the Penrith Road. Richmond was half under water. An island was formed about the old Clarendon House to near the Roman Catholic Church. Another island started from about the Black Horse Hotel, and extended back through part of “Hobartville” to Yarramundi. Pitt Town was also an island two hundred chains long and the same wide. The whole of the road to Pitt Town and Cattai was under water, except a small portion in Pitt Town. The Parramatta road was under water out to Vineyard. Most of the Riverstone Meat Company’s paddocks were also flooded, and all the low laud away towards Blacktown. The flood measurements in the accompanying list, from 1855 to date, are taken from the meteorological observations of Mr. J. Tebbutt, F.R.A.S., made at his private observatory on the Peninsula, near Windsor, and may, therefore, be accepted as correct. Those given before that date are, we fear, not so accurate, and at times are much exaggerated. - 1799, March 3—Rose 50 feet. (15m) One life lost. - 1800, March—Rose 40 feet. (12m) - 1806, August 26—Rose 47 feet Five lives lost. Hundreds of haystacks floated away. - 1809, August 1 —Rose 48 feet. Eight lives lost. In consequence of floods Windsor and other towns were laid out on higher ground in 1810. - 1811, March 25. - 1816, June 2—Rose 45 feet. - 1817, February 26—Rose 46 feet. Two lives were lost. A large relief fund was raised. - 1819, February 20—Rose 46 feet. - 1857, August 22—Rose 37.7 feet. The first big flood for thirty-eight years. Penrith bridge swept away. - 1860, April 29-30—Rose 37.4 feet. Cornwallis bridge swept away. November 19—Rose 36 feet. Three big floods this year. - 1864, June 13—Rose 48 feet. July 16—Rose 36.1 feet 55.03 inches of rain this year. - 1867, June 23—Rose 63.2 feet (19.3m) Six lives were lost. Record flood, fifteen feet above the highest known. - 1869, May 9—Rose 36.8 feet. - 1870, April 28—Rose 45 feet. May 13-14—Rose 35.5 feet. Record wet year, 62.51 inches of rain falling. Seven big rises in the river. - 1871, May 2—Rose 36.9 feet. - 1873, February 26-27—Rose 41.6 feet. - 1875, June 7—Rose 38.9 feet. - 1879, September 11—Rose 43,3 feet. - 1889, May 29—Rose 38.5 feet. - 1890, March 13—Rose 38.9 feet. Three floods this year. 45.67 inches of rain fell. - 1891, June 26—Rose 35.5 feet. - 1900, July 7—Rose 46.2 feet. - 1904, July 12—Rose 40.1 feet. Conversions: 40 feet is 12.2 meters. 45 feet is 13.7m and 50 feet is 15.2 m. 63 feet is 19.3m. Snippets from flooding in the later half of the 1800s: In the year 1842 a neat brick church was built at Clydesdale and named St. Phillip’s, the parish being from then known as “Windsor and Clydesdale”. Unfortunately, this church was built on the flood area, the big flood in 1867 leaving drift wood on the roof. This church is now closed. …the Big Flood, 23rd June, 1867, when the river rose to the extraordinary height of sixty-three feet, and six lives were lost. The Rev. H.T. Stiles died on the 22nd June, 1867, within two days of his sixtieth birthday. His death occurred while the big flood was at about its greatest height, the water having entered the Presbyterian Church in George Street, where large numbers of refugees had slept the previous night. The last duty performed by the dying minister was to order that the church doors of St. Matthew’s be opened in order to let the homeless people find a shelter from the rising flood. A water brigade was formed in 1872, to be in readiness in case of flood, and to become proficient in the management of the flood boats. The members were Messrs. J. A. Dick, Wm. Moses, R.D.W. Walker, W. Gosper, W.F. Linsley, W. Alderson, and E.J. Tout. THE danger from floods is always a source of anxiety to the occupants of the low-lying lands along the banks of the Hawkesbury; the river may rise and overflow its banks at any time during the whole year. The tragic stories of families lost due to the floods is written up in Family Tree Circles. See also History of the Floods of the Hawkesbury (J.P. Josephson), 1795-1881. 0 out of 10 based on 0 rating July 7, 2022 at 12:49PM

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Any government, no matter how coherent and effective in the eyes of the people that had elected it or the elected is still subject to flaws, corruption, inefficiency and time lags. Technologies have largely streamlined government processes, such as elections, document workflows, and others, but the key concepts of effectiveness and efficiency still rest on the link binding the technology with the population – the human factor. It is the human factor that runs governments, and humans are prone to a myriad of faults ranging from banal errors in calculations and document workflows to corruption and even spite in performing their duties. To counter the human factor and take advantage of management systems, the concept of the E-government was proposed in the early 2000s. So the E-government concept is not that new, as it involves the use of various technologies, such as communications devices, computers, and the Internet to ensure the effective and efficient provision of public services to the citizens of a country. The keywords here are “effective” and “efficient”. Effective