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They have called us Rebels and Traitors, But themselves have thrown off that name of late; They were called it by the English Invaders, At home—in the year of "Ninety-Eight ..." -- from "Kelly’s Irish Brigade" For those of us here at TheWildGeese.irish, the issue of Confederate monuments and memorials is a complicated one. Far more Irishmen and Irish-Americans fought on the Federal side of the American Civil War than fought for the Confederacy. That was because cities like Boston, New York, Philadelphia were the most frequent destination for the exiles of An Ghorta Mor, The Great Hunger. There were, however, a number of prominent native Irishmen who fought for the Confederacy. The most celebrated of them are Patrick Cleburne and Dick Dowling. In addition to that, Irishmen filled the ranks of Confederate army and navy. Estimates range from a low of 20,000 to a high of 40,000, and only a miniscule number of them would have been slave owners. Certainly the most prominent Irish born Confederate soldier was Major General Patrick Ronayne Cleburne (right), who was born in Ovens Township, near Cork City. Most historians consider him one of the best division commanders of the war on either side. He was commanding a brigade as early as the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862. His excellence in that command had him promoted to division command by August of 1862. So one might ask, if he as such a great division commander, and was commanding one that early in the war, why was he never promoted to corps command? Therein lies a tale, and one that illustrates what a complicated issue this is. Cleburne grew up in County Cork, so he was not raised with any allegiance to the southern slave economy. He came to the U.S. a little over a decade before the outbreak of the war, working first in a drugstore, but eventually becoming a lawyer, in Helena, Arkansas. He never became a slave owner, but he did become a very important man in the town in a very short time. Thus he would have very much identified with the people of Helena and of Arkansas by 1861. There would have been great societal pressure on any leading citizen in his mid-30s to enlist to defend their state, especially one with prior military service like Cleburne. This is one of the conundrums of this entire issue. While there is no question that the plantation owners who controlled the secession conventions in the Confederate states voted to secede to preserve the institution of slavery, as they clearly and openly stated in one secession declaration after another, the rank and file Confederate soldiers were nearly all non-slave owners who saw the fight as one to protect their state from a foreign invader. So the preservation of slavery was the main cause the war was fought, while at the same time not being the main motivation of most of the Confederate soldiers who fought in it. It’s one of the reasons why so many are sure they are correct when they say the war was, or was not, about slavery. (Right: Andrew Chandler of the 44th Mississippi and his slave Silas. This photo is used as evidence of a black men serving in Confederate units, but Silas was Andrew's slave, not a soldier of the regiment.) Cleburne demonstrated that in his mind the war wasn’t about preserving slavery when he made a proposal in January 1864 that slaves, and their families as well, be offered their freedom if they enlisted to fight in the Confederate army. “As between the loss of independence and the loss of slavery, we assume that every patriot will freely give up the latter … we can give the negro not only his own freedom, but that of his wife and child, and can secure it to him in his old home,” he said in his proposal. He certainly knew the notion would be controversial. One of his staff officer, Irving Buck, told him it would raise a "storm of indignation against him,” and he was correct. While Cleburne may have thought preserving their new nation was more important than preserving slavery, others disagreed. One Confederate General, James Anderson, said that the idea was “monstrous” and “revolting to Southern sentiment, Southern Pride, and Southern honor.” And Confederate president Jefferson Davis told Gen. Joe Johnston to suppress any public mention of it, “Deeming it to be injurious to the public service that such subject ... should be mooted or even known to be entertained by persons possessed of confidence and respect of the people.” (Left: The mounted Cleburne at the Battle of Franklin in a print by Don Troiani.) This controversy effectively ended any chance Cleburne had for promotion and it likely cost him his life as well. Had he been promoted to corps command, as he deserved, he would not have been at the head of his division at the Battle of Franklin in November 1864, where he died. There are several monuments and memorials to Patrick Cleburne around the south. One is a statue to him in a town named after him, Cleburne, Texas. What is rather unusual for any Civil War figure, is that he’s had two monuments dedicated to him in the 21st century, one at Ringgold Gap, Georgia, where he won a famous victory where he was in full command, and one in his hometown of Helena, Arkansas. Much of this modern sentiment to honor Cleburne came from the Irish-American community and has no connection to Jim Crow laws or white supremacy. Dick Dowling’s fame is based almost entirely upon one event: the Battle of Sabine Pass in September 1863. Against great odds, he and his tiny force thwarted a Federal invasion of Texas. Dowling and his family fled An Ghorta Mor and arrived in New Orleans while Dick was still a boy. His parents died of Yellow Fever before he was twenty. He and his siblings moved to Houston, Texas to escape the growing influence of the anti-Catholic Know Nothing Party in New Orleans. Dowling (right) had been exiled from his native land and lost both his parents and been forced to run again from the same sectarian forces at work in his native land, but he didn’t wallow in self-pity. Though just nineteen, he started a successful saloon business and was a prosperous businessman at just 25 years old when the war began. He was the epitome of the “up by his bootstraps” Irish immigrant that helped build this country. He, like Cleburne, would have felt societal pressure to fight for his state and the community that had welcomed him and family and given them the chance to be financially secure, probably for the first time in generations. He didn’t put on the uniform with the goal of helping plantation owners retain their slaves. He would have believed he was defending his new home. If Cleburne and Dowling had settled in the north, rather than the south, it’s quite likely they would have served in the Federal army and that would have resulted from the same motivations, not any desire to destroy the institution of slavery. Dowling reopened his saloon after the war and became involved in several other business ventures, including buying up land in anticipation of the nascent oil business after the war. This would likely have made him a very wealthy man in the near future, but fate intervened and he died in September 1867 of Yellow Fever, as had his father and mother. When the city of Houston put up a statue to Dowling in front of the city hall in 1905, it was the first public monument in the city. In honor of Dowling’s Irish heritage, it was dedicated on St. Patrick’s Day. It has since been moved to a Hermann Park (left), so it may not come under the same sort of pressure to be removed as statues at government buildings. However, recently a man was arrested who was apparently planning to place explosives at the statue. No matter what one thinks on this issue, that sort of conduct should be condemned by all. The controversy in the U.S. has brought attention to the fact that there is a memorial to Dowling in Tuam, County Galway, near where he was born. Some articles have called it the only memorial to a Confederate soldier in Ireland, but that is not true. There is also a plaque (below) on the boyhood home of Patrick Cleburne in Ovens Township, placed there over 20 years ago by a group of American Civil War reenactors, before the Dowling plaque was placed in Tuam. We don’t see these two Irishmen, or others who immigrated to the southern states and then fought on the side of their new friends and neighbors, in a negative light. It was an understandable choice that in most cases had no connection to the issue of slavery. The monument issue, of course, goes far deeper than the justifications and motivations for the monuments and memorials to just these two Irishmen. Are these monuments to southern pride, or tangible symbols of white supremacist prejudice? There are no simple answers to that question, nor one judgment that can be applied to all of them. There was one Irish ex-pat in the southern U.S. who did wholeheartedly support the institution of slavery. In fact, some of his ideas on the institution went too for most native southerners. Former Young Ireland leader John Mitchel, who had escaped exile in Van Dieman’s Land, and became a newspaper editor in Richmond, Virginia not only endorsed slavery, but called for a renewal of the slave trade. “The institution of negro slavery is a sound, just, wholesome Institution; and therefore, the question of re-opening the African Slave Trade is a question of expediency,” he wrote. Mitchel (left) paid a heavy price for his support of the Confederacy. Two of his sons died in Confederate service and another lost an arm. There are no statues to Mitchel in the U.S., but there is one in his hometown of Newry and the fort on Spike Island in Cobh, Co. Cork was named for him. Those honor him for his contributions to Ireland's struggle against British occupation, not what he did while in exile. There was an explosion of monuments to Confederate leaders in the first two decades of the 20th century, long after the war ended. It coincided with a time when Jim Crow laws had been firmly established in the south, the Ku Klux Klan was resurgent, and the horror of lynching of blacks was proliferating, with nearly 1500 lynched from 1900 to 1920. And there was a second surge in monuments during the civil rights movement in the 50s and 60s. Most of the Confederate monuments at court houses were put up in that early 20th century period. In fact, there were more erected in one year, 1908, than there were in the twenty year period from 1930 to 1950. There seems little doubt that many of the statues of Lee, or Davis, or Jackson that were erected at city halls and court houses and other prominent public locations during those periods were motivated by more than just a desire to commemorate their lives. And no one was asking the almost totally disenfranchised black communities in these cities if they wished to have their tax money used to erect or maintain these monuments. There are two extreme positions on these monument today. The “southern pride” position holds that you can’t change history and these monument are to brave men who believed they were defending their home states, so the monuments have nothing to do with slavery and should be left alone where they are. On the other extreme the position is that they are monuments to prejudice and should all be removed and destroyed. Somewhere between those two extremes there should be a compromise position. History can’t be changed, but the history of these monuments isn’t necessarily the same as the history of the country. The history of placing them in locations that appears to be an endorsement of their cause by state or local government can be changed. If a significant percentage of the residents of a town or city object to the location of such monuments, relocation should be looked into. What should not ever happen, however, is things such as we saw in Durham, North Carolina, where a monument was pulled down by protestors, plotting to blow them up, as happened in Houston, or smashing the face of a Robert E. Lee statue as happened at Duke University. Southern pride, and sometimes Irish pride, as well, in soldiers of the Confederacy and objections of others to what some of the monuments symbolize to them are all valid, and often very emotionally held, opinions. The issue can be resolved when people keep their emotions in check and show respect for the legitimate views of the other side while looking for compromise solutions. (Right: Statue to John Mitchel in his hometown of Newry.)

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by Aurorasaurus and Friends Last month we received a letter with some GREAT questions from a class of Manitoba 4th graders! Below we have compiled some answers, along with details and resources for teachers and caregivers to help students dive in further. For some questions, we asked our science and museum colleagues. Scientists know a lot about their special subject area, but one of their other strengths is recognizing what they don’t know and finding out answers from others or from research. Scientists are people who are always asking questions and learning! How many particles does it take to make the full northern lights? We aren’t sure exactly, but it’s a LOT! More to Explore: Overall, space and the upper atmosphere are not very dense, which means that there are many fewer particles in the air than there are where we live. If you imagine a tiny cube that is 1 cm on each side, there might only be 100 tiny particles in that cube—sometimes less and sometimes more. The air we breathe is sooooooo much more dense. That said, the Northern Lights are like a glittery work of art, the colors shining with many many tiny points of light. We didn’t know how many particles that might be, because while scientists learn a lot about the subject they study, no one knows everything there is to know about it. When scientists don’t know an answer, they ask questions and do research—just like you did sending us these questions! We asked our friend Dr. Sten Odenwald if he had an idea for how many particles might be shining. He did some math problems and estimated that it might be about 100 trillion trillion! That’s not just trillion, but trillion trillion—a lot of particles! We know that we can see aurora at night, but we still wonder: is there a certain time that is best? The hours around midnight are best for seeing nighttime aurora. Aurora chasers, or people who often go looking for aurora, sometimes stay up all night to watch the beautiful Lights! If you want to explore them at your own pace, you can watch them virtually through recordings or live on an aurora camera like this one in Churchill, Manitoba. Since it is nighttime in Finland when it is afternoon in Manitoba, you could even watch aurora live on a Finnish aurora camera during the day. How many times do they happen in one month? Auroras are happening all the time, day and night, but beyond that, it depends! There are a lot of things that have to go just right to get an aurora. And just because an aurora is happening doesn’t mean we can always see it—a whole bunch of other things have to go just right for it to be visible to our eyes, too. For example, you have to be in the right location, and because auroras happen above the clouds, you need a clear sky. More to Explore: Some people have jobs as space weather forecasters. They learn about the Sun and space science, study data from satellites, and look out for things like auroras. Would you like to become a space weather forecaster someday? What do you feel like when you see the northern lights? What is the first place that you saw them? Dr. Liz talked about her aurora experience with Quanta Magazine—you can watch her interview here. Laura: The first time I ever saw the Northern Lights was in Iceland three Octobers ago. Seeing them in person is not always the same as seeing them in a photo, because cameras are better at seeing in the dark than our eyes are. The Lights I saw were pale green and slow. They rippled and waved like a ribbon in a swimming pool. They made me feel quiet and peaceful. They reminded me that I am a small creature on a blue marble in a vast universe, and the world is huge and beautiful even when I am having a bad day. Remembering the Lights makes me feel better when I am stressed out, and it always makes me feel calm and happy. The next few times I saw the aurora it looked like a misty grey cloud, but it was see-through like the smoke from a birthday candle and I could look at the stars through it. It wasn’t bright or colorful, but it was graceful, mysterious, and beautiful. Dr. Liz and Laura are just visitors to the aurora. Many groups of people have had deep knowledge of the Northern and Southern Lights throughout history. For example, you can find out more about Iñupiaq cultural knowledge about the Northern Lights with vocabulary, stories, and dance at the University of Alaska Museum of the North website. Is the temperature of the aurora different for the different colours? What colour is more hot or more cold? It’s a little more complicated than hot or cold. When we say something is “hot,” a lot of times we mean that it feels hot when we touch it. But since there are so few particles that high up in the atmosphere, we wouldn’t be able to feel heat even if we could touch a piece of aurora. That said, most of the atmosphere is very cold, and most of the particles from space that cause aurora could be called “hot” because they have extra energy and move fast! These particles can be different from one another, but those with more speed and more energy create more light—and that light can also reach deeper into the atmosphere. Because different atoms and molecules in various parts of the atmosphere give off different colors, the different energies and depths can lead to different colors. Most aurora light is green, but a really energetic aurora can have a little purple border at its lower edge that moves really fast! Are there more colours than green, blue, pink and red? Aurora colors are made when particles that have gotten a lot of energy from the Earth’s magnetic field bump into atoms and molecules in the upper atmosphere. Instead of saying “whoops excuse me!” the particles give the atoms or molecules some of their energy. The atom or molecule can’t hang onto the energy for very long, so it then gives off the energy as light. Different atoms and molecules make different colors of light. Oxygen makes red and green, and nitrogen makes pink and blue. Sometimes the aurora can look like it has other colors because of the way that our eyes interpret colors mixing. Colors of light mix differently than colors of paint. While red and green paint might be a great way to make brown paint, red and green light make yellow light. Because of this, people sometimes see colors like yellow or cyan in aurora. There are also aurora-like lights that take other colors. One was brought to the attention of scientists in 2016 by Canadian aurora chasers, who named it STEVE (it now stands for Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement.) STEVE looks grey to our eyes, but in photographs is purplish-mauve with a bright green pattern beneath it that they call a “picket fence.” Scientists and citizen scientists are working together to figure out why STEVE has such unusual colors. We also wonder how big they can be, and how far they can go! Aurora can be thousands of kilometers long! More to Explore: How high up an aurora is can affect far away you can see it. Aurora forms between 100 to more than 500 kilometers (60 miles to more than 300 miles) above Earth. To give you an idea of what that means, 500 kilometers (300 miles) is roughly the altitude of the International Space Station. The higher the aurora, the farther away it can be seen from the ground. Usually they occur at high latitudes around Earth’s poles, but the stronger the solar storm causing the aurora, the further toward the Earth’s equator they can occur. How long can they stay in the sky? On an active night, auroras can be seen from sundown to sunup, but usually cycle through peaks of active dancing every 3 hours or so. Whether moving slowly or quickly, the Northern and Southern Lights are magnificent to watch. Can you actually see them from space? You can and they look amazing! Satellites circling the planet take measurements, but astronauts on the International Space Station also love taking aurora pictures and videos. Here you can see a time lapse of photographs taken by astronaut Paolo Nespoli: Do the aurora damage the atmosphere? No, the aurora is a natural process that affects the atmosphere but doesn’t hurt it. More to Explore: One of the things that makes this possible is that the Earth is shielded by a protective magnetic field made deep in the planet’s core. If we didn’t have a magnetic field, the aurora might damage our atmosphere. For example, Mars lost its magnetic field, so eventually it also lost its atmosphere through some of the processes that make auroras. Earth is different from Mars, though. Our planet’s core is very active, so our magnetic field will be strong for many thousands of years to come! Why is the magnetic field weaker at the poles? Like a bar dipole magnet, the Earth’s magnetic field is stronger at the poles. It gets weaker as it goes out into space, and at the equator. The field for this kind of magnet takes a very distinctive shape, as you can see below when bits of iron are sprinkled over a dipole magnet. Click here for a teacher workshop from the Burlington, MA Science Center on using magnets in the classroom. Remote Grade 4 Learners, thank you again for asking all these questions! The most important things you can do to think like a scientist are ask questions and figure out how to look for answers, and you did just that! Last year we put together a blog post of recommended ways for students to explore the aurora remotely. We hope you enjoy finding out more about—and hopefully experiencing—the beautiful Lights! Dr. Liz and Laura

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Resource:How to bring together Artists with Engineers and their STEM peers - 1 Introduction - 2 Need and Goal - 3 One Organization Can’t Do Everything - 4 Academic Support - 5 Audience - 6 Leadership - 7 Faculty - 8 Space - 9 Activities - 10 Lessons Learned and Tips for Others - 11 Elliot Roth Entrepreneurship is not just the focus of one discipline. Entrepreneurship brings together all sorts of different people with different goals and different focuses. It is in the ability to collaborate when the best ideas are able to grow from concept to prototype to market. On the path to entrepreneurship, one should identify their strengths and their weaknesses. People will inevitably be drawn to what they are most interested in, leaving gaps in the additional abilities to be a successful entrepreneur. Collaboration allows for interdisciplinary peer-to-peer communication, filling those necessary gaps with the talents of others. At a university level, students are in a unique situation to foster the collaboration that may be lacking in a campus ecosystem. According to University Fellow Elliot Roth, “Students are the only ones who can work fast and actively break down university silos to create new opportunities. Teams are the most important part of this. A team without an acting designer, engineer, AND business person is already a failure. Seek out other niche groups on campus that fulfill that need.” This how to guide will give some valuable information on how to bring together artists with engineers to foster an entrepreneurial spirit through collaboration. Need and Goal The entrepreneurial spirit pushes a person to ask, "How can I change our world?" Entrepreneurs are driven by the idea of producing value. Leaving you asking yourself, "How can a student create change within our world?" and "How can a student begin to produce something of value?" The goal of any entrepreneurial organization should ultimately be to collaborate in order to produce value. When bringing together a diversified group with one similar outcome, there are multiple considerations. A lot of artists are turned off by the engineering aspect of entrepreneurship and the inverse is also true. To bring artist and engineers together there is a need for an organization that allows collaboration while allowing for students to highlight their strengths. In the case of VCUSquared, a university-wide entrepreneurial initiative at Virginia Commonwealth University, the overarching goal is in “developing new programs and coordinating related activities around the university. The team also works to understand the regional environment and to collaborate with external partners so that VCU and the local business communities can leverage available resources and expertise. With an understanding of our larger entrepreneurial ecosystem, the VCU Squared team works to enhance the culture of entrepreneurship at VCU and harness the talent of our students, alumni and research community.” This means an understanding for the diversity of entrepreneurial interests through internal coordination, regional collaboration and a strong standing in diversifying the organization. One Organization Can’t Do Everything Where to Start Currently campuses typically are an environment segmented by schools, majors or interests. Students are provided with a myriad of opportunities to mingle amongst their own disciplines, but may not have the resources to collaborate with students in other schools and majors. Programs may exist that feel limited or confining by trying to force a general idea of entrepreneurship that might not appeal to every particular person interested in entrepreneurship. Because entrepreneurship has the ability to connect all sorts of students with different educational backgrounds, one organization may not be the best course of action. Elliot Roth saw the need for this diversification at Virginia Commonwealth University and decided that segmenting the consolidated VCUSquared program into multiple clubs while maintaining communication, sponsorship and centering on an entrepreneurship council created more interest among students. It also allowed for students to explore the fields they were most interested in while simultaneously collaborating on events, activities and projects. VCUSquared Student Club Examples Venture Creation University (VCUsquared) SEED - Products SEED is a student entrepreneurship group dedicated to pursuing medical and technology-based products and businesses. Students go through a process of discovery, design and implementation in project teams to build working products that solve real-world problems. StartUp VCU - Services StartUp VCU is the club for entrepreneurially-minded students at the University. Made up of thinkers, dreamers and makers from all academic disciplines and walks of life, the club is a network of students interested in bringing innovative business opportunities to life! At Startup VCU, officers and members foster creativity and encourage taking chances, while alumni advisers are on deck to connect and consult with project teams. The founders of Startup VCU understood that the process of starting a business is never easy, which is exactly why they created a fail safe environment to test ideas and vet new concepts. From the undergraduate level through (and beyond) graduation, Startup VCU members are prepped for and grounded in the ever-changing world of entrepreneurship and innovation. Carmine Di Maro (President) – email@example.com Jake Greenbaum (Vice-President) – firstname.lastname@example.org ArtUp – Creative Entrepreneurship ArtUp's goal is to unite students from all departments within VCUarts that are interested in translating their skills and passions into creative entrepreneurship. Through collaboration on small, and university-wide projects, ArtUp plans to bring artists together to give back to the Richmond community while establishing a networking foundation profitable for their careers and learning to better sustain their own work. This will be done through industry specific field trips, guest speakers or hosting workshops alongside a specific collaborative project that the group chooses to work on. ArtUp will focus on taking change as an opportunity for innovation in order to aid students in preparing for a successful future in the arts. A newer aspect of entrepreneurship is social entrepreneurship, for those interested in helping mankind. An organization to bring in students that are interested in the sociological ramifications of entrepreneurship are drawn to this type of work. These students will form their own club while still collaborating with the other groups at VCU. Separate but Connected In the creation of any organization there are risks that need to be assessed. Elliot Roth states “a club should be self-sustaining.” By making this statement, he means that a club should be able to stand on its own in the generation of ideas and concepts. Being a student run initiative, it is in the passion of the members that lead to results. Large academic support recognizes results of an organization. While academic support is needed for funding and physical space for a university organization, the organization should be able to set its own agenda, seek out and establish the resources required to produce effective results. The students need to be creating the networks to find out what other disciplines are doing. Truly passionate students will continue doing the things that need to be done to create something of value. It is the students that are making the connections and bridging the gap. This should be encouraged and nourished to its full potential. Most entrepreneurial organizations begin as small grassroot groups, then slowly expand. The audience for interdisciplinary entrepreneurship groups are students who wish to build a portfolio and not just a resume. These are the students that love seeing an end result and ask themselves “What business do I want to start?” The goal of many artists is to create something, which isn’t very different from engineers who like to solve problems and create solutions. Elliot Roth says he became an engineer to make things and was frustrated with the lack of outlets to express the need to tinker and build in his university classes. An entrepreneurial organization, like SEED, allowed for the space and resources to fulfill this outlet. The collaboration with an artist group, like ArtUp, brought the two groups together with a common mission and appealed to students who wanted to share their point of view and experience with others. Leadership is a task for the most dedicated student. It is a position of challenges and grows in responsibility with your student organization. As a student leader, it is very important to recognize others and their abilities, and also realize that one person can't do everything. Delegation of the responsibilities that come with being in a student leadership role is essential. Leadership takes responsibility for the bottom line; driving the organization to meet deadlines; the communication tactics across disciplines and throughout hierarchical structure within the university and the organization; and producing results. In VCU Squared, the four different clubs sit under one entrepreneurial council. The council is responsible for ensuring that collaboration is taking place and the needs of everyone with diverse interests are being met. Leadership must be interdisciplinary, as to foster an environment of collaboration. The support will then grow through the crowd sourcing of ideas. Faculty are the connection between the student and the student organization, and the university. Faculty are great for mentorship, helping to find a physical space for an organization to gather, and for support when applying for funding. When deciding on a space for an organization to meet, consider a place that fosters an attitude of cooperation and communication, which are essential for success. Elliot Roth states “A culture develops around a location. Your spot should be the home for cool [stuff] and even cooler people on campus. This could be a website, a makerspace, or just a meeting room. Just make it your own.” Quality over quantity is key when it comes to events and activities. Students are drawn to activities that yield end results and provide value after they leave.Whether this means producing a widget during an activity, or by receiving an award through a competition, it all becomes a huge draw for students. With artists and engineers there is a big attraction in the ability to create. Activities that promote the ideals of development and entrepreneurship include Innovation Challenges, Build Weekends, and other competitions. Large scale art projects such as InLight Richmond allow engineers and artists to collaborate on something beautiful and innovative while producing a stunning result for any portfolio. Things to Consider When Planning Activities 1. Students are very interested in topics relevant to their interests, as well as topics that they have at least heard of. Reach out to those that are interested. The most popular activity ideas will come from the students most likely to participate. In Spring 2013, Washington State University, Vancouver brought Douglas Rushkoff, author of Program or Be Programmed, to their campus to shed light on the university core read all students in the CMDC program had participated in. The speaker produced a large turn out and gave students something to be passionate about. 2. Students enjoy producing things (aka hands on activities). Activities should have a takeaway, something for the student to keep. 3. Students also enjoy results. Results include rewards for competitions, a piece for a portfolio or a chance to talk one on one to a speaker. There should be a justification for participation. 4. Connections for student leaders should be considered. How will a student be able to build their personal network or open themselves up to new experiences with the activity? 5. Never underestimate the power of free food on a college campus! An incentive like free food is a way to draw an audience that may not have been considered initially. Lessons Learned and Tips for Others When starting an organization, know that the process will not always run perfectly. Things will fail and results may not come quickly. When forming an interdisciplinary organization this is particularly even more true. Interests may clash and concepts may initially be blurry between different people, but the key is to change and remember that great things start small. It takes time to grow an organization. A small group of really passionate people will produce great results if they truly believe in its mission. The group will start as a small circle and become a small organization. The members become the best resource to influence other organizations and students. Disciplines will communicate and students will bridge the gaps across your campus. The members will become their own ambassadors for the organization. Allowing students to showcase what they love and develop new interests will create positive feedback that will spread by word of mouth and by social media. Student to student interaction is the best way to bring artists and engineers together. Elliot Roth is currently a junior in biomedical engineering at Virginia Commonwealth University. He helped plan a local TedX for his University and enjoys writing and art. He believes in the importance of bringing artists and engineers together for successful entrepreneurship.

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What is salt brine? Salt brine is a solution of salt (sodium chloride, or NaCl) and water. It has a much lower freezing point than freshwater, and is a useful tool in reducing the adhesion of snow and ice to road surfaces. While some brine cocktails are exclusively saltwater, some include calcium chloride or magnesium chloride. See link for more detail. What’s the Buzz: Creating Pollinator Friendly Communities When: Wednesday November 3rd from 6 to 8pm Where: Cornell Zoom (Virtual). To register visit: https://cornell.zoom.us/meeting/register/tJctdeyprTooHNUWWQwfP_ldns8prxymJVCe (call-in option available) Who: Dutchess County municipal officials and volunteers (CAC, CSC Task Force, Planning Board, Town Board, ZBA) ,watershed groups and local residents. Pollinators are a critical component of our ecosystem, fertilizing the plants in our yards and parks as well as on our farms and orchards. They play an integral part in our local food system and help us grow our local agricultural economy. However, pollinator populations are in sharp decline due to activities such as loss of habitat. Participants will learn about various native pollinator species and the benefits they bring, the activities negatively impacting pollinators, and best management practices for managing our local landscapes with pollinating insects in mind, at both a residential and municipal scale. Participants will hear from two Dutchess County communities about ongoing efforts to establish pollinator gardens and “pathways”, helping to restore habitat connectivity and biodiversity to the region using a collaborative approach. - Kerissa Battle, Community Greenways Collaborative - Susan Karnes Hecht, Town of Poughkeepsie Climate Smart Communities Task Force and Conservation Advisory Commission - Cathy Lane, Town of Hyde Park Visual Environment Committee and Dutchess County Master Gardener - Joyce Tomaselli, CCEDC Community Horticulture Resource Educator *Please contact Michelle Gluck (firstname.lastname@example.org) if you have any trouble registering for this event or have accessibility concerns. Online Mapping Tools for Local Conservation Planning When: Saturday, November 13th from 10:00am to 12:00pm Where: Cornell Zoom (Virtual). To register visit: https://cornell.zoom.us/meeting/register/tJcoceGurD4jHdIb2NTYoA6q0WwgxOwfN9nu Who: Dutchess County municipal officials and volunteers (CAC, Planning Board, Town Board, ZBA), watershed group members, local residents. This training will provide an opportunity for guided hands-on learning of Dutchess County online mapping tools, as well as regional and statewide natural resource mappers. Members of Dutchess County conservation advisory councils, municipal planning and zoning boards and staff, watershed organizations, and interested citizens are encouraged to attend. Participants will practice using a number of the tools and will learn about the importance of conservation planning and communicating these values and knowledge to their audiences. Participants will be encouraged to follow-along remotely and will receive a video tutorial as a follow-up to the training to help guide them with using the tools later on in their daily duties. - Sean Carroll, CCEDC - Nate Nardi-Cyrus, NYSDEC Hudson River Estuary Program - Devin Rigolino, Dutchess County Department of Planning & Development - Julie Hart, Dutchess Land Conservancy - Invest in Reusable Foodware For Plastic-Free, Zero-Waste Snacks and Lunches - Buy In Bulk, Bring Your Own Containers and Shop Local - Check Your Office, Shelves, Desk, and Closet for School Supplies Before You Buy - Get New (To You) Clothes By Buying Secondhand - Use This As An Opportunity To Educate Your Child For detail information on each of the Tips follow the link to Beyond Plastics We put ourselves, our families, and our pets at risk when we use herbicides, pesticides, highly corrosive products like drain cleaners, and toxins like ammonia and bleach. Sewage treatment plants don’t eliminate these chemicals, and many find their way into our air, water and ecosystems. Fortunately, there are safer alternatives that work just as well. By choosing a non-toxic option or the least toxic product, you can protect yourself and the environment. Click on the following link for more information, DEC Submitted by Candice Merrill The trail is to be built on the old Railroad ROW that was used to transfer trains from the Hudson Line to the former Maybrook Line (WRSDRT, Walkway over the Hudson and now Empire State Trail). It will start by the Sewage Treatment plant, just south of Marist, run up into the Former Hudson River Psychiatric Center and then back south past the Hospital to connect up with the DRT and Walkway. The survey is looking for input on how people will use the trail as a basis for its design. Please check it out and provide input. Brad Barclay, Senior Planner DC Department of Planning and Development This online class is open to all high school and college students who may want to arrange to take it for academic credit. It is also open to people of all ages who love to learn and don’t need school credit. I think you would learn a lot and I love having different perspectives and viewpoints in the class. Last semester, my students were asked if they would recommend this class to others and 99 out of 100 said, “Yes.” Below are comments from two students who took my class last fall: “One of the best parts was joining a community of like minded people and learning from them. I no longer feel alone fighting this shocking problem of plastic pollution.” “I loved this class. I now feel equipped to be a better activist and I am truly informed with a comprehensive understanding of the issue of plastic, beyond just the pollution it causes. More importantly, I now know how and where to stay informed.” There will be seven consecutive classes held via Zoom on Wednesday evenings from 7-9 PM ET beginning on September 1st and ending October 13th. If you do not need to receive academic credit, the fee to audit the class is just $100, if you do wish to receive official credit, the cost is $400. You will receive a syllabus in advance. Even if you audit the class, there will be some homework assignments. All will be interesting and, dare I say, even fun at times. If you’d like to join the class, you can register now here. I hope to see you there. President, Beyond Plastics & Visiting Professor, Bennington College Recently, my family gave me a wonderful birthday gift of a zero waste meal. At least it was zero waste for us. There was certainly some waste from the processing of the food before it got to us. But, we deposited nothing into the trash from the meal, which was a great feeling. There was a time when I thought the world would be saved because we could send plastic, metal, glass and paper off to be recycled. It felt good to take these items to a recycling center as opposed to the landfill. But it turns out that there is an enormous cost to recycling. Let’s consider plastic. So much of our products come packaged in plastic, which varies greatly in its chemical makeup. For that reason, recycling it is complicated. It must be sorted, packed into big cubes and shipped to a country that wants it. It then must be melted, a process that produces noxious fumes, and formed into pellets for resale to manufacturers. Oil companies, which produce the chemicals for making plastic, make it difficult to recycle plastic. They don’t make money if we recycle plastic, they make money selling us the raw material to make new plastic. So only a small proportion of the plastic produced can be recycled. And it can only be recycled once. Sadly, plastic production has skyrocketed and ends up in our oceans, rivers, streams and even our drinking water. It never breaks down entirely, it just gets smaller. But is it possible to live without plastic? The answer brings me back to the topic of this blog post. Continue reading Each year, nearly 40 million tons of food is discarded by Americans. Equating to more than $161 billion, food waste accounts for approximately 30-40% of the U.S. food supply. While cutting down on food waste reduces methane emissions from landfills and conserves energy – preventing pollution involved in the growing, manufacturing, transporting, and selling food – it can also save you money by buying less food. Here are a few ways to reduce wasted food, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Click Here The first in Sustainable Hudson Valley’s fall series of climate conversations looks clearly at the quickening pace of climate change and growing risks faced by our communities, combined with the just-as-fast acceleration of movements taking direct, positive action to transform the way we live and work. Every other Friday from noon – 1:15 PM starting October 9, 2020 with this event. Dave Conover, SHV’s Program Coordinator, is a lifelong educator who was recently trained by Al Gore’s Climate Reality Project. He will summarize the realities from science and personal experience. From teaching environmental science to non-scientists at Marist College to running the Clearwater’s educational programs, Dave has developed a unique overview of the Hudson Valley environment and honed his climate storytelling skills in the process. Melissa Everett, SHV’s Executive Director, is a social scientist and skilled facilitator who is working with dozens of groups to convene a Regional Climate Action Planning process. She has been collecting data on regional climate action in renewable energy, transportation, materials and water management, agriculture, as well as documenting the emerging green economy in the region, climate justice issues, and the work underway to create resilient communities and educate the region for action. The Hudson Valley was a birthplace of the first environmental movement to protect land, air and water. SHV is a leader in “the next environmental movement” to support new ways of living and working that restore economy, environment and the fabric of community. The Climate Conversations series brings people together for informative, inspiring discussions that shine the light on action opportunities for today. Free. Register here (required). Next featured programs: 10/23/20 Juice: Electrification as Climate Strategy A conversation on Marbletown’s plan to shift to 100% renewable energy, electrification as an underpinning of efficiency, the role of electric vehicles, storage and more. With Tom Konrad, Ph.D., Chair, Marbletown Environmental Conservation Commission and Seth Leitman, MPA, Program Manager, Drive Electric Hudson Valley. Register here (required). 11/6/20 Resilient Places: A Systems Approach A conversation about placemaking for resilience and equity with Cynthia Nikitin, SHV Resilient Places Fellow. Register here (required). 11/20/20 The Repair Revolution A conversation about taking control of your “stuff” and the emerging circular economy, with John Wackman and Elizabeth Knight, coauthors, Repair Revolution (2020, New World Library). Register here (required). 12/4 /20 Prospects for 2021 A round-up of strategies and predictions, special guests to be announced. Register here (required). Manager of Environmental Monitoring Programs Cary Institute of Eco System Studies The benefits of composting While you may not have peonies demanding a steady diet of nutrient-rich fertilizer, composting has other benefits. Not only can apartment dwellers use that black gold to feed house plants and patio containers, you can also reduce household waste and save yourself a trip to the dumpster.

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The program is one that is created to help children read and understand things before they can even go to school. The reading head start program is divided into four parts and each part is 15 minutes. A parent is required to assist his or her child in reading and pronouncing some of the words in the program. The program seeks to enhance the skills of your child in pronouncing words, phonemic skills by building child association skills through rhyming words, it also helps build the speed of reading and builds the confidence of the child while speaking. As much as it is a learning program, a parent is required to make it fun through making flashcards or word games to help the child learn better. Who is the author of Reading Head Start? Sarah Shephard is the author and creator of the program. She is a professionally trained teacher who developed the program once she discovered that her child had difficulties in reading. What will you learn from the program? Many programs are designed to help a child learn but the reading head start program is one that is designed to make learning fun for both the parent and the child. This program ensures that the child is familiar with simple to difficult words in a matter of time since it was created by a teacher who truly understands every child and their needs when it comes to the classroom and out of class education. Below are some of the things that a parent will learn from the program: - A parent is expected to reflect on the importance of making sure that the child can read starting from an early age. - A parent will learn on the ways of helping their child improve the pronunciation of words from an early age. - How the program assists a child in improving their social skills to be able to interact better with their peers. - One will learn how to boost their child's confidence and self-esteem. A child who can read and pronounce words well has the confidence to speak for themselves and does not hide in the crowd when they can't pronounce certain words in front of people. - The dos and don'ts when it comes to the Excellence of your child in school. A parent will learn on things to avoid to ensure that their child is better in school. - A parent learns how to ensure that their child's brain development is at an optimum level. - How will it ensure that their child excels in learning even if they lack interest in it? - How to improve your child's vocabulary and communication skills. - How obsolete and bad learning practices that teachers use can cause harm to children who have not developed their reading skills and how to avoid them - How to reverse dyslexia that affects a child's learning ability. What is included in Reading Head Start? The head starts reading program is a digital program whereby parents can access all the materials and reading schedules that their children require from their laptops, computers or mobile phones. The materials are divided into four levels where children are awarded certificates when they pass each level. Each level contains pictures, cards, games, workbooks and videos that are fun to help your child in learning. Every day the child has something to look forward to, and for the 40 weeks that the child is in the program, each day is fun and interactive assignments are handed out to test each child at the end of a 15 minutes session. The program contains free bonuses that ensure your child is learning quickly at no extra cost. - Face Cards - Notelets or letter cards - Letter Formation - Sounds out Cards - Irregular Word Cards - Advanced Phonics Cards How does it work? Is it a scam? The program is a 40 weeks learning process that ensures interaction from both the parent and the child. Every level is different and every session has different reading materials. For the child, the session is made fun by the presence of videos and pictures cards that enlighten their mind. A picture or a song is very easy to remember for a child since they can sing along to it or a parent can carry the picture cards anywhere for learning. The program is also a very user friend such that a child can use it on their own. The many positive reviews available from parents who have used the program is a sure way that the program is not a scam. The program also ensures every parent gets a 100% refund on their money if they are not satisfied or if it turns to be not what they are looking for. List of good points/pros - The program is very user-friendly- this means that even a child left on their won will be able to use the program without any complications - A 3-day trial period- a parent is given 3 days that cost very little to try and see if the program works for them and their child. This period gives the parent time to make sure that it's what they want for their child. - The program is affordable- unlike other expensive programs, the head starts reading program is quite cheap and has more materials to help our children learn. - The program is very safe. Having been developed by a teacher who understands the needs of children, their abilities and their development rate, the program is safe to use for all children since it covers all the important sessions a child would need. - This program guarantees you a 100% refund for customers whom it doesn't work well for. - The program is user friendly: it has been organized in a step by step manner that ensures every child can follow the sessions and easily grasp whatever is taught. - The program is well detailed in such a way that the parent does not struggle to look for materials to train their child. The sessions are divided into 15 minutes of work sessions, each session is different from the last. Does Reading Head Start work? The program works perfectly for many parents. For many children, learning is not a downhill task and it takes patience, persistence and cares to ensure that even though the child is learning slowly, they eventually catch up and develop better pronunciations and confidence when speaking. One way of gauging if the program works is where the author ensures a full refund in case the parents are not satisfied. This ensures that the author provides materials that are authentic, easy to read and understand and also content that can't be found anywhere else. This will ensure or guarantee the parent the program is highly rated and will surely work. Finally, one guarantee that the program will work is the fact that the creator is a teacher. Teachers are known to have a wider understanding of children's learning abilities and know what they need to help them improve their learning capability. Sarah has done that is a 40-week session, divided each into 15 minutes ensuring that the child is not overloaded with information and has time to internalize what they have learned through interactive assignments provided at the end of each session. The biggest worry of any parent is when a child cannot pronounce a simple word or when the confidence of their child is zero when he or she is in front of other people because they can't speak properly. Even with parents worrying about the education needs of their child, they are also considering the amount of money that the best program that can meet the needs of their child. As much as there are many programs out there, many of them are developed by people who just want to cash out and make money, give you materials that do not enhance your child's speech and vocabulary development. These cons provide you with poorly written materials and for children who have no interest in learning and cant finding fun in the material, they end up getting worse in speech instead of growing. For any parent in search of a well written, dedicated and capturing program, the reading head starts the program by Sarah Shepherd is the best program for any child. Sarah gives you the value for your money, makes sure she offers you the best for less and makes sure you have fun while learning. Sarah developed this program intending to help her child who had a slow learning ability. With time she modified it to be used by other parents who had the same problem as her and also for parents who wanted to help their child outside of a classroom and help them learn in a more interactive fun environment. What better review than that of a parent, the creator and the first user. Anyone can trust this program 100%. How old should my child be to start the program? A child should be at least one to 5 years to start learning about the program. At this stage, a child is much focused and his ability to learn and internalize things is very high. Also at this stage a child can easily understand and find the learning materials fun since they are actively curious and their minds are always wondering to find new things to do. How do I know if my child is ready? In each session, there are assignments that the child needs to do so that they can get to the next level. This in return helps the child remember things that they learned earlier in the session. This way a parent will know if their child is ready for the next session. Also at the beginning, if the parent is unsure if the child is ready for the program, they can start with a 3 day trial period, where they test the knowledge of their child, their understanding and learning ability. The three-day test will help the parent determine if the program is worth paying for or not or if they could wait until later in the year to gauge if the child is ready. I have a child with special needs, can I still enroll him in the program? Children have different special needs. If the child has dyslexia, you can enroll the child for the program. Teach them to gauge their learning ability. The program has different ways of making the session's fun and engaging assisting the child to grasp things easily. The program, if followed well, can reverse dyslexia. Although it may take a while, the parent is advised to be patient and understand with their child to help them learn. Children with other forms of disabilities can also be enrolled if the child can speak or fully understand the pronunciation of words. It is advisable to also consult a teacher who is familiar with the ability of the child so that the parent can get professional advice to assist their child. How is the reading head start program different from other programs? The program is mainly based on learning by using the listening skills of the child. This helps the child to actualize the sounds by listening keenly and repeating them. This helps to draw natural learning skills from the child instead of forcing it on them. The course is customized in such a way that the child can learn any time anywhere they are. Does the course work? Based on the thousands of positive reviews available on the website, it is a sure proof that the program works better than okay. The program offers all new users a 3-day trial period to gauge if the program will work for them and their children. Also the program guarantees a 100% refund on your money if it doesn't work so it is good to try it for yourself and see if it works for you. Either way, the best way to ensure if the program works for you is to enroll in and see for yourself.