simply means the application of measures necessary for achieving a certain goal, no matter the costs. In stark contrast, efficiency means the application of measures for achieving a goal with minimum waste of resources. The E-government concept is the golden mean in achieving a balance between effectiveness and efficiency. When taken in the context of an entire country, efficiency means saving finances and ensuring convenience in the provision of services to citizens. Effectiveness means making sure that the services are rendered with due quality and with minimal error. This is where the appearance of blockchain technologies is set to play a key role in the future of E-governments as a whole. Advances In The Achievement of E-Government Implementation The countries of the world were quick in realizing the advantages of applying E-government approaches in the provision of public services. Every continent already has some measure of E-government applied. The countries of Southeast Asia and the Arab Gulf are the leaders in using technologies for providing their citizens with convenience in paying utility bills, ensuring transparency and efficiency with fiscal services, and workflows for various licenses, permits, and other documentation. One of the countries leading the charge in applying E-government approaches is the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The Deputy Minister of Information and Communications Nguyen Minh Hong recently announced that the Vietnamese Government is aiming to enact Resolution No. 17/NQ-CP on the Digital Government Development Plan for 2018-2020 up to 2025. The ambitious goal will be supervised by the National Board of E-Government Review with Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc at the helm. The main aim of the Resolution is to improve Vietnam’s E-government standing on the United Nations assessment list from level 10 to level 15 by 2020. If successfully enacted, by 2025, this will propel Vietnam to the top of the ASEAN countries list in E-government implementation. The integration of multiple ministries into the E-government system will ensure lower error rates and improve interoperation between authorities, thus speeding up document workflow processes and bolstering GDP growth. Still, the poorly developed legal frameworks and regulations that manage the interaction among various authorities and ministries are a significant challenge that the implementation of E-government is called upon to overcome. In essence, given its strategic location, immense economical potential and the challenges present in the country, Vietnam is the ideal location for implementing an E-government. The Role of Technologies In Shaping Vietnam’s E-Government Technologies are the key link in securing the implementation of the E-government concept in any country seeking to automate administrative processes. The use of advanced technologies, namely blockchain and other similar solution, in creating a unified data sharing system for all government databases will lay the foundation for ensuring successful implementation of the Resolution starting in 2019. Given the situation with technology literacy in the 95 million citizen country, the Resolution aims to integrate up to 20% of all residents and businesses in the E-government system. ICT (Information Communication Technologies) are at the forefront of the strive to achieving E-government. The extensive use of databases and high-speed internet connection is a must, but the creation of the supporting infrastructure will ensure effective operation of the entire system. The specifics of Vietnam’s geographic location make the use of internet cables problematic in many regions, in addition to the lack of a sufficient number of highly qualified personnel for maintaining the system operational. The introduction of advanced education programs is one of the first steps that the Government of Vietnam is taking in incorporating technologies with the main element they will be serving – the citizens of the country. The Application of Blockchain In Achieving E-Government in Vietnam The advent of blockchain technologies has changed much in the way ICTs have affected the perception of technological advantages in the eyes of many governments. Unparalleled speeds of operation, full transparency of all records, immutability, tamper-proof qualities and many other boons are offered by blockchain, and all of them can serve Vietnam is attaining higher levels of E-government integration. Given that bureaucracy is the bane of many countries, including Vietnam, the introduction of blockchain technology with its auto-signatures and automatic consensus can solve the issue of cumbersome document verification procedures in government authorities. Many bureaucratic processes in Vietnam are age-old, as in many countries, but blockchain has the technological qualities necessary for granting citizens the trust element needed to negate the requirements of multiple physical signatures in obtaining permits, licenses and other documents. One of the main disadvantages related to E-government that is being constantly addresses is the lack of equality in public access to the internet. The so-called “digital divide” is an acute problem in Vietnam for citizens living in remote regions. But the application of blockchain on the basis of a reliable infrastructure can solve many of the issues associated with digital literacy. The technology does not require users to be highly computer-literate to be able to obtain the necessary public services backed by the technology. Full access to the data is yet another important use case of blockchain in E-government. Given the full accessibility, transparency and immutability of data records stored on the blockchain, government ministries, such as the tax authorities, can send their citizens requests on the use of any part of the data. The citizens have full control over their records and can grant permission for its use. Legitimacy of voting has always been a problem for governments and blockchain is the perfect solution. The independent, technologically-ensured and high speed combination of immutability of records and full transparency act as guarantees against public disagreement with voting results. The challenges blockchain technologies can solve are numerous and it is difficult to overestimate the contribution they can bring into ensuring Vietnam’s transition to higher degrees of E-government implementation. Credits Platform For E-Government Solutions Blockchain solutions have already been applied by a number of governments in test and live modes. The Credits platform is one of the most flexible and comprehensive solutions on the market for the implementation of E-government. With its advanced technical characteristics, the Credits platform can provide the necessary infrastructure and instruments for ensuring blockchain-based communication between the citizens and the state. The intuitive interface is designed for use by citizens with low levels of digital literacy and ensures comprehensive operation and effective adoption of services provided by E-government systems. At the same time, the Credits platform can be tailored for use for an endless variety of services in which operations are carried out using smart contracts and the internal CS currency. One of the key advantages that Credits offer in terms of application in E-government systems is high network capacities of up to 1 million transactions per second with transaction processing times at 0.1 seconds and low fees starting from 0.001 USD per transaction. Credits offer a comprehensive infrastructure for developing blockchain-based apps with self-executing smart contracts. The use of smart contracts is the main factor for facilitating the effective application of E-government concept by combining multiple mechanisms of citizen-state interaction in one technologically convenient, immutable and secure carrier. The source code eliminates the risk of unauthorized changes and ensures the uniqueness of the execution of the contract’s algorithm. With no intermediaries in the chain of interaction between the citizen and the state, the provision of public services through the use of the Credits blockchain platform becomes instantaneous and surpasses trust issues. The Credits platform currency (CS) can be used for conducting real estate transactions, transactions with public budgets, paying taxes, utility services bills and any other fees. The Credits platform offers a secure environment for data processing and transmission with failure-proof systems operating on a unique consensus algorithm combination of DPoS and BFT and advanced data encryption. All Credits platform transactions are recorded in a common ledger and available upon request by any authority or user with sufficient access rights to the database. The global practice has already proven that the use of cryptocurrencies and smart contracts can reduce state corruption by eliminating intermediaries. Blockchain technologies turn every interaction into a direct transaction between the citizen and the state, thus removing the human factor from the equation. E-Government Prospects In Vietnam Technologies are a prerequisite for improving national welfare and increasing economic growth. Blockchain technologies are playing a key role in enhancing this process as irreplaceable and valuable infrastructures and add-ons to existing solutions. “There is no doubt that blockchain technologies will play a vital role in leading Vietnam to full E-government use. The technology has advantages and we have the will and the resources to consider it as a valuable contributor to our nation’s welfare. I am certain that in the coming years we will see mass adoption of blockchain in Vietnam on the government level,” as said by CEO of ONPUN Phạm Quang Trung. The digitization of governments is vital in the modern world, where the increasing interconnection of various systems is having a direct impact on citizens and the state alike. With economic prosperity becoming ever more dependent on technological literacy, efficiency and effectiveness of document workflows and legal frameworks, blockchain solutions like those offered by the Credits platform seem to be the ideal infrastructure for building a more digital and transparent future.