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An analysis of Council’s nature playground proposal for Murray’s Reserve and the LACA alternative Once believed to be extinct, the only known natural community of the endangered tree Gossia gonoclada left in the world was re-discovered in the late 1980s along the banks of Slacks Creek on Murray’s farm and in what is now Murray’s Reserve. This community numbers around 50 plants, making it one of Australia’s rarest trees. It is listed as ‘endangered’ under the Federal EPBC Act. Within Murray’s Reserve 75 rainforest flora species including Gossia gonoclada form an important patch of subtropical lowland rainforest partially buffered by other ecosystem types within and beyond the Reserve. Subtropical lowland rainforest only occurs in Australia between Grafton NSW and Maryborough Qld. Because ninety two per cent of it has been cleared since settlement, Sub tropical lowland rainforest is listed as critically endangered under the Federal EPBC Act. Australia has a very poor record when it comes to protecting our native plants and animals, losing more mammal and plant species over the past 200 years than any other country. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List now puts Australia in the top five nations for extinction of animal and plant species, and the top 10 for the number of species currently in danger of extinction. (1) Gossia gonoclada at Murray's Reserve Clearly, Australian governments have failed to provide protection of the habitat of the country’s most endangered species, with 90% of the 120 most endangered animals having few safeguards around loss of their habitats. Recovery plans, with the best intentions, consistently fail in practice to provide genuine measures to limit habitat loss. Indeed it can be argued that, due to the failure to protect habitat in any realistic way, successive governments at all levels are unwittingly helping to entrench the process of extinction across our landscape. It is with these considerations in mind that LACA believes Council’s ‘nature playground’ proposal for Murray’s Reserve is in need of further consideration with respect to whether, in its current location, it is really compatible with the primary aims of the Reserve, which are to provide adequate protection of the endangered species/plant community on the site. To help inform this process LACA has prepared the following submission which analyses the Council proposal and puts forward an alternative aimed at strengthening the Murray’s Reserve habitat while still providing for significant community outcomes in this unique part of Logan City. LACA calls for strong climate action from State Government - to end ‘Alice in Blunderland’ We are celebrating our 25 years of advocacy and activism by calling a public meeting to urge the Newman Government to reverse its ‘Alice in Blunderland’ approach to climate change action and Reef protection. LACA climate spokesperson Barry Fitzpatrick said LACA could not support the Government’s recently released draft Long Term Sustainability Plan to save the Great Barrier Reef, describing it as ‘completely useless’ because it lacks any commitment to take strong action to reduce the State’s greenhouse gas emissions. ‘It is really disappointing that, after a quarter of a century of campaigning , LACA still finds itself battling the same old political games around critically important environment issues like this.’ Members of the public are specially invited and welcome to attend our meeting which will be held at Kimberley College, Carbrook on Saturday 15 November, starting at 2.00 pm. Contact : Barry Fitzpatrick 0427002640 Recently some 30 Logan residents spent a day expanding their knowledge about our wetlands. The day began at 8am with several powerpoint presentations relating to wetland vegetation, water quality, fish habitat and bird habitat, and also included a Berrinba Wetlands Walkabout. During the presentations we learnt what elements of a wetland are beneficial to Australian native wildlife and what we can be doing on our property to help convert our dam into a nature refuge during times of drought. It was offered as part of the Logan and Albert Rivers Catchment Association's, "Wetland Management on Private Property in Logan" Project. The invitation was extended to all who registered interest at one of the display stalls at the Logan Environmental Action Festivals (LEAF). A bus tour was included and we visited several public wetlands within Logan City Council, including: JJ Smith Recreation Corridor Springfield Mountain Wetlands. Next will be a site visit to a private property to showcase a property which has had no revegetation effort and is just starting out, so this landholder would like to receive advice for further action which would improve habitat for wildlife. Last visit will be to a private property to inspect established revegetation efforts and offer advice for further action which would improve habitat for wildlife. Logan and Albert Conservation Association aka LACA's water and wetlands management person Barry Fitzpatrick shared his extensive knowledge about vegetation and processes for revegetation for wetland areas. He has been observing and recording Cornubia Wetlands processes for several years. Image and diagram aside are provided by Barry. Detailed information about plants is available in our essential plant reference tool Mangroves to Mountains with local botanist Glenn Leiper being a contributing author. Suggested planting guide includes plants generally occurring across Logan - Albert Catchment. Selection is influenced by on soil types, steepness of slope down to water, general typography, climate etc. The Coalition has made a pre-election commitment to 'fast track' pending international free trade deals by doing what the current Labor Government has stubbornly refused to do: accept dangerous legal provisions which will allow transnational corporations to sue Australia in off-shore tribunals - away from our own legal system - if our environmental and other public interest regulations get in the way of their profits. If the Coalition is elected and pushes ahead with this commitment, we will almost certainly see the death of environmental campaigning as we know it in this country, along with significant weakening of environmental regulation. The Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA) is a huge free trade deal due to be signed off by Australia in October this year, and comes fully armed with corporate powers to sue participating nations in off-shore tribunals, known as Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) provisions. Under earlier free trade deals, including the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA – the model for the TPPA), corporations like Chevron, Exxon Mobil, Dow Chemical, and Cargill had, by 2011, launched 450 investor-state cases in off-shore tribunals against 89 governments to fight environmental laws and regulations, including challenges to bans on toxic chemicals, fracking, timber, mining regulations and programs supporting green jobs and renewable energy. Recent examples include the US Lone Star Mining company currently using ISDS provisions in NAFTA to sue the Canadian Quebec provincial government because it has suspended coal seam gas fracking pending a study of its environmental impact, and Peru, which has recently been required to pay Renco the largest ever damages award of USD$ 4.2 billion for banning products that had contaminated the city of La Oroya's environment and poisoned 95% of children there. There are many, many more examples. The threats posed by ISDS provisions in free trade agreements clearly impose a 'regulatory chill' effect on nations wanting to avoid the ongoing costs of defending their public interest regulations in off-shore tribunals away from their own jurisdictions. - first published in EcoNews from SCEC May-June 2013 Recent surveys in Australia and the US have found majority support for action on climate change. Clearly, even in these last bastions of climate denial, there is growing acknowledgement that we are facing a frightening future which will demand the employment of the best contemporary knowledge to come up with the most creative solutions, if we are to maintain our quality of life into the future. But not the Federal Coalition. It is the conservative way to look back to the golden days of the past (and the Tea Party) for policy inspiration, and when you've backed yourself into a corner on carbon pricing with nowhere else to go, why not cobble up a crazy story and try to make it sound believable? So what better for the Coalition than to reinvent the conservative ideology of 'work for the dole', combine it with Howard's Greencorps, dress it up as carbon reduction, and create a Green Army of 15000 to be recruited from somewhere within the ranks of the unemployed, disenchanted, and confused? The Green Army is tasked with planting 20 million trees by 2020, and this has become a major plank in the Coalition's 'Direct Action' policy - a title with a swaggering, cut the crap, General McArthurish appeal to those voters who, the Coalition hopes, won't think too much about it. Furthermore, 'Direct Action' echoes notions embodied in the Coalition's 'delivering frontline services' mantra - in this case, doing the carbon abatement 'here, in Australia, where we benefit directly from it'. All sounding fair enough? Well, no. The science is becoming far less certain around a second key plank in the Coalition's Direct Action policy - soil carbon's value for carbon sequestration – and economists almost universally condemn a third plank - the competitive grant scheme (effectively a carbon tax in disguise) where the government will buy reverse auction emissions reductions bids from businesses - because it will result in enormous administrative loads and ballooning taxpayer costs. As a result, the Coalition is finding that its Direct Action solution for carbon reduction is looking shakier than ever (although would-be deputy prime minister Barnaby Joyce still can't see anything wrong with it because it sounds good and... should work anyway, whatever). To avoid looking too silly the Coalition has quickly advanced the Green Army forward as the flagship solution, particularly for its neat opportunities to create warm fuzzy propaganda about winning community hearts and minds and boot-camping 'lazy' youth, but especially because it will provide endless ministerial photo ops around 'mission accomplished' tree planting events. If we do try to assume for a moment that the Coalition in Government will be genuine about using the Green Army to help achieve their commitment to a 5% carbon emissions target by 2020, then the deployment of this 'army' will have to be at the very least on the 'shock and awe' scale. However, military jargon has always specialised in turning gore into glory. This will not be a disciplined army but a loose collection of 'militia', shanghaied for the job of planting 20 million trees by 2020, with a care factor somewhere around zero. And, if the Green Army is genuinely intended to meet its targets, it is the size, scale and speed needed to achieve its objectives that will create ugly problems. At 15000 strong, the 'Green Army' will be larger than most state police forces, over half the size of the Australian army and similar to the air force and navy, without the supporting infrastructure that these bodies have. It will be composed of young, generally poorly committed novices, learning as they go, conscripted for just six mistake filled months before being replaced by new recruits - their tour of duty terminating just as they might be starting to 'get it'. And this is one of the core problems. There is nothing wrong with planting lots of trees, but it has to be carried out with science and sympathy because ecosystems are very complex and enormous damage can be done through otherwise well-intentioned restoration schemes. And the challenge is huge - according to their Direct Action Plan, the Coalition aims to offset 15 million tonnes of emissions by 2020 through tree planting. To achieve this it has been estimated that an area of 25,000 square kilometres will be required, plus about 9,100 GL of water - two and a half times that proposed for the Murray Darling Basin Plan. So it will not be a trained and disciplined army which will face these impossible challenges, and the collateral damage is likely to be severe. Biodiversity will be the big loser, but also water quality and farming may be impacted, and communities and local councils will be obliged to pick up the pieces. Most pertinently, the objective of sequestering enough carbon to meet the 2020 five per cent carbon reduction target simply cannot be meaningfully assisted by planting 20 million trees in this way, within this time frame. The key objective of World Wetlands Day 2013 is to raise people's awareness of the interdependence between water and wetlands, to highlight ways to ensure the equitable sharing of water between different stakeholder groups and to understand that without wetlands there will be no water. Cartoon by Seppo - Finnish environmentalist. The importance of wetlands to the world has been recognized in the international Ramsar Convention signed in 1971. Wetlands include lakes and rivers, swamps and marshes, wet grasslands and peatlands, oases, estuaries, deltas and tidal flats, near-shore marine areas, mangroves and coral reefs, and human-made sites such as fish ponds, rice paddies, reservoirs, and salt pans. There are 163 contracting countries and area governed by wise use protocol is 197,347,539 hectares. This makes the health of Logan and Albert Rivers doubly significant as they contribute to the health or otherwise of Moreton Bay. Unfortunately the Healthy Waterways Report Card for these waterways is lower than acceptable ie not healthy. Logan - Albert Waterways Summit hosted by Logan City LACAs northern spokesperson Barry Fitzpatrick has been advocating tirelessly that all levels of government and community must take some action in response to the failed HEALTHY WATERWAYS REPORTS. Saturday 23 July saw the fruitition of successful lobbying when Logan City Council hosted the WATERWAYS SUMMIT at the Logan entertainment. 125 people from a range of backgrounds joined together to take some positive actions to redress the sorry situation. All present committed - pledged - to continue - to rebuild the rivers systems. Local papers across Logan and Scenic Rim have been reporting on this process. Barry has also been engaged with local community in the Cornubia Wetlands area. This ecologically functioning wetlands is an example of a healthy wetlands sysytem which keeps itself clean. There are no mosquitoes as the micro-organisms in the water are the natural controlling agents. It is only when man steps in and changes a balanced system - using poison for a fast fix or planting with non endemic species that the balanced is tipped. Barry produces newletters for the local community as part of the successful Logan Envirogrant application. The last newsletter includes information about the Waterways Summit.. It is available to read here. Cornubia_Wetland_News_4web.pdf Plant in image above is the federally listed endangered species Persicaria elatior - one of the many species making up the wetland habitat area. Image of eroded river banks illustrates one of the past mismanagement issues.

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An exploratory, descriptive and contextually designed qualitative research approach was adopted for this study. Whereas an exploratory design is used to gather information about a group of people or an occurrence for which little information is available, descriptive design is used to describe such a group of people or an occurrence in detail, . Contextual design is used to provide information based on the context of the research area . Researchers wanted to explore and describe the challenges faced by social workers working with CAMH disorders in the context of CYCCs from their own viewpoint. It was also important to collect data specifically about mental health disorders in the centres environment as it is a unique environment with its own set of dynamics. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, semi-structured-online interviews aided by an interview guide were used to collect the data. The interview guide contained seven open-ended questions to enable participants to share their challenges freely in their own words and at their own pace. Online interviews are becoming popular because of pioneering technologies like Skype and Zoom and therefore provides researchers with options to enlarge their research population and not limit themselves by geographical constraints and therefore appropriate due to their expressive and communicative features [32, 33]. Braun and Clarke’s six steps of qualitative data analysis were used for data analysis while Guba and Lincoln’s trustworthiness criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability guided the data verification process [34, 35]. Whereas Credibility, transferability and dependability were heightened through prolonged engagement with the participants, triangulation, peer debriefing and thick description, confirmability was enhanced through an audit trail . On the ethical front, the study was cleared by the University of South Africa’s College of Human Sciences Research Ethics Review Committee (Ref. No: 2020-CHS -10353542), with ethical principles of informed consent, anonymity, confidentiality and data management observed throughout the research process. The findings of this study are in the form of biographical information of the participants and the main research findings which are presented in the form of themes and subthemes. This manuscript focuses on four of the seven themes that emerged from the process of analysis. Findings on the biographical profiles of the participants Nine female social workers participated in this study and their ages ranged between 24 and 60. Of the nine, seven had a bachelor’s degree in social work and two had a master’s degree in social work. Regarding social work experience in mental health, five participants had between two to three years, three ranged between five and ten years and one participant had 23 years of experience. Their caseloads varied between twenty-two and thirty-six, with only one with a caseload of 60 cases. Their caseloads were compliant with Department of Social Development (DSD) norms and standards which stipulate that an individual social worker should not have more than sixty cases . Theme 1: Insufficient support for social workers working with CAMH disorders When asked about availability of support for them, participants reported lack of funding and long waiting periods, lack of knowledge of CAMH among people and their lack of training around CAMH disorders. Subtheme 1.1: Lack of funds and long waiting periods Participants reported lack of funding and long waiting periods when seeking services for their clients as a challenge. Linda had this to say regarding lack of funds: “…there is really a lack of finances for the children to receive the correct help that they need… …” In her narration regarding limited funds, Ida said: “…it comes back to the funds because DSD [Department of Social Development] is only subsidising fifty per cent each month…”. In our interview with Laura, she reported challenges relating to long waiting periods: “Well, we have to use government hospitals and in the government hospitals there’s very long waiting Alice was frustrated by the time it took to access the necessary services: “Time, you know, they take time to help our children…I’m sitting here with a child…who is suicidal, but I cannot get help…”. Lack of funds and long waiting periods illustrate budgeting difficulties for mental health in South Africa. South African studies of the mental health gap revealed mental health funding challenges such as lack of services and budgets both at national and provincial level of government [37, 38]. Generally, long waiting periods are not uncommon in South Africa, where people depend on governmental facilities and hospitals for services . Subtheme 1.2: Lack of knowledge around CAMH disorders From the narratives of the participants, it emerged that people’s lack of knowledge around CAMH disorders poses a challenge to them. Laura explained how lack of knowledge among people leaves patients labelled and judged: “…People lack knowledge on mental health. If you do mention mental health issues…..., people quickly withdraw because the term mental health issue is still a very judged or labelled issue…”. Dorothy also told researchers how people lack information: “I think people don’t have enough information. They hear a word mental health and then they make their own opinion, their own stuff around this but not necessarily remembering what it’s actually about…”. A lack of knowledge around mental health disorders confirms the findings by others wherein people’s lack of knowledge was seen as a potential cause of misconceptions, stigmatisation and labelling . A South African study focusing on CAMH services revealed how lack of knowledge result in stigma which is the main reason for misperceptions, judgement and bias . Stigmatisation and misconceptions fall within the macrosystem of the EST which impacts on children and social workers who are confronted by CAMH disorders in CYCCs. The macrosystem entails culture, traditions, religion, morals and beliefs bringing regularity to other systems by indirectly influencing them [26, 27]. An important part of social work is advocating by among others, addressing misconceptions and stigma . Subtheme 1.2: Lack of training on CAMH disorders among social workers A lack of training among social workers on how to manage CAMH disorders was also common, with participants like Lucy reporting as follows: “…we are not trained to look after these children at all…We need more trained social workers who can deal with this condition…”. There also seemed to be hesitancy on the part of participants to conduct counselling with CAMH disorders as some felt it was not in their scope of practice. Ida narrated: “And I also think, the children with mental health problems, I am not that qualified to give them the effective therapy…” Dorothy also shared similar experiences: “I think, with mental case…we sometimes feel as social workers we are not skilled, that’s why we can’t do the therapy. But actually, we can do the therapy. I think we just scared… I think we are [skilled], but we just lack some self-confidence…”. Participants’ narratives regarding lack of training, confirmed the findings made by some researchers, where one of the reasons social workers lack knowledge on CAMH disorders was due to the failure of social work training to devote attention to mental health [10, 40]. CAMH disorders are central to social work and social workers need proper skills and training to effectively respond. This reflects how the microsystem consider a person's daily tasks, functions and reciprocal relationships as most significant for successful management of CAMH disorders to avoid additional strain and negative impact on the broader system [26, 29]. Theme 2: Managing complex CAMH disorders When asked about challenges experienced with complex mental health cases, the responses shared by the participants gave rise to three subthemes outlined below. Subtheme 3.1: The impact of complex cases on house parents Participants spoke about the impact of CAMH disorders on house parents and their challenges in supporting fatigued, exasperated and sometimes traumatised house parents. Alice had this to share: “Mostly we are seated now with house parents who are drained, who are emotionally drained…Because they do not have the means, the knowledge, to help the children…So we sit with frustrated house mothers who come to us as professionals and say, I don’t know what to do…”. Linda related as follows: “The impact is very negative. The house parents really struggle to handle these types of… incidents. Emotionally they are just drained, and they don’t know which way to go anymore…”. The need for training, knowledge and skills among house parents was evident from Ida who said: “I think the house parents have the most influence on these children…I think they also need to be trained. They also need to be equipped with the necessary skills... …”. House parents face challenging behaviour displayed by CAMH disorders in their care because these young people need support and care with consistency and dedication, something which is difficult for these parents . Part of the social workers’ role is to support children and their house parents. When house parents are able to manage CAMH disorders in the houses, social workers’ efforts in managing challenging behaviour will be strengthened. The opposite is eminent when house parents are not properly equipped, resulting in a challenged caregiver-child relationship. A residential care study found that there is validation of strong and nurturing connections between CAMH and their house parents . A child’s connection to his/her houseparent is linked to their health and wellness . The house parent-child relationship and its impact on the social worker and CYCC system can also be fathomed from the EST, through which the CYCC can be considered a system with a shared goal wherein people work together to meet this goal and deliver services to children in their care. Systems are made up of subsystems that rely on one another and in the CYCC, these subsystems are social workers, house parents, children and others necessitating an understanding of the challenges and how all subsystems influence each other . Subtheme 3.2: Extreme mental health disorders affect other children As with the impact on the house parents, the data revealed how exposure to outbursts and severe behaviour, affect other children in the CYCCs. A further concern was how exposure to incidents re-traumatised CAMH disorders. Amy described how other children were afraid and how their fear triggered their own mental health challenges: “Some of the children are just plain scared of the child and won’t go near them. It fills them with so much anxiety to be in the same house as the child because they fear, they kind of fear for their own lives. Ida mentioned how copying and mimicking behaviour could have an accumulating effect and cause long-term challenges for exposed children: “Because most of the time, when we leave it too long, the other children start to adapt those behaviours. So, then we are sitting with a bigger problem at the end of the day…”. A study conducted in an African orphanage revealed how exposure to outbursts and violence in the CYCC has an enormous impact on children . Sometimes this impact is even greater than what they’ve been exposed to before coming to the centre. Furthermore, a strong link between their experiences of violence and the negative conduct displayed by CAMH disorders reaffirmed how experiences influence a child’s health, conduct and development. Exposure to brutality in any form can affect a child’s ability to form connections, cause mental health disorders, conduct problems and harmful perceptions . It can therefore be argued that this type of exposure in a child’s microsystem will cause severe disruptions within this system and other systems and therefore necessitate social work intervention. Subtheme 3.3:Disciplining challenging behaviour of CAMH disorders From the participants’ narratives, a subtheme emerged pertaining to the challenge of disciplining children who display challenging behaviour and aggressive outbursts. Dorothy attested to this: “…she had this very aggressive behaviour and it was like she was an animal, a wild animal. And it’s like if she’s zoned out. You can speak to her but it’s like she’s not present…”. Laura shared challenges with a child with managing conduct disorder: “…But as he is getting older, he’s stronger so he’s starting to try and hit us or bite us or throw us with stones or things like that. So, getting him into the office can be difficult…”. In another interview, Alice reported a sense of helplessness: “…Because our children, you know, they are mentally challenged. They end up having uncontrollable behaviour…we cannot control that behaviour. We end up not knowing how to deal with it.”. Although some researchers are positive about the role of social workers in supporting CAMH disorders through various methods and techniques, there is inconsistency regarding the plans and strategies for dealing with extreme conduct challenges and in supporting children with special needs . It is the connection between social workers and CAMH disorders that can bring change . The significance of relationships within the systems is central to the EST . This relationship has the potential to bring hope and improve stressful environment. Theme 4: Inaccessible resources for CAMH disorders During the interviews with the participants, multiple challenges were mentioned, some of which related to medical and psychological resources; schools; institutions; plans, programmes. Despite the challenges, the data also revealed that some resources were available, though needed to be strengthened. In an interview with Amy, she said: “At Steve Biko, there is two psychologists, that see the children and they evaluate them and then you have to take the child back. I don’t know how many times. I think it is at least three or four times for the evaluation and then they get referred to a psychiatrist…”. Ida shared her challenges as follows: “…we have, firstly, a lot of children with severe diagnosis that…there is no form of other support available to us. For example, we only have Weskoppies, which is a psychiatric hospital. There [are] only one or two doctors, so we are on waiting lists…the children are on waiting lists for three or four months…”. Participants also felt that children were unnecessarily placed on medication. Maria attested: “I think they try to cope, but it is very, very difficult. It’s really difficult and at that stage, because there’s no resources, it’s always... and increasing [in] the medication…” According to Amy, medication was used to manage these children because other resources were not accessible: “I feel medication is used as a quick fix because we don’t have therapy readily available and I also think that influences the child. So, I would like if medication could be our last resort instead of our first…”. It is clear from the narratives that CAMH disorders and their social workers face many obstacles when accessing mental health services from hospitals. South-African studies [19,12] attested to this by pointing to CAMH disorder services that are underprovided and ineffective. A South African analysis of CAMH disorder services found a limited number of psychiatrists dedicated to CAMH disorders . Scarcity of resources and ineffective dispersal of care and support for CAMH disorders in schools, welfare organisations and healthcare centres were also common . Due to a lack of CAMH facilities, the admission of children younger than 12 years with mental health challenges to children’s ward was a challenge, with older children with mental health issues placed in adult mental health wards not set up for supporting and managing CAMH disorders or protecting children . Regarding medication, social workers play a crucial role in assisting clients with their medication often by making choices of medication and treatment for children, which is a daunting task.

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By the end of this section, you will be able to: - Define half-life. - Define dating. - Calculate age of old objects by radioactive dating. Unstable nuclei decay. However, some nuclides decay faster than others. For example, radium and polonium, discovered by the Curies, decay faster than uranium. This means they have shorter lifetimes, producing a greater rate of decay. In this section we explore half-life and activity, the quantitative terms for lifetime and rate of decay. Why use a term like half-life rather than lifetime? The answer can be found by examining Figure 31.19, which shows how the number of radioactive nuclei in a sample decreases with time. The time in which half of the original number of nuclei decay is defined as the half-life, . Half of the remaining nuclei decay in the next half-life. Further, half of that amount decays in the following half-life. Therefore, the number of radioactive nuclei decreases from to in one half-life, then to in the next, and to in the next, and so on. If is a large number, then many half-lives (not just two) pass before all of the nuclei decay. Nuclear decay is an example of a purely statistical process. A more precise definition of half-life is that each nucleus has a 50% chance of living for a time equal to one half-life . Thus, if is reasonably large, half of the original nuclei decay in a time of one half-life. If an individual nucleus makes it through that time, it still has a 50% chance of surviving through another half-life. Even if it happens to make it through hundreds of half-lives, it still has a 50% chance of surviving through one more. The probability of decay is the same no matter when you start counting. This is like random coin flipping. The chance of heads is 50%, no matter what has happened before. There is a tremendous range in the half-lives of various nuclides, from as short as s for the most unstable, to more than y for the least unstable, or about 46 orders of magnitude. Nuclides with the shortest half-lives are those for which the nuclear forces are least attractive, an indication of the extent to which the nuclear force can depend on the particular combination of neutrons and protons. The concept of half-life is applicable to other subatomic particles, as will be discussed in Particle Physics. It is also applicable to the decay of excited states in atoms and nuclei. The following equation gives the quantitative relationship between the original number of nuclei present at time zero () and the number () at a later time : where is the base of the natural logarithm, and is the decay constant for the nuclide. The shorter the half-life, the larger is the value of , and the faster the exponential decreases with time. The relationship between the decay constant and the half-life is To see how the number of nuclei declines to half its original value in one half-life, let in the exponential in the equation . This gives . For integral numbers of half-lives, you can just divide the original number by 2 over and over again, rather than using the exponential relationship. For example, if ten half-lives have passed, we divide by 2 ten times. This reduces it to . For an arbitrary time, not just a multiple of the half-life, the exponential relationship must be used. Radioactive dating is a clever use of naturally occurring radioactivity. Its most famous application is carbon-14 dating. Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5730 years and is produced in a nuclear reaction induced when solar neutrinos strike in the atmosphere. Radioactive carbon has the same chemistry as stable carbon, and so it mixes into the ecosphere, where it is consumed and becomes part of every living organism. Carbon-14 has an abundance of 1.3 parts per trillion of normal carbon. Thus, if you know the number of carbon nuclei in an object (perhaps determined by mass and Avogadro’s number), you multiply that number by to find the number of nuclei in the object. When an organism dies, carbon exchange with the environment ceases, and is not replenished as it decays. By comparing the abundance of in an artifact, such as mummy wrappings, with the normal abundance in living tissue, it is possible to determine the artifact’s age (or time since death). Carbon-14 dating can be used for biological tissues as old as 50 or 60 thousand years, but is most accurate for younger samples, since the abundance of nuclei in them is greater. Very old biological materials contain no at all. There are instances in which the date of an artifact can be determined by other means, such as historical knowledge or tree-ring counting. These cross-references have confirmed the validity of carbon-14 dating and permitted us to calibrate the technique as well. Carbon-14 dating revolutionized parts of archaeology and is of such importance that it earned the 1960 Nobel Prize in chemistry for its developer, the American chemist Willard Libby (1908–1980). One of the most famous cases of carbon-14 dating involves the Shroud of Turin, a long piece of fabric purported to be the burial shroud of Jesus (see Figure 31.20). This relic was first displayed in Turin in 1354 and was denounced as a fraud at that time by a French bishop. Its remarkable negative imprint of an apparently crucified body resembles the then-accepted image of Jesus, and so the shroud was never disregarded completely and remained controversial over the centuries. Carbon-14 dating was not performed on the shroud until 1988, when the process had been refined to the point where only a small amount of material needed to be destroyed. Samples were tested at three independent laboratories, each being given four pieces of cloth, with only one unidentified piece from the shroud, to avoid prejudice. All three laboratories found samples of the shroud contain 92% of the found in living tissues, allowing the shroud to be dated (see Example 31.4). How Old Is the Shroud of Turin? Calculate the age of the Shroud of Turin given that the amount of found in it is 92% of that in living tissue. Knowing that 92% of the remains means that . Therefore, the equation can be used to find . We also know that the half-life of is 5730 y, and so once is known, we can use the equation to find and then find as requested. Here, we postulate that the decrease in is solely due to nuclear decay. Solving the equation for gives Taking the natural logarithm of both sides of the equation yields Rearranging to isolate gives Now, the equation can be used to find for . Solving for and substituting the known half-life gives We enter this value into the previous equation to find : This dates the material in the shroud to 1988–690 = a.d. 1300. Our calculation is only accurate to two digits, so that the year is rounded to 1300. The values obtained at the three independent laboratories gave a weighted average date of a.d. . The uncertainty is typical of carbon-14 dating and is due to the small amount of in living tissues, the amount of material available, and experimental uncertainties (reduced by having three independent measurements). It is meaningful that the date of the shroud is consistent with the first record of its existence and inconsistent with the period in which Jesus lived. There are other forms of radioactive dating. Rocks, for example, can sometimes be dated based on the decay of . The decay series for ends with , so that the ratio of these nuclides in a rock is an indication of how long it has been since the rock solidified. The original composition of the rock, such as the absence of lead, must be known with some confidence. However, as with carbon-14 dating, the technique can be verified by a consistent body of knowledge. Since has a half-life of y, it is useful for dating only very old materials, showing, for example, that the oldest rocks on Earth solidified about years ago. Activity, the Rate of Decay What do we mean when we say a source is highly radioactive? Generally, this means the number of decays per unit time is very high. We define activity to be the rate of decay expressed in decays per unit time. In equation form, this is where is the number of decays that occur in time . The SI unit for activity is one decay per second and is given the name becquerel (Bq) in honor of the discoverer of radioactivity. That is, Activity is often expressed in other units, such as decays per minute or decays per year. One of the most common units for activity is the curie (Ci), defined to be the activity of 1 g of , in honor of Marie Curie’s work with radium. The definition of curie is or decays per second. A curie is a large unit of activity, while a becquerel is a relatively small unit. . In countries like Australia and New Zealand that adhere more to SI units, most radioactive sources, such as those used in medical diagnostics or in physics laboratories, are labeled in Bq or megabecquerel (MBq). Intuitively, you would expect the activity of a source to depend on two things: the amount of the radioactive substance present, and its half-life. The greater the number of radioactive nuclei present in the sample, the more will decay per unit of time. The shorter the half-life, the more decays per unit time, for a given number of nuclei. So activity should be proportional to the number of radioactive nuclei, , and inversely proportional to their half-life, . In fact, your intuition is correct. It can be shown that the activity of a source is where is the number of radioactive nuclei present, having half-life . This relationship is useful in a variety of calculations, as the next two examples illustrate. How Great Is the Activity in Living Tissue? Calculate the activity due to in 1.00 kg of carbon found in a living organism. Express the activity in units of Bq and Ci. To find the activity using the equation , we must know and . The half-life of can be found in Appendix B, and was stated above as 5730 y. To find , we first find the number of nuclei in 1.00 kg of carbon using the concept of a mole. As indicated, we then multiply by (the abundance of in a carbon sample from a living organism) to get the number of nuclei in a living organism. One mole of carbon has a mass of 12.0 g, since it is nearly pure . (A mole has a mass in grams equal in magnitude to found in the periodic table.) Thus the number of carbon nuclei in a kilogram is So the number of nuclei in 1 kg of carbon is Now the activity is found using the equation . Entering known values gives or decays per year. To convert this to the unit Bq, we simply convert years to seconds. Thus, or 250 decays per second. To express in curies, we use the definition of a curie, Our own bodies contain kilograms of carbon, and it is intriguing to think there are hundreds of decays per second taking place in us. Carbon-14 and other naturally occurring radioactive substances in our bodies contribute to the background radiation we receive. The small number of decays per second found for a kilogram of carbon in this example gives you some idea of how difficult it is to detect in a small sample of material. If there are 250 decays per second in a kilogram, then there are 0.25 decays per second in a gram of carbon in living tissue. To observe this, you must be able to distinguish decays from other forms of radiation, in order to reduce background noise. This becomes more difficult with an old tissue sample, since it contains less , and for samples more than 50 thousand years old, it is impossible. Human-made (or artificial) radioactivity has been produced for decades and has many uses. Some of these include medical therapy for cancer, medical imaging and diagnostics, and food preservation by irradiation. Many applications as well as the biological effects of radiation are explored in Medical Applications of Nuclear Physics, but it is clear that radiation is hazardous. A number of tragic examples of this exist, one of the most disastrous being the meltdown and fire at the Chernobyl reactor complex in the Ukraine (see Figure 31.21). Several radioactive isotopes were released in huge quantities, contaminating many thousands of square kilometers and directly affecting hundreds of thousands of people. The most significant releases were of , , , , , and . Estimates are that the total amount of radiation released was about 100 million curies. Human and Medical Applications What Mass of Escaped Chernobyl? It is estimated that the Chernobyl disaster released 6.0 MCi of into the environment. Calculate the mass of released. We can calculate the mass released using Avogadro’s number and the concept of a mole if we can first find the number of nuclei released. Since the activity is given, and the half-life of is found in Appendix B to be 30.2 y, we can use the equation to find . Solving the equation for gives Entering the given values yields Converting curies to becquerels and years to seconds, we get One mole of a nuclide has a mass of grams, so that one mole of has a mass of 137 g. A mole has nuclei. Thus the mass of released was While 70 kg of material may not be a very large mass compared to the amount of fuel in a power plant, it is extremely radioactive, since it only has a 30-year half-life. Six megacuries (6.0 MCi) is an extraordinary amount of activity but is only a fraction of what is produced in nuclear reactors. Similar amounts of the other isotopes were also released at Chernobyl. Although the chances of such a disaster may have seemed small, the consequences were extremely severe, requiring greater caution than was used. More will be said about safe reactor design in the next chapter, but it should be noted that more recent reactors have a fundamentally safer design. Activity decreases in time, going to half its original value in one half-life, then to one-fourth its original value in the next half-life, and so on. Since , the activity decreases as the number of radioactive nuclei decreases. The equation for as a function of time is found by combining the equations and , yielding where is the activity at . This equation shows exponential decay of radioactive nuclei. For example, if a source originally has a 1.00-mCi activity, it declines to 0.500 mCi in one half-life, to 0.250 mCi in two half-lives, to 0.125 mCi in three half-lives, and so on. For times other than whole half-lives, the equation must be used to find . Watch alpha particles escape from a polonium nucleus, causing radioactive alpha decay. See how random decay times relate to the half life.

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Real programmers love their applications’ source code: the faster and more elegant it is, the better. Users are after very different things: they seem to want simplicity, flashy colors, nice icons and tons of options. In spite of these reasons, or perhaps because of them, programmers and users often forget what lies in the middle of it all: information. Who owns the information? Almost all software applications are used to manage information so these applications are worthless without information to process, store and display. For example, you could use a word processor to write letters or video editing suites to edit footage of your girlfriend at the beach. Almost all software applications are used to manage _information_ so these applications are worthless without information to process, store and display If information exists before (and independent of) the applications, the file format used to store the information should be defined before hand . In this ideal situation, you could potentially write several programs (released under free or non-free licenses) to handle your information. Please keep in mind that here “information” means any kind of creative work: blog entries, private movies, essays, government reports, court rulings, road projects... In an ideal world, the format used to store this information doesn’t matter: it should simply belong only to its author, or whoever paid for its production. In practice, applications and file formats have historically grown and changed together. Moreover, the file formats for proprietary software have not always been documented (see Microsoft products) unless you sign unacceptable NDAs (Non-Disclosure Agreements); the result of this is that digital information isn't always under the complete control of the person who created it. In my opinion this problem has been underestimated for a long time, probably because in the beginning people didn’t think it was such a big deal. First of all, far fewer people had computers. When they did have them, they weren’t often networked and were physically incompatible (think of Mac and PCs, which even had problems sharing a floppy disk!). Resources were very limited: monitors, processors and hard drives weren’t even remotely comparable to what we have today, and therefore visually “fancy” information wasn’t as important as it is today (think WYSIWYG). Even complex spreadsheets were stored as CSV format (plain text separated by commas) or as binary files. Back then, there was a situation similar to today’s: if the information was stored as text files, you could use powerful text processing tools like sed, awk and then Perl. If it was stored in binary format, reverse engineering and black magic fixed most of the problems. Exchanging information at that point wasn’t often a problem; even when binary-only format became more common thanks to WordStar and AutoCAD, the end product was nearly always a stack of paper that was to be shipped or archived somewhere. This paper could then be read even centuries after it was written, without a concern for what "brand" of paper, or which printer or pen had been used to write on it. In a way, paper was the lingua franca. In a way, paper was the _lingua franca_ Today, with the internet, CDs and search engines, any file can be used and distributed in several different ways without ever turning into durable, non proprietary (and non-searchable, I must add), printed paper. Talk about progress... Today’s scenario is somehow very similar to what it was a few years ago—just a bit more complicated. Proprietary file formats are now more complex than before and therefore harder to reverse-engineer. Text-based file formats are still based on text (obviously!), but they have gained a level of complexity as well: rather than representing the information directly (like plain text documents or CSV spreadsheets do), they are usually based on XML. For example, the content of a cell in OpenOffice.org could be represented with this: <style:properties style:column-width="1.785cm"/> ... <table:table-cell><text:p>600000</text:p></table:table-cell> These two lines above simply state that the width of the column containing this cell must be 1.785 cm and that the cell stores the number 600000. A paragraph in a letter could be: This is the first paragraph This is the second one The advantages of XML files are clear: anybody can write an application which manipulates them, as long as they know what every XML tag means in that specific context. A word on encoding Even “plain text” can mean different things, depending on how it’s encoded. The encoding defines which sequence of bits represents a particular character (such as a letter, a white space, symbols like “©” and “#”, and so on) used in a written language. In ASCII ( American Standard Code for Information Interchange ), for example, the sequence “01000001” corresponds with the capital letter “A”. Even “plain text” can mean different things, depending on how it’s _encoded_ The ASCII encoding (or format) is really ubiquitous these days, but has simply outlived its meaning in a wired world where most people don’t speak English. Over the last few years many more types of encoding have been created in order to deal with almost any other language on the planet including non-alphabetic ones (Chinese, Hindu, Korean, Japanese...). The resulting confusion has been made worse by the fact that “plain text files” don’t contain, by definition, any headers to declare their internal encoding. Consequently, the programs processing them have to guess, or be told, which encoding they should use to display them; otherwise, blank or strange characters are displayed instead of the correct ones. Today, the Unicode family of standards provides a definitive solution; unfortunately, it will take a lot of effort and time to have it accepted—not to mention used—everywhere. When, in 2002, Red Hat Linux switched to Unicode, many people complained on mailing lists because “everything had become slower, just to make the French happy”. The problem with closed file formats Why should end users care at all about these issues? Because in the last two decades at least, file formats have been used to avoid free market competition, making it harder for customers to switch to newer and better products, or to place restrictions on how people use programs or the information produced with them. In the last two decades at least, file formats have been used to avoid free market competition, making it harder for customers to switch to newer and better products This is evident in fields as varied as office automation, industrial design and video streaming. In the first case, almost every user knows that the only guaranteed way to open “.doc” or “.xls” files reliably is by using the same version of Microsoft Word or Excel which created them in the first place. Remember that this applies to all of your files, starting from your personal diary... When it comes to engineering, many projects for buildings, mechanical parts, furniture and bridges are stored in the DWG file format of AutoCAD, produced by AutoDesk. In 1998, competitors launched cheaper products based on an equivalent format. AutoDesk’s reaction was not limited to improving features, service and discounts. Their advertising campaign focused on reminding people that only AutoDesk’s products were 100% capable of keeping existing projects completely accessible. The full story can be read online in the FAQ and history pages on the website of the Open Design Alliance founded just to create an alternative file format. What about multimedia? MPEG-4 is an advanced format for compressed video: DivX and many other decoders are based on it. Now, according to the MPEG-4 License page : Video providers who receive remuneration for offering MPEG-4 video either directly (e.g. subscription or title-by-title fees) or indirectly (e.g. advertising or underwriting fees) pay a royalty for the right to use the decoders and encoders to receive and transmit the remunerated video. The fear of having to pay MPEG-4 fees even when you place banners and video clips of your holidays on your home page has been enough to start projects like Theora. XML: the savior? The cases above are just a few examples of how file formats have effectively been used to enforce a much greater control on end users than was possible before. The family of technologies known as XML ( eXtensible Markup Language ) can play an essential role in solving these problems (at least in some areas). XML was designed to make it easy to exchange information rather than locking it. XML was designed to make it easy to _exchange_ information not easy to lock information XML files are in a plain (Unicode!) text format similar to HTML. This alone makes reverse-engineering of XML files much easier, compared with binary formats. Of course text can never be as compact and fast to parse as pure binary data, but it has a huge advantage: it can be processed with any of the existing text-processing tools, known to and improved on by Unix users since the '70s. For example to extract the XML code shown above I only had to unzip the original spreadsheet and open the content.xml file with a text editor. However, XML is no more or less proprietary or open than binary formats. Its full benefits are only available when it’s completely and openly documented, guaranteed to stay that way and, above all, legally usable without asking permission or paying fees to anybody. Format wars: the next episode The OASIS consortium produces open XML standards in all fields of business and computing activity. Perhaps its most important achievement is the OpenDocument format for word processing, spreadsheets and presentations, directly derived from the one used in OpenOffice.org and submitted to the International Standard Organization (ISO). OpenDocument is more powerful than XHTML and, unlike other formats, there are already some cross platform applications which use it. OpenOffice.org 2.0, due for release around March 2005, will use it by default, and other products, from Koffice to IBM's Workplace and servers like Plone, can already read and write files in this format. Just add a Firefox plug-in, and OpenDocument will be immediately accessible from your browser! For these reasons, some people think that it could eventually replace HTML as the default format for the internet. However, there is no need to look that far. There is something much more important already happening today. Namely, the European Union (EU) wants to make it possible for all EU public administrations to (re)take ownership of the documents they manage on behalf of their citizens. In order for this to happen, these administrations, or anybody willing to do business with them, will eventually have to produce, exchange and store files in the right format. The European Union (EU) wants to make it possible for all EU public administrations to (re)take ownership of the documents they manage on behalf of their citizens In 2003 an EU study called the Valoris Report concluded that an XML file format, highly portable and very open, is required to reach this goal. The report mentions the efforts in this field by Sun (OpenOffice.org/OASIS) and Microsoft (MSXML), pointing out several limitations of the latter. The main limit is the fact that Microsoft prefers not to completely separate the file format from the applications. They would much rather assist selected partners in enabling their applications to read and interoperate with MSXML. It doesn’t sound like much of a concession, does it? This episode of the Format Wars is still being quietly fought while we're writing (mid December 2004): stay tuned for further news. Hopefully, if it all ends as it should, the utopia described at the beginning of the article, can come into being: that file formats are defined before and independently of any implementation, in any field of computing. One of the best signs that software is still in its infancy is the way this issue of formats has been ignored so far, by professionals and casual users alike In my opinion, one of the best signs that software is still in its infancy is the way this issue of formats has been ignored so far, by professionals and casual users alike. Luckily the tide has started to turn. Things like OpenDocument are certainly steps in the right direction. Nobody can predict what combinations of proprietary and free software will be used twenty years from now. The most probable guess is that there will be a lot of them, and each user will be free to choose the best combination for his or her real needs. In any case, I hope that in twenty years the era where information is locked up by proprietary and application specific formats will be just a laughable memory.