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The Equity Trap In the wake of last year’s global Black Lives Matter protests, there’s been a lot of talk about how to achieve equal opportunities for Black people in the America. The dilemma of whether to strive for equality or for equity has preoccupied a lot of pundits. The people who consider themselves to be “allies” of Black people tend to support equity, while those who believe the status quo works just fine for them tend to support equality. According to the definitions that I present below, I intend to demonstrate that both groups are not only wrong, but are being disingenuous in deliberately dodging the real issues. In a blog post, the social research and campaign company Social Change UK explained the difference between equality and equity as follows: “Although both promote fairness, equality achieves this through treating everyone the same regardless of need, while equity achieves this through treating people differently dependent on need.”¹ In other words, equality ensures everyone receives the identical treatment, while equity ensures that extra support is given to those who need it. For example, in education equality may mean that every applicant to an Ivy League university is assessed and admitted, or rejected, based on identical qualification criteria. Equity in this case may mean that applicants who are poorer or who are minorities may be given more consideration based on their background. The same type of approach may be applied to promotions at work. Not applying corrective measures (i.e. embracing “equality”) is assumed to result in ever-increasing social disparities and instability. The application of “equity” corrective measures is expected to mitigate and eventually erase the drawbacks of a disadvantaged background (based on income, ethnicity, gender etc.). But is this true? For racial equity corrective measures to be needed and sustained, the following conditions must be true: - There is persistent and unmitigated inequality that works against Blacks - Blacks are permanently disadvantaged as a result of this persistent unmitigated inequality - Without the application of equity corrections, Blacks can never realise their potential or compete in society I see a few undesirable consequences that would inevitably arise if these conditions were assumed to be true: - Blacks will be permanently relegated to the status of beggars. The quality, magnitude and frequency of the equity interventions are entirely at the discretion of the privileged elite. This is because society will have quietly adopted the implicit assumption that Blacks are by their very nature incapable of making progress without “help”. Consider this parallel example: if I see a beggar on the street, only I get to decide whether I give him money or my leftovers, how much to give him, and whether I’ll give him every day or once a year. - Blacks will be rewarded for maintaining a position of disadvantage. They would receive no benefit from the system if they attempted to step out of this position. Meanwhile, these scraps and crumbs of “help” would only apply to a tiny minority of the Black population, because it would be both fiscally unaffordable and politically unachievable to extend the benefit to everyone. - The focus would not be on the benefits and advancement achieved by Blacks because of these equity programmes, but on the benevolence of the programmes themselves. Therefore, the privileged can feel better about themselves without being accountable for any real change. - The underlying conditions that cause inequality remain comfortably unchallenged and unchanged. I commend the good work that is being done by some groups to make things better. I wholeheartedly agree that certain temporary measures need to be put in place urgently to mitigate the havoc that systemic racism has wrought, and continues to wreak, in Black communities. To this end, I support the equity interventions. However, they must be a stopgap arrangement, and not a permanent condition. I am hearing a lot about how to make things easier for disadvantaged Blacks. That is a comfortable conversation for privileged people to have. I am hearing almost nothing about how to eliminate the racist systems that create and sustain these disadvantages for Blacks. After the American Civil War, there was a period called Reconstruction. The American government defeated the racist Confederacy, and in a singular paroxysm of morality, implemented Constitutional Amendments that ended slavery and gave Blacks full citizenship rights. Between 1865 and 1877, the American government maintained a military presence in the defeated Confederate states to ensure that they would not revert to their old ways and enslave the newly liberated Blacks again. In that period, blacks were able to vote freely. Of eligible Black voters, 90% were registered. Mississippi sent two black U.S. senators to Washington and elected several black state officials, including a lieutenant governor.² Blacks opened businesses, embraced education and were on track to commence their recovery from centuries of brutal and inhuman enslavement and degradation. Unfortunately, the Confederate racists were playing the long game. When the American army left, they launched a campaign of terrorism, rape and murder to disenfranchise Blacks and restore the familiar order of White supremacy. The little progress that had been made was swiftly reversed, and the effects are being seen up until today. As I described in greater detail in my article Dismantling Systemic Racism (If you’re interested in systemic racism, I strongly, yet modestly, urge you to read this article), there are four elements that support systemic racism in the United States: - Segregated education - Segregated housing - Unequal application of criminal justice - Voter suppression Instead of treatises on racial equity and handouts, what Black people in America need now is the implementation of laws that address these pillars of systemic racism. American schools were legally desegregated in 1954 in a convulsion of conscience, the like of which has not been seen since then. Part of the desegregation law mandated busing (the practice of assigning and transporting students to schools within or outside their local school districts in an effort to reduce the racial segregation in schools). Nevertheless, American schools remain heavily segregated today. In 1974, the Supreme Court limited the power of federal courts to order integration across school district boundaries. In the late 1980s, busing was quietly dropped by the US Department of Justice. The New York Times has reported that “school districts that predominantly serve students of colour received $23 billion less in funding than mostly white school districts in the United States in 2016, despite serving the same number of students.” On average, non-white school districts received $2,200 less per student than white school districts³. No amount of equity correction will erase this disadvantage that has been baked in from the start. The excellent and enlightening book “The Colour of Law” by Richard Rothstein describes in sometimes intolerably painful detail how racial segregation has been built into the laws, policies and plans of the United States. Redlining limits access to services for residents of defined areas, based on race. Redlining in housing policies created black ghettos. The practice has been outlawed, but it is still very much in force and experienced daily by Black people. As a result, Blacks are exposed to poorer health services, fewer recreational facilities, higher crime, higher pollution, poorer employment opportunities, poorer schools and all the other disadvantages that arise from living in ghettos. CNN reports that “for nearly a decade, homes sold in mostly Black neighbourhoods have been undervalued by an average of $46,000, according to a Redfin analysis⁴”. Redfin is a real estate brokerage, which examined the valuations of over 73 million single-family homes listed and sold between January 2013 and February 2021. In Indianapolis this year, the valuation of a Black woman’s house increased by $100,000 when she removed Black family pictures and got a white man to pose as the owner⁵. In 1968, The Fair Housing Act was passed in response to Civil Rights protests. Because no one was complying and the Act was not being enforced, the Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing Rule was passed in 2015. Neither the Act nor the Rule apply measurable consequences for non-compliance, nor do they prescribe any steps that need to be taken to achieve integration. Again, no amount of equity correction will erase this disadvantage that has been built into the American system. Consider the following facts: - One in every three Black boys will be sentenced to prison in their lifetimes. For White boys, the number is one in seventeen. - 5% of illicit drug users are Black. 33% of those incarcerated for drug offenses are Black. - Blacks constitute 13% of the American population, and 34%, of the American prison population⁶. - The 13th Amendment to the US Constitution passed in 1865 classifies imprisoned people as slaves. With these facts in mind, and considering the devastating consequences on the Black family of the wrongful incarceration and execution of Black fathers and sons, can anyone propose in good conscience that equity corrections are going to right these wrongs? Perhaps the corrections can begin by tossing the many wrongful convictions, and immediately releasing all the Black people who have been unjustly imprisoned for marijuana related offenses in the states where marijuana is now legal. The 14th and 15th Amendments to the American Constitution were passed in 1868 and 1870 respectively. They granted American citizenship and voting rights to black people. Domestic terrorism, intimidation and voter suppression efforts by politicians have been deployed ever since to roll back these rights. Polling centres in Black counties are being closed⁷ and felons are disenfranchised. More than 25% of Black Americans are banned from voting in some cases⁸. At present, there is a massive, coordinated country-wide assault on voting rights. In many cases, the new proposed laws and measures that are being passed by state legislators target Black Americans with surgical precision. Yet again, I assert that equity measures will do nothing to fix the permanent disadvantage that this system creates. In conclusion, I will repeat that I support equity measures as a stopgap solution to help Blacks in America who have been disadvantaged by a racist system. The advocacy for identical treatment for everyone (equality) in place of equity is based on the wrong assumption that the American system does not put anyone at a disadvantage, and everyone can achieve “The American Dream” just by working hard. As shown in the examples presented above, that is simply not true. However, it can become true in the future if efforts are made right now to dismantle the elements of systemic racism that keep Black Americans in a perpetual position of disadvantage. Selfish and racist interests would like to believe that it’s a zero-sum game, and someone will have to lose. They refuse to understand that enabling 13% of their population to participate fully in their society and economy would greatly and sustainably increase their GDP, consolidating their position as a global power rather than a declining Confederate spectre, tragically in constant denial.

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