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A Symbol of America One of the most defining aspects of American culture is the game of baseball. It exists as a uniquely American endeavor, and is not only an important part of American history, but also an important part of American culture and society. In many ways, baseball reflects America. Through its historical influence, and representation of culture, baseball continues to make an imprint on American society. Baseball represents America in many different ways, but greatest among them is the issue of racial segregation, as seen by the Negro Leagues. The history of baseball is also the history of America, and in cetain ways, they are one and the same. Who invented the game of baseball? If one were to ask this question to the common person on the street, the answer would most likely be Abner Doubleday. However, the notion that Abner Doubleday invented baseball is more of a cultural narrative than historical fact. Every schoolchild knows the myth, that Abner Doubleday invented baseball in Cooperstown, New York in 1839. In reality though, baseball’s conception is a little more complicated. To begin with, baseball does not really have one specific point of origin. Some say that it comes from the English game of “Rounders,” others say that it evolved from the American juvenile game of “one old cat.” One old cat was played with few people, and in such a simple form, that it would hardly be recognized as a team sport. However, as the amount of players on each team increased, the game evolved into what would be known as “Town Ball.” Although it could be said that baseball evolved from both Rounders and “Town Ball,” many consider the improvements made on the Town Ball game prior to 1839 as the true beginning of the sport, thereby making it of a uniquely American origin (Bartlett 4). The first formal baseball organization was begun by a group of New Yorkers, led by Alexander Cartwright, who began the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club in 1845. It was a social club of athletically inclined men who had been gathering in Madison Square to play what was originally an enhanced version of English Rounders. Over time though, it took on the name baseball, and evolved into what was considered a sport of American origin. One man emerged from this organization, and would in time come not only to represent the Knickerbockers, but the New York clubs in general. That man was A.G. Spalding, and he is universally acknowledged to have done more to build baseball into the nations favorite sport than any other individual (Bartlett 1). The rules that the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club had were set and defined, and could easily be compared to those used in today’s game. In the days of the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club, the game was considered a gentlemen’s sport, or at least the players saw in that way. In a letter to club members, A.G. Spalding once wrote, “But…let us never forget that the men who first gave impetus to our national sport…were gentlemen ‘to the manner born,’ men of high tastes, of high ability, of upright character” (Bartlett 15). The original intention of the club was to establish themselves as “gentlemanly” sporting venue, and in the beginning that was indeed the case. Eventually though, less “gentlemanly” players had a tendency to find themselves on a roster if they possessed a keen athletic ability. They had also wanted to assert themselves as a kind of Marybelne Cricket Club. This was the most prestigious cricket club in England, and enjoyed the status of “first among equals” when it came to the cricket community, they also considered themselves the social arbiter of their sport (Bartlett 8). The first formal match game in baseball history took place on June 19, 1846 on the Elysian Fields in Hoboken, New York. The Knickerbockers agreed to play an informal team who went under the name the “New York Nine.” The Knickerbockers lost the match. By this time, the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club had ceased to be the sole authority and premiere baseball organization that it had once been. Throughout the 1850s, baseball clubs sprung up throughout the New York area and beyond, and the Knickerbockers found themselves rejected as the dictators of baseball fashion (Voigt 8). In 1858, twenty-five different clubs and the Knickerbockers held a convention to consolidate the rules of the game. In 1859, they voted to organize themselves as the National Association of Base Ball Players. Unknown to them at the time, this signaled an important event in the evolution of the sport: it had become less of an amateur event, and more of a professional endeavor. Along with the 1860s came a change in the nature of baseball. As a result of the Civil War, the sport of baseball spread throughout the country. Union soldiers brought it with them to the front lines, and it reached the far corners of the nation. In a bit of irony, there are reports that baseball games between Union prisoners and Confederate guards actually took place. At a time when the Republic was divided politically, it was united culturally by the emerging national pastime. Throughout the 1860s, a “mania-like” interest forced the clubs to place more of an emphasis on winning for the glory of the town for which they played. A love of the game spread throughout the nation, and baseball clubs were becoming more common. Mark Twain described it in this manner, “Baseball is the very symbol, the outward and visible expression of the drive and push and rush and struggle of the raging, tearing, booming nineteenth century.” America was beginning to identify with this new national pastime, and it soon became a national obsession. A monumental moment in baseball history occurred in 1876 when representatives of the eight biggest clubs in the National Association met to discuss the future of organized baseball. Led by William Hulbert of Chicago, they agreed to come up with a new, more structured organization. This organization would have a constitution, regulations, and contracted players. It became known as the National League. In response, a rival league was founded in 1882 and was known as the American Association. The American Association differed in some ways, mainly in admission prices and Sunday games; but there was an agreement between the two that allowed exhibition games between each league’s best team after the regular season. Throughout the 1880s, there were several advances made in the way the game was played. The overhand pitch became allowed, baseball gloves gained acceptance, and new standards for bats and balls were adopted. Unfortunately, the American Association folded after the 1891 season: though some of its teams did manage to join the National League. From this point until the turn of the century, baseball experienced somewhat of a decline in interest. This decline soon ended though when renewed interest was sparked by the foundation of a new league in 1901. Ban Johnson, a successful president of a minor league in the West, founded the American League, which would eventually rival the older National League. Between 1901 and 1903 hostility did exist between the two leagues, but in 1903 the National League agreed to recognize the American League and both agreed that the championship team from each league would meet for a World Series. In the early part of the century, baseball once again enjoyed widespread popularity. The World Series emerged as one of the most enjoyed and most important sporting events of the day. During this time, a new brand of heroes emerged from baseball. Players such as Honus Wagner, Christy Mathewson, and Ty Cobb amazed an awe-struck nation, which had become captivated by baseball. Indeed, America had fallen in love with the game of baseball. America had taken baseball as its own; it was something played in the streets and alleys of the cities, and in the fields of the country. Across America, perhaps one of the strongest bonds holding the nation together was baseball. Baseball was such an embedded part of the American culture that it even mirrored society in several of its fashions. Sadly, this meant that baseball adopted some of the more unfortunate aspects of society, the main one being segregation. During much of America’s history, institutionalized social segregation was an accepted way of life, and this had its effect on the game of baseball. From 1887 to 1946 a gentlemen’s agreement between club owners excluded blacks from the major and minor leagues. This symbolized the ignorance, and closed-mindedness of the era. It was not as if baseball had passed over African-Americans; blacks had embraced the sport as much as the rest of America. Because of this segregationist policy, black ballplayers were forced to organize their own teams. Over time, a whole subculture of “blackball” emerged, and it became known as the Negro Leagues (Metcalfe 8). During the time of the Civil War, the black community became caught up in the same baseball fervor that had taken root in the rest of the country. Black teams and local leagues formed across the nation, and in the 1880s, black players even began to make their way into the minor leagues. However, the club owners put a stop to this in 1887, and baseball became segregated. The one exception to this was Moses “Fleetwood” Walker, who played for the Toledo Blue Stockings of the American Association. He was the first black major leaguer, but an injury resulted in the team releasing him; another black player would not join the ranks of the major leagues until Jackie Robinson in 1947. Beginning in the 1890s, high-profile black teams began to assert their presence. These teams were comprised of black all-stars who excelled at all aspects of the game. In the early 1900s, exhibition games between black teams were the norm, but in 1920 they took on a more formal bearing. In 1920, Andrew “Rube” Foster organized the first African-American baseball league, and it became the Negro National League. Foster had long been a presence in “blackball” and was the owner and manager of the Chicago American Giants, one of the nation’s most prestigious black teams. Three years later, the Eastern Colored League was formed. To almost all who took part in it, black professional baseball was more than just a popular spectator sport: it was intended to empower an oppressed people, and was recognized as such. From 1924 to 1927 the two leagues met in a World Series every year. Some of the other more prestigious teams of the Negro Leagues included the Homestead Grays and the Kansas City Monarchs. Perhaps one of the most unfortunate aspects of the segregationist policy was that many of the best players of the day were kept from the major leagues. They did get the opportunity to compete against major league teams though. Early in the 20th century, black teams were occasionally granted the opportunity to play exhibition games against major league teams. This ended in 1923 though, when Commissioner Kennesaw Mountain Landis put a stop to the games between the two leagues. Although Landis’ racial intolerance was one of the reasons for this, the most likely basis for canceling these games was that it was an embarrassment to the major leagues. Negro League teams would consistently win these games, and some reports indicate that the Negro League teams won sixty-five percent of the games (Metcalfe 10). One of the more famous of these matches was a three game series between the Chicago American Giants and the Chicago Cubs, who had established themselves as a dominant force in the National League. The Cubs barely won the series, and to this day, one of the games remains in dispute. The Negro Leagues experienced a lull during the 1930s due to the national depression, but in 1933 a new Negro National League was formed, and it was joined by a Negro American League in 1937. During this time, when baseball was to achieve perhaps the height of its glory, the Negro Leagues were overflowing with immense talent. Such legendary players as Josh Gibson, Leroy “Satchel” Paige, “Smokey” Joe Williams, and James “Cool Papa” Bell dominated in the Negro Leagues. Although they were never able to play in the major leagues, their presence was certainly felt. Once during at exhibition game that featured Satchel Paige and an emerging star named Joe DiMaggio, a scouting report sent back to the majors read, “DiMaggio everything we hoped he’d be, hit Satch 1 for 4.” There did exist a level of respect for their ability, but it existed more among the baseball professionals and dedicated followers than among the common public. Even though it signaled the end of an era, the eventual demise of the Negro Leagues could be called a blessing in disguise. In 1947, an event occurred that would bring about the end of the Negro Leagues. It was the year that Jackie Robinson signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers. Although this act signaled the end of the Negro Leagues, it was also its greatest triumph. The sensational act of a black baseball player in the major leagues captured the attention of the nation. Robinson’s composure and professionalism touched many fans, and even helped to ease racial relations. Unfortunately, as a result of this, attendance and interest in the Negro Leagues diminished, and eventually became sparse at best. Baseball had created a new era, and although the Negro Leagues would not be part of it, they could rest with the assurance that it was because of them. In essence, this was truly the goal of the Negro Leagues, to eventually integrate baseball. It is indeed ironic that the Negro Leagues laid the foundation for their eventual demise. As they faded away, they could be comforted by the realization that their dream had come true. In a way, this almost adds to the mystique and sense of awe that is often associated with the Negro Leagues. In many ways, the Negro Leagues were a representation of American culture. During much of the early 20th century American society was segregated, and so, unfortunately, was the national pastime. African-Americans were not allowed in diners, movie theaters, or, regrettably, in professional baseball. Baseball mirrored American culture almost perfectly; it even had its own Civil Rights Movement, which came in the form of integration. America prides itself on the fact that this country exists as a melting pot, a nation dedicated to freedom and equality. Yet, at the same time, it could be tainted by such ignorant practices as racial intolerance. Although the conception of the Negro Leagues was forced by intoleration, it had a great historical impact, and in the end, was a success. The Negro Leagues were a tremendous accomplishment for the African-American community. From the early 1920s through the mid-1940s, the Negro Leagues represented one of the largest black-owned and black-operated industries in America, and arguably their most prominent institution (Ribowsky 12). Among the ranks of the Negro League rosters competed some of the greatest players of the game. Although during its time, many baseball fans were oblivious to its talent, it exits today as one of the most important institutions in baseball history, and the American culture. The mannerisms that a society associates with often come to characterize not only a social culture, but a nation as well. In America, the aspect that most defines American culture and way of life is the game of baseball. It is a cultural icon above all others. It is a sport rooted in the American spirit, and characterized by its ever-present place in the hearts of all Americans. It is the national pastime, the American sport, one cherished and loved by an entire nation. In many ways, it symbolizes not only America, but the American spirit. The scholar Gerald Early wrote, " I think that there are only three things that America will be known for two thousand years from now when they study this civilization; the constitution, jazz music, and baseball. They're the three most beautiful designed things this country has ever produced." From its very conception, throughout its evolution, and even in its modern day existence, baseball has a special and unique place in our national history and culture. Its creation was seen as an accomplishment of a uniquely American nature. As America as a nation evolved, so did the sport of baseball. During the age of Industrial growth, when cities were vastly expanding, baseball was seen as a pastoral presence in an ever-growing urban environment. Baseball symbolized society, even in all its glories and faults. This especially can be seen when it comes to racial segregation. Racial segregation plagued American society for generations, and sadly, during much of the 19th and 20th centuries, baseball was as segregated as America herself. The result of this culminated in the Negro Leagues, an African-American baseball organization. In so many ways, baseball is a symbol of America. Never has there been such a uniquely American cultural phenomenon that has had such a historical impact on the nation. Baseball is the national pastime, an honor no other sport is bestowed with, and it exists as a direct result of the American spirit. There is no other sport so rich in history as baseball, and certainly none of greater identity to the nation. Baseball exits as a representation of America, her culture, and all that she stands for. Bartlett, Arthur. Baseball and Mr. Spalding, (Farrar, Straus, and Young, New York), 1951. Metcalfe, Henry. A Game For All Races, (Metrobooks, New York), 2000. Ribowsky, Mark. A Complete History of the Negro Leagues, (Carol Publishing Group, New York), 1995. Smith, Robert. Baseball, (Simon and Schuster, New York), 1970. Voigt, David. American Baseball, From Gentlemen's Sport to the Commissioner System, (University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma), 1970. www.baseballhalloffame.com - the website of the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York www.mlb.com - the website of Major League Baseball, it contains information on current league standings, and a short history of the Negroe Leagues. http://www2.tltc.ttu.edu/Harper/3339BB/Webstuff.baseball.htm - this websitte contains links to sites concerning baseball history, and historical information and facts. www.negroleaguebaseball.com - a website dedicated to information about the Negro Leagues. It contains both player and team profiles, as well as other background information. - a website that outlining the history of the Negro Leagues, and also contains information on Negro League players. Site Created by: Mike "Someday my Cubs will win the World Series" Mencarini

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Ptolemaeus Ii. or Ptolemaeus Philadelphus ) king of EGYPT, surnamed PHILADELPHUS, was the son of Ptolemy I. by his wife Berenice. He was born in the island of Cos, whither his mother had accompanied her husband during the naval campaign of B. C. 309. (Theocr. Idyll. 17.58; et Schol. ad loc. ; Callim. H. ad Del. 165-190; Droysen, Hellenism. vol. i. p. 418.) We have scarcely any information concerning the period of his boyhood or youth, though we learn that he received a careful education ; and Philetas, the elegiac poet of Cos, and Zenodotus the grammarian, are mentioned as his literary preceptors (Suid. s.v. Φιλητᾶς But it is probable that his own promising character and disposition combined with the partiality of his father for Berenice, to induce the aged monarch to set aside the offspring of his former marriage in favour of Philadelphus. In order to carry this project into execution, and secure the succession to this his favourite son, the king at length resolved to abdicate the sovereign power, and establish Philadelphus (at this time 24 years of age) upon the throne during his own lifetime. The young prince appears to have been personally popular with the Alexandrians, who, we are told, welcomed the announcement with the utmost joy, and the accession of the new monarch (Nov B. C. 285) was celebrated with festivities and processions of the utmost magnificence. (Just. 16.2 ; Athen. v. pp. 196-203; Porphyr. ap. Euseb. Arm. p. 113.) It is probable that the virtual authority of king still remained in the hands of Ptolemy Soter, during the two years that he survived this event ; but no attempt was made to disturb his arrangement of the succession. Ptolemy Cerannus and Meleager quitted Egypt, and Philadelphus found himself at his father's death (B. C. 283) the undisputed master of his wealthy and powerful kingdom. His long reign was marked by few events of a striking character, while his attention was mainly directed to the internal administration of his kingdom, and the patronage of literature and science; his foreign policy was essentially pacific, and the few external wars by which his reign was troubled, were not of a nature to affect deeply the prosperity of his dominions. Unfortunately, our historical information concerning his reign is so scanty, that we have the greatest difficulty in arranging and connecting the few notices that have been transmitted to us. Its tranquillity appears to have been first disturbed by hostilities with his half brother Magas, who had governed Cyrene as viceroy under Ptolemy Soter, but on the death of that monarch threw off the yoke, and asserted his independence. Not content with maintaining himself in the possession of the Cyrenaica, Magas even attempted to invade Egypt, and had advanced as far as Paraetonium, when he was recalled to his own dominions by a revolt of the Marmaridae. A formidable mutiny among his Gaulish mercenaries prevented Ptolemy from pursuing suing him (Paus. 1.7 . §§ 1, 2; Schol. ad Callim. h. in Del. 170-190). Magas, however, subsequently induced Antiochus II., king of Syria, to make common cause with him against the Egyptian monarch, aud himself undertook a second expedition against Egypt, in which he again advanced to the frontier, and took the fortress of Paraetonium ; but the efforts of Antiochus were paralysed by the address of Ptolemy, and he was able to effect nothing on the side of Syria. At length the war was terminated by a treaty, which left Magas in undisputed possession of the Cyrenaica, while his infant daughter Berenice was betrothed to Ptolemy, the son of Philadelphus. (Paus. 1.7.3 ; Pulyaen. 2.28; Just. 26.3 ; Droysen, Hellenism. vol. ii. pp. 244-250.) It was probably during the continuance of this war that we find Ptolemy also taking an active part in the affairs of Greece, by sending a fleet under Patroclus to the assistance of the Athenians against Antigonus Gonatas [PATROCLUS]. Nor was he inattentive to the events that were passing in more distant countries. After the defeat of Pyrrhus by the Romans, he had hastened to conclude a treaty with the rising republic, and during the subsequent war between Rome and Carthage, he continued faithful to his new allies, and refused to assist the Carthaginians. (Liv. Epit. xiv. Dio Cass. fr. 146; Zonar. 8.6 ; Just. 18.2 ; V. Max. 4.3.9 ; Appian. Sic. Of the subsequent relations between Egypt and Syria, we know only in general terms that hostilities between them were frequently interrupted or suspended, and as often renewed; but the wars appear to have been marked by no events of a striking character. It must have been towards the close of the reign of Philadelphus that the long protracted contest was terminated by a treaty of peace, by which Ptolemy gave his daughter Berenice in marriage to Antiochus II. The other stipulations of the peace are unknown to us, but it is certain that Phoenicia and Coele-Syria-the never-failing cause of dispute between the two monarchies-remained in the hands of Ptolemy (Hieron. ad Daniel. 11.6; Droysen, vol. ii. p. 316.) In Greece Ptolemy appears to have continued throughout his reign on unfriendly if not directly hostile terms with Macedonia, and lost no opportunity of assisting the party opposed to that power ; but it was not until a few years defore his death that the successes of Aratus and the rise of the Achaean league opened out to his policy fresh prospects in that quarter. He hastened to support Aratus with considerable sums of money, and received him in the most friendly manner when he visited Alexandria in person. (Plut. Arat. 11 But while Ptolemy was thus attentive to the events that were passing among the neighbouring potentates, his chief care was directed to the internal administration of his kingdom, and to the encouragement and extension of its foreign commerce. One of the first measures of his reign was to take effectual steps for clearing Upper Egypt from the robbers and banditti by which it was infested (Theocr. Idyll. 15.46-49, and Schol. ad loc. ), and he afterwards carried his arms far into Ethiopia, and established friendly relations with the barbarian tribes of that country. He was also the first to derive from those regions a supply of elephants for war, which had been previously procured solely from India, and so important did he deem this resource that he founded a city or fortress named Ptolemais on the confines of Ethiopia, solely with a view to this object (Agatharchides ap. Phot. p. 441b, 453, a; Hieronym. ad Dan. 11.5; Plin. Nat. 6.34 ; Diod. 3.36 ). With Ergamenes, the Greek king of Meroe, he appears to have maintained friendly relations. In order to command the important navigation and commerce of the Red Sea, he founded the city of Arsinoie at the head of the gulf (on the site of the modern Suez), and that of Berenice on the coast almost under the tropic. The former he connected with the Nile by renewing and clearing out the canal which had previously been constructed by Necho, while he opened a high road from Berenice to Coptos on the Nile, which continued for ages to be the route by which all the merchandise of India, Arabia, and Aethiopia was conveyed to Alexandria. Not contented with this, we find him sending Satyrus on a voyage of discovery along the western coast of the Red Sea, and founding another city of Berenice as far south as the latitude of Meroe (Strab. xvii. pp. 770, 804, 815; Plin. Nat. 6.34 ; Diod. 1.33 ; Droysen, Hellenism. vol. ii. p. 735-738; Letronne, Rec. des Inscr. It was doubtless also with a view to the extension of his commerce with India that we find him sending an ambassador of the name of Dionysius to the native princes of that country. (Plin. Nat. 6.21 But it is more especially as the patron and promoter of literature and science that the name of Philadelphus is justly celebrated. The institutions of which the foundations had been laid by his father quickly rose under his fostering care to the highest prosperity. The Museum of Alexandria became the resort and abode of all the most distinguished men of letters of the day, and in the library attached to it were accumulated all the treasures of ancient learning. The first person who illed the office of librarian appears to have been Zenodotus of Ephesus, who had previously been the preceptor of Ptolemy : his successor was the poet Callimachus. (Suid. s. v. Ζηνόδοτος ; Parthey, das Alex. Museum, p. 71; Ritschl, die Alex. Bibliothek, p. 19.) Among the other illustrious names which adorned the court and reign of Ptolemy, may be mentioned those of the poets Philetas and Theocritus (the last of whom has left us a laboured panegyric upon the Egyptian monarch, which is of some importance in an historical point of view), the philosophers Hegesias and Theodorus, the mathematician Euclid, and the astronomers Timocharis, Aristarchus of Samos, and Aratus. It was not merely by his munificence, or the honours which he bestowed upon these eminent men that Ptolemy was able to attract them to his court : he had himself received a learned education, and appears to have possessed a genuine love of literature, while many anecdotes attest to us the friendly and familiar terms upon which he associated with the distinguished strangers whom he had gathered around him. Nor was his patronage confined to the ordinary cycle of Hellenic literature. By his interest in natural history he gave a stimulus to the pursuit of that science, which gave birth to many important works, while he himself formed collections of rare animals within the precincts of the royal palace. It was during his reign also, and perhaps at his desire, that Manetho gave to the world in a Greek form the historical records of the Egyptians; and according to a wellknown tradition, which, disguised as it has been by fables, may not be without an historical foundation, it was by his express command that the Holy Scriptures of the Jews were translated into Greek (Joseph. 12.2. For the fuller investigation of this subject, see ARISTEAS). Whatever truth there may be in this tale, it is certain that he treated the Jewish colonists, many of whom had already settled at Alexandria under Ptolemy Soter, with much favour, and not only allowed them perfect toleration for their religion, but appears to have placed them in many respects on a par with his Greek subjects. (Joseph. I. c. The fine arts met with scarcely less encouragement under Ptolemy than literature and science, but his patronage does not appear to have given rise to any school of painting or sculpture of real merit; and we are told that Aratus gained his favour by presents of pictures of the Sicyonic school. (Plut. Arat. 12 .) His architectural works, on the contrary, were of a superior order, and many of the most splendid buildings at Alexandria were erected or completed under his reign, especially the museum, the lighthouse on the island of Pharos, and the royal burial place or sepulchre, to which he removed the body of Alexander from Memphis, while he deposited there the remains of his father and mother (Paus. 1.7.1 ; Strab. xvii. p.791 As a farther proof of his filial piety he raised a temple to the memory of Ptolemy and Berenice, in which their statues were consecrated as tutelary deities of Egypt (Theocr. Id. 17.123). The new cities or colonies founded by Philadelphus in different parts of his dominions were extremely numerous. On the Red Sea alone we find at least two bearing the name of Arsinoe, one called after another of his sisters Philotera, and two cities named in honour of his mother Berenice. The same names occur also in Cilicia and Syria : and in the latter country he founded the important fortress of Ptolemais in Palestine. (Concerning these various foundations, see Droysen, Hellenism. vol. ii. pp. 678, 699, 721, 731, &c.; Letronne, Recueil des Inscr. All authorities concur in attesting the great power and wealth, to which the Egyptian monarchy was raised under Philadelphus. We are told that he possessed at the close of his reign a standing army of 200,000 foot and 40,000 horse, besides war-chariots and elephants; a fleet of 1500 ships, among which were many vessels of stupendous size; and a sum of 740,000 talents in his treasury; while he derived from Egypt alone an annual revenue of 14,800 talents (Appian. praef. 10; Hieronym. ad Daniel. 11.5). His dominions comprised, besides Egypt itself, and portions of Ethiopia, Arabia, and Libya, the important provinces of Phoenicia and Coele-Syria, together with Cyprus, Lycia, Caria, and the Cyclades : and during a great part at least of his reign, Cilicia and Pamphylia also (Theocrit. Idyll. 17.86-90 ; Droysen, l.c. Before his death Cyrene was reunited to the monarchy by the marriage of his son Ptolemy with Berenice, the daughter of Magas. The private life and relations of Philadelphus are far from displaying his character in as favourable a light as we might have inferred from the splendour of his administration. Almost immediately on his accession he had banished Demetrius Phalereus, the friend and counsellor of his father, who was believed to have advised the latter against altering the succession in favour of his younger son; and it was probably not long afterwards that he put to death his brother Argaeus, who was accused of conspiring against his life. Another of his brothers, who had attempted to excite a revolt in Cyprus, subsequently shared the same fate; and his first wife Arsinoe, the daughter of Lysimachus, was banished to Coptos in Upper Egypt on a similar charge (Paus. 1.7.1 ; D. L. 5.78 ; Schol. ad Theocr. Id. After her lemy took the strange resolution of marrying his own sister Arsinoe, the widow of Lysimachus ; flagrant violation of the religious notions of the Greeks, and which gave rise to severe animadversions. Though she must have been many years older than himself, he appears to have continued tenderly attached to her throughout her life, and evinced his affection not only by bestowing her name upon many of his newly-founded colonies, but by assuming himself the surname of Philadelphus, a title which some writers referred in derision to his unnatural treatment of his two brothers. After her death he erected a temple to Arsinoe, and caused divine honours to be paid to her memory. (Paus. 1.7 . §§ 1, 3; Theocrit. Idyll. 17.130, Schol. ad loc. ; Athen. 14.621 By this second marriage Ptolemy had no issue : but his first wife had borne him two sons-Ptolemy, who succeeded him on the throne, and Lysimachus; and a daughter, Berenice, whose marriage to Antiochus II., king of Syria, has been already mentioned. Philadelphus died a natural death before the close of the year B. C. 247; having reigned thirtyeight years from his first accession, and thirty-six from the death of his father (Euseb. Arm. p. 114 ; Clinton, F. H. vol. iii. p. 379). He had been always of a feeble and sickly constitution, which prevented him from ever taking the command of his armies in person; and he led the life of a refined voluptuary, combining sensual and dissolute pleasures with the more elevated gratifications of the taste and understanding. (Strab. xvii. p.789 ; Athen. 13.576 The great defects of his character as an individual have been already adverted to, but there can be no doubt that his dominions enjoyed the utmost prosperity under his mild and pacific rule, and his skilful policy added as much to the greatness and strength of his empire as could the arms of a more warlike monarch. The coins of Ptolemy Philadelphus are only to by their dates; none of them bearing the epithet of Philadelphus.

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Can adenocarcinoma be cured? Yes. Adenocarcinoma can be successfully treated in many cases. Survival rates vary depending on the type of cancer, its location and stage. What causes adenosarcoma? Factors that have reportedly been associated with development of adenosarcoma of the uterus include hyperestrinism (abnormally high levels of estrogenic hormones in the body), prior chemotherapy , prior radiotherapy and tamoxifen therapy (used as an adjuvant drug for breast cancer ). Is adenosarcoma benign or malignant? Adenosarcoma is a biphasic neoplasm composed of a benign epithelial component and a sarcomatous mesenchymal component, resembling phyllodes tumor of the breast. Adenosarcomas typically arise from the endometrium and are encountered, less commonly, in the cervix. How common is uterine Adenosarcoma? Uterine adenosarcoma (UAS) is a rare female genital tract malignancy accounting for 59% of uterine sarcomas and only about 0.2% of all uterine neoplasm (1,2). It is considered a biphasic tumor because of the presence of benign epithelial elements combined with a malignant mesenchymal component (3,4). What is the life expectancy of someone with adenocarcinoma? According to research, there is a five-year overall survival rate of 98% after surgery for those with minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (tumors less than three centimeters wide). 2 The five-year survival rate for people with more advanced stages of the disease varies considerably. Does adenocarcinoma spread quickly? Adenocarcinoma can be considered fast-growing or slow-growing depending on how long the cancer takes to metastasize. Is an Adenosarcoma cancerous? Adenosarcoma (also Mullerian Adenosarcoma) is a rare malignant tumor that occurs in women of all age groups, but most commonly post-menopause. Can metastatic adenocarcinoma be cured? In some situations, metastatic cancer can be cured, but most commonly, treatment does not cure the cancer. But doctors can treat it to slow its growth and reduce symptoms. It is possible to live for many months or years with certain types of cancer, even after the development of metastatic disease. How aggressive is uterine sarcoma? Uterine sarcomas are rare tumors that tend to behave more aggressively and that are associated with a poor prognosis. Diagnosis is usually made following surgical intervention, which often has been performed for benign reasons. The management of uterine sarcomas should employ an interdisciplinary approach. What is the difference between carcinoma and sarcoma? A carcinoma forms in the skin or tissue cells that line the body’s internal organs, such as the kidneys and liver. A sarcoma grows in the body’s connective tissue cells, which include fat, blood vessels, nerves, bones, muscles, deep skin tissues and cartilage. Are all cancers carcinomas? Not all cancers are carcinoma. Other types of cancer that aren’t carcinomas invade the body in different ways. Those cancers begin in other types of tissue, such as: Bone. What is Mullerian Adenosarcoma? Mullerian adenosarcomas are rare mixed tumors of low malignant potential that occur mainly in the uterus and also in extrauterine locations. Microscopically, they may be difficult to distinguish from adenofibromas. Are adenomas always benign? Adenomas are generally benign or non cancerous but carry the potential to become adenocarcinomas which are malignant or cancerous. As benign growths they can grow in size to press upon the surrounding vital structures and leading to severe consequences. Is fibroma malignant? They can grow in all organs, arising from mesenchyme tissue. The term fibroblastic or fibromatous is used to describe tumors of the fibrous connective tissue. When the term fibroma is used without modifier, it is usually considered benign, with the term fibrosarcoma reserved for malignant tumors. Where does liposarcoma occur? A liposarcoma is a rare type of cancer that develops in your fatty tissue. This type of tumor can grow anywhere in your body. Common places include your abdomen, thigh, and behind your knee. Can you survive adenocarcinoma? Survival rates vary significantly, depending on the type of adenocarcinoma. Women with breast cancer that has spread locally but not to distant organs may have a 5-year survival rate of around 85% . A person with an equivalent stage adenocarcinoma in the lung would have a survival rate of about 33% . How long can you live with stage 4 adenocarcinoma? According to the American Cancer Society (ASC), the overall five-year survival rate for distant stage lung cancer or stage IV NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer) is seven percent. This means 7 out of 100 people with stage IV NSCLC can survive for at least five years after their diagnosis. What are the most deadliest cancers? Top 5 Deadliest Cancers - Prostate Cancer. - Pancreatic Cancer. - Breast Cancer. - Colorectal Cancer. - Lung Cancer. What is the best treatment for adenocarcinoma? Surgery: Often the first line of treatment for adenocarcinoma, surgery is used to remove the cancerous glandular tissue and some surrounding tissue. If possible, minimally invasive surgical procedures may be used to help reduce healing time and the risk of post-surgical infection. Is adenocarcinoma hereditary? Genes are more likely to cause some types of lung cancer than others. For example, about 60% of people with lung adenocarcinomas have certain gene mutations. If lung cancer runs in your family, genes may not be the only reason. A shared environment can also be part of the risk. Does adenocarcinoma spread to the brain? The symptoms of adenocarcinoma depend on the tumor’s location, as different regions of the brain affects different parts of the body. Metastatic adenocarcinoma of the brain can trigger changes in the nervous system and cause changes in eye sight or problems walking and speaking, for example. How long can a dog live after being diagnosed with adenocarcinoma? For these patients there is an average life expectancy of sixteen months. If the lymph nodes look like they cannot be removed in their entirety or without presenting the patient with undue risk, they can be left or managed by either chemotherapy or radiotherapy or sometimes by a combination of these. What is the most common cause of adenocarcinoma of the lung? Smoking is the most common risk factor associated with all types of lung cancer; however, the association between adenocarcinoma and smoking is lower than that of the other types of lung cancer. Other adenocarcinoma risk factors include exposure to: Secondhand smoke. Radon. Is stage 4 adenocarcinoma curable? Stage 4 cancer usually can’t be cured. Because it will have spread throughout the body, it is unlikely it can be completely remove it and so the goal of treatment is to prolong survival and improve quality of life. Does adenocarcinoma respond well to chemo? Unfortunately, small intestine adenocarcinoma does not seem to be very sensitive to chemo, so it is not often part of the main treatment for this cancer. Still, it may be used in some situations: If the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other parts of the body. What kind of chemo is used for adenocarcinoma? For a CUP that is an adenocarcinoma or a poorly differentiated carcinoma, a number of chemo combinations may be used, including: Carboplatin plus paclitaxel (Taxol), with or without etoposide (VP-16) Carboplatin plus docetaxel (Taxotere) Cisplatin plus gemcitabine (Gemzar) Can a tumor grow overnight? They emerge at night, while we sleep unaware, growing and spreading out as quickly as they can. And they are deadly. In a surprise finding that was recently published in Nature Communications, Weizmann Institute of Science researchers showed that nighttime is the right time for cancer to grow and spread in the body. Who gets uterine sarcoma? It is part of the female reproductive system. Cancerous cells that develop in its muscles or supporting tissues are called uterine sarcoma. Uterine sarcoma is rare, making up less than 4 percent of all cancers of the uterus. Only 1,200 women are diagnosed with this disease in the United States each year. How quickly does uterine sarcoma grow? It can grow fast and may even double in size in as little as four weeks. The treatment needs to be initiated as soon as possible after its diagnosis. Is sarcoma terminal? A sarcoma is considered stage IV when it has spread to distant parts of the body. Stage IV sarcomas are rarely curable. But some patients may be cured if the main (primary) tumor and all of the areas of cancer spread (metastases) can be removed by surgery.

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Readers are advised this article contains content relating to violent colonial practices and deceased Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, which some may find distressing. Ancestors of Indigenous Australians are represented in Britain not only by the objects they made. The Ancestral Remains of Aboriginal people still lie in museums or in graves, marked and unmarked. A number of Aboriginal people who travelled to Britain in the late 18th and 19th century died there. These include Yemmerrawanne, who visited with Bennelong in 1793; William Wimmera, whose mother was killed by colonists in northwest Victoria and who was subsequently brought by the Reverend Septimus Lloyd Chase to Reading, where the lad died in 1852; and Bripumyarrimin, "King Cole", a member of the 1868 Aboriginal cricket team who died in London in the same year. Indirect evidence of Aboriginal visitors to Britain and their agency in collecting specimens is also evident in some museum collections. The Natural History Museum, for instance, has plant specimens collected by botanist George Caley in New South Wales. His field collecting was greatly assisted by "Dan", referring to Daniel Moowattin, an Aboriginal man from the Parramatta region, who came to London with Caley in 1810-11 to work on naturalist Joseph Banks's collection. The collecting of Ancestral Remains was a practice that began in the earliest days of the colony in Sydney and continued well into the 20th century. A number of the remains collected were of well-known individuals killed in frontier violence, whose heads became trophies. Throughout most of the 19th century, there was a particular interest in obtaining Tasmanian Aboriginal remains as the people were then believed to be becoming "extinct". Both their bones and hair were keenly sought after. While there are large numbers of unidentified Ancestral Remains in British collections, traces of named individuals can be found. Collectively, they illustrate the violence of the colonial frontier and the wide-ranging medical and other networks of 19th-century collectors reaching from Britain to Australia. Heads lost and found Joseph Banks, who visited Australia once as part of Cook's first voyage, used his extensive contacts in Sydney to seek out both Aboriginal artefacts and Aboriginal human remains. In the early 1790s, Governor Arthur Phillip sent Banks two Aboriginal skulls from "New Holland", that were destined for Johann Friedrich Blumenbach at the University of Göttingen, Germany. In ensuing frontier violence, the resistance of Pemulwuy, from the Botany Bay region, resulted in Governor Philip Gidley King issuing an order for his capture in November 1801, and in June 1802 Pemulwuy and another man were shot dead. Pemulwuy's head was preserved in spirits and was among the "desiderata" sent back by King to Banks in the ship Speedy. In 1802, the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London noted a gift of "two heads" at that time, although erroneously labelled as coming from Tahiti. Banks's acquaintance with surgeon John Hunter (whose collections were the foundation of the museum) was likely why the heads arrived at the Royal College of Surgeons. In August 1818, British artist James Ward, a prolific painter of people and animals, was granted permission by the College of Surgeons to "make Drawings from the two heads in the Museum of Natives of New South Wales". His journal (October 24 1818) notes: "Begin a study at the College of Surgeons from 2 heads of Botany Bay men". Ward's sketches were exhibited at his house in Newman Street, London, in 1822, and described as: In 1829, these works appear to be listed for sale again in an auction catalogue from Christie's. In recent decades, numerous attempts have been made to find Pemulwuy's remains but without success. The Royal College of Surgeons was bombed in World War II and the head, which had been preserved in spirit and so perhaps kept only as a skull, may have been destroyed then. Heads of recently and naturally deceased Aboriginal people were also obtained through institutions' and surgeons' interests. John Shinall (c.1809-39) lived much of his life with a white family near Hobart in Tasmania and worked as a farm labourer. After his death his body was mutilated and his severed head preserved in alcohol. Dr John Frederick Clarke, Inspector General of Hospitals in Hobart, presented it to the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in Dublin about 1845-6. It was later photographed and published in 1899 in Henry Ling Roth's The Aborigines of Tasmania. After tracking it down and seeing it displayed in Dublin in 1985, the Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre negotiated to have Shinall's head returned and he arrived home in 1990. Yagan was a Nyungar man from the Swan River (Perth) region of Western Australia who, like Pemulwuy on the other side of the continent, had resisted the settlers. He was once captured but escaped from custody. In 1833, a price was offered for his head after two settlers were killed following the shooting of a group of his own Nyungar people. Yagan was subsequently killed and his head was taken to England in the luggage of Lieutenant Robert Dale, who tried to sell it. It was displayed for 12 months by Thomas Pettigrew, a surgeon and antiquarian interested in phrenology. Dale later gave it to the Liverpool Royal Institution, in the town where he lived. In 1964 it was disposed of, among other remains, as it was badly deteriorated. Following decades of searching by Nyungar people, in 1993 it was identified in an unmarked grave in Liverpool and eventually returned by Aboriginal Elders to WA in 1997. The Bunuba people of the Wunaamin Milliwundi Ranges (previously named the King Leopold Ranges) region of northwestern WA are still looking for Jandamarra. In the 1890s, he worked for some time as a tracker for the police but later led a rebellion against European colonists. He was eventually tracked down and killed with help from another Aboriginal man in 1897. As Bunuba woman June Oscar stated in 2015, the carnage of Aboriginal people at that time devastated Bunuba society. After his death, Jandamarra's head was taken to England, and was last seen in the 1960s, displayed as a trophy in Greener's gun factory in Birmingham, which had a museum housing birds, animals and objects relating to shooting. The factory subsequently relocated and the whereabouts of Jandamarra's skull today remains unknown. An anonymous cranium, likely that of a prisoner from the East Kimberley region of WA, was among the collection of 38 Aboriginal objects obtained by Dr James Albert Wetherell of Stokesley and donated to the Dorman Museum in Middlesbrough in 1904. The skull has a handwritten label attached stating Born in Middlesbrough in 1862, Wetherell trained in medicine at Edinburgh, graduating in 1886. He arrived in WA in 1892 and registered as a doctor, working at Bridgetown and Bunbury before being appointed in June 1892 as a justice of the peace and resident magistrate of the East Kimberley. As Chris Owen has discussed in his book Every Mother's Son is Guilty, this was an era when police could be disciplined for not shooting Aborigines. In early 1893, in his capacity as resident magistrate, Wetherell sent out an expedition to punish "savage outlaws" after the attempted spearing of a policeman. He resigned in late 1894 and eventually returned to live in Hull. Newspapers reported that he failed to take care of prisoners in the gaol with many dying, the food he provided being unfit for consumption. Those released from prison were forced to walk over 200 kilometres home to their country without provisions, some dying on the road. Newspaper accounts relate that Wetherell performed autopsies just outside the gaol in view of the prisoners and kept portions of bodies as curios. As the other objects in his collection came from the Kimberley region, the cranium likely originated in the Wyndham police district and possibly from an autopsy he carried out. In 2019, the Dorman Museum took steps to initiate its return to the Kimberley. Fanny Smith's hair In mid-to late 19th-century Britain, issues of racial origins and human evolution were hotly debated. In this context, not only human remains but also hair samples of different peoples were valued specimens for study and exchange. Samples from Tasmania were highly sought after, particularly after the death of Trukanini (or "Truganini") in 1876, who was then often erroneously referred to as "the last Tasmanian". A hair sample from an unknown Tasmanian was bought by Dr Malcolm of the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum in London from Dr Richard Berry in Bristol for Pound 25 in 1930. Written in ink on the label of the container is "V Luschan", indicating an association with Vienna-based doctor and ethnographer Felix von Luschan, who amassed a large collection of human remains. Trained in Edinburgh, Berry also had a huge collection of Aboriginal Ancestral Remains and while at the University of Melbourne had studied crania robbed from graves in Tasmania, before moving to work in Bristol in 1930. There he was associated with the eugenics movement, proposing a lethal chamber for "low grade defectives". The hair sample he sold to the Wellcome Museum has since been returned to Tasmania, as part of a long campaign by the Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre for the return of Ancestral Remains. The skeleton and hair of my grandmother's grandmother, Fanny Smith, were objects of desire for anthropologist and collector Henry Ling Roth of Halifax while she was still alive. In the 1880s and 1890s, it was debated whether Fanny was in fact the "last" Tasmanian Aborigine, and she was particularly noted for her recording of Aboriginal songs on wax cylinders. Ling Roth sought help in Tasmania from Quaker James Backhouse Walker and Edinburgh-born photographer and antiquarian James Watt Beattie of Hobart to obtain a photograph of Fanny and a lock of her hair. Backhouse Walker wrote to Ling Roth on December 20 1891 indicating he "believes Fanny Cochrane Smith is a 'half-caste'" and advising he might be able to get photographs of her and would ask for a sample of hair, but added, that he "doubts her husband would allow her dissection in the event of her death". Fanny lived at a distance from Hobart and there was ongoing difficulty in obtaining the photograph and hair, which was not given up by Fanny until 1894. It was then dispatched by Beattie to Ling Roth. In 1908, at the request of anatomist Sir William Turner of the University of Edinburgh, Ling Roth sent this sample to him where its physical appearance was discussed along with hair samples from Trukanini and others in a paper concerning "the classification of races based on the colour and characteristics of the hair". In the 1990s, following much correspondence between the Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre and the Anatomical Museum at the University of Edinburgh, which had told the centre to "desist from further correspondence", the hair sample was eventually located and returned. Traces of Australian 'kings': 'King' McIntyre and 'King' Tiger As Aboriginal societies had important leaders but no "kings" or singular "chiefs", European settlers and officials sometimes gave breastplates or "king" plates to chosen individuals in their district, as a means of enlisting their help in dealing with other Aboriginal people. The earliest example noted was given to Bungaree in Sydney in 1815, and by the 1820s they were in common use. Due to the history of collaboration with settlers, such "king" or "queen" plates elicit mixed feelings among Aboriginal people today. Perhaps surprisingly, few such plates are in British collections. National Museums Scotland in Edinburgh has one given to "Sandy, King of Coringori Australia" and another in Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery belonged to "King" McIntyre, a senior man of the Manilla region in northern NSW. A newspaper account in 1874 suggests the reason McIntyre was given the plate was due to his twice saving the life of Mr Thomas Hoskisson of Bareeba Station. He and his family were consequently "made life pensioners, to the extent of a full ration daily". "Tiger, King of Mines Lawn Hills" was a senior man living at or near Lawn Hills Station, a place of copper mining inland from Burketown in northwest Queensland in the early 1900s. One report suggests he died circa 1930 when he was about 60 to 70 years old by drinking water from a can once containing poison. Subsequently his grave was desecrated and breast plate removed by the station owner of Gregory Downs. His skull and his king plate were sent to the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum in 1935 by Agnes Dorothy Kerr, matron of the Burketown Hospital. Born in England, Kerr had trained as a nurse and worked in New Zealand before serving in the first world war in Egypt and Serbia. Interested in anatomy from her nursing training she sent a number of human remains from northwest Queensland to Sir Henry Wellcome for his collection in London. In 1936, she received a letter indicating Sir Henry would be very glad to have this plate, making a valuable addition to his collections. The theft of Tiger's cranium and breastplate and associated correspondence with Kerr was the inspiration for an artwork and publication titled "skullduggery" by Waanyi artist Judy Watson in 2021, bringing attention to the Ancestral Remains and artefacts still abroad. The return to Country of Ancestral Remains is a continuing aspiration for Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders across Australia. Some museums in Britain still retain Aboriginal human remains but work to return them is ongoing. Two cremation ash bundles from Tasmania were returned by the British Museum in 2006; it still retains two modified crania requested by Torres Strait Islanders but refused for return by the museum trustees in 2012. This work is emotionally difficult for those Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders involved, but programs of repatriation continue, albeit sometimes slowly. This is an edited extract of an essay published in Ancestors, artefacts, empire: Indigenous Australia in British and Irish Museums, edited by Gaye Sculthorpe, Maria Nugent and Howard Morphy (British Museum Press). Author: Gaye Sculthorpe - Curator & Section Head, Oceania, The British Museum

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In the case of Pakistan, Bangladesh and India, conflict and religion have shaped foreign policy, and you’ll see how. In 1905, the British found the then Bengal presidency in India to be a very difficult province to manage and thus, ordered its ‘partition on the basis of religion’ to ease its administration. Although most Hindus vehemently opposed the division as a ‘divide and rule policy’, many Muslims supported it. The Muslim dominated the eastern regions of the Bengal presidency, which had comparatively lesser development and infrastructure than its western counterpart, dominated by the Hindu populace. However the political upheaval forced the British to rescind the partition of Bengal and finally the province was reunited in 1911. THE SEQUEL – INDEPENDENT STATE FOR MUSLIMS IN SOUTH ASIA However as the calendar drew closer to 1947, the communal separatists devised the “two-nation theory.” This “theory” claimed that the Muslims and the Hindus in the subcontinent constituted two very different and thus, irreconcilable nationalities. This “theory”, silent on how in spite of vast class, linguistic, ethnic, social, and cultural differences, opined that Muslims constitute a unified nation on a basis of “divine sanction.” The Bengali Muslim leaders also played a strong role in the Pakistan Movement, as much as the Punjabi and Sindhi Muslim leaders because they believed that ‘religion’ would be a unifying factor and language wouldn’t divide them. In addition to that, they also thought that Muslims would be safer under the rule of an Islam-oriented country, that is, Pakistan. All of this led to East Bengal becoming East Pakistan, politically a part of the sovereign country of Pakistan in 1947. So, while ‘religion’ cut what was then India into two parts, it united a vast population separated by miles to form a single country – Pakistan. That way, ‘religion’ became a unifying yet divisive factor. SIDELINED EVEN BEFORE BIRTH The idea of a distinct state for the Indian Muslims was first proposed by Muhammed Iqbal; his scheme, “did not include Bengal”; it was confined to setting up a separate state for Indian Muslims in the North-West of the subcontinent. The name Pakistan, coined by Chaudhuri Rahmat Ali along with a group of students in Cambridge, was an acronym for Punjab, Afghania (Pathan), Kashmir, Sind, and istan (meaning country in Persian). Hence, Rahmat Ali’s scheme too failed to include the “lesser breed” of Bengali Muslims. Howbeit ‘religion’ could keep neither the people nor the politicians together. The once unifying factor – ‘religion’ – could not cement the fractures that followed in the erstwhile East Pakistan and West Pakistan. It was a single country ‘predominantly’ comprising of Muslims divided only by a huge, Hindu dominant country, India (geographically). But all was not well between the east and the west of the same country following the same religion. It wasn’t only India that had torn them apart (geographically) but what had diverged their paths was ethnicity. While West Pakistan had a strong predilection for the Urdu-influenced, fundamentally Islamic, and authoritarian government & social life, the East Pakistanis were ascendants of the Bengali culture which made them hold on so strongly to ‘their’ language, culture, and ideas, all of which embodied within them the core principles of freedom, secularism, and democracy. In stark contrast to its western counterpart, the eastern side had a more lenient approach to its minorities and sought to maintain ‘reasonably’ harmonious relations with its immediate and enormous neighbor – India. THE POWER STRUGGLE The areas that constituted Pakistan in 1947 were Bengal, Punjab, Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (then North-West Frontier Province or ‘NWFP’). The people who were handed over the reigns of the new country, Pakistan, on August 14 1947, were tasked with working out a system which allowed all the above-mentioned entities to coexist peacefully and prosper together. But when they sat down to figure out this formula for an equal distribution of power, every option they considered led to the same concern: the Bengalis were more in number than all the rest put together, and under a democracy, nothing could bar them from getting a majority share in the new state. Now that did not sit well (at all) with the infant country’s larger, grander designs of spearheading a new Islamic renaissance and superimposing ‘West Pakistani’ values across the length and breadth of ‘Pakistan’. THE CLASH OF LANGUAGES As one of the very first policies of the government of Pakistan, the Muslim League decided to make Urdu the sole state language of Pakistan though only 3 per cent of the population of Pakistan spoke Urdu but over 56 per cent spoke Bangla (or Bengali). Since Urdu was the language of the dominant class in West Pakistan and hence the language of upper echelons of the Muslim League leadership, the ruling party decided that Urdu was to be the sole state language of Pakistan. The explanation provided by the Pakistani ruling elite was that, since Urdu had more similarity with Arabic and Persian, it was a more “Islamic” language and since Bangla was derived from pre-existing Indian languages, primarily Sanskrit, it was a “Hindu” language. This was the first blow, post independence, to the Bengalis for whom Urdu was an alien and unrelated language. Thus, the Bengali intelligentsia and political leadership proposed that both Urdu and Bangla be declared as the state languages. Province-wide strike was held to protest the central government’s chauvinist policy of rejecting the language of the majority of the people as unfit to be a state language. On 21 February, 1952, university students started a procession and the police, under the direction of the West Pakistan Government, opened fire on them. This took a huge toll on the lives of many students and further agitated the people of East Pakistan. This incident also made it implicit that West Pakistan will remain unsympathetic towards the Bengali people, their language & culture, refrain from treating them as equals, and if need be then, won’t give a second thought to the idea of massacre in East Pakistan in its quest to retain a firm grip over that “patch of land”. “THE TISSUE PAPER LAND” The Pakistani ruling elite was more interested in the development of provinces of West Pakistan, though the majority of the country’s population lived in East Pakistan. This became crystal clear when West Pakistan efficiently ‘used’ the revenue earned by selling the East Pakistan’s crops to develop West Pakistan while no tangible sign of development came to sight in East Pakistan. If facts are to be believed then, in/around the year 1951, the total expenditure on the development projects of Pakistan was Rs. 1,126 million, out of which only Rs. 28 million was for East Pakistan. Hence, it is understandable why the Bengalis felt being ‘exploited’ (like a tissue paper!). But rifts began to show glaringly only after the elections in 1970, which played a key role in polarizing the already geographically divided country. West Pakistan chose Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as Prime Minister, but the teeming population of East Pakistan voted almost unanimously for the Awami League under Mujibur Rahman. The Awami League, thus, acquired majority in the Parliamentary Elections of 1970, but the military dictator of Pakistan did not handover the power to the Awami League. When talks between the two leaders broke down, Bhutto gambled on sending in troops and jailing the secessionists. The West Pakistani rulers kept no stone unturned to oppress and suppress the political leaders of East Pakistan. For example, Sheikh Mujib, the leader of the Awami League, was sent to jail for more than 18 times on false charges. Political killings became very regular events. Official butchery and bloodbaths looked like common scenes then. This elicited the boiling point in East Pakistan. Hence, on 25 March, 1971, the West Pakistani Government ordered “Operation Searchlight”. Operation Searchlight was a planned military killing carried out by the Pakistani Army to suppress the Bengali nationalist movement in East Pakistan during the liberation war of 1971. The Awami League leader, Mujib-ur Rahman, was arrested at night & was taken to West Pakistan. The Army then started indiscriminate killing in all of East Pakistan. The heaviest attack was on Dhaka where they killed at least 7000 students, faculty and staff overnight. Within a week at least 30,000 people were killed and half of the population fled Dhaka. Half of the Chittagong population was brutally raped, shot, and murdered. The killings continued for the next 9 months until December. This flooded India with some 10,000,000 refugees, thus, provoking Indian intervention. Since India as a nation has always emphasised humanity and compassion in all of its policies and actions, it did not surprise many when India, instead of being indifferent or acquiescent, took a ‘very firm’ stand ‘for’ Bangladesh in the Liberation War of 1971. Showing its intense contempt for the Pakistani Army led ghastly genocide and mass-rapes of Bangladeshi citizens, prioritising its sensitivity towards the plights of the Bangladeshis, India decided to confront the Pakistani Army and thus, launched its own army on the land of Bangladesh to protect the Bangladeshi citizens from the unbearable atrocities, and hence, successfully grabbed independence for Bangladesh. India, thus, became the first country to recognize Bangladesh as a separate and independent state, and established diplomatic relations with the country immediately after its independence in December 1971. Hence, ‘religion’ (India being Hindu-dominant and Bangladesh being Muslim-majority) did not divide hearts this time, rather withstanding all differences in faiths and deities, India extended a supporting hand to the then ailing Bangladesh, which the latter, till this date, appreciates. But what is even more astounding is how the issue of ‘religion’ which became the major faultline and the most powerful ‘push factor’ for the 1947 India-Pakistan division could not, for long, keep the country of Pakistan ‘undivided’ and at the same time, did not discourage India from helping its neighbor, Bangladesh. As per a report published by the Ministry of External Affairs of India, at present, both countries, India and Bangladesh, share 54 rivers, out of which, a treaty is already in existence for sharing of the Ganges water and both sides are working for early finalisation of agreements for sharing of water of other common rivers. Both countries are also cooperating in the conservation of the entire Sunderbans ecosystem, which is a common biodiversity heritage. Bangladesh is an important trading partner for India. The two-way trade in 2012-2013 was US $ 5.34 billion with India’s exports to Bangladesh accounting for US $ 4.776 billion and imports US $ 0.564 million with the duty free access given by India to Bangladesh for all items except 25. Two border haats are already operational with a few more on the anvil along the India-Bangladesh border. Investment by Indian companies (Airtel, CEAT, Marico etc.) in Bangladesh continues to grow with the signing of bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection agreement. India and Bangladesh have also established inter-grid connectivity for the flow of bulk power from India to Bangladesh. India has always stood by Bangladesh in its hour of need with aid and economic assistance to help it cope with natural disasters like floods. In 2016, India boycotted the 19th SAARC summit in Islamabad, alleging Pakistan’s involvement in the 2016 Uri terror attacks in India. And Bangladesh was among the regional states who pulled out of the same summit, setting forth its loud and clear support ‘for’ India ‘against’ Pakistan. The Bangladeshi Foreign Ministry further conveyed to the SAARC Chair that Pakistan’s increasing interference in Bangladesh’s domestic affairs is inimical to the interest of Bangladesh and under such circumstances, it is not possible to participate in the summit at Islamabad. This finally led to the summit not happening at all that year. Mark that the conflict was between a Hindu-dominant nation and a Muslim-dominant nation but Bangladesh, another Muslim-dominant nation, chose to side with the former and not the latter. According to a report published in The Economic Times, Bangladesh, in May 2018, advocated reforms in the Organisation of Islamic Conference or OIC, inferring entry of countries with large Muslim populations like India as observers in the grouping. Bangladesh Foreign Minister AH Mahmud Ali stated – “A number of countries – not OIC members, have large number of Muslims as their citizens. The Muslims may be minority in those countries, but in terms of number – they often exceed the total population of many OIC member countries. There is a need to build bridges with those non-OIC countries, so that a large number of Muslim populations do not remain untouched by the good work of OIC. That is why, reforms and restructuring is critical for OIC”, indicating entry of India as OIC observer. So, did religious difference stop India from being ‘a friend in need is a friend indeed’ to Bangladesh and vice-versa? NO. By 1974 it was apparent that the new nation, Bangladesh, would stand on its own, and thus, Pakistan recognized Bangladesh. Diplomatic relations were established in January 1976, followed by the re-establishment of communication and transportation links later in the year. After the war, Bangladesh also claimed that it deserved a share of the US$4 billion worth of pre-independence exchange, bank credit, and movable assets protected in West Pakistan during the war. In a 1975 agreement, Bangladesh accepted half of Pakistan’s pre-1971 external debt, but asset sharing issues remained unresolved. But the bilateral relationship between Pakistan and Bangladesh is ‘still’ experiencing a deep freeze. The Awami League-led government in Dhaka is still seeking to resuscitate the ghosts of 1971, with Islamabad replying in a similar tone. Even in 2017, the ties are far from cordial. The Pakistani delegation, in April 2017, decided to boycott a meeting of the Inter-Parliamentary Union that kicked off in Dhaka. The Pakistani diplomats and foreign ministry officials said that the situation was “not conducive” for Pakistani lawmakers to participate in the moot. Moreover, the Bangladesh Cricket Board has also turned down its Pakistani counterpart’s invitation to tour the latter’s country citing “inadequate” security arrangements. And on March 25, Dhaka observed ‘genocide day’ to mark the tragic events of 1971. Also, it has been reported that Bangladesh will apparently write to the UN to observe every March 25 as ‘World Genocide Day’, which emboldens the fact that the Bangladeshis haven’t yet forgotten the 1971 nightmare, healed the bruises inflicted on ‘their honor’ by the Pakistani Army, and thus, are in no mood to shake hands with Pakistan without a proper apology tendered by the latter, appeasing their hurt sentiments and mourning the loss of their fathers and forefathers. Pro-vice chancellor of Jahangir Nagar University, Farhad Hossain, has said that, “Pakistan knows it will have to pay a large sum in compensation as per international standards if it apologises. Once a formal apology is made, Pakistan would be legally bound to accept all that Bangladesh might claim as a victim – something that the Pakistani government is reluctant to do, and hence, no official apology yet”. RELIGION – A TOSS OF COIN Although belonging to the ‘same’ sect of the ‘same’ religion, erstwhile West Pakistan treated former East Pakistan as an enemy ‘foreign’ state to be injured and ripped till the latter bit the dust. Contrary to that, India moved past ‘religious’ differences and the bitter border disputes of the past to help Bangladesh breathe a sigh of relief and independence. ‘Conflict’ occurred in 1947 due to ‘religion’ but was resolved on the basis of ‘religion’ but ‘religion’ could barely glue the two regions together for long. ‘Conflict’ occurred again in 1971. This time ‘religion’ deterred neither Pakistan from being a foe nor India from being a friend. And the contemporary foreign policies of all the 3 nations (as discussed above) towards each other show almost zero consideration of ‘religion’. Therefore, conflicts may arise due to or independent of religion but the foreign policy of a nation, located in an area as culturally and linguistically diverse as South Asia, is more influenced by ‘national, economic, and strategic interests’ than by ‘communal sycophancy’.

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Writing a paper on Social Sciences may not be an easy task but still, students of any Liberal Arts program have to do it to get credits and complete the course requirements. Thus, many students ask how to write a psychological, historical, or political argumentative essay quickly and get a top grade. In this post, I’ll share a few tips on how to make your political essay impressive and thoughtful. - Choose the topic you have some expertise in. If you were not given a topic by your professor, consider choosing the essay topic on your own. Be careful: it should be both interesting and familiar to you so that you could do proper research and write a quality piece. To get ideas for writing, feel free to check the sample topics on the essay writing service website; - Find as many related sources as possible. This is to base your reasoning on and create strong arguments. Besides this, reading a lot on your political constitutions essay will help you become an expert in your topic and be able to make the right conclusions and cause-and-effect links; - Learn basic political theories to write a good paper. You have to know the basic concepts of world political thought and the theory of international relations to produce a meaningful writing piece. In case you are in the first year of studying politics, be sure to take classes in philosophy, world history, and economics to gain the necessary knowledge of world order; - Coordinate with your professor. You should not be afraid to communicate with your professor regarding your political essay topic, outlining your paper, selecting sources and references, etc. They will help you gladly so you could achieve the best results in their course; - Plan your writing process. Do not leave your writing until the last minute. Even if writing is not your favorite job to do, you need to carry it out properly. Therefore, plan your days the way you could dedicate time for writing, editing, and proofreading your first draft a few times before submitting it to your instructor; - Create a strong thesis. Since this is the central thought of your political essay, make sure you polish it well to sound persuasive. Later in your essay, you will have to prove your position to your audience and support it with quality pieces of evidence. A professional essay writer can help you in formulating your thesis statement; - Write your paper. To not be afraid of the blank paper, let your thoughts run free, and write your draft without concentrating much on your language and accurate formulations. Now, you need to express your initial thoughts and then you will edit your paper to make it sound more professional; - Don’t forget to proofread your writing. This is to eliminate mistakes you could have made while writing your first draft. Do not rush when checking your paper and do not leave this stage until the last minute before your assignment is due. The hemp plant has been used in medicine for centuries and its impact on human health is undeniable. However, only a few people know that cannabis can be of great help in curing mental disorders: this is due to the disputes about the dosage, legality, and method of treatment suitable for improving psychiatric conditions. As we know, the hemp plant contains over 80 compounds called "cannabinoids" that can influence human's organism differently: THC or tetrahydrocannabinol can cause psychoactive effect, while CBD, or cannabidiol, is completely safe and even useful for our health. In this short overview, we will concentrate on CBD oil capabilities of curing mental health issues, tell about the substance's legality, and give examples of the best CBD for sleep and mental wellness. Political Opinions On CBD Use Although the concept of CBD products is not new to the cannabis industry, there are still a lot of policymakers who resist admitting the good done by CBD. However, it should not stop you from asking for CBD treatment if you have certain mental or physical issues that can be treated with it. In this case, you need to take a look at the local laws regulating CBD usage in your state, and turn to your doctor for recommendations regarding its expediency for your health. Is CBD Legal? The second thing we want you to know before you start getting acquainted with the way CBD oil and other products interact with our bodies is its legality. As you might have heard, the 2018 Farm Bill removed substances derived from the hemp plant from the Schedule I substances list. Thus, CBD oil has become legal on the federal level, which means that you should not be afraid to use it for personal needs. However, this Farm Bill only gave the green light to the prospective CBD use, and it has a lot to be regulated on a state level, e.g. the legality of particular CBD products, etc. At this point, the key thing you need to know is that CBD containing less than 0.3 THC is legal under the 2018 Farm Bill. Continue reading On Thursday morning Donald Trump aimed his hair-trigger fire at Mika Brzezinski and Joe Scarborough. While Joe was labeled “Psycho Joe,” the brunt of Trump’s sapless junior high theatrics was reserved for Mika. I have my own opinions regarding the relationship history between Mika, Joe, and Trump, but the internet is doing a fine job of delving into that without my help. The point I want to focus on is that the President once again viciously went after a woman, labeling her crazy, stupid, and then – of course – played a card that, for the most part, is reserved for women by attacking her looks. He attempted to feed on what he assumed were her insecurities and shame her in front of the world for having a face-lift. The anger those tweets caused was palpable, and many across the political spectrum spoke out against Trump’s tweets. As an example, David French wrote a fantastic article directed towards Republicans regarding celebrating GOP victories while also holding Trump accountable for his words. Continue reading As I’m sure everyone is aware, the plethora of allegations coming from the Don Draper aspirants over at Fox News have pushed the issue of sexual harassment into the light – where it should be, quite honestly. Additionally, the news about Mike and Karen Pence and their rule prohibiting one-on-one meetings with the opposite sex also came out within the last month. Regardless of how you feel concerning either debacle – personally I couldn’t care less what the Pence family does if both parties are in agreement and careers aren’t being stalled – the controversy surrounding both issues made every club wielding neanderthal in Conservative media decide that it was time for them to exit their caves in unison, thumping their chests and throwing feces at anyone who questions their superior opinions. The Federalist, Erick Erickson, and Matt Walsh have produced some disturbing cringe-worthy material before, but lately it feels as though they found all the diaries men kept on Warren Jeffs’ compound and are now publishing them. The best part is that women are writing a good portion of these articles, because what a great way to try and create a defense of nonsense material. They’re also having Jews write articles critical of Jews, it’s a fun new shtick. Back to the point, instead of articles telling men to behave themselves and learn some self-control – since, after all, women were the ones in the “victims” column at Fox News – we get articles like this: Continue reading “You know, if you hit the gas we’ll make it home in time for me to see my Great-Great-Great-Grandkids be born,” he said to me with a smirk as I slowed his truck – the truck he’d sell me for a dollar the day I got my driver’s license – to a crawling 25 mph down a hill that barely merits the label. I was just learning to drive, and my Grandpa had taken it upon himself to teach me. I was a fast learner, but I wasn’t fast enough for the bar I had set for myself. I had grown up with a deep fear of disappointing those who had expectations of me, scared of being a burden, and I was a perfectionist to the point of being terrified of failure. Somehow my Grandpa knew all of this about me, and with one quick-witted remark at a time he shattered the walls of perfection and created a world where the freedom to be human was like a net beneath a tightrope. “Sorry, I’m just a little scared going down hills,” I replied. “It’s alright,” he laughed, “the Great-Great-Great-Grandkids can wait.” Continue reading I have good news: I’ll be doing a weekly podcast now! I’ll be posting them here on the blog. Let me know what you think of Episode 1, and if you have any questions you want answered on the next episode, leave them in the comments or tweet them! I talk about civil asset forfeiture a lot, and every time – without fail – I have a great deal of people ask what asset forfeiture is. Definition wise, it’s a fairly simple concept to comprehend, but it’s the nitty gritty details that tend to confuse people. Just last week I was sitting in my doctor’s office talking about an article I did on forfeiture, and my interview with a lawyer familiar with CAF cases, when suddenly my doctor looked at me and said “I’ve never heard of that.” So if you’ve found yourself scratching your head, you’re definitely not alone. Continue reading Erick Erickson, who was a member of the “Never Trump” coalition, recently wrote an article titled “Donald Trump’s Start is Rocky, But Far Better Than Many Skeptics Hoped, Which Brings Me to Evan McMullin.” Erickson, an individual I warned would struggle with maintaining his principles when faced with the enticement of a GOP power rush, comes off as more of a reluctant woman playing hard to get with a guy she truly likes than he does a fair critic. Instead of taking the opportunity to harshly address Donald Trump’s death grip on the GOP – turning them into the big-government lemmings we warned they’d become – Erickson went after the recently launched Stand Up Republic, an organization founded by Evan McMullin and Mindy Finn. An excerpt from Stand Up Republic “About Us” page: Political Science Major Essay

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Essay on Dreaming in Cuban Dreaming in Cuban by Cristina Garcia is a novel that follows Celia del Pino and her family as they live through the revolution and its aftereffects. Unlike the rest of her family, Celia stays in Cuba, even after everything that has happened, even after her daughter and the rest of her loved ones leave. Lourdes moved to New York with her daughter Pilar and tried to integrate herself as much as she could into the country and their new lives, however Pilar didn’t share the same desires, and in-fact wished to be more in-touch with her Cuban roots and her grandmother. Unlike Lourdes, Celia’s other daughter Felicia holds on to a lot of Cuban practices, and to her roots, especially when it comes to her religious beliefs and things such as Santeria. Throughout the novel Dreaming in Cuban there were many mentions the religion and practices of Santeria. What is Santeria? It is defined as “a New World religion forged in Cuba but with roots in Roman Catholicism and the Yoruba religious traditions of West Africa.” (Encyclopedia of ARH). The way in which this religion is viewed and practiced has changed a lot since the time it was first introduced in Cuba and areas with high Cuban populations, some of it’s practices have become integrated in many people’s daily lives, and even in the healthcare system in certain areas. Santeria itself is a branch which was formed in Cuba as a result of slavery, specifically an influx of slaves from Western Africa, and has ties to Yoruba indigenous religion (Calalloo 1). Within this religion, there is a meshing of both catholic and Yoruba beliefs, which make up components of Santeria. An example of this being that many who practice Santeria believe that “saints from the catholic church are also African spirits” (National Geographic Video 00:01:08). This is due to the fact that every catholic saint has certain attributes which were also matched with Yoruba spirits (NGV 00:01:51). The way that this religion is seen, practiced, and how accepted it is, have all shifted over time, most of these changes occurred after the Cuban revolution “After the Cuban revolution in 1959, Santeria began to spread to urban areas of the U.S.A. including Miami, New York, and Boston.” (Forensic science international 1), and it has become a much more common practice nowadays. Santeria has also been rumored to have had an influence in politics and on politicians, examples of this being how after a conference in Havana in 1928, the president at the time wanted to celebrate with “the Inauguration of a new park, and on the celebration day, a Ceiba tree was planted in the center of the arena” (Religious Symbolism in Cuban Performance 2). The Ceiba tree was also mentioned in Garcia’s novel, on page 55 when Celia goes to Felicia’s friend Herminia who is a Santera for help “Herminia never mentions the ceiba tree, but Celia recognizes the distinct cluster of its leaves among her many herbs.”. Unlike Felicia who was both a believer, as well as someone who practiced and later on became a Santera herself, Celia participated in some practices however she was much more cautious, this is also mentioned on page 55 as well with the quote “Celia is uneasy about all these potions and spells. Herminia is the daughter of a santería priest, and Celia fears that both good and evil may be borne in the same seed. Although Celia dabbles in santería’s harmless superstitions, she cannot bring herself to trust the clandestine rites of the African magic.” Fidel Castro was another political figure who was rumored to have ties with the Santeria religion, one of the main things that caught people’s attention was when Castro gave his first televised speech to the nation, a “white dove landed on his body, and stayed there throughout the oration” (Religious Symbolism in Cuban Performance 9). White doves had been a symbol of the holy spirit and this event caught the attention of many. Although his involvement was never confirmed nor denied. When considering why a politician may want to have ties to religions or practices such as Santeria well, “many in cuba are initiated to stave off death, disease, curses and other supernatural powers” (Cuban Political performance 8). Along with that, there was a lot of conflict when it came to politics in Cuba so many politicians also participated in the religion if they had many enemies and wanted the power of the spirits to help them stay ahead, as well as to “build alliances with communities” (Cuban Political performance 8). This religion is also known as a “syncretic faith” (Forensic science international 1), which is the same category practices such as “voodoo” are in. Since Santeria is an African derived religion, it is also very oral based, at-least in Cuba. “These types of religions are rich in symbols and knowledge practitioners use colors, ritual objects, movement, music, and esoteric words to represent mythic events” (Cuban Political performance 1). Many different types of objects are used in rituals, and many different animals are used as offerings for the spirits. Although, typically there are “preferred” items and animals, such as “Candles, tobacco, herbs, and substitutional symbols in place of actual objects are also used.” (Forensic science international 1) When it comes to animals, it varies depending on the different “orishas”, including chickens, doves, pigeons and pigs. There were a few examples of this in Dreaming in Cuban the first one being on page 8 during an offering a Santero tells Felicia ““Elleguá wants a goat,” the santero says, his lips barely moving.” Felicia isn’t happy about this, but her friend tells her “You have no choice,” Herminia implores. “You can’t dictate to the gods, Felicia. Elleguá needs fresh blood to do the job right.”. Goats and their blood are very common offerings for the spirits for Santeria practices. There are many times in which one might need to refill or offer fresh blood for offerings in this religion. One of those times being “If one God is brought into the home the others have to be fed with fresh blood (NGV 00:02:48). They also often times cannot use sick animals due to the idea that if a sick animal is used, it will bring sickness instead of health, so they have to use healthy animals in order to “receive” health (NGV 00:03:29). Another instance where goats were used as an offering during a ceremony in Garcia’s novel is when Felicia was being initiated as a Santera, “The goats to be sacrificed were marched in one by one, arrayed in silks and gold braids. Felicia smeared their eyes, ears, and foreheads with the coconut and pepper she chewed before the babalawo slit their throats. She tasted the goats’ blood and spit it toward the ceiling, then she sampled the blood of many more creatures.” (Cristina Garcia 112). The ways of living differ slightly for those who practice Santeria, after her initiation Felicia “She dressed only in white, and didn’t wear makeup or cut her hair. She never touched the forbidden foods—coconuts, corn, or anything red—and covered the one mirror in her house with a sheet, as she was prohibited from seeing her own image.” (Cristina Garcia 113). How has Santeria changed? Well….how has it not? Although a lot of the practices are still either the same, or very similar, the question that one should be asking is…how has people’s perception of Santeria changed? It’s become a much more common practice, and people are also much more open about it now, “it is common in Miami to find dead animal offerings on the banks of the Miami River.” (Forensic science international 2) As well as in court rooms for good luck or in hopes of receiving good news. It has become such a popularity that it is even used to attract tourists to certain areas “Today, Santeria is a major tourist attraction. The beach resorts in Varadero hold night shows enacting the dances of the Orishas (afro-Cuban deities), Santeria souvenirs are sold throughout Havana, and foreigners go to Cuba to get initiated.” (Healing practices and revolution in socialist Cuba 10). Not only is Santeria much more normalized now but it has also integrated itself into the medical system in some areas. “Herbs are essential to Santeria, and it is through herbs that Santeria practices become entangled with state-sponsored ‘green’ medicine and urban agriculture. According to Santeria beliefs, herbs belong to the Orishas, whose personal essence and power grant them their healing powers.” (Healing practices and revolution in socialist Cuba 11). It has become an inclusion in many people’s lives through it’s many different roots and forms. Originated with slavery, found roots and places in politics, becoming a new religion/practice within itself that many used and continue to use for comfort, security, health and many other things on the daily. This woman in a case study who is a “follower of Santeria, she takes comfort from her spiritual beliefs, tries to maintain a positive attitude, and optimistically cites the phrase ‘when one door closes another opens’”. (David Strug pg 10), similarly to the way that Felicia from Garcia’s novel, and sometimes even Celia, who wasn’t completely a true believer, turned to the religion for comfort as well. It’s found itself into the healthcare system as well. Santeria has become a key portion in quite a lot to such an extent that “Statistically, it is hard to gauge the pronounced popularity of Santería in Cuba, because while 82% of Cubans are officially documented as Catholics, the initiation into Santería, or Regla de Ocha, requires baptism in the Catholic Church. (santeria in Cuba 4). The author of Dreaming in Cuban also brings this up in the end of her story when she is interviewed and asked why she mentions it, she says “Santería was traditionally an unacknowledged and underappreciated aspect of what it meant to be Cuban. Yet the syncretism between the Yoruban religion that the slaves brought to the island and the Catholicism of their masters is, in my opinion, the underpinning of Cuban culture. Every artistic realm—music, theater, literature, etc.—owes a huge debt to Santería and the slaves who practiced it and passed it on, largely secretively, for generations.” (Cristina Garcia 152). Case, Menoukha. Callaloo, vol. 32, no. 1, 2009, pp. 307–13, http://www.jstor.org/stable/27655128. Accessed 15 Apr. 2022. Garcia, Cristina. Dreaming in Cuban. Random House Publishing Group, 1993. Gold, Marina. “Healing Practices and Revolution in Socialist Cuba.” Social Analysis, vol. 58, no. 2, Summer 2014, pp. 42–59. EBSCOhost, https://doi-org.ezproxy.midlandstech.edu/10.3167/sa.2014.580203. Maha Marouan. “Santería in Cuba: Contested Issues at a Time of Transition.” Transition, no. 125, 2018, pp. 57–70, https://doi.org/10.2979/transition.125.1.09. Accessed 15 Apr. 2022. Miller, Ivor L. “Religious Symbolism in Cuban Political Performance.” TDR: The Drama Review (MIT Press), vol. 44, no. 2, Summer 2000, pp. 30–55. EBSCOhost, https://doi-org.ezproxy.midlandstech.edu/10.1162/10542040051058690. Pokines, James T. “A Santería/Palo Mayombe Ritual Cauldron Containing a Human Skull and Multiple Artifacts Recovered in Western Massachusetts, U.S.A.” Forensic Science International, vol. 248, Mar. 2015, pp. e1–7. EBSCOhost, https://doi-org.ezproxy.midlandstech.edu/10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.12.017. Prothero, Stephen R., and Edward L. Queen, II. “Santería.” Encyclopedia of American Religious History, edited by Prothero II, et al., Facts On File, 4th edition, 2018. Credo Reference, http://ezproxy.midlandstech.edu/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.credoreference.com%2Fcontent%2Fentry%2Ffofr%2Fsanteria%2F0%3FinstitutionId%3D2507. “Santeria.” , directed by Anonymous , produced by National Geographic. , National Geographic, 2013, https://video.alexanderstreet.com/watch/Santeria. Strug, David L. “An Exploratory Study of How Older Cubans Cope with Difficult Living Conditions.” International Journal of Cuban Studies, vol. 11, no. 2, 2019, pp. 228–46, https://doi.org/10.13169/intejcubastud.11.2.0228.

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It is derived either directly or indirectly and measures money flow in and out of a company over specific periods. OCF is a more important gauge of profitability than net income as there is less opportunity to manipulate OCF to appear more or less profitable. With the passing of strict rules and regulations on how overly creative https://shoppingdiscountonline.com/quickbooks-online-accountant-promotions a company can be with its accounting practices, chronic earnings manipulation can easily be spotted, especially with the use of OCF. It is also a good proxy of a company’s net income; for example, a reported OCF higher than NI is considered positive as income is actually understated due to the reduction of non-cash items. You’ll be able to see where your money is going throughout the year. Examining your business’s cash flows also can help you forecast your cash flow for the following year—something that can better prepare you and set you up for future success. Because receivables is also an asset, it follows the same pattern as inventory. If accounts receivable increases, that means the company recorded revenue, but it hasn’t actually been paid for it yet. Conversely, a decrease in accounts receivable means customers paid cash to lower their account balance. The accountant should add the amount of the receivables decrease to the company’s cash balance. Balance sheets for the end of last year and end of the current year are needed to calculate the amount of change in each balance sheet account. These changes in balance sheet accounts are needed to prepare certain parts of the statement of cash flows. For the indirect method, the cash flow statement starts with accrued net income and then adds and subtracts non-cash products to get to real cash flows from operations. The indirect cash flow method is easier to use because it doesn’t need as much information as the direct cash flow method. Data such as the date and amount of cash collected when a consumer pays for products and so on. Bench assumes no liability for actions taken in reliance upon the information contained herein. An investment and research professional, Jay Way started writing financial articles for Web content providers in 2007. If net income includes non-cash expenses, it understates the actual cash flow prior to adjustments. Examples of non-cash expenses are depreciation expense, expenses financed by the liability of accounts payable and expenses covered by the asset of inventory or prepaid expenses. To convert net income to cash flow, companies add back to net income the depreciation expense, any increase in accounts payable and decrease in inventory or prepaid expenses. Essentially, the cash flow statement is concerned with the flow of cash in and out of the business. As an analytical tool, the statement of cash flows is useful in determining the short-term viability of a company, particularly its ability to pay bills. These three sections of the statement of cash flows designate the different ways cash can enter and leave your business. For instance, when we see ($30,000) next to “Increase in inventory,” it means inventory increased by $30,000 on the balance sheet. We bought $30,000 worth of inventory, so cash decreased by that amount. Since it’s simpler than the direct method, many small businesses prefer this approach. Also, when using the indirect method, you do not have to go back and reconcile your statements with the direct method. On top of that, if you plan on securing a loan or line of credit, you’ll need up-to-date cash flow statements to apply. The cash flow statement takes that monthly expense and reverses it—so you see how much cash you have on hand in reality, not how much you’ve spent in theory. Excel Cash Flow Calculator Template The gains Amazon has on its income statement are calculated as [proceeds from the sale – net asset value]. The proceeds from the sale were $6,000 and the net asset value was $2,000, after depreciation in 2020, so the gains were $4,000. As you can see, I’ve highlighted asset accounts in blue, liabilities in red, and equity in green. You can see that the total balances of assets is equal to the total balance of liabilities + equity on both December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2020. Amortization, on the other hand, is the spreading of the initial costs of the assets over the life of the asset. http://shop.brillante.me/?p=19360 Every year both these expenses are taken to the profit and loss account and deducted from the income. Add Investing Activities You’ll see the change in your cash flows from quarter to quarter. By producing a quarterly statement, you may also be able to forecast your cash flow. This could help you better plan for future investments or payments to avoid financial issues. The indirect method uses accrual accounting information to present the cash flows from the operations section on their cash flow statement. The income statement and balance sheet have their own purposes, but the cash flow statement will give you the full picture on how cash, the most important account, is flowing through your business. In our example of Amazon, there are no taxes payable, but you should know to look for this in other cases. When we refer to how the “business” performs, we’re talking about this line. To find out how much is “unpaid,” we’ll need information from the balance sheet later. However, interest payments on loans are not a financing activity! This may seam counterintuitive, but it makes sense when we think about liabilities as financing tools. Understanding how to create a cash flow statement—and how a statement of cash flows can help put your business in a better position to succeed—are important skills for you as a business owner. Important non‐cash things on the income statement include depreciation and amortization expense and gains and losses from the sales of assets or retirement of debt. In this article, we’ll go over how to create your cash flow statement by smashing together the income statement and balance sheet. When your cash flow statement shows a negative number at the bottom, that means you lost cash during the accounting period—you normal balance have negative cash flow. It’s important to remember that, long-term, negative cash flow isn’t always a bad thing. - Continuity of profits or positive cash flow only makes a company stable, healthy, and provide for funds to make new investments, take up new opportunities, expand operations. - – Finally, you’ll need to adjust your net income for changes in your liability accounts. - The operating / investing / financing layout is often used when reconciling monthly management reports to statutory reporting tools. - The wages payable balance increased because a larger accrual was made to represent wages owed at the end of 20X1 than 20X0. - Investors, analysts, and creditors look towards the working capital ratio or current assets to current liabilities ratio as a first step to understand the operating status of the company. The reason why they must match is that we’re using net profit on the P&L as the base for our cash flows, and all accounts on the P&L are cleared to zero at the end of an accounting period. Because like the CFS, the P&L shows performance over a fixed period of time. Additionally, we will explore some basic concepts about the income statement and balance sheet. If you think you already have a strong understanding of these, I still encourage you to read them because we all need a reminder of the fundamentals from time to time. If a business is investing more cash into the business than it is generating from operations, these excess cash needs will have to be financed from outside investor capital. For each item within financing cash flows, one can think of it as whether the business is raising capital from investors, or my favorite, returning capital to investors. Acquisitions – When a company chooses to buy another business’s assets outright rather than slowly build the assets themselves through CapEx, this is separately disclosed on the statement of cash flows. The statement of cash flow is part of a business’s financial report, typically completed once a year. The information on the statement of cash flow can be compiled using one of 2 accounting methods, direct or indirect. With the indirect method, you start with the business’s net income from the income statement, then adjust that amount depending on the business’s operating, financing, and investing activities. The indirect method is simpler than the direct method for businesses that keep records on an accrual basis, accounting for revenue when earned and expenses when incurred. The statement of cash flows prepared using the indirect method adjusts net income for the changes in balance sheet accounts to calculate the cash from operating activities. – Finally, you’ll need to adjust your net income for changes in your liability accounts. Investing cash flows typically include the cash flows associated with buying or selling property, plant, and equipment (PP&E), other non-current assets, and other financial assets. reduces profit but does not impact cash flow (it is a non-cash expense). Enabling Cash Flow The purpose of drawing up a cash flow statement is to see a company’s sources of cash and uses of cash over a specified time period. Find your company’s net operating cash flow by adding together the net income and the non-cash expenses. This amount, listed on the last line of the operating section of your statement of cash flow, is the total amount of cash provided by or used in your company’s operating activities. To project cash flow into the future, we need an integrated financial model with all three financial statements. The income statement and its revenue growth are the base for the projection. From there, we can predict working capital items based on a set of basic ratios. Other current assets can be related to the income statement based on the relevant metric, or projected with the current trend. When doing a valuation, investors will be able to adjust their analysis for non-cash or growth items, as well as spot problems in the business’s sustainability. If this is your first time creating the statement, consider working with an accountant. They can teach you how to put a cash flow statement together and then you can do it on your own to build quarterly statements. As you fill in the rest of the line items, you’ll see cash flows for each category. Cash Flow from Investing Activities is cash earned or spent from investments your company makes, such as purchasing equipment or investing in other companies. But here’s what you need to know to get a rough idea of what this cash flow statement is doing. Now that we’ve got a sense of what a statement of cash flows does and, broadly, indirect method cash flow how it’s created, let’s check out an example. They show you changes in assets, liabilities, and equity in the forms of cash outflows, cash inflows, and cash being held. Those three categories are the core of your business accounting. Together, they form the accounting equation that lets you measure your performance. What Are The Two Methods Used In Reporting Net Cash Flow From Operating Activities? Keep in mind that the indirect method accounts for non-cash factors like depreciation, while the direct method doesn’t. It is this translation process from accrual accounting to cash accounting that makes the operating cash flow statement so important. Many accountants prefer the indirect method because it is simple to prepare the cash flow statement using information from the other two common financial statements, the income statement and balance sheet. Most companies use the accrual method of accounting, so the income statement and balance sheet will have figures consistent with this method. Keep in mind, with both those methods, you cash flow statement is only accurate so long as the rest of your bookkeeping it accurate too. The most surefire way to know how much working capital you have is to hire a bookkeeper. They’ll make sure everything adds up, so your cash flow statement always gives you an accurate picture. They show your liquidity That means you know exactly how much operating cash flow you have in case you need to use it. The Indirect Method This step can be done using one of two methods—the direct method or the indirect method. Because more than 98 percent of companies surveyed use the indirect method (see Note 12.15 “Business in Action 12.3”), we will use the indirect method throughout this chapter. Describe the four steps used to prepare the statement of cash flows. The indirect approach starts with net income or loss, then adds to or subtracts from that amount for non-cash revenue and cost products. IAS 7 allows interest paid to be included in operating activities or financing activities. US GAAP requires that interest paid be included in operating activities. An increase in accounts receivable is a use of cash and a subtraction from net income as the company is providing a product or service ‘on credit’. Cash flow from operating activities excludes money that is spent on capital expenditures, cash directed to long-term investments and any cash received from the sale of long-term assets. Also excluded are the amounts paid out as dividends to stockholders, amounts received through the issuance of bonds and stock and money used to redeem bonds. However, theFinancial Accounting Standards Board prefers companies use the direct method as it offers a clearer picture of cash flows in and out of a business. However, if the direct method is used, it is still recommended to do a reconciliation of the cash flow statement to the balance sheet. The indirect method is one of two accounting treatments used to generate a cash flow statement. What is the indirect method of cash flows? The indirect method presents the statement of cash flows beginning with net income or loss, with subsequent additions to or deductions from that amount for non-cash revenue and expense items, resulting in cash flow from operating activities. This new financial statement was the genesis of the cash flow statement that is used today. This section is a summation of the changes to the fixed asset account or the current liabilities account, with the exception of accounts payable. It includes purchasing or selling fixed assets, such as a plant or equipment, and issuing or buying back common stock. Greg didn’t invest any additional money in the business, take out a new https://www.microlinkinc.com/search/dividends-formula-accounting loan, or make payments towards any existing debt during this accounting period, so there are no cash flows from financing activities. A cash flow statement tells you how much cash is entering and leaving your business. Along with balance sheets and income statements, it’s one of the three most important financial statements for managing your small business accounting and making sure you have enough cash to keep operating. The following step is to add or remove adjustments in the cash value of particular operating activity groups. The final step is to apply the impact of the adjustments retained earnings balance sheet due to investing and financing cash flows. This is after you’ve calculated the net effect of these operating cash flows using the indirect method. It presents information about cash generated from operations and the effects of various changes in the balance sheet on a company’s cash position. As the lifeblood of the business, positive cash flows from operations prove that the business can sustain general operations before making any long-term investments . Under the indirect method, the statement of cash flows starts at net income and then adjust for the items where cash hasn’t changed hands. As will be seen, not all income under accrual accounting necessarily makes it into CFO.

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What is the Definition of Friend? The two persons who share an interpersonal bond of mutual affection and love, typically one with no boundation related to sexual or family relations, are known as friends. This bond is known as friendship. Friendship is a significant term in various subjects like communication, philosophy, social psychology, sociology, and anthropology. It is one of the most important aspects of relationship-building skills. We celebrate International Friendship Day on 30th July every year. This day is recognized by the United Nations to know the importance of friends and showing love to them. The main aim of this day is to reduce the differences like regional, religious, racial, etc., and bringing more peace in the world. Most people prefer to make friends of the same age, but anybody can be your friend like your parents, siblings, life partner, teacher, stranger, etc. Qualities of a Good Friend We learn a lot of things from our friends, whether it is building blocks, academics, facing problems of life, and many other things from childhood. They tell us about the importance of life and help us in living it happily. But do you ever think about what makes a person a good and true friend? It is a list of qualities that do such a thing. If you want to have a true friend in your life, then you may check the qualities which are listed here. On the other hand, if you want to be a true friend, you must also generate these qualities. The qualities of a good friend are as follows: - Telepathy: It isn't easy for someone to know what's going on in someone's mind. But this can be possible for a true friend. A friend must have the ability to read your mind before you utter the words. Not only your friend, but you must also read your friend's thoughts just by exchanging a glance. - Honesty: In everyday life, you may meet many people who praise you a lot whether you did something right or wrong. But such people can never be true friends. The person who not only tells you about the perfection in you but also figures out your mistakes and weaknesses deserves your friendship. From a stuck piece of spinach in your teeth to taking a major decision in life, a true friend will always give you the honest and real opinion or advice. Sometimes, you may get hurt by their harsh but true opinion, you may dislike their choices, but your best friend will share their views without thinking about your reaction because they think only about your happiness. - Humor: At present, the world is filled with a lot of tension and stress. In such a situation, everyone must have some moments of humor in life. A friend must have such ability to make their friend happy and bring a smile to their face. A person can get a belly-aching laugh only with friends. The personal jokes and sharing the funny experiences, a friend should know what can tickle the funny bone and make the environment full of laugh. - Empathy: There is a huge difference between empathy and sympathy. Sympathy can be generated with anyone's conditions, but empathy is the inner feeling. It comes from the soul when you experience or feel the same pain that the other person is going through. Only a true friend may have the quality of empathy. Your feelings may touch the heart of your friend, which can generate their empathy towards you. - Generosity: One of the feelings that generate naturally between two best friends is giving. They share not only their thoughts and emotions but all the things that they have. The abundance is the key to all the boundaries in a true friendship. There is nothing like favor in them. No one keeps any record of who gives and who receives. They both create a flow of sharing and caring between them. - Trust: Every person wants somebody to share their thoughts and emotions. One to whom they can freely tell about their fears, secrets, and deep emotions. These feelings can be shared with a best friend because they know they will not leak their secrets and understand them perfectly. A true friend will never use those secrets and information to hurt you and never break the bridge of trust between them. - Encouragement: Many times, it happens in life when we feel demotivated and surrounded by negativity. In this condition, we need a best friend who can pull our hand from the darkness to the brightness. One who can motivate us to cope with the problems boosts our morale and generates self believes. They will become your cheerleader to remind you how beautiful you and the world are. A true friend will introduce you to the joy in every moment and live life happily. They will be focused on bringing positive attributes into your life. - Steadfastness: A true friend is a pillar for you who provides you support in all situations and problems. Whenever you got in trouble, your friend will be there to help you without making any excuses. They help you tackle any problem and facing them with courage. How to Find a True Friend? A true friend is one who laughs with you, who cries with you, who makes you happy, and sometimes irritates you also but can't see you sad and depressed. In today's world, it is not easy to make true friends. You may follow the given guidelines while want to make some friends: - Meet New People: This is the first step to get a true friend. You can't get a true friend without meeting anybody. You have to meet new people as more as possible. Try to hang out with them. You may also meet with people online. You may prefer those who have the same interest and hobbies so that it'll not let you feel so much awkward and also support having the conversation - Take the Initiative: You can't be lazy in starting the conversation. It is not a better option to wait to hope that the other person will come to talk to you. You have to be socialized and put yourself into the discussions. - Start a Conversation: You can't know about the qualities of a person without talking to them. So you should always be included in the conversation. You may start it by commenting on the weather or may ask about their interests or background, etc. You only have to start an interesting topic for one time, and then the conversation will continue naturally. - Don't be Oversensitive: It is not easy for everyone to make the first meeting interesting. Many people get hesitate in it. While in some cases, it may be possible that the other person doesn't want to be your friend or may not feel comfortable with you. So, you have to be ready for the rejections also without hurting yourself. - Be Patient: It takes time to find a good friend. And if you find someone as your friend, then they must be the right person. If you do not keep patient, then you may choose the wrong person also. Good things take time to happen. You can make a lot of friends, but it will take some time to get connected with the true one. - Don't be Narrow-Minded: You should be open-minded while searching for a true friend. Don't make pre-assumptions about anybody. Otherwise, you can't see the real personality of the people and can't decide whether they deserve your friendship or not. - Give Them Some Space Also: You should not include in someone's personal life until they don't permit you. You should know your limits. Because a deep friendship takes time, and you can't be so much distinguisher in the beginning. In many cases, it is found that the children feel hesitant to make friends. They want to talk and play with them, but because of some reasons, they don't feel free to do so. Such children feel insecure and thought that others would laugh at them. These conditions can be treated by the strong moral support of the family and society. Some of these developmental issues are given under: - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Due to insufficient social skills, it is hard to form friendships with those children who are affected by this disorder. These children have limited observational learning and have a greater tendency to engage in behavior that makes it strange to others. There is not any identified treatment for such a condition. But you may take the help of a good psychologist to cure ADHD. The children may feel free to make friends and talk to others with the support of parents and a happy and healthy social environment. - Down syndrome: It is not easy to make friends for those children who are suffering from this syndrome. This is due to the feeling of language delay. It is a condition in which a child fails to develop language abilities at the correct age. Because of this, they find it difficult to play with other children. Most of the suffering children prefer to watch other children or play alongside them but not with them. It is because such children can understand more instead of expressing it. These children can benefit from the classroom setting and environment where they don't have to be more dependent on any adult. Sometimes, the inclusive environment of the classroom can be a problem but making close friends can be helpful in social development. The disability can be treated by increasing the interaction of the children with adults and children. Effect on Health As per research, it is found that good and strong social support makes a person healthier. This is because it reduces loneliness which is one of the prime causes of heart disease, viral infections, depression, and cancer. According to the experts, friendship is a behavioral vaccine that improves a person's physical as well as mental health. In studies, it is found that those people are at a high risk of suicidal ideation that doesn't have friends to share their problems and feelings with. If someone has no friends, then it may also generate mental disorder in the person. Friends help in creating self-esteem, self-confidence, and social development. As per the report of the World Happiness Database, those people are happier who have close friends instead of those who have an absolute number of friends. Separation of Friend Dissolution of friesndship or separation of friends may occur due to a personal rejection or other causes such as natural changes in behavior and choices over time. As time goes, the friends grow, which changes their likes, dislikes, preference, taste, etc., and led to the distance between them both physically and emotionally. Other than this, a pang of guilt, anger, depression, and even a highly stressful event in the past can also be a reason behind the disruption of friendship. However, this anger and negative effect can be reduced by converting the past friendship into another close relationship. Demographics of Friendship In most cases, it is found that people include the friend lists that are similar to them in terms of age, gender, behavior, thoughts, academic performance, etc. In ethnically diverse countries, it is highly found that friendship takes place between those who belong to the same race and ethnicity. Such mentality generates from childhood and may remain till death. Gender Differences: As we can see, the friendship between two females is focused on mutual support and interpersonal connections. On the other hand, the friendship between two males is focused on social status and feels macho by discouraging the need for emotional expression. The level of physical victimization is found high in male friends in comparison to female friends. This is due to the more anxiety and jealousy in females. Regarding same-sex friendships, females have small friends circle and are more expressive and intimate. Males show this intimacy through physical experiences, while for females, it is the emotional ones. Males seldom share emotional feelings so that in the future, no one can use those feelings against them. But males feel free to share such feelings with a female friend. Their friendship with females is more meaningful, intimate, and pleasant. Male-male friendship is less emotionally upsetting, while female-female friendship is much more attachment-based. Friends and friendship are not just the concepts of human beings. Animals of higher intelligence also make friends. Cross-species friendship can be noticed between humans and domestic animals. It can also be found between two non-human animals like dogs and cats. Advantages of Friend When we come to this world, all the relations we get already. But the only relationship that we set by ourselves is friendship. That's why this relationship has a beautiful and unique space in our hearts. Friends are one of the most precious gifts of God. Nobody likes to listen bad words for their friends, even not by their parents. Friendship improves our mental health by helping and supporting us in various situations of life. They work as the bridge to cross all the uncertainties. Here are so many advantages of having friends: - Emotional Support: As we can see, the world is full of tension and loneliness. Most people have no one to share their feelings and problems with others. It is one of the major causes of the increasing suicide rate. In such situations, the person who helps us a lot is a friend. One can easily say anything to their friend without being hesitant. It often happens when we can't share our thoughts with our family members but with friends. In this way, friends play the role of an emotional pillar in our life. Just like pillars hold a big house from falling similarly, friends give us emotional support and save us from falling into depression. - Motivators: Friends play the role of great motivators in one's life. They always support you and motivate you to fight with all circumstances that make hurdles in life. Friends try to find the solution to all our problems and make you feel happy. Spending time with your friends is the best way to reduce depression and stress. A true friend may pull your leg, make you fun but will always ensure that you are not in trouble, and if so, then they will be focused on filling your life with colors and removing all the anxiety. Friends not only motivate you to achieve something in your life but also help in forgetting the dark memories. - Same Forever: As we can see, all relations, whether husband-wife, parent-child, etc. change with time, but the only relation that never changes and remains the same forever is the friendship. A true friendship remains equally joyful, enthusiastic, entertaining, funny, and loyal. That's why whenever you meet with your friend you always feel the same love and affection for them. Friendship is something that can't be affected by distance and time. Whether you and your friends are living far away or you meet after a long time but you both will enjoy the same vibes and treat each other in the same manner as you did before. Disadvantages of Friend As we learned here, friendship and friends have a great impact on our life. They make it more beautiful and joyful and remove all our troubles and tensions. We feel very happy and stress-free with friends. But psychologically and socially, there is also some negative impact of having friends and friendships. These impacts depend on which type of friends we make, our preference, what we expect from friendship, how we choose between two things, how we deal with family and friends together, and most importantly, what is the meaning of friend for us. Some of the disadvantages of having friends are as under: - Bad Company can Spoil Future: In today's world of jealousy and cheating, it is a very arduous task to find a true and believable friend. If you become a friend of such a bad person who feels jealous of your happiness, always makes you in trouble, and feels jealous of your success, then it can spoil your future. If you are unable to differentiate between a true friend and a selfish friend, then it can make your life difficult. It can affect your mental health and can also hurt your loved ones. In many cases, it is found that a person gets trapped in a crime due to their friend. - Hurdle in Career: Sometimes, it is also found that friendship can be a big hurdle in one's career. If you got admission to a renowned college, but your friend doesn't, or you got a job opportunity in another city, then it may be possible that you compromise with such opportunities only because of the emotional attachment with your friend. In this manner, you can't achieve something in your life without your friend and move ahead in your career. And survive only in some limited offers with your friends by ignoring your dream and passion. - Disputes in Family Life: It is not a big deal to spend your whole day with your friends when you are teenagers. Because at this time you don't have too much pressure and responsibilities, you are free to enjoy your life by your own rules. But once you get married and have children, then friendship can affect your family life badly. You may get confused between friends and family, and it may not be easy to set a balance between them. It may be possible that you can't give equal time to your friends after marriage as you give before. It may lead to chaos between you and your friend. It is human nature that we can't easily share our loved ones with anybody else. And when your friend sees that you are giving more preference to your partner, they may get hurt, which can create distances between you and your friend or between you and your partner.

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Computed Tomography (CT), or Computed Axial Tomography (a CT scan, also known as a CAT scan), is a helical tomography (latest generation), which traditionally produces a 2D image of the structures in a thin section of the body. It uses X-rays. It has a greater ionizing radiation dose burden than projection radiography; repeated scans must be limited to avoid health effects. CT is based on the same principles as X-Ray projections but in this case, the patient is enclosed in a surrounding ring of detectors assigned with 500-1000 scintillation detectors (fourth-generation X-Ray CT scanner geometry). Previously in older generation scanners, the X-Ray beam was paired by a translating source and detector. Older and less preferred terms that also refer to x-ray CT are computed axial tomography (CAT scan) and computer-assisted tomography. X-ray CT is a form of radiography, although the word "radiography" used alone usually refers, by wide convention, to non-tomographic radiography. CT produces a volume of data that can be manipulated in order to demonstrate various body parts based on their ability to block the x-ray beam. Although, historically, the images generated were in the axial or transverse plane, perpendicular to the long axis of the body, modern scanners allow this volume of data to be reformatted in various planes or even as volumetric (3D) representations of structures. Individuals responsible for performing CT exams are called radiologic technologists or radiographers and are required to be licensed in most states of the USA. Usage of CT has increased dramatically over the last two decades in many countries. An estimated 72 million scans were performed in the United States in 2007. One study estimated that as many as 0.4% of current cancers in the United States are due to CTs performed in the past and that this may increase to as high as 1.5 to 2% with 2007 rates of CT usage; however, this estimate is disputed., as there is not a scientific consensus about the existence of damage from low-levels of radiation. Kidney problems following intravenous contrast agents may also be a concern in some types of studies. In a CAT scan machine, the X-ray beam moves all around the patient, scanning from hundreds of different angles called slices. For example, a 64 slice CT device is capable of producing up to 64 images per one rotation. The system moves the table platform along with the patient into the hole so the tube and detectors can scan the next slice. In this way, the machine records unprocessed X-ray image data across the body in a spiral motion called raw data. Once the machine raw data is captured it has to be processed within the reconstruction (recon) engine computer using fast Fourier transformation algorithms. Next, the computer processes the raw data into a human readable image. Finally, the computer puts together a 3-D image of the body for display on the technicians monitor. The scientific unit of measurement for radiation dose, commonly referred to as effective dose, is the millisievert (mSv). Other radiation dose measurement units include rad, rem, roentgen, sievert, and gray. Because different tissues and organs have varying sensitivity to radiation exposure, the actual radiation risk to different parts of the body from an x-ray procedure varies. The term effective dose is used when referring to the radiation risk averaged over the entire body. The effective dose accounts for the relative sensitivities of the different tissues exposed. More importantly, it allows for quantification of risk and comparison to more familiar sources of exposure that range from natural background radiation to radiographic medical procedures. A CT device produces higher radiation dose than any conventional x-ray device.In October, 2009, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) initiated an investigation of brain perfusion CT (PCT) scans, based on overdoses of radiation caused by incorrect settings at one particular facility for this particular type of CT scan. Over 256 patients over an 18 month period were exposed, over 40% lost patches of hair, and prompted the editorial to call for increased CT quality assurance programs, while also noting that "while unnecessary radiation exposure should be avoided, a medically needed CT scan obtained with appropriate acquisition parameter has benefits that outweigh the radiation risks." Similar problems have been reported at other centers. These incidents are believed to be due to human error. The gantry is the 'donut' shaped part of the CT scanner that houses the components necessary to produce and detect x-rays to create a CT image. The x-ray tube and detectors are positioned opposite each other and rotate around the gantry aperture. Continuous rotation in one direction without cable wrap around is possible due to the use of slip rings. The images below are of a Toshiba Aquilion 16 CT scanner with the external and internal components of the gantry, and the control panel labelled. This gantry weighs a total of 1750kg (3858lb). - gantry aperture (720mm diameter) - sagittal laser alignment light - patient guide lights - exposure indicator light - emergency stop button - gantry control panels - external laser alignment lights - patient couch or table - ECG gating monitor The patient lies on the couch (also known as a table) and is moved through the CT gantry aperture during the CT examination. Depending on the body part to be scanned and the protocol selected the patient may be positioned supine or prone and either head or feet first. A weight limit for the couch of approximately 205kg (450lb) is specified by the manufacturer beyond which the movement of the table is not guaranteed to be accurate and may even result in damage. During conventional slice-by-slice scanning the couch is indexed (moved) between each scan depending on the slice thickness and slice incrementation (degree of overlap or separation) that has been selected for that examination. For spiral/helical CT, including multislice CT, the couch is translated through the gantry at a constant speed depending on the length of the area to be scanned, the total scan time, and the pitch that has been selected. - CT gantry - couch top - couch pedestal - couch control pedals (up/down & in/out) - velcro patient immobilisation strap A slip ring is electromechanical technology that enables the transmission of power and electrical signals from a stationary to a rotating structure. This transmission of power/data is made possible through electrical connections made by stationary brushes pressing against rotating circular conductors. CT Slip ring technology was introduced to enable helical (continuous rotating) scanning. Prior to the introduction of Slip Rings, only Axial scanning was possible (which had the need to stop / reverse direction of rotation, after no more than 700 degrees rotation due to the finite length of the attached cables.) Slip ring technology eliminated the need for cables and enabled the continuous rotation of the gantry components. Slip rings used to bring power to x-ray tube on rotating gantry of a helical CT machine and, for some designs, to acquire information from the detector array. (a) The shiny metal strips carry electric signals that are swept off by special brushes. (b) The brushes are not in the form of bristles but rather of metal blocks (in this case a silver alloy). The five pairs of larger brushes provide the voltage required by the x-ray tube, and the three pairs of smaller ones transfer signals from the gantry controller. Multiple detector computed tomography or (MDCT) scanning is a array of crystals in the shape of a ring. A MDCT scan allows the radiologist to select the body part location, or abnormalities to be scanned. X-ray images are acquired by the detectors that pick up the x-ray emission which passes through the patients body. The x-ray images are then sent to the recon engine computer which reconstructs the images onto the screen for the technologist to view. On multi–detector row CT scanners, each individual detector is segmented in the z-axis direction (Figure, part b). Although detector designs vary according to the manufacturer, all 16-channel multi–detector row CT scanners have a hybrid-array design in which the central 16 rows are narrow (0.5, 0.625, or 0.75 mm) and the outer rows, which number between eight and 24, are twice as wide (1, 1.25, or 1.5 mm, respectively). These dimensions are those measured at the isocenter because the actual dimension varies according to the gantry geometry. Thus, on 16-channel multi–detector row CT scanners, the total number of rows varies between 24 and 40. The concept of multi–detector row CT scanning is not new. An early first-generation CT scanner that had two separate detectors along the z-axis was introduced in the 1970s. However, this technologic innovation, which was designed to reduce the scanning time, was quickly eclipsed by second- and third-generation CT scanners that facilitated shorter scanning times. Currently, multi–detector row CT scanners that have four to 16 channels are commercially available (2). Although at first glance it may appear that the number of sections per rotation equals the number of detector rows on a scanner, in actuality, the number of sections that are acquired depends on the number of z-axis data channels on the CT scanner. Thus, a four-channel multi–detector row CT scanner has four z-axis data channels and enables the acquisition of up to four sections per rotation, even though many more detector rows are present. Similarly, 16-channel multi–detector row CT scanners have 16 z-axis data channels and enable the acquisition of 16 or fewer sections per rotation, even though 24–40 detector rows may be present. The limited number of data channels is related primarily to the more complex reconstruction algorithms because the number of sections per rotation increases from four to eight to 16. Detector Row Thickness If the incident x-ray beam covers a greater number of detector rows than the number of z-axis data channels available on the CT scanner, then the signal from adjacent detectors will be combined and the detectors will function as a single unit. The effective detector row thickness is simply the sum of the widths of the contributing detector rows for each channel. In multi–detector row CT scan acquisitions, the effective detector row thickness of all channels must be identical. Thus, for example, on a 16-channel multi–detector row CT scanner with a 24–detector row hybrid-array design in which the detector has 16 0.75-mm-wide inner rows and eight 1.5-mm-wide outer rows, when a 24-mm-wide incident beam that covers all 24 rows is used, the effective detector thickness will be 1.5 mm where the central 16 rows have been paired to make up eight data channels and the eight outer rows will function as individual data channels. Similarly, on a four-channel multi–detector row CT scanner with a matrix-array design in which all 16 rows of the detector have a width of 1.25 mm, when a 20-mm-wide incident beam that covers all 16 rows is used, the effective detector thickness will be 5 mm where the 16 rows have been grouped in sets of four (4 · 1.25 mm = 5 mm) to yield the four data channels. Effective detector row thickness is an important parameter because the reconstructed section thickness cannot be smaller than the effective detector row thickness. Thus, if diagnostic images are to be viewed on 2.5-mm-thick sections, then the effective detector row thickness must not be more than 2.5 mm. At a given effective detector row thickness, the specific options that can be used with a given thickness of reconstructed sections depend on the detector design and the reconstruction algorithm from the manufacturer. Data Acquisition System Data Acquisition System (DAS) measures the photons that pass through the patient and strike the detectors. DAS converts the analog signal from the detector into a digital signal. They are positioned near the detectors. Once the patient is on the table and the table is moved into the gantry bore, the technologist performs a preliminary scan called the CT radiograph. This image is also called the scout view, topogram, scanogram, or localizer; however, some of these terms are copyrighted to specific vendors. The CT radiograph is acquired with the CT x-ray tube and detector arrays stationary, the patient is translated through the gantry, and a digital radiographic image is generated from this line-scan data. CT systems can scan anterior-posterior (AP), posterior-anterior (PA), or lateral. There are three common scan modes: - Axial. The axial (also called sequential) CT scan is the basic step-and-shoot mode of a CT scanner.he gantry rotates at typical rotation speeds of 0.5 s or so, but the x-ray tube is not turned on all the time. The table is stationary during the axial data acquisition sequences. The system acquires 360 degrees of projection data with the x-ray tube activated, the tube is deactivated, the table is moved with the x-ray beam off, another scan is acquired, and so on. This process is repeated until the entire anatomical area is covered. Because the table and patient are stationary during an axial scan, the x-ray tube trajectory defines a perfect circle around the patient. Due to the table’s start/stop sequence, axial CT requires more acquisition time than helical scanning. With the advent of MDCT, it is common to acquire contiguous CT images during an axial acquisition. - Helical. The With helical (also called spiral) scanning, the table moves at a constant speed while the gantry rotates around the patient. This geometry results in the x-ray source forming a helix around the patient.The advantage of helical scanning is speed—by eliminating the start/stop motion of the table as in axial CT, there are no inertial constraints to the procedure. Similar to the threads on a screw, the pitch describes the relative advancement of the CT table per rotation of the gantry. The pitch of the helical scan is defined as where Ftable is the table feed distance per 360-degree rotation of the gantry and nT is the nominal collimated beam width. For example, for a 40-mm (nT) detector width in z and a 0.5-s rotation time for the gantry, a pitch of 1.0 would be obtained if the table moved 80 mm/s. For most CT scanning, the pitch can range between 0.75 and 1.5; however, some vendors give more flexibility in pitch selection than others. A pitch of 1.0 corresponds in principle to contiguous axial CT. A pitch lower than 1.0 (Fig. 10-35B) results in over scanning the patient and hence higher radiation dose to the patient than a pitch of 1.0, all other factors being equal. A pitch greater than 1.0 represents under scanning (Fig. 10-35C), and results in lower radiation dose to the patient. - Scout (also called Surview, Topogram, and Scanogram) the scanned projection radiograph, often acquired by the CT system to allow the user to prescribe the start and end locations of the scan range. Refer to 21 CFR, SUBCHAPTER J, 1020.33 - Computed Tomography (CT) equipment - FDA. "Medical Imaging." 06/05/2014. http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/ucm2005914.htm - "Individual State Licensure Information". American Society of Radiologic Technologists. Retrieved 19 July 2013. - Brenner DJ, Hall EJ (November 2007). "Computed tomography – an increasing source of radiation exposure". N. Engl. J. Med. 357 (22): 2277–84. doi:10.1056/NEJMra072149. PMID 18046031. - Tubiana M (February 2008). "Comment on Computed Tomography and Radiation Exposure". N. Engl. J. Med. 358 (8): 852–3. doi:10.1056/NEJMc073513. PMID 18287609. - Hall, EJ; Brenner, DJ (May 2008). "Cancer risks from diagnostic radiology.". The British journal of radiology 81 (965): 362–78. doi:10.1259/bjr/01948454. PMID 18440940 - Radiology Ltd., "Radiation Safety"2013. http://radltd.com/about-us/medical-radiation-safety/medical-radiation-safety/ - Furlow, B (May–Jun 2010). "Radiation dose in computed tomography.". Radiologic technology 81 (5): 437–50. PMID 20445138 - WikiRadiography. "Gantry". Accessdate 5/2/2014. http://www.wikiradiography.com/page/Gantry - WikiRadiography. "Patient Couch". Accessdate 5/2/2014. http://www.wikiradiography.com/page/Patient+Couch - WikiRadiography. "Slip Rings". Accessdate 5/2/2014. http://www.wikiradiography.com/page/Slip+Rings - Sanjay Saini. "Multi–Detector Row CT: Principles and Practice for Abdominal Applications." RSNA.org. Received June 24, 2003. http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/radiol.2332030994 - Jerrold T. Bushberg, J. Anthony Seibert, Edwin M. Leidholdt Jr, and John M. Boone. "The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging." https://www.inkling.com/read/essential-physics-medical-imaging-jerrold-bushberg-3rd/chapter-10/10-3-modes-of-ct-acquisition - 21 CFR, SUBCHAPTER J--RADIOLOGICAL HEALTH, PART 1020 -- PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR IONIZING RADIATION EMITTING PRODUCTS, 1020.33 - Computed Tomography (CT) equipment http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/MedicalX-Rays/ucm115317.htm

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The human body can be said to be the structure of a human being. It constitutes different types of cells that come together to form tissues and then organ systems, which ensure homeostasis and the sustainability of the human body. The circulatory system consists of all organs entrusted with the responsibility of carrying blood, nutrients, and waste around the body with the cardiovascular system. The circulatory system helps to defend the body against germs and diseases and also helps the body maintain the normal body temperature, and provides the right hormonal balance that provides the body’s homeostasis or state of equilibrium among all its systems. This system consists of blood, the heart (which is sometimes referred to as the blood pumping organ ) and blood vessels. This network supplies tissues in the body with respiratory gases, nutrients and transports hormones and also removes metabolic waste. The circulatory system comprises of three independent systems that function together to achieve circulation: the heart (cardiovascular) lungs (pulmonary), and arteries, veins, coronary and portal vessels (systemic). The circulatory system is in control of the flow of blood, oxygen and other gases, nutrients and also responsible for supplying hormones to the cell compartments. The system also includes the lymphatic system, which circulates lymph. The flow of lymph takes much duration than that of blood. The blood is a fluid that disseminates the red blood cells (which helps in transporting oxygen to the cells), White blood cells (which resist infections) and Platelets (tinier cells that help the blood to clot) that is circulated by the heart through animal’s vascular system, carrying oxygen and nutrients inside and waste materials from all body tissues. Lymph is basically recycled excess blood plasma that has been filtered from the extracellular fluid and deposited back to the lymphatic system. Arteries usually carry oxygenated blood and veins usually carry deoxygenated blood ( blood which can also be referred to haemoglobin). However, the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins are an exception to this rule because the pulmonary veins transport oxygenated haemoglobin(blood) to the heart and the pulmonary arteries transport unoxygenated haemoglobin away from the heart. Blood (Haemoglobin) is always red. But sometimes the vein can come across as blue, as it can sometimes be seen through the skin, which makes people think deoxygenated blood is blue, which studies have proven to be erroneous, as blood only appears blue as a result of the way tissues absorb light and our eyes see colour. Albeit oxygen, does have an impact on the brightness of the blood ( the higher the amount of oxygen, the brighter the shade of red will become) which reiterates that blood can never be blue. The cardiovascular system comprises of the blood, heart, and blood vessels while the lymph, lymph vessels, and the lymph nodes are from the lymphatic system, which returns purified blood plasma from the extracellular fluid as lymph. The circulatory system of the blood has two major components, a systemic circulation and a pulmonary circulation. The systemic circulation is the fraction of the cardiovascular system which transfers oxygenated blood from the blood pumping organ (the heart) to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart. The cardiovascular system moves blood away from the heart through the aorta from the left ventricle where the blood has been deposited formerly from pulmonary circulation to the rest of the body and returns oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart. The circuit vessels responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to the heart and returning deoxygenated blood from the tissues of the body is the systemic circulation. Here, blood is moved from the left ventricle of the heart through the aorta and arterial branches to the arterioles and moves through the capillaries, where it then reaches a conformity with the tissue fluid, and then empties through the venules into the veins and re-deposits, via the venae cavae, to the right atrium of the heart. Pressure in the arterial system, resulting from the hearts activities and expansion by the blood, maintains systemic blood flow. The systemic route, however, consists of many circuits in symmetry, all of which has its own arteriolar defence that allows blood flow independently of the overall flow and pressure and without necessarily disrupting. Hence why blood flow through the digestive tract increases after meals, during fitness activities The pulmonary circulation is a design of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, and then returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart; it only transfers blood through the heart and lungs, distinctive from the systemic circulation that moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body. This type of circulation conveys deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorbs oxygen and emits carbon dioxide while the oxygenated blood then streams back to the heart. Humans, as well as other vertebrates, have a closed cardiovascular system, which means that the blood never exits the intricate network of arteries, veins and capillaries, An average adult contains 4.7 to 5.7 litre of blood, which accounts for approximately 7% of the body’s total weight. The circulatory system can not function on its own, so the digestive system aids the circulatory system, to provide the nutrients the system needs to keep the heart running. Unlike the vertebrates, invertebrate animals have an open cardiovascular system. Invertebrate animals have a great assortment of fluids, cells, and modes of circulation, in which fluid passes freely around the tissues or particular areas of tissue. All vertebrates, however, have a closed system as earlier mentioned, this system contains two fluids, blood and lymph, and functions by means of two interacting modes of circulation, the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system and operates by means of those two interacting channels and both fluid and the vessels through which they flow to have reached the greatest development and specialization in the mammalian systems. Anatomy of the Circulatory System The circulatory system consists of three independent systems that work jointly: the heart (cardiovascular), lungs (pulmonary), and arteries, veins and portal vessels (systemic). The system is responsible for the flow of blood, nutrients, oxygen and other gases, and as well as hormones to and from cells. There has been a debate over the years on whether the heart is an organ or a muscle. The heart is a muscular organ, that’s four-chambered and located just behind and breastbone, it pumps blood through the web of arteries and veins called the cardiovascular system. The network of veins, arteries and blood vessels conveys oxygenated blood from the heart, delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells and then returns deoxygenated blood to the heart. The system of blood vessels in the human body are believed to measure about 60,000 miles. Arteries carry oxygen-enriched blood from the heart through the body. Veins carry oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart. The circulatory system contains four major constituents - Heart: The Heart is a muscular organ in most animals, which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. The Blood provides the body with oxygen and nutrients needed, as well as assists the removal of metabolic wastes. In humans, the heart is located between the lungs, in the middle cavity of the chest and the heart keeps the circulatory system working at all times. - Arteries: Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart. - Veins: Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs where they receive oxygen. - Blood: Blood is the transport channel of nearly everything within the body. It transports hormones, nutrients, antibodies, oxygen, and other gases needed to keep the body in a state of equilibrium. Functions of the circulatory system The functions of the tissues, organs and systems in the body cannot be overemphasised as without out them the body would lack vitality and sustenance and hence be a haven for diseases and germs. The circulatory system is one of the transport system of the human body that comprises of the heart, the blood, and the blood vessels. It functions includes: - The circulatory system delivers nutrients and oxygen to different cells of the body. - It carries body metabolic waste away - It protects the body from diseases as it serves as the body’s defence system - It circulates blood from one part of the body to the other and transports nutrients such aa amino acid and electrolytes, Gases such as Oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to transport nutrient. - It stabilises body temperature and PH and maintains homeostasis. - The circulatory system permits every cell whether present on the surface of the animal or ingrained deep within to derive nourishment and to be protected from pathogens, to communicate and coexist with other cells in a consistent microenvironment. Diseases of the circulatory system Some of the diseases of the circulatory system are highlighted below: Coronary Artery disease Coronary artery disease develops when the major blood vessels that provide the heart with blood, oxygen and nutrients (coronary arteries) become deteriorated or damaged by Cholesterol-containing deposits (plaque) in the arteries which leads to inflammation. When plaque builds up, it narrows the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart. Eventually, the reduced blood flow may cause chest pain, shortness of breath, or other coronary artery disease signs and symptoms. A complete blockage can cause a heart attack. Because coronary artery disease often develops over decades, and might not be noticeable until one has a significant blockage or a heart attack. Some of the symptoms of this disease can be Chest pain, Shortness of breath, Heart attack which can be caused by unhealthy life choices like smoking and sedentary lifestyle, High blood pressure, diabetes or insulin resistance. So once the inner wall of an artery is damaged, fatty deposits called plaques made of cholesterol and other cellular waste products tend to amass at the site of injury in a process called atherosclerosis. If the surface of the plaque breaks or ruptures, blood cells called platelets will clump at the site to try to repair the artery, this clump can block the artery, leading to a heart attack. This can be prevented and controlled by healthier life choices such as exercises and dieting. Atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, and arteriosclerosis Arteriosclerosis happens when the blood vessels that transport oxygen and nutrients from the heart to the rest of the body (arteries) become thick and stiff — sometimes restricting blood flow to the organs and tissues. Healthy arteries are flexible and elastic, but over time, the walls of the arteries can stiffen, a condition commonly called hardening of the arteries which can be caused by High blood pressure, High cholesterol, High triglycerides, a type of lipid in the blood, Smoking and other sources of tobacco, insulin resistance, obesity or diabetes, Inflammation from diseases, such as arthritis, lupus or infections etc. A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients which leads to the death of the brain cells in minutes. Some of the signs and symptoms of the disease are Numbness of the face and some other parts of the body, problem seeing in one or both eyes, headaches etc. There are two main causes of stroke which ischemic stroke) or hemorrhagic stroke. High blood pressure (Hypertension) High blood pressure is a common condition in which the long-term force of the blood against your artery walls is high enough that it may eventually cause health problems, such as heart disease. Blood pressure is determined both by the amount of blood your heart pumps and the amount of resistance to blood flow in the arteries i.e The more blood the heart pumps and the narrower the arteries become and the higher the blood pressure. One can have high blood pressure (hypertension) for years without any symptoms. Even without symptoms, damage to blood vessels and the heart continues and can be detected. Uncontrolled high blood pressure increases the risk of serious health problems, including heart attack and stroke. Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. Cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure. The main types of cardiomyopathy include dilated hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Treatment — which might include medications, surgery or, in severe cases, a heart transplant — depends on which type cardiomyopathy one has and how serious it is. Some of the symptoms can be; Breathlessness even at rest, Swelling of the legs, ankles, Cough while lying down, Fatigue, Heartbeats that feel rapid, pounding or fluttering, Chest discomfort or pressure, dizziness, lightheadedness and even fainting. Heart valve disease Heart valve disease is one of the diseases that can affect the circulatory system. In heart valve disease, one or more of the heart valves is not working properly. The heart has four valves that keep blood flowing in the correct direction. In some cases, one or more of the valves don’t open or close properly. This can cause the blood flow through the heart to your body to be disrupted. Some of the symptoms are fatigue, irregular heartbeat, dizziness and swelling of the feet and ankles amongst others.

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An improvement in consumer confidence will cause: The aggregate supply curve to shift to the right. A movement down the aggregate demand curve. The aggregate demand curve to shift to the right. The aggregate demand curve to shift to the left.If consumers spend 80 cents out of every extra dollar received, the: MPC is 0.20. Multiplier is 5. Multiplier is 20. MPS is 0.80.Saving: Is equal to income plus consumption. Is the part of disposable income that is not yet spent. Only includes dollars deposited in a financial institution. Is a part of aggregate demand.Which of the following could cause a recession? An increase in aggregate supply A decline in aggregate demand A decline in unemployment An increase in government spendingFigure 12.1 Assuming aggregate demand is represented by AD1, the equilibrium level of income in Figure 12.1 is: $6.0 trillion. $5.6 trillion. $5.2 trillion. $800 billion.Which of the following is the largest component of aggregate demand for the U.S. economy? Government expenditures Consumption Net exports Business investmentAccording to Keynes, which of the following is possible at the intersection of aggregate supply and aggregate demand? Inflation and high levels of unemployment, but not full employment Full employment or high levels of unemployment, but not inflation Inflation, full employment, or high levels of unemployment Full employment, but not high levels of unemployment or inflationFigure 12.1 Assuming aggregate demand is represented by AD1, the economy depicted in Figure 12.1 confronts a real GDP gap of: $400 billion $560 billion. $800 billion. Zero.To an economist, investment refers to the purchase of new plant and equipment by businesses. TRUE FALSEWhich of the following helps explain the multiplier effect? Incomes tend to increase with inflation. People buy a lot of luxury items. Income is spent and re-spent in the circular flow model. Banks only hold a fraction of their deposits on reserve.Figure 12.2 Using Figure 12.2, if Q2 represents full employment, then a shift from AD1 to: AD3 results in a full-employment equilibrium at point W. AD3 takes the economy past full employment to equilibrium at point Z. AD2 closes the GDP gap. AD2 takes the economy past full employment to equilibrium at point Y.The multiplier is equal to: 1 – MPC. 1 ÷ MPS. 1 ÷ MPC. MPS ÷ MPC.If consumers save 15 cents out of every dollar received, the: MPS is 0.15. Multiplier is 15. Multiplier is 0.15. MPS is 0.85.Fiscal restraint: Causes a rightward shift of aggregate demand. Causes a rightward shift of aggregate supply. Includes tax hikes and spending cuts. Is used to reduce a recession.Which of the following will occur if aggregate demand is below full-employment GDP? Recession A stable economy Excessive aggregate demand InflationThe amount of money in circulation can affect spending behavior, but it will not change aggregate demand. FALSE TRUEPotential deposit creation for the entire banking system is without limit because when lending takes place, the excess reserves of one bank become deposits for another bank. FALSE TRUEThe smallest component of the basic money supply is in the form of: Currency in circulation. Savings accounts. Traveler’s checks. Transactions accounts.Suppose Students Bank and Trust has zero excess reserves. If the required reserve ratio decreases: Bank assets will increase. The bank will be able to make more loans. Required reserves will increase. The money multiplier will decrease.Without money, the process of acquiring goods and services would be much more efficient. TRUE FALSEThe distinguishing feature of transactions accounts is that they allow for direct payment to a third party. FALSE TRUEUse the following balance sheet for XYZ Bank, which is one of many banks in a banking system.Table 13.1âXYZ Bank balance sheet Refer to Table 13.1. With total reserves of $50,000 and a required reserve ratio of 25 percent, potential deposit creation for the banking system is equal to: Zero. $50,000. $200,000. $250,000.Suppose the entire banking system has $10,000 in excess reserves and a required reserve ratio of 20 percent. The deposit-creation potential of the banking system is: $50,000 $200,000 $20,000 $500Which of the following is not true about money? It must be minted by the government in order to have value. It is a mechanism for transforming current income into future purchases. It facilitates the continuous series of exchanges that characterize a market economy. It promotes the specialization of labor.Suppose a bank has $1,000,000 in deposits and a minimum reserve requirement of 20 percent. Then required reserves are: $1,000,000 $1,200,000 $200,000 $880,000When the market value of goods and services is expressed in prices, money is functioning as a: Type of barter. Standard of value. Store of value. Medium of exchange.LaTressa takes $230 from under her mattress and deposits it in her checking account. The immediate result of this transaction is that M1: Does not change in value. Increases by more than $230. Decreases by $230. Increases by $230.Professor Williams tutors her next-door neighbor’s son in economics. Instead of paying her for this service, the neighbor washes the professor’s car. This is an example of: Barter. A store of value. A market transaction. A monetary transaction.When you purchase jeans at the mall, money is serving as a medium of exchange. FALSE TRUEWhen a bank makes a loan, dollars leave the banking system so the money supply decreases. TRUE FALSEIf you deposit $1,000 in your checking account, your bank is only required to hold a portion of the deposit and is allowed to lend out the balance. This illustrates the concept known as: Fractional reserves. Demand deposits. Split reserves. Money laundering.Barter is the direct exchange of one good for another without the use of money. FALSE TRUEThe shape of the _____ curve determines the impact of an aggregate demand shift on prices and output. Aggregate supply Total cost Production possibilities Marginal revenueA change in the reserve requirement affects: Excess reserves and the discount rate. The discount rate and the federal funds rate. The money multiplier and excess reserves. The money multiplier and the federal funds rate.The chairman of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors: Is always closely tied to the same political party as the president. Will typically change following each presidential election. Is elected by U.S. voters. Serves a four-year term and can be reappointed.If the Fed wishes to decrease the money supply it can: Decrease the required reserve ratio. Decrease the federal funds rate. Buy bonds on the open market. Raise the discount rate.Which of the following approaches should the Fed use if it experiences large lags and mistakes in monetary policy? Fixed rules An eclectic approach Fiscal policy Discretionary policyCeteris paribus, if the Fed raises the discount rate, then: The lending capacity of the banking system increases. The incentive to borrow reserves decreases. Excess reserves decrease. The money multiplier decreases.Answer the indicated questions on the basis of the information in Table 14.1. Each question is based on the original balance sheet.Table 14.1âMonetary data In Table 14.1, the level of total reserves is equal to: $80 billion. $880 billion. $920 billion. $1 trillion.According to the aggregate supply drawn under the monetarist view, which of the following would lead to a higher price level? A decrease in the money multiplier. The purchase of bonds in the open market by the Fed. An increase in the discount rate. An increase in the reserve requirement.For a given amount of total reserves, a decrease in required reserves causes an increase in excess reserves. TRUE FALSEUsing the aggregate supply drawn under the monetarist view, what should happen to the equilibrium price level and quantity of output if the Fed buys bonds? Equilibrium price level should increase, and equilibrium output should decrease. Equilibrium price level and equilibrium output should both increase. Equilibrium price level should decrease, and equilibrium output should increase. Equilibrium price level should increase and equilibrium output should stay constant.Answer the indicated questions on the basis of the information in Table 14.1. Each question is based on the original balance sheet.Table 14.1âMonetary data In Table 14.1, if the Fed changes the required reserve ratio to 5 percent, the lending capacity of the banking system will eventually: Fall by $800 billion. Fall by $40 billion. Rise by $40 billion. Rise by $800 billion.Aggregate demand is the: Total quantity of output demanded at alternative price levels. Quantity of new goods and services produced. Quantity of goods demanded by the largest corporations in the country. Total quantity of output demanded but only at full employment.The key decision maker for general Federal Reserve policy is the: Board of Governors. Regional Federal Reserve banks. Federal Advisory Council. Federal Open Market Committee. Delivering a high-quality product at a reasonable price is not enough anymore. That’s why we have developed 5 beneficial guarantees that will make your experience with our service enjoyable, easy, and safe. You have to be 100% sure of the quality of your product to give a money-back guarantee. This describes us perfectly. Make sure that this guarantee is totally transparent.Read more Each paper is composed from scratch, according to your instructions. It is then checked by our plagiarism-detection software. 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Natural Cures For Herpes Natural Remedies for Herpes Welcome to natural remedies for herpes. Herpes refers to a class of viral infections of both a sexual and nonsexual nature. There are actually over 70 different types of herpes, all of which are caused by one or more herpes viruses. Overall, herpes viruses are very common in the population at large. In fact, some health experts estimate that 90 per cent of all Americans are infected by one or more strains of herpes virus. Herpes viruses, once they gain a foothold in the body, can remain dormant for years before symptoms manifest, usually after being triggered by stress to the immune system. In addition, symptoms can come and go, and even when symptoms are no longer noticeable, it does not necessarily mean that the viruses have been eradicated. Types of Herpes Although there are more than 70 known herpes viruses, the two most common types of herpes are: - Herpes Simplex 1 (HSV1) – this is often present in the body simply due to a weakened immune system, not as a result of sexual contact. - Herpes Simplex 2 (HSV2), or genital herpes. – this is a sexually transmitted disease, or STD. Both types are very widespread among the population of the United States. Note: Genital herpes can pass from infected mothers to their babies at the time of birth. Newborns infected with herpes simplex 2 can experience developmental problems due to how herpes affects their young nervous systems. This can lead to seizures and/or mental retardation. To prevent this risk, pregnant women should consider caesarean section births to avoid the spread of HSV2. Symptoms of herpes simplex 1 primarily manifest as small blisters on the skin and mucus membranes, and as cold sores on the lips and/or along the edge of the nose, which are also known as fever blisters. The blisters and cold sores can be irritating and produce sensations of burning, itching, or tingling. The symptoms are usually no more than nuisances, however, and generally resolve themselves without treatment within a week to ten days. Genital herpes, symptoms of which usually first manifest within a week or less after unprotected sex with an infected partner, initially manifest as a persistent burning sensation or itch on or around the genitals (usually the moist linings that surround the genitals). Within 24 hours, this is followed by small, pimple-like outbreaks and reddened skin in the genital area that can quickly progress to painful lesions and sores and discharge blood and pus. Eventually (usually within a week of the initial sensations of burning or itching) scabs form over the sores and lesions and they start to heal until the next outbreak. In women, the sores and lesions usually occur around the vagina, the cervix, and around the anus. In men, they typically occur on the glans (the bulbous end of the penis), the foreskin of the penis, the shaft of the penis, and/or around the anus. The next part of natural remedies for herpes is the causes. Herpes is caused by one of more than 70 infectious herpes viruses. Outbreaks caused by herpes are most often triggered by physical or emotional stress that suppresses immune function. Nutritional deficiencies can also increase the risk of contracting herpes. Anxiety is the greatest predictor of herpes eruption so it figures that stress reduction can help prevent herpes attacks. Taking supplements to support the adrenal glands is especially important in times of stress and therefore the following are recommended: As with all sexually transmitted diseases, the most effective response is prevention. To avoid herpes, do the following: Be careful about choosing a sex partner and find out about his or her health and sexual history before engaging in a sexual relationship. Have sex only if the person has no apparent signs of infection and is willing to assure your protection during sexual intimacy. Be prepared to talk and inquire about past experiences. Be direct and persistent. Make conversations about health a natural part of the sexual relationship. Limit the number of people you have sex with. The risk of contracting an STD rises exponentially in direct relation to how many sexual partners you have. Avoid sex altogether if your partner exhibits open lesions or swelling on his or her body. Always practice safe sex. Men should always use a latex condom, especially when engaging in sex with someone new. As an alternative, women can consider the use of a latex female condom. When engaging in oral sex, use a latex dental dam. Long-term, monogamous sexual partners should also use some form of protective contraceptive unless planning a pregnancy. Avoid swallowing semen, as it acts as an immune suppressant and thus can increase the risk of STDs caused by infectious micro-organisms. Avoid anal sex, especially without protection. Urinate after you have sexual intercourse in order to help clean the urethra and prevent infection. This applies to both men and women. Have an annual check-up to be screened for STDs that you may not know you have. If you know that you have a sexually transmitted disease, be responsible. Inform your partner and insist that he or she be examined and treated as well. Follow the treatment regimen that your physician prescribes as completely as possible, and always use protection whenever you engage in sex. Now we’ve looked at the causes, let’s look at the things to do when it comes to natural remedies for herpes. Healthy eating is of primary importance. Drink plenty of pure filtered water and increase your intake of fresh, organic fruits and vegetables, and complex whole grains, as well as organic, free-range meats, poultry, and wild-caught fish that are rich in essential fatty acids, such as sardines and salmon. - Do not consume any artificial sweeteners, such as Splenda, NutraSweet or Aspartame - Do not consume high fructose corn syrup or mono-sodium glutamate. - Do not drink any carbonated beverages. - Avoid all fast food restaurants, commercial and processed foods. - Avoid all canned food. - Avoid salt. - Avoid wheat and wheat products. - Avoid alcohol and caffeine and tobacco. - Do not eat saturated, trans-, hydrogenated or partially-hydrogenated fats and oils. Instead choose from extra virgin olive oil, high lignin flax seed oil, and unrefined hemp seed, walnut, and sunflower oils. - Eliminate conventional dairy products. The best dairy products are raw, unpasteurised and homogenised dairy from grass fed cows. If this is unavailable, then buy organic dairy. - Avoid conventional beef. The best beef is organic grass fed beef. www.grasslandbeef.com The second best is organic meat; this includes beef, veal, lamb, chicken and turkey. - Foods high in the amino acid arginine should be avoided, since arginine can trigger more frequent herpes outbreaks. Such foods include almonds, peanuts, and other nuts and seeds, including sesame and sunflower seeds, coconut, chocolate, wheat and wheat byproducts, soy, lentils, oats, corn, rice, barley, tomatoes, and squash - Avoid acid producing foods, such as citrus fruits, including tomatoes, during outbreaks, as these foods will increase the severity of herpes outbreaks. - Undergo testing for potential food allergies and sensitivities and avoid those foods to which you test positive, as these can reduce immune function. Consider a rotation diet or elimination diet in order to further reduce the likelihood of food allergies.Nutrition and diet are key players in the healing and elimination of imbalance and disease. For a complete, nutrition packed, whole foods eating plan, read the Whole Foods Diet. In many cases, a raw food eating plan can be extremely beneficial. To learn more, read Raw Food Diet. You can print out these full articles for easy reference. - Vitamin D has been shown to be a key factor in boosting the immune system. Take Vitamin D3 50,000-100,000 International Units a day - Wholefood supplements are the best way of ensuring your nutritional needs are met. Nutritional Supplements: The following nutrients can be helpful: vitamin A, B-complex, vitamin B5, vitamin B6, vitamin C, zinc, adrenal glandular extract, quercitin, and the amino acid lysine. Lauric acid, known as monolaurin, is also useful for preventing outbreaks. Avoid any supplement that contains the amino acid arginine. Prescription and non-prescription medication: What non-prescription and prescription drugs are you taking? Your non-prescription and prescription are partially the reason that you have this illness or disease – you need to get off these medications but do so only under the guidance of a licensed health care practitioner. - Vitamin C powder added to a bit of water can be applied topically over lesions as a paste. This will help to quickly dry them up. Vitamin E oil applied topically is effective as well. - Salves made from one or more of the following ingredients can help soothe symptoms and speed healing: aloe vera gel, baking soda, calendula cream, goldenseal powder, licorice root powder, vitamin E oil, vitamin C paste, and zinc sulfate ointment. An ice compress applied topically can also assist healing. The next section on natural remedies for herpes is all about the mind. When considering natural remedies for herpes, we cannot ignore the mental aspect. We know that when the body is out of balance, energy doesn’t flow, leading blockages and eventually dis-ease. Here are some things you can do to combat stress and restore balance: - Go to a Dr Morter BEST (Bio-Energetic Synchronisation Technique) Practitioner. - Sign up for Energetic Re-Balancing. - Consider using Mary Millers Iching System Products – ichingsystemsinstruments.com - Reiki healing is very powerful in releasing stress and emotional baggage. Find a practitioner here. - Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) has had remarkable results in dissolving stress. Find a local practitioner here or go to www.thetappingsolution.com or www.tftrx.com - Try Hypnotherapy to relax the mind. Find a practitioner here. Discover More Articles on Natural Remedies for Herpes EFT cures Herpes: articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2003/07/26/eft-herpes.aspx Natural treatment for Herpes: https://www.healthline.com/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases/home-remedies-for-herpes#herbs-oils-and-other-topicals Treatment for Herpes – Natural: www.youtube.com/watch?v=kE7hQ0nsSwo Bach Flower Remedies for Treating Herpes: www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBbsfZURykQ Natural Cure for Herpes Part 1: www.youtube.com/watch?v=EcSRGNx0GZU Homeopathic treatment for Herpes: iadr.confex.com/iadr/latin05/preliminaryprogram/abstract_93979.htm Herbal Mixtures Aid Recovery Time for Herpes Sufferers: online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/acm.2006.6297?prevSearch=allfield%253A%2528herpes%2529&searchHistoryKey= Further Information (links and books) Book – The One Minute Cure – https://www.amazon.com/One-Minute-Cure-Healing-Virtually-Diseases/dp/0977075141 Larrea, Eclectic Institute www.eclecticherb.com (800) 332-4372 Lysine, Super Lysine+ www.quantumhealth.com (800) 448-1448 Red marine algae www.pureplanet.com (562) 951-1124 Gently wash with food grade hydrogen peroxide www.familyhealthnews.com (800) 284-6263 Soft Laser Therapy, Q1000 Soft Laser www.softlasertherapy.org (803) 955-0178 The Wolfe Clinic Discover the Experts When it Comes to Natural Remedies for Herpes Andrea Butje | Aromahead [email protected] – aromatherapy Carrie Vitt [email protected] – organic food recipes. David Spector-NSR/USA [email protected] – meditation, stress Judith Hoad [email protected] – herbalist. Kath May [email protected] – reiki, tai chi. Lillian Bridges [email protected] – Chinese medicine, living naturally. Monika [email protected] – aromatherapy. Rakesh [email protected] – Ayurvedic Practitioner.

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Feeling stressed? Here, you’ll find plenty of tips to help plan for feeling better. First, let’s learn more about stress. It’s a natural response when you face a difficult or dangerous situation, or when you feel pressured to do or feel something. Stress is part of life, and it may even help you feel more alert or capable. But it can also feel overwhelming. In this case, your health, wellbeing, relationships, work and enjoyment of life can suffer. You may be feeling big stresses, such as money worries, the loss of someone you love, or a marriage breakdown. Or you may be feeling smaller stresses, such as a constantly ringing phone, a long trip to work every day, or a grumpy toddler. And maybe the small stresses add up to being too much, because they’ve been going on for so long, or a lot of them are happening all at the same time. But you don’t have to let stress rule your life. Whether you feel stressed every now and then, or all the time, you need to work out what’s bothering you and find ways to cope. Stress isn’t good for you… mostly You need to know the difference between good stress and bad stress. It sounds strange, but some stress can help you get through a tough situation. When you’re alert and aware of a problem, you have a better chance of tackling it. But other stress is not doing you any favours. It makes you feel uptight and anxious, and it doesn’t leave you alone. Of course, different people feel stressed in different situations. The most common causes of stress are: - tertiary studies - certain times, such as Christmas and holidays. Stress is also common among people who live in rural areas. You may feel stress having an impact on your body (rapid heartbeat, sweating, faster breathing, difficulty with digestion) and your mind (negative thoughts such as ‘my blood is boiling’, ‘she is a pain in the neck’, ‘I hate this job’, ‘I’ve had enough’ or ‘I can’t believe what’s happening’). It might also be affecting your everyday life (perhaps you’re arguing more with your family, or you dread going to work). While each of us reacts to stress in different ways, it’s important to deal with any stress that is affecting your health and wellbeing. In other words, if you’re not bothered by long work hours, then that’s fine. But if a work overload is making you lose sleep, feel impatient with your family, or behave in other unwanted ways, then you need to make a change. Stress can hurt your body and your mind Think about whether stress is hurting you: - Is stress affecting your physical health? Is it giving you tension headaches or migraines, messing up your digestion, or leading you to eat or drink more, or smoke? - Is stress affecting your mental health? Is it bringing on panic attacks, making you fearful, causing irritability, leading you to binge eat or starve yourself, making you struggle in relationships, or making you feel depressed? Here are more questions that may help you recognise stress: - Can you switch off when you want to rest? Or can you not stop thinking? - Are you coping? Or do little things get you down? - Do you feel mostly calm? Or do you feel irritable? - Can you enjoy other people’s company, and the things you have always found fun? Or do you feel like being alone more than usual? - Do you find you can read and work okay? Or is it hard to concentrate? - Do you feel well in yourself? Or do you have aches and pains that are not related to exercise or illness? - Are you eating and sleeping normally? Or do you find it harder to eat and sleep well? If your answers show you are stressed, then it’s time to come up with some stress busters! Remember, if you can learn to manage your stress, then you can avoid more serious illness. There are many ways to manage stress The best way to handle stress is different for each person. Look for your body’s warning signs, such as having a headache, grinding your teeth, clenching your jaw or feeling frustrated. And know your stress triggers, such as hunger, tiredness, arguments with your family or friends, certain times of day with your children, or deadlines. Then, work on de-stressing. The good news is that plenty of simple (and free) stress-busting techniques are available: - Establish regular times for when you eat, sleep, read, exercise, grocery shop and so on. And try to set up a routine for your household, so everyone knows what is happening and when. - Look after your health, with healthy food, regular exercise and calm times in your day. And avoid using alcohol and other drugs to get through your day. - Be aware of thoughts that don’t help. Saying to yourself that you can’t cope, or don’t have enough time, or feel exhausted, for example, doesn’t help. Instead, try talking yourself through a tough situation: ‘I’m doing pretty well despite my fear’, ‘I can keep calm’, ‘Everything will be okay’. - Face whatever worries or scares you. If you don’t like job interviews, for example, try a practice interview with a friend. Or, if you know you’re having trouble paying your mortgage, speak with your bank manager. Sometimes, worrying about a problem is worse than the actual problem. - Think about breaking a big problem into smaller ones. Look at different ways of tackling each problem, the possible consequences and your best options. In other words, work on your problem solving, and don’t wait for a sudden miraculous answer. - Write a to-do list. If a task or problem is on paper, then it doesn’t have to be in your head. - Hang out with people who care about you. Other people can remind you of your own strengths, and listen when you need to ‘download’ your worries. - Be mindful of how you’re feeling, where you are, and who you’re with. Try to clear your head of thoughts about the past or future, and focus on being in the present. - Practise relaxing. You can try formal relaxation techniques such as yoga or meditation, or just sit quietly in the park and let your body and mind settle. - Take time out every day to do something you enjoy (like reading a book, doing a puzzle or listening to music). Just looking after yourself can also be a great way to tackle stress. A healthy body is a great first step to thinking clearly and feeling better: - Avoid drugs and alcohol. - Eat well and regularly. - Sleep enough to top up your energy. - Plan to exercise, and stick to the plan. - Breathe steadily. Make stress management fun! Sometimes, the same old approaches don’t seem enough, or don’t inspire you to start dealing with your stress. Why not try some of these stress busters, for a fresh perspective? - Sweat out your stress with a high intensity workout. Or do the opposite: completely wind down in a tai chi class. - Spend time with someone who makes you laugh or has plenty of good stories that distract you. - Meditate, and learn to look at yourself with honesty and compassion rather than judgement and criticism. - Just stop. In other words, sit or lie on your own, and just breathe. - Grab some pencils and a colouring book. While you’re colouring in, you are slowing your thoughts and using your creativity. - Dance around the house to your favourite music. Or listen to music while you work. - Head outside for fresh air and a close encounter with the natural environment. Look up at the sky, watch for butterflies and lizards, and pick some flowers. - Visualise yourself somewhere that is idyllic to you, or with someone you love. Think about the sounds, smells and tastes of your perfect place. - Buy a plant. Simply being around plants is good for your relaxation. - Wiggle about. Starting with your feet and moving up to your face, try tightening and relaxing your muscles. - Tune out, or plug in. Turning off your screens and devices can help you switch off your thinking. On the flip side, watching a funny movie or talking to someone on Facetime can help you feel better too. - Eat a banana or a potato. These foods have potassium, which can improve your body’s energy and recovery. - Find a repetitive activity, such as knitting, wood carving or making jewellery. The simple act of repeating a skill with your hands can relieve stress. Note: All content and media on the Sunbury Dental House website and social media channels are created and published online for informational purposes only. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice and should not be relied on as health or personal advice. More Wellness Articles Ever felt uplifted seeing a colourful rainbow brighten up an otherwise grey sky or watching a spectacular orange sunset… It’s so easy to put exercise and activity to the bottom of your long to-do list. But being active is one of the most important… Exercise is important for heart health. However, do you know how much exercise is enough? It’s recommended that all adults get at least… Throughout your life, the number and strength of your relationships affect your mental and physical wellbeing…

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Acupiuncture is a system of treatment rooted in the prescientific vitalism of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It doesn’t work. For anything. As Steve Novella and David Colquhoun put it, acupuncture is basically a theatrical placebo, which is why rigorous studies consistently fail to find a treatment effect due to acupuncture that is detectably greater than placebo. Not that that’s stopped acupuncturists and acupuncture advocates from trying desperately to show that acupuncture “works,” even if it means hooking up acupuncture needles to electrodes and turning it into transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS). Never mind that two thousand years ago even the Chinese didn’t understand electricity. That’s why I was rather amused to come across an article in the Journal of Integrative Medicine by Ted Priebe et al entitled Can a science-based definition of acupuncture improve clinical outcomes? It’s tempting just to say no and leave it at that, but there’s too much amusement to be had by examining parts of the article and the contortions of logic the authors undergo to try to justify the use of acupuncture. Indeed, in the introduction, it’s almost as though Priebe et al admit that acupuncture is based on prescientific superstition, as they declare their purpose to “to unwind this entanglement and conduct acupuncture research according to biomedical principles.” Good luck with that. They also suggest that “avoiding prescientific arguments is one approach towards explaining acupuncture mechanism of action, efficacy and effectiveness.” Good luck with that, too. First, Priebe et al liken acupuncture to the construction of knives, which is a perhaps a bit more apropos than they realize, given how acupuncture also “evolved” from primitive bloodletting of the kind favored by “traditional European medicine” (as I like to refer to it) in the Middle Ages: Acupuncture, like knives, has evolved over millennia. They have ancient origins, modern utility, varied history, and even today, spiritual value. The manufacture of knives has evolved further than has the application of acupuncture. Acupuncture needs to migrate from a mind- body-spirit medicine described by Hui et al. to a healing art based on science. Knife construction has moved past a “hand me down” craft to a precise, replicable, and standardized industry where quality is measured scientifically. Although knife making and acupuncture still value the traditional master-apprentice teaching practices, it is time for acupuncture, like knife manufacture, to advance towards scientific methodology for assessing practice outcomes and effectiveness. One might also point out that knives, unlike acupuncture, can be shown unambiguously to be useful tools to accomplish specific tasks. Acupuncture, not so much. Of course, the big question I have is basically: How do you take a modality that posits the existence of anatomic structures that do not exist (meridians) and “energies” (qi) that have never been detected and make it scientific? Science requires parameters that are reliably detectable, measurable, and reproducible. Indeed, a Nobel Prize likely awaits the first acupuncturist or “integrative medicine” specialist who can definitively demonstrate the existence of qi and meridians and definitively demonstrate that inserting thin needles into these meridians somehow “unblocks” the flow of qi. Of course, acupuncturists are starting to figure that out, but, instead of resulting in the rejection of acupuncture as the pseudoscience that it is, instead acupuncturists now tend to sweep all that inconvenient mystical mumbo-jumbo about qi and meridians under the rug: Kendall scientifically described the mechanisms of action of acupuncture as based upon early Chinese descriptions of “blood circulation, organization of the cardiovascular system, somatovisceral relationships (communication between the external body and the internal organs), immune system function and the organization of the musculoskeletal system.” The American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Guidelines recognized the effectiveness of needling without providing evidence of “meridians” or defining vital energy ow (qi). Let’s talk a bit about these early Chinese descriptions, shall we? TCM involves various modalities like pulse and tongue diagnosis. In the former, it is claimed that detailed diagnoses can be made just by feeling the pulse. Of course, the pulse is valuable in science-based medicine, but mainly as an indicator of cardiovascular status. In TCM, there are at least 29 different pulse types ranging from floating to slippery to forceful. Try to figure out how to recognize the Ge Mai (Leathery, Drumskin, Tympanic, Hard) pulse, for instance: Bowstring and large (wide) with an empty center; feels like the head of a drum. Felt with light pressure. Floating, large, and hard and resistant to pressure. Supposedly Ge Mai is associated with “Hemorrhage, Spermatorrhea, Abortion, Excessive Menstrual Flow, Xu Cold” and means, “The Qi becomes detached and floats to the exterior, the healthy Qi is failing to store sperm and blood.” There’s lots more where that came from, with the vague, mystical diagnoses failing to correspond with any physiological condition. Physiologically, these pulse diagnoses are meaningless. It’s diagnosis disconnected from reality. Don’t even get me started on tongue diagnosis. Skeptics rightfully make fun of reflexology, which posits a homunculus on the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands, where various areas of the soles and palms “map” to various organs or body parts. Well, where do you think reflexologists got the idea? Probably from TCM tongue diagnosis, which basically maps different areas of the tongue to different organs and claims that by looking at the tongue one can diagnose illness in various organs. While it’s true that looking at the tongue is a useful part of physical diagnosis in science-based medicine, the way it’s used in TCM is, like pulse diagnosis, meaningless. Now here’s the funny thing. Priebe et al appear to realize that the philosophical underpinnings of TCM are mystical prescientific superstition. That’s probably why they want so desperately to get away from them, noting with unintentional drollness that “fealty to traditional themes may add complexity, raising the bar and occluding the picture” and listing four areas (placebo, comparative effectiveness, Deqi and linguistics) where “fealty to traditional themes needlessly confounds acupuncture research.” Perhaps most telling is how Priebe et al invoke Ted Kaptchuk and his arguments: He argued that placebo research must move beyond the view wherein placebo signifies a failure, instead investigating it as a straightforward clinical outcome; “We need more research involving clinical interventions designed to elicit placebo effects in participants without deception … we need to know precisely when, how and in what dose … these interventions can provide therapeutic benefit.” Kaptchuk applied the “dose × frequency × duration” model to a meta-analysis of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies limited to supplements and herbs used for treating irritable bowel syndrome. The study is of interest here because it pooled CAM interventions excluding acupuncture and discussion of traditional, non-scienti c considerations. Kaptchuk’s arguments flow from the observation that, as alternative medicine therapies have been more intensively studied using more rigorous methodology, inevitably their effects are found to be indistinguishable from placebo effects. So Kaptchuk embraces placebo effects and has spent decades trying to demonstrate that they are useful and can be evoked without deception (they can’t). His arguments are similar to those of other alternative medicine advocates like Deepak Chopra that their woo works by “harnessing the power of placebo.” Unfortunately, thinking does not make it so. So what do Priebe et al propose, given that rigorous randomized trials of acupuncture fail to show its efficacy beyond that of placebo? I think you know the answer to that one: Despite Kaptchuk’s best arguments, placebo effectiveness is viewed as damaging to clinical outcomes research. By contrast, comparative effectiveness research occupies one of the highest rungs on the research ladder. In our view, the most renowned studies of comparative effectiveness in acupuncture research, i.e., the “German studies” did not measure up to Kaptchuk’s standard of when, how and what dose. Comparative effectiveness research in clinical applications should demonstrate cost savings and improved outcomes when comparing techniques or procedures. The model must be specific, as acupuncturists and researchers will attest. Standardization is necessary when comparing outcome measures, targeted points, diagnoses, and experimental/ control models. Yes, this is basically the same justification used for preferring “pragmatic” studies on acupuncture, and it has the same flaw. Yes, comparative effectiveness research is important. Indeed, you can view comparative effectiveness research as a form of pragmatic studies. The problem once again is that the premise of such studies is that the treatments whose effectiveness are being compared actually have strong evidence of efficacy from randomized clinical trials. In other words, we already know that they “work.” Acupuncture fails that basic test. However, because comparative effectiveness studies generally don’t have placebo control arms, pragmatic studies and comparative effectiveness research will produce a false impression that acupuncture actually works, at least for subjective outcomes. Finally, here’s the part that made me laugh the loudest, in which Priebe et al argue for changing linguistics: Chinese “words” frequently have more than one meaning. The symbol for “qi” can mean air or gas as well as “energy or life force”. For acupuncture traditionalists the word “qi” implies a dynamic functional view of all body systems.[30,31] The word “energy” is central to the cultural description of acupuncture and cannot be separated from Chinese medicine.[32,33] According to this view acupuncture works by releasing blocked energy circulating through invisible meridians. Use of these and similar terms when describing needling therapy is central to the claims, beliefs and practices among a cohort of TCM and acupuncture practitioners unconcerned these ideas have not been demonstrated scientifically. Schnorrenberger has argued acupuncture finally needs an anatomical nomenclature for daily practice and scientific research. Yang et al. has attempted to resolve the mysterious balance of yin and yang with the biophysical, i.e., positive and negative charge or matter and anti-matter. These are not prejudices if one takes it as sun and moon, positive and negative charge, or matter and antimatter. However, we must focus on the science alone as there were quite a bit of superstitions, mystics, voodoo, and philosophical musing in the ancient world that should have no place in our scientific thoughts. Well, I can certainly agree with that last paragraph, but that’s the problem. Acupuncture cannot be separated from its origins in prescientific vitalisms. That “quite a bit of superstitions, mystics, voodoo, and philosophical musing in the ancient world that should have no place in our scientific thoughts” is the very basis of acupuncture. There is no anatomy that corresponds to meridians, nor is there physiology that generates or depends upon qi. That’s why there will always be this: Pritzker describes a “tension” between “biomedical” and “anti-biomedical” camps that has proved “contentious” for more than a decade. In our view, this tension extends into the research domain. Those acupuncturists who have a “biomedical” view are perhaps even more deluded than the “anti-biomedical” camp. After all, they seem to think that there is a biomedical basis to acupuncture and will contort all sorts of research findings to justify their belief in acupuncture. Priebe et al seem to fall into this category, as they conclude: Despite decades of scientific arguments that support a biomedical model, steadfast insistence on the use of traditional terms remains a standard in the conduct of acupuncture research. The use of prescientific language in place of medical language commonly used in mainstream healthcare is harmful to the profession, practitioners and the public. It is our view that this insistence frequently dissolves into a defensive posture that places the patient at risk. This same view compromises and hamstrings practical outcomes in acupuncture research. “Practical outcomes.” You keep using that term. I do not think it means what you think it means. Notice how Priebe tortures language (and himself) in order to continue to use acupuncture even though he has just admitted that it’s rife with mysticism, superstition, and “voodooo” that has no place in modern medicine. How can a system that is based in such nonsense ever be scientific? It can’t. Therein lies the conundrum. Priebe et al view themselves as science-based and, because they believe in acupuncture, assume that there must be a way to justify it scientifically as well. There isn’t, but that doesn’t mean that acupuncturists like Priebe et al won’t keep torturing science and language to keep trying.

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Liver disease has caused significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Its epidemiologic and clinical pattern, however, is not well characterized in sub-Saharan countries. This study aimed to describe demographic, clinical characteristics, and patterns of liver disease in a community hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A retrospective hospital-based study was conducted on patients with liver disease admitted at Ras Desta Damtew memorial hospital, in Addis Ababa-Ethiopia, from February 2015 to April 2020. Of the total 212 patients majority, 78.8% were male, 49.1% of patients were in the age range of 31-50 with a median age of 42. The most common initial clinical presentation was ascites (87.7 %), and more than half of patients (56.6%) had a history of alcohol misuse documented on their medical charts. Chronic liver disease (cirrhosis) was found in 177 (83.5%), and Hepatocellular Cancer accounted for 7.5% of the patients. Alcohol misuse caused 45% of chronic Liver Disease, followed by Hepatitis B virus infection. Chronic liver disease is the most common form of liver disease, and the most affected were middle-aged men. The common cause of chronic liver disease was alcohol followed by hepatitis B virus infection. Academic Editor: Adil Khan, Pakistan Checked for plagiarism: Yes Review by: Single-blind Copyright © 2021 Samson Erkabu, et al. The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Liver diseases, including chronic HBV and HCV infection, Alcoholic liver disease, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Autoimmune liver disease, Drug-induced liver injury (DILI), and Hepatocellular cancer, affects a large population of individuals. It accounts for nearly 2 million deaths per year worldwide, 1 million due to cirrhosis-related complications and 1 million due to viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. 1 The incidence of liver disease is increasing; for instance, the estimated number of European Union citizens to live with chronic liver disease is half a million. 2According to National statistics in the United Kingdom, liver diseases have been ranked as the fifth most common cause of death 3, and in the United States, it is the second leading cause of mortality amongst all digestive diseases 4. In sub-Saharan Africa, cirrhosis-related death has doubled between 1980 to 2010 5. During 2001, the estimated worldwide mortality from cirrhosis was 771,000 people, ranking 14th and 10th as the leading cause of death in the world and developed countries, respectively 6. Alcohol contributes to 4% of liver-related mortality and 5% of disability-adjusted life years (DALY) globally, with the highest impact in Europe, where the mortality and DALY are 7% and 12%, respectively 8. In the United States, the proportion of alcohol-related liver deaths is still considerably large and comparable in scope to that of HCV 9. Primary liver cancer is the seventh most frequently occurring cancer worldwide; and the second most common cause of cancer mortality 10. The highest incidence rates are in Asia and Africa 11. Its causes include hepatitis B, C, and alcohol and accounted for 47, 23, and 20%, respectively. In the remaining 10%, the underlying etiology was not known 7. More than 1000 drugs have been associated with drug-induced liver injury (DILI), which can present in all forms of acute and chronic liver disease. The incidence of DILI is estimated to be 14 to 19 cases per 100,000 persons, with jaundice accompanying 30% of cases.12,13 In Ethiopia, liver diseases accounted for 11.4% of all medical admissions. Viral hepatitis, post- hepatic and post necrotic and mixed cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma were the different patterns of the liver disease reported. Alcoholic cirrhosis was rare. 14 Despite the hypothesized increase in the prevalence of liver disease in sub-Saharan African countries, factors for the occurrence of liver disease, clinical profiles, and outcomes of patients with liver disease are not well described. In Ethiopia, the same is true where the magnitude of liver disease, its morbidity, and mortality is not known. One reason for the lack of such meaningful data could be poor handling of medical records as an electronic medical recording system for clinical and vital events reporting is absent in most sub-Saharan countries. However, world health organization has been publishing data on burden of liver disease of countries worldwide; based on the latest data, liver disease attributed to 2.7 % of total deaths in Ethiopia in 2018. This study aims to describe demographic, clinical characteristics, and patterns of liver disease in a community hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Materials and Methods This retrospective hospital-based study was conducted on patients with liver disease admitted to Ras Desta Damtew memorial hospital (RDDMH) in Addis Ababa-Ethiopia from February 2015 to April 2020. The hospital has a total of 166 beds with six inpatient wards and 19 outpatient departments. It provides medical services for an estimated 4 million people. Patients below 18 years old, with incomplete medical records and inadequate investigations, were excluded from the study. From a total of 344 patients with liver disease, only 212 left for final analysis after exclusion. General practitioners were trained on the study objectives, and purposes including data collecting techniques. We used a pretested data-collecting tool to abstract data from the medical notes of the patients. The data collection process has been closely monitored by the principal investigator (S.E.). Data were collected to assess demographic variables (age, sex, and address), clinical presentations, and patterns of liver disease. Ethical approval was obtained from the RDDMH ethics committee. Written permission to conduct the study was granted from the hospital. Patient informed consent was not required as only anonymous and operational monitoring data were collected and analyzed. Data entered into SPSS Version 23 statistical package software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). According to the study objectives, we used frequencies and proportions to describe the subjects in relation to the studied variables; the results are presented with tables. During the specified study period, a total of 344 patients were documented to have liver disease on the health management information system (HMIS) logbooks and accounted for 3.81% of hospital admission. Of these 344 patients, only 212 had fulfilled the inclusion criteria with complete medical records for analysis. Among the 212 patients majority were male (78.8%), and 49.1% were in the age group of 31-50 with a median age of 42. The most common first clinical presentation was ascites (87.7 %) (Table 1) and more than half of patients (56.6%) had a history of alcohol misuse documented in the patient's medical charts. We found no documentation of parotid enlargement, spider naevi, and Dupuytren's contracture in all of the cases.Table 1. Demographic and clinical patterns of liver disease admitted at Ras Desta Damtew Memorial hospital, Addis Ababa-Ethiopia from February 2015 to April 2020 |Number of patients||Percent %||All patients (n=212)| |Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis||53||25| |Upper Gastrointestinal bleeding||51||24| |Anemia + Thrombocytopenia||39||18.4| |Liver function test| |Type of Liver disease| |Chronic liver disease||177||83.5| |Drug induced liver injury||11||5.2| |Hepatitis B carrier||1||0.5| More than 90% of these cases were labeled to have chronic liver disease (Table 1). Alcohol misuse has caused 45% of chronic liver disease, and the second common cause was hepatitis B virus infection (Table 2).Table 2. Causes of chronic liver disease in admitted patients at Ras Desta Memorial hospital from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from February 2015 t0 April 2020 |NO||Causes of Chronic Liver Disease||Number of patients||Percent %| |5||Hepatitis C + Alcohol||10||5.2| |6||Hepatitis B + Alcohol||8||4.2| |7||Hepatitis B + Hepatitis C||1||0.5| Of the 11 patients who had a drug-induced liver injury (DILI), the culprit agents in 8 of the cases were anti-tuberculosis medications, and in the rest, the cause was the use of herbal medicines. While hematologic abnormality was documented in 73.1% of cases, hepatic encephalopathy was observed in only 42% of the patients, and 25% of the patients had spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Although upper gastrointestinal bleeding was documented in 24.1 % of the patients, only 7.5% of these patients had undergone upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. While admitted to the hospital, 21.2% of the patients died. This hospital-based retrospective study has characterized the patterns of liver disease, clinical pictures, and hospital mortality rate of patients. Here we compare our findings with available studies. From this study, we observed that the most commonly affected age group is 31-50 years of age and the majority of cases are males. This finding is similar to studies done in different parts of the country. 15,16 If these observations are going to be repeated in future studies, the same age group could be a target for preventive measures. The most common pattern of liver disease found in this study was chronic liver disease (CLD), which accounts for 90.1% of all liver diseases. The global prevalence of cirrhosis from autopsy studies ranges from 4.5% to 9.5% of the general population 17,18,19. In Nigeria, there is also a high incidence of CLD with varying degrees of prevalence reported in different geopolitical areas across the country. 21 Our finding, however, is higher than a report from a study done two decades ago in 334 hospitalized adult Ethiopian patients with a liver disease where cirrhosis comprises only 62.3% of all cases. 20 One reason for this difference could be a demographic change of the country for the last few decades. In Ethiopia, the estimated seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is 6.0% 22, and HCV-antibody (anti-HCV) is 3.1% 23. Our finding, however, showed Alcohol misuse as the common cause of CLD. This finding is also contrary to other findings where viral hepatitis infections were strongly associated with chronic liver disease 15,24 . In eastern Ethiopia, the predominant etiology of CLD was a toxic liver injury from the usage of Khat16. Though this difference needs further investigation, an observed increase in the misuse of alcohol in sub-Saharan countries could explain why alcohol is increasingly causing CLD25. Alcohol consumption is directly linked to life threatening liver diseases which may ultimately lead to death 29. Most of our patients come to the hospital with ascites, abdominal pain, jaundice, and anorexia for the first time. Clinical findings such as; Dupuytren’s contracture, parotid gland enlargement, and superficial vascular abnormalities were rarely documented. Other studies in Ethiopia also reported the absence of those symptoms14,16. These findings need further evaluation to conclude the clinical significance and utility of these symptoms in CLD patients in our setup. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis occurs in up to 10% of adult CLD patients 30. In our study, however, the rate is higher. It is likely because of the low threshold and simplicity of using ascitic fluid analysis to diagnose spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Antibiotics like amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and acetaminophen are common causes of drug-induced liver injury 26. Among 11 cases of DILI in our sample, eight were attributed for anti-tuberculosis medications, and the rest are a result of herbal medicines. Dual infection from HBV and HCV is a frequent occurrence in highly endemic areas; and among subjects with a high risk of parenteral infections 27. We found only one case where there is a dual infection of both HBV and HCV. In this study, 7.5 % of patients had hepatocellular cancer (HCC). Five out of eight patients had hepatitis B, and 4 of them were positive for Hepatitis C Virus. Another study in Ethiopia also reported hepatitis B and C viruses as a cause of HCC in 48% of the cases 28. We have excluded a significant percentage of patients from the study because of the poor handling of medical records. A missed data could have introduced random error, and patients missing data might systematically differ from those with complete data. Nevertheless, this study has described the clinical nature of patients with liver disease at a community hospital. The findings could help identify the gaps in the care of patients with liver disease in hospitals in Ethiopia. All forms of liver disease were observed in this hospital-based study; chronic liver disease from different etiologies is the most common form of liver disease. Alcohol has caused the majority of cases, followed by hepatitis B infection. Except for a few peripheral stigmata of chronic liver disease, most were observed. Despite a higher rate of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, there is limited access to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. This has hindered the proper characterization of those patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The majority of patients affected are productive age groups of the society; this warrants a preventive strategy towards the occurrence of liver diseases. The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the hospital and data collection staff at the health institution. Availability of Data and Material The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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(Press-News.org) For years Professor Leo von Hemmen, a biophysicist at the TU Muenchen, and Professor Bruce Young, a biologist at the University of Massachusetts Lowell, have been researching the sense of hearing in snakes. While discussing the toxicity of their snakes, it dawned on them that only few snakes inject their venom into their victims' bodies using hollow poison fangs. Yet, even though the vast majority of poisonous reptiles lack hollow fangs, they are effective predators. Only around one seventh of all poisonous snakes, like the rattlesnake, rely on the trick with the hollow poison fang. The vast majority has developed another system. A typical representative of this class is the mangrove pit viper, Boiga dendrophila. Using its twin fangs, it punches holes into the skin of its victims. The venom flows into the wound between the teeth and the tissue. But there is an even easier way: many poison fangs simply have a groove the venom flows along to enter the wound. The researchers asked themselves how this simple method could be so successful from an evolutionary perspective, considering that bird feathers, for example, should be able to easily brush away any venom flowing along an open groove. To get to the bottom of this mystery, they investigated the surface tension and viscosity of various snake venoms. The measurements showed that snake venom is amazingly viscous. The surface tension is high, about the same as that of water. As a result, the surface energy pulls the drops into the fang grooves, where they then spread out. In the course of evolution, snakes have adapted to their respective preferred prey using a combination of optimal fang groove geometry and venom viscosity. Snakes that prey on birds developed deeper grooves to keep the viscous venom from being brushed away by bird feathers. The researchers also found an answer to the question of how snakes manage to ferry the venom well under the skin of their prey. After all, only there can it unfold its deadly effect. Here too, snakes developed a trick in the course of evolution: When a snake attacks, the fang grooves and the surrounding tissue form a canal. Just like blotting paper, the tissue sucks the venom through this canal. And snake venom has a very special property to facilitate this effect: Just like ketchup, which becomes significantly more fluid upon shaking, the sheer forces that arise from the suction cause the venom to become less viscous, allowing it to flow through the canal quickly as a result of the surface tension. Scientists refer to substances with these characteristics as non-Newtonian fluids. These have a very practical consequence for snakes: As long as there is no prey in sight, the venom in the groove remains viscous and sticky. When the snake strikes, the poisonous "tears" flow along the groove – just like wine along a glass – and into the wound, where the venom takes its lethal effect. The German Federal Ministry for Education and Research funded portions of this work via the Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Munich. Professor van Hemmen is a member of the Excellence Cluster Cognition for Technical Systems (CoTeSys). Tears of Venom: Hydrodynamics of Reptilian Envenomation Bruce A. Young, Florian Herzog, Paul Friedel, Sebastian Rammensee, Andreas Bausch und J. Leo van Hemmen, Physical Review Letters, 106, 198103 (2011) The biophysics of snakebites ELSE PRESS RELEASES FROM THIS DATE: U of T researchers find link between childhood physical abuse, chronic fatigue syndrome TORONTO, ON – Childhood physical abuse is associated with significantly elevated rates of functional somatic syndromes such as chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia and multiple chemical sensitivities among women, according to new findings by University of Toronto researchers. The research will be published in this month's issue of the Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma. 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A practical guide to confronting and overcoming your ego. Ego: An unhealthy belief in our own importance. Arrogance. Self-centered ambition. The need to be better than, more than, recognised for, far past any reasonable utility. Every great journey begins here—yet far too many of us never reach our intended destination. We build ourselves up with fantastical stories, we pretend we have it all figured out, we let our star burn bright and hot only to fizzle out, and we have no idea why. For a generation, parents and teachers have focused on building up everyone’s self-esteem. In reality, this makes us weak. Arrogance and self-absorption inhibit growth. So does fantasy and “vision.” In this phase, you must practice seeing yourself with a little distance, cultivating the ability to get out of your own head. Detachment is a sort of natural ego antidote. To Be or To Do? Impressing people is utterly different from being truly impressive. If your purpose is something larger than you—to accomplish something, to prove something to yourself—then suddenly everything becomes both easier and more difficult. Easier in the sense that you know now what it is you need to do and what is important to you. The other “choices” wash away, as they aren’t really choices at all. They’re distractions. It’s about the doing, not the recognition. Become a Student The power of being a student is not just that it is an extended period of instruction, it also places the ego and ambition in someone else’s hands. The pretense of knowledge is our most dangerous vice, because it prevents us from getting any better. Studious self-assessment is the antidote. A true student is like a sponge. Absorbing what goes on around him, filtering it, latching on to what he can hold. A student is self-critical and self-motivated, always trying to improve his understanding so that he can move on to the next topic, the next challenge. A real student is also his own teacher and his own critic. There is no room for ego there. The art of taking feedback is such a crucial skill in life, particularly harsh and critical feedback. We not only need to take this harsh feedback, but actively solicit it. Don't be Passionate Passion is about. (I am so passionate about ______.) Purpose is to and for. (I must do ______. I was put here to accomplish ______. I am willing to endure ______ for the sake of this.) Actually, purpose deemphasizes the I. Purpose is about pursuing something outside yourself as opposed to pleasuring yourself. Passion is form over function. Purpose is function, function, function. Make it about what you feel you must do and say, not what you care about and wish to be. The Canvas Strategy The better wording for the advice is this: Find canvases for other people to paint on. Clear the path for the people above you and you will eventually create a path for yourself. It’s about seeing what goes on from the inside, and looking for opportunities for someone other than yourself. Greatness comes from humble beginnings; it comes from grunt work. Find inefficiencies and waste and redundancies. Identify leaks and patches to free up resources for new areas. Our own path, whatever we aspire to, will in some ways be defined by the amount of nonsense we are willing to deal with. It will be tough to keep our self-control. Those who have subdued their ego understand that it doesn’t degrade you when others treat you poorly; it degrades them. Your ego screams for you to indulge it. Instead, you must do nothing. Take it. Eat it until you’re sick. Endure it. Quietly brush it off and work harder. Play the game. Pride and ego say: I am important because I think I should be. Receive feedback, maintain hunger, and chart a proper course in life. Pride dulls these senses. Or in other cases, it tunes up other negative parts of ourselves: sensitivity, a persecution complex, the ability to make everything about us. At the end, this isn’t about deferring pride because you don’t deserve it yet. It isn’t “Don’t boast about what hasn’t happened yet.” It is more directly “Don’t boast.” There’s nothing in it for you. Work, Work, Work Is it ten thousand hours or twenty thousand hours to mastery? The answer is that it doesn’t matter. There is no end zone. Not a terribly sexy idea. But it should be an encouraging one as it means it’s all within reach (see my notes on Finite and Infinite Games). Make it so you don’t have to fake it—that’s they key. Every time you sit down to work, remind yourself: I am delaying gratification by doing this. Give yourself a little credit for this choice, but not so much, because you’ve got to get back to the task at hand: practicing, working, improving. “You can’t build a reputation on what you’re going to do” — Henry Ford The Taste/Talent Gap (Ira Glass) All of us who do creative work . . . we get into it because we have good taste. But it’s like there’s a gap, that for the first couple years that you’re making stuff, what you’re making isn’t so good . . . It’s really not that great. It’s trying to be good, it has ambition to be good, but it’s not quite that good. But your taste—the thing that got you into the game—your taste is still killer, and your taste is good enough that you can tell that what you’re making is kind of a disappointment to you. Now we face new temptations and problems. We stop learning, we stop listening, and we lose our grasp on what matters. Success arrives, like it does for a team that has just won a championship, ego begins to toy with our minds and weaken the will that made us win in the first place. Don't Tell Yourself a Story Narrative is when you look back at an improbable or unlikely path to your success and say: I knew it all along. Instead of: I hoped. I worked. I got some good breaks. Make it about the work and the principles behind it—not about a glorious vision that makes a good headline. Labels put you at odds not just with reality, but with the real strategy that made you successful in the first place. The same goes for us, whatever we do. Instead of pretending that we are living some great story, we must remain focused on the execution—and on executing with excellence. We’re never happy with what we have, we want what others have too. We want to have more than everyone else. We start out knowing what is important to us, but once we’ve achieved it, we lose sight of our priorities. Ego sways us, and can ruin us. The farther you travel down that path of accomplishment, whatever it may be, the more often you meet other successful people who make you feel insignificant. It doesn’t matter how well you’re doing; your ego and their accomplishments make you feel like nothing—just as others make them feel the same way. On an individual level, it’s absolutely critical that you know who you’re competing with and why, that you have a clear sense of the space you’re in. Be what you are, and be as good as possible at it, without succumbing to all the things that draw you away from it. Accomplish the most that you’re capable of in what you choose. Entitlement, Control and Paranoia With success, particularly power, come some of the greatest and most dangerous delusions: entitlement, control, and paranoia. Entitlement assumes: This is mine. I’ve earned it. At the same time, entitlement nickels and dimes other people because it can’t conceive of valuing another person’s time as highly as its own. Control says: It all must be done my way—even little things, even inconsequential things. It can become paralysing perfectionism, or a million pointless battles fought merely for the sake of exerting its say. Paranoia thinks: I can’t trust anyone. I’m in this totally by myself and for myself. The Disease of Me The disease of me: thinking that we’re better, that we’re special, that our problems and experiences are so incredibly different from everyone else’s that no one could possibly understand. We never earn the right to be greedy or to pursue our interests at the expense of everyone else. To think otherwise is not only egotistical, it’s counterproductive. Managing your image is still important. Early in your career, you’ll notice that you jump on every opportunity to do so. As you become more accomplished, you’ll realise that so much of it is a distraction from your work. Meditate on The Immensity Keep the Stoic concept of Sympatheia, a connectedness with the cosmos/nature/the world, front of mind (see Daily Stoic article). When we lack a connection to anything larger or bigger than us, it’s like a piece of our soul is gone. No one is permanently successful, and not everyone finds success on the first attempt. We all deal with setbacks along the way. Alive Time or Dead Time (Robert Greene) - Dead Time — when people are passive and waiting - Alive Time — when people are learning, acting and utilising every second Every moment of failure, every moment or situation that we did not deliberately choose or control, presents this choice: Alive time. Dead time. Which will it be? The Effort is Enough In life, there will be times when we do everything right, perhaps even perfectly. Yet the results will somehow be negative: failure, disrespect, jealousy, or even a resounding yawn from the world. If ego holds sway, we’ll accept nothing less than full appreciation. A dangerous attitude because when someone works on a project at a certain point it is judged, received, and acted on by other people. It stops being something he controls and it depends on them. The less attached we are to outcomes the better. - When fulfilling our own standards is what fills us with pride and self-respect. - When the effort—not the results, good or bad—is enough. “Ambition means tying your well-being to what other people say or do . . . Sanity means tying it to your own actions.” — Marcus Aurelius Don't let externals determine whether something was worth it or not. It’s on us. The world is, after all, indifferent to what we humans “want.” If we persist in wanting, in needing, we are simply setting ourselves up for resentment or worse. Doing the work is enough. Draw the Line The problem is that when we get our identity tied up in our work, we worry that any kind of failure will then say something bad about us as a person. It’s a fear of taking responsibility, of admitting that we might have messed up. It’s the sunk cost fallacy. And so we throw good money and good life after bad and end up making everything so much worse. When we lose, we have a choice: Are we going to make this a lose-lose situation for ourselves and everyone involved? Or will it be a lose . . . and then win? Maintain Your Own Scorecard Ego can’t see both sides of the issue. It can’t get better because it only sees the validation. “Vain men never hear anything but praise.” When you take ego out of the equation, other people’s opinions and external markers won’t matter as much. That’s more difficult, but ultimately a formula for resilience. A person who judges himself based on his own standards doesn’t crave the spotlight the same way as someone who lets applause dictate success. Attempting to destroy something out of hate or ego often ensures that it will be preserved and disseminated forever (see the Streisand effect). Take inventory for a second. What do you dislike? Whose name fills you with revulsion and rage? Now ask: Have these strong feelings really helped you accomplish anything? Love is right there. Egoless, open, positive, vulnerable, peaceful, and productive. “See much, study much, suffer much, that is the path to wisdom.” — Celtic saying Ego is the Enemy Not to aspire or seek out of ego. To have success without ego. To push through failure with strength, not ego. Damaging delusion: this notion that our lives are “grand monuments” set to last for all time really is. Perfecting the personal regularly leads to success as a professional, but rarely the other way around. Working to refine our habitual thoughts and working to clamp down on destructive impulses will make us more successful and help us navigate the treacherous waters that ambition will require us to travel.

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Last Updated on May 8, 2015, by eNotes Editorial. Word Count: 3019 Article abstract: Heraclitus formulated one of the earliest and most comprehensive theories of the nature of the world, the cosmos, and the soul. His theory that the soul pervades all parts of the universe and its inhabitants stood in contrast to the ideas of his more mechanistic contemporaries. According to the third century biographer Diogenes Laërtius (whose biographies provide some of the only information about the Greek philosophers), Heraclitus was born in the city of Ephesus to an important family that had an ancient and respected reputation. Through his family, he inherited public office, but he resigned in favor of his brother. When his friend Hermodorus was expelled from Ephesus, Heraclitus protested publicly and subsequently withdrew from public life. Heraclitus was a man of great personal integrity whose main purpose in life was to find the truth and proclaim it for the benefit of humankind, irrespective of the consequences. He attacked the sacred festival of the Bacchanalia, condemned the worship of images of the gods, and spoke unkind words about Pythagoras, Xenophanes, Hecataeus, and Hesiod. His arrogance was legendary. Heraclitus insisted that he was the sole bearer of the truth. He thought that common people were too weak of wit to understand the truth, claiming that his work was meant for the few who were intelligent. To complicate the difficulty presented by this posture, his writings (those that survived) present special problems. Aristotle and Theophrastus observed that his statements were sometimes ambiguous, incomplete, and contradictory. It is no wonder that his contemporaries named him the Riddler, the Obscure One, and the Dark One. Heraclitus was well aware of their criticism, but he was dedicated to his own high purposes. The major work of Heraclitus that has come down to us, of which only fragments remain, was titled Peri physeos. He dedicated the work to Artemis and left a scroll of it in her temple, an act that was not unusual in that culture. Heraclitus would not qualify as a scientist; his talent was more that of the mystic. He had the ability to see further into the nature of things than others did. He was the first to unify the natural and the spiritual worlds, while others saw only the discrete components of nature. Anaximander and Heraclitus were both impressed with the ceaseless change of the temporal world and formulated theories about the primal matter of the universe. Anaximander’s primal matter was colorless and tasteless, and otherwise had no characteristics. For Heraclitus, however, that which underlay the world of form and matter was not substance but process. Heraclitus saw the world as a place where change, at every level and every phase of existence, was the most important phenomenon. The basic element of change, and at the heart of the process, was fire. The processes governing the world involved the four elements: fire, water, air, and earth. According to Heraclitus, fire was the element from which the others devolved, and it was always in motion. It was fire in the form of body heat that kept animal forms in motion; it was also able to transform and consume the other basic elements. In essence, air was hot and wet, water was cold and wet, earth was cold and dry, and fire was hot and dry. Under certain circumstances, each of the four elements could be transformed into another (enough water could quench fire; a hot enough fire could reduce earth to ash, or water to steam). All the possible transformations were happening at any given time somewhere in the universe, such as in the cooking of a meal, the thawing of the winter ice, the volcanism of Mount Etna—and even in phenomena known to Heraclitus, such as the atmospheric disturbances of the sunspot cycle or the explosion of a supernova. Heraclitus described two fundamental directions of this change. In the downward path, some of the fire thickens and becomes the ocean, while part of the ocean dies and becomes land. On the upward path, moist exhalations from the ocean and the land rise and become clouds; they then ignite (perhaps in the form of lightning) and return to fire (presumably the fiery ether, which was thought to dwell in the heights of the sky). If the fiery clouds from which the lightning comes are extinguished, however, then there is a whirlwind (a waterspout, perhaps), and once again the fire returns to the sea and the cycle is complete. All this transformation was not, however, simply random motion. There was a cosmic master plan, the Logos. Nothing in the English language translates Logos perfectly. As it stands in the beginning of the Gospel of John, it is usually translated as the Word, which is clearly inadequate in context and requires a definition. In Heraclitus’s time, Logos could mean reputation or high worth. This meaning devolved from another definition of Logos: narrative or story. The flexibility of the word has been a source of considerable debate. The three most important meanings of the word are (1) general rule or general principle, (2) the carrying out of a general principle, and (3) that which belongs distinctly to the realm of humanness, the faculty of reasoning. First and foremost, the Logos is the universal law, or plan, or process, that animates the whole cosmos. The Logos is the cosmos; it inhabits the cosmos. It is also what makes the difference between the sleeping human and the awakened human. It is, in humans, the wisdom to perceive that the Logos (on the highest level of abstraction) is immanent in the cosmos, that it is the universe’s governing principle. That is the fountainhead of true knowledge in Heraclitus’s system. All humans have the Logos in common. What they specifically have in common is the realization or perception that they are a part of the whole, which is the Logos. Without that realization they are fundamentally asleep. Within the slumbering human, the Logos lies dormant. Even if humans are technically awake, however, they can still be subject to error if they follow their own private “truth,” that is, their own inclinations, and prefer their subjectivity more than they value the Logos. The self-dependence that one would call individuality could then be considered a violation of the Logos. Though the physical senses are not attuned to the perception of the Logos, they are important in the process that leads to wisdom. For example, the ability to see is a prerequisite that may eventually lead to the perception that there is a plan to the universe. The senses are the mediators between that which is human and that which is cosmic. They are the windows that, during waking hours, connect the human with the portion of the Logos that can be perceived. During sleeping hours those channels are closed and the direct participation in the cosmos ceases. Respiration then becomes a channel by which the direct access can be maintained; the act of breathing maintains minimal contact. The Logos can be considered the soul of the universe. Each awakened human has a portion of higher enlightenment: the soul. Logos, Soul, and Cosmic Fire are eventually different aspects of the same abstraction—the everlasting truth that directs the universe and its conscious constituents. According to Heraclitus, the enlightened soul is hot and dry, like fire, which is why it tends upward, in the direction of the fiery ether. Soul and ether are the same material. Soul is linked to Logos, but its roots are in the human body that it inhabits. Soul is possibly the healing principle in the body: Heraclitus likened the soul to a spider that, when its web is torn, goes to the site of the injury. Soul is born from moisture and dies when it absorbs too much water. Drunkenness was to Heraclitus a truly bad habit: A moist soul had diminished faculties as its body was also diminished, in that its intellect was stunted and its physical strength lessened. Though the body was subject to decomposition, some souls seem to have been exempted from physical death (becoming water). Certain situations, among them dying in battle, tune the soul to such a heightened state (with the soul unusually motivated and not weakened by illness and old age) that it merges directly with the world fire. After death, there seems to be no survival of personal identity, though it is likely that the soul-stuff is merged with the Logos and that the Logos is the source of souls that exist in the physical world. Evidently, soul material follows a cycling process of its own. Heraclitus saw that the world was a unity of many parts, but the unity was not immediately manifest. The oneness of the world was the result of an infinite multiplicity. Heraclitus thought that the key to understanding this multiplicity was to look upon the world in terms of the abstract concept of harmony. Pythagoras had previously used musical harmony in explaining the attunement and orderliness that he saw in the universe. Heraclitus, however, used the concept of harmony in a different way. He believed that harmony existed only where and when there was opposition. A single note struck on a lyre has no harmony of itself. Any two notes struck together, however, form a tension or a contrast between the two sounds, creating a continuum of possible notes between the two notes that have been struck. In terms of a continuum of hot and cold temperatures, not only do the extremes exist, but so also does the continuum exist, bounded by the extremes. At every point between the extremes of hot and cold, there is an identifiable point that has a specific temperature that is a function of both extremes. Similarly, every virtue has a corresponding vice. Neither extreme on this scale is especially significant in human behavior: Few people, if any, represent extremes of either virtue or vice; most live in the continuum between. Ethical considerations motivate good individuals to tend toward the good in a choice between good and evil, and the measure of one’s soul is where one stands on the continuum defined by good and evil. Heraclitus’s most controversial statement on the subject was that the opposites that define the continuum are identical. Hate and love, therefore, would have to be one and the same. The absence of either defining term destroys the continuum, and without the continuum the two extremes cannot relate to each other. They define a world in which the people are passionate haters and ardent lovers, with no real people in between. The harmony that Heraclitus discerned was dependent on the tension between two opposites. The cosmos was, for him, a carefully and beautifully balanced entity, poised between a great multiplicity of contrasting interests, engaged in continual strife. The sum total of all these contrasting interests, however, was the harmony that no one saw except the truly enlightened souls. Only the Logos, which was One, and which created and tuned the harmony, was exempt from the balancing of opposites. Perhaps the best known of Heraclitus’s observations is that everything in the universe is constantly moving and changing. He considered all matter to be in a state of constant transformation from one form to a different form and, at the same time, from one set of physical qualities to another. Not only did he believe that the Logos bestowed life on all its parts, but he also believed that the forms of matter were intrinsically alive and that the flux was a function of the life within the matter. All life was caught up in the constant change: Everything was involved in processes of decomposition and in the reconstitution of new forms from the products of decay. As the Greeks viewed the world, they saw only the portions of the movement that were available within the limits of their senses. Though they were not aware of the whole spectrum of movement, they were intelligent enough to extrapolate from what they could perceive. A continuous stream of water wearing away a stone was to them a good reminder of the fact that many processes of change were not perceptible in their time scale. Heraclitus summed it up poetically in his famous analogy: “You cannot step twice into the same river, for fresh waters are flowing on.” From one second to the next, the flux of things changes the world; though the river is the same river, the flux of things has moved its waters downstream, and new water from upstream has replaced the old. According to Diogenes Laërtius and others, “The cosmos is born out of fire and again resolved into fire in alternate periods for ever.” One line of interpretation is that the world is periodically destroyed by a universal conflagration. More plausible, however, is the assumption that this is a restatement of Heraclitus’s doctrine that fire is the one primal element from which all others derive and into which all elements are eventually transmuted by the workings of the eternal flux. In support of this argument is a phrase from the remaining fragments of Heraclitus’s work: “From all things one, and from one all things.” In Heraclitus’s cosmology, however, there was the concept of a Great Year that occurred every 10,800 years, at which time the sun, moon, and other heavenly bodies returned to a hypothetical starting place. These bodies, though they were not exempt from the principle of constant flux, were permanent in their forms and in their heavenly paths. Beyond the measured paths of their orbits was the fiery ether of the unmoving Logos. Heraclitus was quite unlike his contemporaries, both in terms of his personality and in the nature and scope of his thoughts. Whereas the works of his contemporaries were more in the line of primitive scientific inquiry, the endeavors of Heraclitus were more closely akin to poesy and perhaps prophecy. His aim was not to discover the material world but to seek out the governing principles within and behind the physical forms. In this respect, he was the most mystical of the Greeks. Though the body of Heraclitus’s work is faulted by time, by problems of interpretation, and by obscurity of the text (some of which was solely Heraclitus’s fault), it is clear that he believed he had provided a definitive view of the processes that govern the cosmos and the workings of the human soul. His ideas were novel and daring in their time. At the center of his cosmos is the concept of constant change, which masks the concept of unity: All things are in balance, yet all things are in motion and transition, with fire playing the central role, and the Logos disposing and directing the parts. The Logos also governs human actions, reaching into the deeper parts of the personality, with the Oversoul touching the soul material within, fire outside calling to the fire within to awake, to look, to learn, to become, and to unite. Burnet, John. Early Greek Philosophy. 1892. 4th ed. Reprint. London: A&C Black, 1975. Chapter 3 is devoted to Heraclitus and is probably the best of the nineteenth century English works that discuss Heraclitus. It has considerable insight and is readable without being dated. Cohen, S. Mark, Patricia Curd, and C. D. C. Reeve, eds. Readings in Ancient Greek Philosophy: From Thales to Aristotle. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1995. Good introduction to Greek philosophers and their writings. Heraclitus’s fragments are presented in straightforward English without commentary. Dilcher, Roman. Studies in Heraclitus. New York: Olms, 1995. Intensive examination of Heraclitus. The first chapters examine the existing fragments as they relate to the conditions of human existence. The later chapters attempt to give coherence to his philosophy and resolve obscure or puzzling statements. Ends with a broad perspective of his work. Kirk, G. S. Heraclitus, the Cosmic Fragments. 1954. Reprint. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1962. A deep and thorough analysis of some of the Heraclitian fragments, this volume focuses on the “cosmic” fragments—those that are relevant to the world as a whole, the Logos, the doctrine of opposites, and the action of fire. Kirk, G. S., and J. E. Raven. The Presocratic Philosophers: A Critical History with a Selection of Texts. 1957. 2d ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1995. One of the chapters provides a very good analysis of Heraclitus. The book itself is one of the very best on Greek thought and the individual Greek philosophers. Mourelatos, Alexander. The Pre-Socratics: A Collection of Critical Essays. 1974. Rev. ed. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993. A collection of critical essays covering the major contemporaries of Heraclitus. Included in the book are four fine essays on Heraclitus. Robinson, T. M. Heraclitus: Fragments: A Text and Translation with a Commentary. 1987. Reprint. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. Good first approach to Heraclitus. The introductory section examines his life and offers an overview of his work and contemporary testimony. Heraclitus’s fragments are presented with side-by-side Greek text and English translation followed by concise commentary. Study concludes with a summary of his philosophical thinking, short paragraphs on Heraclitus’s peers, and a detailed bibliography. Schur, David. The Way of Oblivion: Heraclitus and Kafka. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998. Schur examines Heraclitus’s and Kafka’s work and finds similarities between the two. Sweet, Dennis. Heraclitus: Translation and Analysis. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1995. Opens with a brief look at Heraclitus’s life. The rest examines the fragments, detailing Greek text and English translation plus commentary on facing pages. The study concludes with an analysis of Heraclitus’s main themes that permeate the fragments. Wheelwright, Philip. Heraclitus. 1959. Reprint. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981. An excellent and well-written volume, the text reads very well because footnotes and matter not relevant to main points are relegated to the end of the book. Includes a very good bibliography. Wilcox, Joel. The Origins of Epistemology in Early Greek Thought: A Study of Psyche and Logos in Heraclitus. Lewiston, N.Y.: E. Mellen Press, 1994. A critical evaluation of Heraclitus and his thought. Bibliography updated by Terry Theodore

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“The likeness of the believers in their mutual love, mercy and compassion is that of the body; when one part of it is in pain, the rest of the body joins it in restlessness and fever.”1 The fever (الْحُمَّى) speaks to the pain that we feel and is what heats the body. The restlessness (السَّهَرِ) is what keeps it awake in response to that pain and heat. If the sweetness of faith is only experienced through loving one for Allah’s sake alone,2 the opposite is to not feel any emotion at all for those you should intensely love for Allah. As Ibn Taymiyyah (ra) mentions, this narration mandates that one “feel joy with the joy of the believers, and sadness with what saddens them. And whoever does not feel for them is not one of them.”3 More so than any teacher I’ve ever had, I saw this pain and restlessness in the tears and tahajjud of my mother, and still find it in her poetry. “The Umma” is a term that evokes varied sentiments. On paper, it refers to every Muslim across the world regardless of ethnicity, geography, and even religiosity. Practically however, it’s likely to primarily encompass the parts of the Umma from a common cultural background or shared experience. Any Muslim who has grown up in the Masajid has repeatedly heard of causes far and wide that they should care for in the name of love for the Umma, yet the priority would naturally be given to what feels closest in proximity. As the causes grow in number, the possibility of action and meaningful connection to any single one of them disintegrates. What transpires in the aftermath of that is either guilt or indifference, and possibly some donations, but very little concerted action. At the heart of the moral charge of Dr. Anjum’s provocative essay Who Wants the Caliphate? (2019), preceding the intellectual struggle to reimagine our failing political structures, is as he puts it, “a call for young Muslims everywhere to link up with each other across artificial borders and ask themselves practical, moral questions: how can we respond better to the loss of faith and devotion to God, the apathy and corruption of the elite, lift up the dispossessed refugees, aid our persecuted brethren in faith, facilitate economic collaboration, alter political institutions, improve religious discourse, enrich dialogue and discourse with Muslims within and across sectarian and national boundaries, and improve education and communication across the many barriers of distance, language, and prejudice?”4 Breaking through these artificial borders means acquainting ourselves with the experiences of Muslims who share nothing in common with us beyond their faith and humanity, and consequently representing them proportionally in our agendas. One of the things we love so much about our Prophet (saw) is that he loved all of us, despite any gaps in time, culture, or circumstance between us. He saw the light of his message spreading to parts of the world that he would never get to physically travel to, and empathized with the pain of holding on to that message with evolving unique challenges to the latter Muslims dwelling in a world that becomes increasingly difficult to practice meaningful faith in. That recognition and concern of the Prophet (saw) was taken into consideration by him in his means of communication, his loving supplication, his establishment of a community designed to pass the faith on with clarity, and his reassurances to us of victory and eternal bliss should we remain steadfast. He took us into consideration with his own actions in very meaningful ways, and was even wary of certain voluntary practices being deemed obligatory and becoming a burden on the generations that followed the most righteous generation of the companions who were eager to emulate his every move. He was sensitive to the recentness of his people coming out of jahiliyya, hence abstaining from something as major as restoring the proper shape of the ka’aba,5 and was sensitive to the level of religious practice of the people that would come long after him causing him to abstain from obligating things that were seemingly minor such as the usage of the siwak6 for every prayer or the delaying of the Isha prayer to a part of the night that may be difficult.7 As the founders of 20th century Islamic movements spoke of the Umma’s revival, they would have certainly struggled to truly grasp what was out of their immediate experience despite their sincere efforts to give life to ummatic concepts in our tradition and exhausting the limited means of communication available to them in their times. Naturally, a thinker in the Arab world would primarily conceive of Arab-centric solutions and be primarily deeply familiar with problems that may or may not be unique to Arab Muslims unless they were very well traveled. The same would be true of a revivalist in India, Turkey, or Mali. That isn’t a flaw on their part, and it may be that due to the sincerity of their striving and blessing that Allah may have bestowed on their work that they were guided to think and act in ways that actually did end up grasping many experiences they were otherwise unfamiliar with. But in our era, we have been granted exposure to so much of what they wouldn’t have been able to observe through the ease of travel and technology. And an ummatic thinker should broaden their experience with the Umma around the world to encompass them in their writings and efforts. Another layer of this has been the recent presence of Muslim populations thriving in the West. When Islamic revivalists of the East spoke of the West, they mainly spoke of it as an entirely hostile entity with incongruous values that were only interested in colonizing the Muslims, both in terms of territory and thought. While much of their critique would certainly still hold weight, especially in regard to foreign policy, what then of the Muslims who have settled in the West with Islam now passing through successive generations and developing institutional maturity? How do we shift the ummatic discourse to now not merely speak about the West as an object of confrontation, but where Muslims have lived, have generational experiences, have unique circumstances that would differentiate them even amongst themselves, and are positioned to influence the global discourse on Islam, the Muslim Umma, and the future of humanity as a whole? A personal experience which deeply moved me as of late was a trip I was blessed to take to Bosnia. And what could be more ummatic than a genocide tribunal regarding Kashmir, in Sarajevo, with a Palestinian-American on the panel?8 I grew up with Bosnia as a central cause to my conscience. My family hosted refugees. My mother wrote poetry about it. But nothing is like going to Srebrenica and smelling the freshness of the genocide. With that being said, of the most telling encounters was my meeting with the foreign minister, Dr. Bisera Turkovic. When I asked her what an American Muslim with a platform like myself could do to help their cause, offering her to come back to Sarajevo frequently. She responded: “we need you in St. Louis more than Sarajevo!” I was stunned when she went on to say that there are over 100,000 Bosnians there, and as the American public moves on from Bosnia to other causes, I needed to connect with them and see how we could keep it front and center. Despite the closeness of St. Louis to me in Texas, I wouldn’t have known that without going as far as Bosnia to hear that first-hand. And now I bear the burden of knowing not just of that plight, but a concrete way to involve its people. To speak of the Umma’s needs as a singular entity, one must properly do an assessment of those needs across the board. Dr. Anjum rightly notes, “This order, consisting of nation-states interested in their own self-preservation as well as the logics of neoliberal capital, has failed the people of Kashmir, as it has failed the people of other occupied, colonized, or oppressed regions around the world, including the Palestinians, Uighurs, Yemenis, Afghans, Rohingya, and more. Not only has this order remained silent in the face of oppression, but it has also actively abetted such violence through arms and defense deals, trade agreements, and mechanisms of soft power.”9 We must remember that our obstacles towards the upliftment of this Umma are both internal and external, but almost all interconnected through global structures of exploitation that see Muslims as convenient sacrifices. Humanizing the oppressed Muslim is essential not just to the Non-Muslim, but to other Muslims who are on the other side of those borders that feel relative safety and privilege. Combating the figures and structures that oppress them includes the ones that do so with the shroud of Islam. And to truly weigh in on the Umma as an entity, one must make every effort to experience it fully and faithfully. Imam Dr. Omar Suleiman is the Founder and President of the Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research, and an Adjunct Professor of Islamic Studies in the Graduate Liberal Studies Program at SMU (Southern Methodist University). He is also the Resident Scholar at Valley Ranch Islamic Center and Co-Chair Emeritus of Faith Forward Dallas at Thanks-Giving Square. ولهذا كان المؤمن يسره ما يسر المؤمنين ويسوءه ما يسوؤهم ومن لم يكن كذلك لم يكن منهم Last modified: April 13, 2022

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Giuseppe Vasi opened his 1754 book on the finest palaces of Rome with a view of the Palace of the Pope on the Quirinal Hill. Between the end of the XVIth century and 1870 the Popes usually lived in this palace. The hill was also known as Monte Cavallo because of ancient statues which portrayed Castor and Pollux in the act of taming their horses (It. cavalli). The view is taken from the green dot in the small 1748 map here below. In the description below the plate Vasi made reference to: 1) Palazzo della Famiglia Pontificia aka Palazzo della Panetteria; 2) Tower of the Swiss Guard; 3) Palazzo della Consulta; 4) Scuderia e Corpo di Guardia (stables and barracks); 5) Strada Pia (the street opened by Pope Pius IV and leading to Porta Pia). 1) and 5) are shown in another page. The dotted line in the small map delineates the border between Rione Trevi (left) and Rione Monti (right). Rome, November 3, 1786. Yesterday was the Festival of All Souls. This commemoration is kept by the Pope in his private chapel on the Quirinal. I hastened with Tischbein to the Monte Cavallo. The piazza before the palace has something altogether singular - so irregular is it, and yet so grand and so beautiful! I now cast eyes upon the Colossuses! neither eye nor mind was large enough to take them in. J. W. Goethe - Italian Journey - Translation by Charles Nisbeth The main change relates to the obelisk erected by Pope Pius VI in 1786. It was placed between the two groups of statues which were slightly moved apart so that their bases diverge more than they did before (you may wish to see an etching by Giovan Battista Piranesi which shows their previous position - it opens in another window). Before the Pope's Palace where he now commonly resides stand the two Horses, each with a Figure. (..) These Noble statues standing upon high pedestals, and On the top of a Hill which over-looks Rome have an Appearance very Grand and Awful. Jonathan and Jonathan Richardson - Account of Some of the Statues, etc. in Italy - 1722 In 1866, at the initiative of Pope Pius IX, the square was levelled in order to obtain a large terrace with a fine view over parts of Rome. Some houses on the western side of the square were pulled down to open a street which made it easier for coaches to reach the palace from Via della Dataria. The ancient Romans built stairways to facilitate the access to a Temple to Serapis which stood on the Quirinale; these were not maintained and in 1348 their stones were used to build the steps leading to S. Maria in Aracoeli. In the early XVIth century the landscape of the hill was marked by monasteries and medieval towers (two of which still exist i.e. Torre Colonna and Torre delle Milizie). In 1550 a small villa on the right corner of today's Palazzo del Quirinale was rented by Cardinal Ippolito d'Este, who embellished it with gardens, although not to the extent he did at Villa d'Este in Tivoli. In 1566 Pope Pius IV spent the summer at the villa and Pope Gregory XIII did the same in 1572 and in 1573; the former improved the access to the area by opening Strada Pia, the latter enjoyed his stay so much that he decided to build a permanent summer residence for the popes. Work started in 1583 and a new palace was designed by Ottavio Mascherino; in 1585 the right section of the palace and the loggia were almost completed. In 1589, during the pontificate of Pope Sixtus V, Domenico Fontana enlarged the palace by extending it westwards. With Pope Clement VIII Palazzo del Quirinale became the papal residence for long periods. Pope Paul V asked Carlo Maderno to design a portal and a balcony above it from which he could bless the crowds. The portal was decorated with two fine statues (by Stefano Maderno and Guglielmo Berthelot) portraying St. Peter and St. Paul. They were not regarded as an example to follow because the two saints were shown in a relaxed attitude and in an informal position, unlike the statues at Ponte S. Angelo which portrayed the two saints on the Day of Judgement. The Palaces are built rather for the spectator than for the tenant. (..) The gateway, with the balcony and its superstructure, generally forms an architectural picture at discord with the style of the palace, and breaks its front into unconnected parts. This is conspicuous at Monte Cavallo. (..) Sometimes the armorial bearings break even into the capitals of columns. Joseph Addison - Remarks on several parts of Italy, in the years 1701, 1702, 1703 Palazzo del Quirinale was built by many popes, but Pope Paul V placed his heraldic symbols almost everywhere. Other heraldic symbols of his family were placed by Cardinal Scipione Borghese, his nephew, on a nearby villa. Pope Paul V built a chapel inside the palace which has the same dimensions as Cappella Sistina so that ceremonies and conclaves could be held at Palazzo del Quirinale exactly in the same way they were held in the Vatican as described by Francis Mortoft in his 1659 Journal. January the 6th, Being Twelfth Day, Mr. Hare, Mr Stanley and my selfe went to the Pope's Pallace to behold him in all his greatnesse, where wee saw some 35 Cardinals enter Into the Pallace one after another. Every Cardinal having a Gentleman before him to carry a great silver Mace, and many Gentlemen and attendants following, where followed 2 English Lords (My Lord Candisy and my Lord Rosse Commons) Cardinal Barbarin, in regard he is esteemed to be the Protector of the English here in Rome. After this wee saw all the Cardinals enter in one after another into the Pope's Publique Chappel to heare Masse, and after all were entered then came the Pope (Alexander VII) with sound of Trumpett, in the greatest state and Pomp that possibly the greatest man uppon Earth can desire. He had a triple Crowne upon his head, but not that where with he was crowned, and seemed to mee to be a very handsome old man. He had a very great Diamant on his finger and a great case of Diamonds hanging at his Breast, his Robe was all of Cloath of silver imbroidered with gold, he was brought into the Chappel upon 8 Men's shoulders In his owne Chaire, which is of red Velvet imbroidered all about with his armes in gold. And all the way, as he was carryed from his owne Chamber to this Chappel, which was some 3 or 4 Romes distant, the People who were in Multitudes to behold him knelt all downe as he passed along, and he in crossing himselfe made as if he blest them. Afterwards, being set downe, he went up to the high Altar, where he sat downe in A seate which is there made for him, his Triple Crowne was taken from his head and A mitre put on by A Cardinal; then came all the Cardinals, one by one, and kissed his foote, and a little after, when some of the Ceremony of the Masse was performed, stood up a Jesuite and made An Oration to the Pope in Latin concerning the observation of the day. When the Masse was fully Ended, All the Cardinals went out of the Chappel, and the Pope being again taken up in the same pompous manner as formerly, was carryed again into his own Chamber, where, all the way, he blessed the people, and they crossing themselves as he passed by. Without doubt the greatest King or Emperor in the world could not be in a more splendid manner, and appeare more outwardly glorious to the world then this man did on this day. In 1626 Pope Urban VIII fortified the palace by building a round tower near its entrance and high walls on its western side. These defences proved insufficient in February 1798 and in July 1809 when the French assaulted the palace and arrested the pope. After 1870 Palazzo del Quirinale became the Royal Palace and it is now the residence of the President of the Italian Republic. So the sentence salire al Quirinale (go up the Quirinal) in Italian political jargon means to go and see the President of the Republic and it is often utilized when the Prime Minister, whose residence at Palazzo Chigi is at a lower height, is about to resign. Palazzo del Quirinale and its gardens can be visited by small groups in guided tours. Owing to increased terrorist threats security measures have been taken which strictly forbid taking pictures in the palace and in the gardens (it was not so in 2000). The decoration of the building greatly suffered from the French pillages, especially that of 1809; the refurbishing/redesign which occurred in the late XIXth century also contributed to the interior of Palazzo del Quirinale losing its late XVIth/XVIIth century aspect. In recent years the palace was repainted with the colours it had in the XVIIIth century; see a page showing how it was some years ago. Loggia del Torrino (also in the image used as background for this page) with various settings of the flags: (upper left corner) before 2000; (lower left corner) after 2000; (right) when the President is away The Italian flag is il Tricolore, the tricolour and it derives from the flag of the French Republic, with green replacing blue. On public buildings and since 1998 the Italian flag is accompanied by that of the European Union (twelve gold stars on a blue background). A special flag indicates the presence of the President of the Republic in Palazzo del Quirinale: it is based on an early design of the Italian flag; it is surrounded by a blue band which represents the Italian Army (the President is its Chief) and it has at its centre the coat of arms of the Italian Republic. This special flag was introduced in 2000; before that date the "flag of the President" was blue. On their day trip to the eternal city, the Queen and Philip met an old friend for lunch, Italian President Giorgio Napolitano at his official residence, the Quirinale palace. (..) The royal couple and the president and his wife Clio had lunch in the Sala Torrino in a tower, known as the Tower of the Winds, offering a panoramic view of Rome from inside the 16th century Quirinale complex, which stands on the highest of the city's seven hills. Richard Palmer - Daily Express - April 3, 2014 The clock of Loggia del Torrino used to indicate the Italian hour. You may wish to see a page on the Loggias of Rome. Changing the President's Life Guard in January 2011: Polizia Penitenziaria (Prison Guards) are replaced by Lancieri di Montebello (a cavalry regiment) (left) View from Via XX Settembre; (right) detail of the obelisk which does not have hieroglyphs. It was made in the Ist century AD The monument in the centre of Piazza del Quirinale consists of three elements: a) a fountain with an antique granite basin which was in front of S. Maria Liberatrice in the Forum and was moved here by Pope Pius VII in 1818; b) two colossal statues of Castor and Pollux with their horses; they were largely restored during the pontificate of Pope Sixtus V; c) an obelisk which originally stood in front of Mausoleo di Augusto, together with that which is now at S. Maria Maggiore. You may wish to see all the obelisks of Rome in one page. They are very much alike, and vastly large: Of a Great Taste, extremely Great! but not Delicate and have been much repaired, for they are now Complete; Whereas it appears by old prints, that since they were set up there by Sixtus V (in whose Time they were found) they Were Very imperfect. Richardson Not all sources agree on the origin of the statues in Piazza del Quirinale: a traditional opinion supports the idea that they decorated the baths built by Emperor Constantine on the sites of today's Palazzo Rospigliosi and Palazzo della Consulta; a more recent theory believes that they were placed at the entrance to the Temple to Serapis which was built by Emperor Caracalla; Serapis was the combination of two gods: the Egyptian Osiris and the Greek Zeus (Jupiter); many Roman emperors promoted its worship as a symbol of religious unity. This second theory is used to explain why Castor and Pollux are not portrayed according to their traditional iconography which showed them wearing a felt cap (as in the statues in Piazza del Campidoglio). The two young men resemble Alexander the Great and we know that Caracalla so much admired that great commander that he tried to introduce the Macedonian phalanx formation in the Roman army; according to this theory the statues are a double portrait of Alexander the Great in the act of taming Bucephalus, his preferred horse (you may wish to see a gigantic head of Emperor Augustus as Alexander the Great). One of the statues at Fontana di Trevi resembles those at Piazza del Quirinale. Palazzo della Consulta Pope Clement XII is known for the large monuments he built during his pontificate i.e. Fontana di Trevi, the new fašade of S. Giovanni in Laterano and Palazzo della Consulta. All these works were financed by the reintroduction of Gioco del Lotto in 1732; in order to justify the game from a moral viewpoint the Pope established that its revenue should be used for the construction of public facilities. Palazzo della Consulta was designed by Ferdinando Fuga and it was built in 1732-1737. The building served different purposes and this explains why it has three entrances in the main fašade: the central one gave access to the offices of Tribunale della Consulta, a court in charge of ruling on non-religious matters, and of Segnatura dei Brevi, the Papal Chancery. Lateral entrances were reserved to Cavalleggeri and Corazze, two military corps in charge of the defence of the area. This explains why they were decorated with military symbols. (left) Detail of the coat of arms by Paolo Benaglia (you may wish to see that which he designed for Fontana di Trevi); (right) detail of the decoration of a side entrance by Filippo della Valle The palace is still used by a court, the Constitutional Court which establishes whether a law complies or not with the Constitution of the Italian Republic. It intervenes when the compliance of a law is challenged in the course of a court case and the judge deems that the request is not totally void of justification. Pope Clement XII built also new stables on the southern side of the square; these too were designed by Ferdinando Fuga, who however followed a previous project by Alessandro Specchi. The main entrance was linked to the square by two elliptical staircases which were pulled down in 1866, as shown in an early etching by Vasi (it opens in another window). The building is now used for temporary exhibitions. It enjoys nice view over Rome and in particular over some ancient walls inside Giardino Colonnese. Next plate in Book 4: Palazzo Rospigliosi. Next step in Day 3 itinerary: Giardino Pontificio sul Quirinale. Next step in your tour of Rione Trevi: Giardino Pontificio sul Quirinale. Next step in your tour of Rione Monti: Chiesa e Monastero di S. Andrea al Quirinale. Excerpts from Giuseppe Vasi 1761 Itinerary related to this page: Prese un tal nome questo colle dal tempio di Quirino, di cui fra poco mostreremo il sito; ora si dice Monte Cavallo dalle maravigliose statue che nella magnifica piazza si vedono voler frenare due gran cavalli. Furono questi dalla Grecia portati a Roma da Costantino Magno, e posti nelle sue terme, che furono qui presso, donde Sisto V. li trasport˛ per ornamento di questa piazza. Questi per l'iscrizione, che vi sta da piede si comprende essere opere di Fidia e Prassitele fatti ad emulazione, per rappresentare Alessandro Magno domante il suo Bucefalo: ma comecchŔ quelli scultori vissero molto tempo prima di Alessandro, si crede o che non rappresentino Alelssandro, o che siano stati fatti da altri autori pi¨ moderni di quelli, appropriandosene il nome, ed il credito.

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By (Mrs) Amb Narinder Chauhan The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was established in 1949 as a military alliance of 12, now 28, European and two North American countries that constitutes a system of collective defense. The process of joining is governed by Article 10 of the NATO Treaty which allows for invitation to European states only and by subsequent agreements. Countries wishing to join must meet certain requirements and complete a multi-step process involving political dialogue and military integration. The accession process is overseen by the NATO Council. As of June 2022, five additional states have formally informed NATO of their membership bid: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Finland, Georgia, Sweden, and Ukraine. The founding purpose of NATO was to act as a powerful deterrent against military aggression and to unify and strengthen Western Allies’ military response to a possible invasion of Western Europe by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw pact allies. NATO’s success was that throughout the entire period of the cold war, NATO forces were not involved in a single military engagement. Today, the fate of Europe hinges on NATO more than any time since the fall of the Soviet Union. Even historically neutral nations like Sweden and Finland have applied to join NATO, seeing Article 5 as the best guarantor of security and sovereignty: attack against one is attack against all. At a landmark summit in Madrid on June 28-30, NATO unveiled a new once-in-a- decade ‘Strategic Concept’-its broad mission statement for a larger and stronger NATO. In a radical upgradation of its defences, NATO has raised its Rapid Response Force from 40,000 to more than 300,000 troops; a combination of land, sea and air assets which have already been sent to countries bordering Russia to boost NATO troops. On 29 June, the US also announced increased American troop deployments across Europe. From a ‘Strategic Partner’ status in 2010, Russia has been named the most significant and direct threat to allies’ security. China-some 3700 miles from the Atlantic-was also named as a source of ‘systemic challenges.’ The updated strategy also addresses newer forms of warfare, from cyber and artificial intelligence to disinformation. Climate change was also high on the agenda, and, for the first time, it was recognized as the ‘defining challenge of our time’, by NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg. Energy Security and Food security were also mentioned in the declaration. Russia’s February 24 full scale invasion of Ukraine Has, thus, given‘rebirth’ to NATO, remarkably energized it, strengthened the Euro-Atlantic alliance,and put the European nations on high alert. Even earlier, NATO’s role had expanded to match Russia’s resurgence. Before Russia annexed Crimea in 2014, NATO’s eastern members hosted no foreign troops. Afterward, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland received small battle groups of around a thousand each to symbolically ensure that any Russian aggression would be against NATO forces too and, in that eventuality, would thus trigger a full-scale response. Building on these symbolic developments, discussions at the Madrid Summit involved expanding these defenses into brigades that can repel a Russian invasion. NATO also announced it will devise a comprehensive package to train and equip the Ukrainian armed forces. In addition, four new battle groups are being established in Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, and Slovakia, reflecting a growing focus toward the Black Searegion blockaded by Russia. Heightened spending has lent urgency to the target of each NATO member allocating 2% of its GDP to defence that many European nations until now had baulked at. For decades the US has been leaning on Europe to spend more on defence to the extent of previous US President Donald Trump threatening to walk out of NATO. The price of Europe’s military underinvestment became poignant as Russian tanks and artillery started rolling; just days into the war Germany announced a substantial increase of over a hundred billion dollars in military spending realizing that alongside economic strength strong military is also needed. Paradoxically, it is NATO’s expansion in recent years with certain red lines crossed that had provided a reason for Russia to invade Ukraine. It is not as if NATO and Russia have always been enemies. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991,NATO and Russia frequently cooperated. Russia helped NATO negotiate an end to the 1992-1995 Bosnia war and then joined the peace accord implementation force. Still, NATO has since undergone five stages of expansion, while engaging in military operations in the Balkans, Middle East, and Africa. Russia has always been suspicious of the bloc’s expansion-especially regarding Ukraine. When NATO was negotiating to admit Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary in 1997, it was made explicitly clear to Russia that Ukraine was ‘off limits’, hence there was a NATO-Ukraine Charter, which codified the relations between the bloc and a nation that was always intended to be outside. Several other rounds of NATO expansion continued during which Russia grumbled but gritted its teeth. In 2008 Russia proposed a new European Security Treaty into which NATO members and Russia could be subsumed. The US rejected it outright, military experts say it was a blunder to do so, ‘at least the conversation could have been kept going’. At the NATO Summit in Bucharest the US President George W Bush alarmed everyone by proposing an action plan for Ukraine and Georgia to join NATO, which, however, remained on paper, repeated year after year in the summit declarations as a self- fulfilling prophecy. This was used by Russia for its own purposes. Russia believes NATO has been encroaching on its area of political influence by accepting new members from eastern Europe-and thinks that admitting Ukraine would bring NATO into its backyard.In 2013, when the US engineered a regime change in Ukraine, Russia used it to justify annexation of Crimea. Thereafter, Ukraine made it a priority to join NATO. During its yearlong military buildup at the borders of Ukraine in 2021, Russia asked Ukraine to declare neutral status, but Ukraine dug its heels. History, thus, repeated itself in 2022 with Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Ukraine is not a member ofNATO; thus, NATO is not obliged to come to its defence and decided against directly engaging with Russia as it would mean an all-out war. For this reason, NATO also refused a no-fly-zone over Ukraine. Individual NATO members are providing weapons to Ukraine such as missiles and armoured vehicles. With the geopolitical reality staring on its face, Ukraine has accepted that it cannot join NATO at present.Ukraine’s President V Zelensky spoke virtually at the Madrid Summit and appealed for $5b per month for its defence and protection. In Madrid, Finland and Sweden were invited to join NATO after Turkey dropped its objection and the two nations signed a joint security pact with Turkey agreeing to clamp down on the activities of Kurdish separatists. NATO members must be democracies, treat minorities fairly, commit to resolving conflicts peacefully, help one another in the event of armed attack, and provide military support to the alliance. Likely to join within 2022, both nations have powerful and significant militaries; Finland adds 830miles of NATO border to Russia, ‘effectively making the Baltic Sea a NATO lake’. Finland already spends 2% of its GDP on defence, Sweden said it will do so “as soon as possible”. Russia is resigned to their membership as the two countries have long been tightly integrated with NATO, through the Partnership for Peace Programme (Pfp). It is not clear at this stage whether NATO forces will be stationed on their soil, which might have serious consequences. Once ratification in the allied parliaments is done which could take a year, these two states will be covered by Art 5 and will come under the US’s protective nuclear umbrella.NATO may have failed to prevent a conflict in Europe, but this is because no member has yet been attacked. Russia’s attack on Ukraine as a preemptive strike to stop Ukraine joining NATO has had a ricocheting and opposite effect-more expansion of NATO on the borders of Russia- leaving Russia in an even more vulnerable position. Originally 12, Finland and Sweden will take the membership to 32. The Russian war has changed the security balance in Europe, but not in the way Russia intended it. With the aim of strengthening itself, Russia now faces an alliance more united than any other time since the disintegration of the Soviet Union.On June 25 Russia threatened it would arm Belarus, a close ally, with Russian nuclear weapons and nuclear capable missiles. At the Summit, other Baltic states, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania called for armed NATO divisional headquarters to be stationed in each country. Lithuania is currently in conflict with Russia about Russian supplies being denied access to Kaliningrad, a Russian enclave sandwiched between it and Poland, in compliance with EU sanctions. Estonia has complained of repeated incursion by Russian military helicopters into its airspace in recent days. China’s backing of Russia has brought China into sharp focus of NATO. The bloc is expanding its remit to include a resurgent China. Notably Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand were invited to the NATO Summitas observers for the first time. Military experts have noted that history deserves to be recalled: after the end of WWI in 1919, Hitler leveraged German anger regarding onerous war reparations to justify his Third Reich. Significantly, NATO is not only expanding its membership, but it is also linking events in Europe with the US allies in the Pacific for the first time. With Russia already calling the expansion deal ‘destabilizing’,the question being asked is whether a more powerful and resurgent NATO risks once again dividing the world into hostile blocs! Now comes the point how China retaliates as its Asian neighbours draw closer to NATO. At the recent Shangri La dialogue in Singapore, the US insisted, “we do not seek a new cold war, an Asian NATO or a region split into hostile blocs.” But when Asian security becomes chiefly about containing China, just like European security was all about deterring Russia, China might decide they are so isolated by western security architecture that they have no choice but to try and destroy it. The closer South Korea and Japan ally to NATO, the closer China ally with Russia. Clearly Ukraine war has changed the European security architecture, with a new iron curtain dividing the continent in two, on the one side a revisionist Russia, and on the other, 40 European states, not all are in EU or NATO. Membership is not automatic and requires consent of all the member states including 67 US legislators when questions may still be raised (as in the case of Afghanistan) why America should come to the defense of any other country. NATO in the last five years spent a lot of time talking about China but were still not ready when Russia invaded a neighbor. The Russian invasion has shifted public attitudes swiftly, but are the lessons of history being forgotten?The rush to counter Russia in Ukraine may yet yield to sober thoughts at what the members really want their alliance to be and what inviting Sweden and Finland entails. There are rising internal political contradictions in some European countries too, such as Germany, Italy, and France.Europe may be at war with Russia today, tomorrow it willhave to find a way to work with its eastern neighbour. Where does it leave countries like India which is clearly seen as central to the emerging new international order; will it see the revival of non-alignment as well? (Author is former Indian Ambassador. She also served as Counsellor/ Minister dealing with Trade Policy at the Indian Embassy in Brussels, accredited to EU, Belgium and Luxembourg. Views expressed are personal and do not reflect the official position or policy of Financial Express Online. Reproducing this content without permission is prohibited).

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Amateur telescope making Amateur telescope making is the activity of building telescopes as a hobby, as opposed to being a paid professional. Amateur telescope makers (sometimes called ATMs) build their instruments for personal enjoyment of a technical challenge, as a way to obtain an inexpensive or personally customized telescope, or as a research tool in the field of astronomy. Amateur telescope makers are usually a sub-group in the field of amateur astronomy. Ever since Galileo Galilei adapted a Dutch invention for astronomical use, astronomical telescope making has been an evolving discipline. Many astronomers after the time of Galileo built their own telescopes out of necessity, but the advent of amateurs in the field building telescopes for their own enjoyment and education seems to have come into prominence in the 20th century. Before the advent of modern mass-produced telescopes, the price of even a modest instrument was often beyond the means of an aspiring amateur astronomer. Building your own was the only economical method to obtain a suitable telescope for observing. Many published works piqued interest in building telescopes, such as the 1920 book The Amateur's Telescope by Irish telescope maker Rev. W. F. A. Ellison. In the United States in the early 1920s, articles in Popular Astronomy by Russell W. Porter and in Scientific American by Albert G. Ingalls featuring Porter and the Springfield Telescope Makers helped expand interest in the hobby. There was so much public interest, Ingalls began a regular column for Scientific American on the subject (spawning that publications "The Amateur Scientist" column) and later compiled into three books titled Amateur Telescope Making Vol. 1-3. These had a large readership of enthusiast (sometimes called "telescope nuts") constructing their own instruments. Between 1933 and 1990, Sky & Telescope magazine ran a regular column called "Gleanings for ATMs" edited by Earle Brown, Robert E. Cox, and Roger Sinnott. The ready supply of surplus optical components after World War II and later Sputnik and the Space Race also greatly expanded the hobby. Common amateur designs Although the types of telescopes that amateurs build vary widely, including Refractors, Schmidt–Cassegrains and Maksutovs, the most popular telescope design is the Newtonian reflector, described by Russell W. Porter as "The Poor Man's Telescope". The Newtonian has the advantage of being a simple design that allows for maximum size for the minimum expense. And since the design employs a single front surface mirror as its objective it only has one surface that has to be ground and polished, as opposed to three for the Maksutov and four for the refractor and the Schmidt–Cassegrain. Typically a Newtonian telescope of 6 or 8 inches (15 or 20 cm) aperture is a standard starter project, constructed as a club project or by individuals working from books or from plans found on the Internet. Since the Newtonian reflector is the most common telescope built by amateur telescope makers, large sections of the literature on the subject are devoted to fabrication of the primary mirror. The mirrors start as a flat disk of glass, typically plate glass or borosilicate glass (Pyrex). The disk is carefully ground, polished and figured to an extremely accurate shape, usually a paraboloid. Telescopes with high focal ratios may use spherical mirrors since the difference in the two shapes is insignificant at those ratios. The tools used to achieve this shape can be simple, consisting of a similarly sized glass tool, a series of finer abrasives, and a polishing pitch lap made from a type of tree sap. Through a whole series of random strokes the mirror naturally tends to become spherical in shape. At that point, a variation in polishing strokes is typically used to create and perfect the desired paraboloidal shape. The equipment most amateurs use to test the shape of the mirrors, a Foucault knife-edge test, is, like the tools used to create the surface, simple to fabricate. At its most basic it consists of a light bulb, a piece of tinfoil with a pinhole in it, and a razorblade. After the mirror is polished out it is placed vertically in a stand. The Foucault tester is set up at a distance close to the mirror's radius of curvature. The tester is adjusted so that the returning beam from the pinhole light source is interrupted by the knife edge. Viewing the mirror from behind the knife edge shows a pattern on the mirror surface. If the mirror surface is part of a perfect sphere, the mirror appears evenly lighted across the entire surface. If the mirror is spherical but with defects such as bumps or depressions, the defects appear greatly magnified in height. If the surface is paraboloidal, the mirror looks like a doughnut or lozenge. It is possible to calculate how closely the mirror surface resembles a perfect paraboloid by placing a special mask over the mirror and taking a series of measurements with the tester. This data is then reduced and graphed against an ideal parabolic curve. Some amateur telescope makers use a similar test called a Ronchi test that replaces the knife edge with a grating comprising several fine parallel wires or an etching on a glass plate. Other tests used include the Gaviola or Caustic test which can measure mirrors of fast f/ratio more accurately, and home-brew Interferometric testing made possible in recent years by affordable lasers, digital cameras (such as webcams), and computers. Aluminizing or "silvering" the mirror Once the mirror surface has the correct shape a very thin coating of a highly reflective material is added to the front surface. Historically this coating was silver. Silvering was put on the mirror chemically, typically by the mirror maker or user. Silver coatings have higher reflectivity than aluminum but corrode quickly and need replacing after a few months. Since the 1950s most mirror makers have an aluminum coating applied by a thin-film deposition process (work is done by a firm specializing in the process). Modern coatings usually consist of an aluminum layer overcoated with protective transparent compounds. The mirror is aluminized by placing it in a vacuum chamber with electrically heated tungsten or nichrome coils that can evaporate aluminum. In a vacuum, the hot aluminum atoms travel in straight lines. When they hit the surface of the mirror, they cool and stick. Some mirror coating shops then evaporate a layer of quartz onto the mirror, whereas others expose it to pure oxygen or air in an oven so that the mirror will form a tough, clear layer of aluminum oxide. The telescopes amateur telescope makers build range from backyard variety to sophisticated instruments that make meaningful contributions to the field of astronomy. Instruments built by amateurs have been employed in planetary study, astrometry, photometry, comet and asteroid discovery to name just a few. Even the “hobbyist” end of the field can break down into several distinct categories such as: observing deep sky objects, observing the planets, solar observing, lunar observation, and astrophotography of all those classes of objects. Therefore, the design, size, and construction of the telescopes vary as well. Some amateur telescope makers build instruments that, while looking crude, are wholly suited to the purpose they are designed for. Others may strive for a more aesthetic look with high levels of mechanical “finish”. Since some amateur telescope makers do not have access to high-precision machining equipment, many elegant designs such as the Poncet Platform, Crayford focuser, and the Dobsonian telescope have evolved, which achieve functionality and stability without requiring precision machining. The difficulty of construction is another factor in an amateur's choice of project. For a given design the difficulty of construction grows roughly as the square of the diameter of the objective. For example, a Newtonian telescope of 4 inches (100 mm) aperture is a moderately easy science fair project. A 6-to-8-inch (150 to 200 mm) Newtonian is considered a good compromise size since construction is not difficult and results in an instrument that would be expensive to purchase commercially. A 12-to-16-inch (300 to 410 mm) reflecting telescope is difficult, but still within the ability of the average amateur who has had experience building smaller instruments. Amateurs have constructed telescopes as large as 1 metre (39 in) across, but usually small groups or astronomy clubs take on such projects. - A List of telescope parts and construction types - Amateur Telescope Makers of London - Mirror support cell - Optical telescope - PLate OPtimizer - Types of amateur built telescopes - "A Brief History of Stellafane by Bert Willard". stellafane.org. Archived from the original on 2010-06-13. - Sinnott, Roger W. (March 1990). "Robert E. Cox, T. N.". Sky & Telescope. 79: 332–33. term coined by Albert Ingalls, according to Sky & Telescope editor Roger W. Sinnott - Telescope Basics – Mark T. VandeWettering, 2001 - Gary Seronik, Four Infamous Telescope Myths, skyandtelescope.com, July 28, 2006 - Strong, John (1959), "Aluminizing Mirrors", in Ingalls, Albert G. (ed.), Amateur Telescope Making Advanced, Scientific American, pp. 467–482 Telescope making books and other published information - Albert G. Ingalls (ed.), Amateur Telescope Making (Vols. 1–3). Orig. edition: Scientific American; new rearranged edition: Willmann-Bell Inc. - Allyn J. Thompson, Making Your Own Telescope, 1947, Sky Publishing, ISBN 0-933346-12-3. (An online version) - Jean Texereau, How to Make a Telescope, Willmann-Bell, ISBN 0-943396-04-2 - David Harbour, Understanding Foucault, Netzari Press, ISBN 978-1-934916-01-8, (Amazon.com) - David Kriege, Richard Berry, The Dobsonian Telescope: A Practical Manual for Building Large Aperture Telescopes, 1997, Willmann-Bell, ISBN 0-943396-55-7 - Richard Berry, Build Your Own Telescope, Willmann-Bell, ISBN 0-943396-69-7 - Harrie Rutten, Martin van Venrooij, Telescope Optics, Evaluation and Design, Willmann-Bell, ISBN 0-943396-18-2 - Neal Eltinge Howard, Standard Handbook for Telescope Making (Hardcover), Harper & Row, ISBN 978-0-06-181394-8 - Albert Highe, Engineering, Design and Construction of Portable Newtonian Telescopes (Hardcover), Willmann-Bell, ISBN 978-0943396958 - A Little Amateur History (R.F. Royce) - A Manual for Amateur Telescope Makers by Karine and Jean-Marc Lecleire (PDF introduction) - Sacek, Vladimir (July 14, 2006), Notes on Amateur Telescope Optics, retrieved 2009-06-22 - The Amateur Telescope Makers Email List — also has searchable archives - The ATM Site – A Short History of Amateur Telescope Making - The Telescope Makers of Springfield, Vermont History at stellafane.com. - Mikes Blog - Telescope workshop, astronomical instruments and innovations - How to Make a Eyepiece for Telescope

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“The mountains are fountains of humanity as well as of rivers, of glaciers, of fertile soil. The great poets, philosophers, prophets, able people whose thoughts and deeds have moved the world, have come down from the mountains—mountain-dwellers who have grown strong there with the forest trees in Nature’s workshops.” —John Muir, Alaska Journal, June-July 1890 I HAD ALREADY BEGUN my pilgrimage out of faith, preparing to leave the ministry, when I decided to make another kind of pilgrimage back to Scotland and the boyhood home of the great naturalist John Muir in Dunbar, near Edinburgh. I had read Mountains of California (1894) while snowshoeing in Hope Valley above Lake Tahoe and thumbed through his reproduced journals like secular scripture while climbing trees in the watershed near my home across the bay from San Francisco. I was converted to Muir’s worldview—his fundamentally humanist philosophy rooted in nature. Collecting salient selections from his writings into a little book of “meditations,” I read them at his family home in Martinez, California, at the Sierra Club’s LeConte Lodge in Yosemite Valley. I read them again, at the invitation of the chief park ranger, under the magnificent cathedral of redwoods in Muir Woods National Monument in Mill Valley, California. Later I penned a novella imagining the wondering naturalist meeting a youthful, wandering Nazarene. The question I’m asking now is whether we might consider John Muir one of our humanist heroes, perhaps even going so far as to dub him a “secular saint.” “Wildness is a necessity,” the Sierra sage wrote in 1901, on the first page of Our National Parks. Indeed, we do need wildness as creatures of wilderness—though we deny it, fear it. In his lecture “Walking” (published as an essay in 1862) Henry David Thoreau had famously said, “In Wildness is the preservation of the World.” Muir took this a step further, literally. He took his mentor’s statement as a map, since Thoreau prefaced his famous words with “The West … is but another name for the Wild.” Muir turned his face to the Western mountains and discovered a radical religion-beyond-religion in the “fountains of humanity.” Throughout my own years of religious study, I read saints, mystics, theologians, biblical scholars, philosophers—digging around for wisdom wherever I might find it. As an ordained minister and chaplain, I taught classes in churches on world religions, sacred scriptures, and wisdom teachers across the spiritual landscape, reading delightful stories from Hasidic Jews and Sufi Muslims, Zen Buddhists and Native Americans, Native Africans, Catholic and Protestant Christians, and more. Then, out of the wilderness, the bearded and bewitching John Muir sauntered down the trail (“saunter,” as Thoreau defined it, is a deep walking through the “holy land”—and all land is revered by a saunterer). Muir didn’t “hike”—he sauntered. Muir understood that religion, like humanity itself, too often fears the wild where it originated. With dry tea, a chunk of bread, and curiosity in his pockets, John Muir fearlessly entered the wildnerness and emerged like Moses from Sinai, Buddha from the Indian forest, Jesus from the Judean desert, Muhammad from the Arabian cave (and like Galileo Galilei from his telescope or Charles Darwin from his microscope). Yet—and this is crucially important—Muir was no prophet calling “Come unto me.” His secular gospel was to go, not come. In essence, he shouted: “Go saunter into the great classroom—the greatest temple!” Akin to classic prophetic traditions, he called for us to awaken, to leave our heavy theologies and holy books, to lighten our packs and risk an unpredictable journey, a challenging adventure. He pounded the pine-scented pulpit or lichen-laced lectern: “Go!” Muir is remembered, appropriately, as the patriarchal parent of our National Parks, first president of the Sierra Club, mountaineer, explorer, and expert on glaciers. As his writings brought him fame and influence, he slept in the snow under the stars with President Theodore Roosevelt, sailed in Alaskan fjords with fellow naturalist John Burroughs, and fought a political fight to preserve wilderness like his treasured Hetch Hetchy Valley near Yosemite. He was much more than a conservationist, in the sense that the earth is not something to conserve—to “use” as a “resource”—but our home to preserve. Muir was a preservationist. If he were around today, “Keep Wilderness Wild” would be his bumper sticker—if he drove a car. Unlike Moses, Muir descended from the mountaintop a secular, naturalistic evangelist, and as a good scientist welcomed verification of what he experienced. When I initially read My First Summer in the Sierra (1911), I thought it sounded almost like mysticism, spoken by some ancient saint or sage—almost “spiritual” without being preachy. In it, Muir is describing our world, fully accessible to me, to anyone, and I know what he says is true because I’ve been there. Hiking in Yosemite, snowshoeing among the ancient sequoias and gnarled junipers, you can breathe in the alpine air and touch the same trees, delighting in the same wildflowers and granite crags he did. Standing in the refreshing mist of cool cascades, Muir seems present in the mists of time. It’s as if he’s on the trail beside us, teaching at every step in the open-air classroom. On a hot July day above Yosemite Valley he scribbles in his tea-stained journal: Every hidden cell is throbbing with music and life, every fibre thrilling like harp strings, while incense is ever flowing from the balsam bells and leaves. No wonder the hills and groves were God’s first temples, and the more they are cut down and hewn into cathedrals and churches, the farther off and dimmer seems the Lord himself. The same may be said of stone temples. Every cell pulsates with life in Muir’s congregation; every hill, every forest is a temple. With a leap of joy rather than a leap of faith, he’s ascended above the clouds of orthodoxy to discover the bubbling, babbling springs of humanity. When he has a strange experience in the mountains, sensing the presence of a professor from his University of Wisconsin days in the valley below, Muir runs down to find his kindly teacher on the trail. Reflecting on this unusual event he writes: It seems supernatural, but only because it is not understood. Anyhow, it seems silly to make so much of it, while the natural and common is more truly marvelous and mysterious than the so-called supernatural. Indeed, most of the miracles we hear of are infinitely less wonderful than the commonest of natural phenomena, when fairly seen. This reasonable, common-sense response is strong evidence for Muir’s natural humanistic perspective. His innate skepticism is time and again revealed in a careful choice of words, though he often uses religious terms familiar to his readers. For instance, he still speaks of God, yet what have the mountains taught him? Not that an invisible deity is commanding obedience from burning trees. And certainly not that a strict father in the sky is killing his own child on a bloody tree for his own satisfaction. There’s nothing natural about any of that. Muir rooted his sauntering faith in this world and no other. His oft-repeated exclamation, “Glorious!” wasn’t directed to a deity but to the uncontrollable creations of nature. Muir’s lord is absolutely visible, revealed in the creative forces of nature. Is this pure pantheism? Perhaps. But I think more. His divinity is palpable, incarnate as rain, ice, fire, and wind, actively sculpting and creating an evolving earth. Yes, nature and God are one, yet beyond anthropomorphic representation or anthropocentric hubris. How do we begin to understand Muir’s nature God? In one of the most significant entries in his journals, Muir asserts that “no synonym for God is so perfect as beauty.” This is central and essential in understanding Muir’s use of religious terminology minus the theological stickiness. Let any concept of “God” slip away; natural beauty is the incarnation of the cosmos minus any transcendence to a “better world” for which no evidence exists. Consider Muir’s view of the Bible. He respects the ancient book, but speaks of much more ancient pages—“nature’s Bible”—written in the mountain ranges, especially in Alaska and his beloved “range of light,” the Sierra Nevada. As a boy in Scotland, Muir’s evangelist father forced him to memorize large portions of the Bible. He always carried that book in his brain, but he carried Robert Burns in his heart, singing the poet’s ballads to squirrels and birds in the highlands of California and beyond. “Wildly here, without control, nature reigns and rules the whole,” wrote Burns, his beloved Scottish kinsman. And so, Muir rooted his sauntering faith in this world and no other. His oft-repeated exclamation, “Glorious!” wasn’t directed to a deity but to the uncontrollable creations of nature. Humanism’s environmental concern is neatly summarized in the excellent “Ten Commitments,” recently introduced in the Humanist (September/October 2019) by Kristin Wintermute. “Humanity is also capable of positive environmental change that values the interdependence of all life on this planet,” the commitment to environmentalism contends. It’s a hopeful, practical, inclusive vision shared by the man many know as “John of the Mountains,” who, in A Thousand-Mile Walk to the Gulf (1916), wrote: “The universe would be incomplete without man” (what he would today rightly term humankind); “but it would also be incomplete without the smallest transmicroscopic creature that dwells beyond our conceitful eyes and knowledge.” What does Muir say about religion itself? How organized can faith be, when we are born and baptized in wildness? True religion, he would agree, cannot be found in an artificial “house of God,” nor can a wide-open, heretical, and humanistic religion be found in dogma, doctrine, or confessions. He proclaims, in agreement with friend and fellow naturalist John Burroughs, that a living religion (belief system, worldview) cannot be centered in theology at all. What does Muir say about heaven? That’s fairly simple: we’re already there; it’s already here. Nothing supernatural at all. On hell, he once said that if hell were a dark, rocky pit, he’d climb right out of it. We, all by ourselves, create something hellish when we bring suffering on our fellow inhabitants on the spinning—and warming—globe. Nature makes heaven; we make hell. Muir’s radical faith is both sensible and sapient: faith is rational, heuristic pleasure in the wonder of the world. Nothing more, nothing less. For him, a solitary or social experience with wilderness occurs where the wild things are the congregation and we are the ones who must join it. Such wildness can be found deep in a national park or in our own garden. In My First Summer in the Sierras (1911), he climbs Cathedral Peak in the Sierras and testifies: This I may say is the first time I have been at church in California, led here at last, every door graciously opened for the poor lonely worshiper. In our best times everything turns into religion, all the world seems a church and the mountains altars. While many happily nontheistic travelers will balk at the notion that at our zenith everything “turns into religion,” consider how this secular saint leads us to what could be a new kind of natural religion, or, and I doubt he would be very shocked, to the end of anything we’ve known as religion. One is constantly reminded of the infinite lavishness and fertility of nature—inexhaustible abundance amid what seems enormous waste. And yet when we look into any of its operations that lie within reach of our minds, we learn that no particle of its material is wasted or worn out. It is eternally flowing from use to use, beauty to yet higher beauty; and we soon cease to lament waste and death, and rather rejoice and exult in the imperishable, unspendable wealth of the universe, and faithfully watch and wait the reappearance of everything that melts and fades and dies about us, feeling sure that its next appearance will be better and more beautiful than the last. While the final sentiment in that passage sounds discordant in terms of our modern climate crisis, we can enlist Muir in directly addressing our critical environmental crises today. We need him to remind us of two essentials to pack along: first, we have to meet on common ground (say a city, state, or national park), focused on the beauty at hand, regardless of our divisive views. And second, it’s not just about beauty. Writing to his sister Sarah in 1873, Muir penned the words we find emblazoned on t-shirts and posters: “The mountains are calling and I must go.” Yet he follows this with: “And I will work on while I can, studying incessantly.” Beauty is not merely for recreation and contemplation, it is an invitation to learn more, conserve more, preserve more. This takes devoted work and study. As Muir’s close friend Robert Underwood Johnson wrote after Muir’s death, “[People] will search for beauty as scientists search for truth, knowing that while truth can make one free, it is beauty of some sort … that alone can give permanent happiness.” Preserving wild spaces is preserving the beauty, and ourselves. In this regard Muir would be a leader in presenting solutions to our climate crisis. He would identify it as a consciousness crisis first, then entice us into the beauty, both the marred and the marvelous, demanding we “work on; study incessantly.” In his 1915 work, Travels in Alaska, the great naturalist stands in the pristine paradise of Alaska and exults: When we contemplate the whole globe as one great dewdrop, striped and dotted with continents and islands, flying through space with other stars all singing and shining together as one, the whole universe appears as an infinite storm of beauty. The whole tiny globe is like a drop of water spilling through limitless space, one star among countless stars. And when we contemplate and contextualize this, what do we see? How do we feel? What is humanity that anyone should be mindful of us? For Muir, and potentially for us, the universe presents itself as “an infinite storm of beauty.” The “call” and “mission” is to learn from the storms whether destructive or creative—to better understand our world and be wiser participants in the grand show. John Muir’s radical religion of beauty, stirring education, environmental action, and awe-inspiring emotional connection to all things earthly, may serve to be the most natural bridge for humanists and religionists to explore. Though most of us have left the God-language behind, we can appreciate the trailblazing work of Muir to point us toward something more profound and practical than any religion has ever been. If the wild Scotsman was correct, that “wildness is a necessity,” that “mountains are fountains of life,” then going out and up is our best hope for a humanistic future. Muir’s “gospel of beauty” represents the essence of humanism’s goals, and we don’t have to be mountain climbers (or have bushy beards) to saunter in his footsteps and beyond.

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Electronic data resides in two basic areas: - In bulk in some form of repository, such as a database or collections of individual files (called data at rest) - In small quantities being transmitted over a network (called data on the wire) Your data is vulnerable no matter where it resides. While most companies take security precautions, many of those precautions turn out to be insufficient to protect valuable corporate assets. The key lies in knowing where vulnerabilities exist and making appropriate risk-based decisions. The ability to gather and share volumes of information was the primary reason behind the creation of the Internet, but such wide availability greatly magnifies the risk of that information being compromised. Attacks against large databases of critical information are on the rise, such as in the following recent cases: - February, 2003: A hacker broke into the security system of a company that processes credit card transactions, giving the hacker access to the records of millions of Visa and MasterCard accounts. - June, 2004: More than 145,000 blood donors were warned that they could be at risk for identity theft from a stolen university laptop containing their personal information. - October, 2004: A hacker accessed names and social security numbers of about 1.4 million Californians after breaking into a University of California, Berkeley computer. NOTE – Identity theft occurs when someone uses your personal information—such as your name, social security number, credit card number, or other identifying information—without your permission, frequently to commit fraud or other crimes. Vulnerabilities of Data on the Wire Data on the wire is vulnerable to some very focused attacks. Data can be intercepted (sniffed). ARP attacks can be used to sniff information in a switched environment. ARP attacks can also be used to initiate “man in the middle” attacks that can allow an attacker to intercept and potentially modify information in transit. Sniffing refers to a technique for capturing network traffic. While sniffing can be accomplished on both routed and switched networks, it’s much easier in a routed environment: - Layer 3 devices, such as routers, send information by broadcasting it to every destination on the network, and the destination handles the problem of parsing out the specific information that’s needed from the general broadcast. - In a switched environment, switches send traffic only to its intended host (determined by the destination information in each individual packet). Operating in a switched environment doesn’t totally alleviate the risk of sniffing, but it does mitigate that risk to a large degree. Most networks today also utilize virtual LAN (VLAN) configurations to segment network traffic and further reduce the risk of sniffing. A VLAN is a switched network that’s logically segmented. VLANs are created to provide the segmentation services traditionally provided by routers in LAN configurations. VLANs address scalability, security, and network management. Routers in VLAN topologies provide broadcast filtering, security, address summarization, and traffic-flow management. Just as switches isolate collision domains for attached hosts and only forward appropriate traffic out a particular port, VLANs provide complete isolation between VLANs. None of the switches within the defined group will bridge any frames—not even broadcast frames—between two VLANs. Thus, communication between VLANs is accomplished through routing, and the traditional security and filtering functions of the router can be used. Segmentation can be organized in any manner: function, project team, application. This capability is especially useful for isolating network segments for security purposes. For example, you may place application servers on one VLAN and system administrators on another (management-level) VLAN, with access control lists to restrict administrative access to only that VLAN. This setup can be accomplished regardless of physical connections to the network or the fact that some users might be intermingled with other teams. The Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) enables systems to find the unique identifier (MAC address) of a destination machine. ARP attacks provide the means to either break or misuse the protocol, with the goal of redirecting traffic from its intended destination. In an ARP attack, the attacker can sniff, intercept, and even modify traffic on a compromised network segment. The effectiveness of these attacks is limited in two ways: - Data on the wire is generally available only in small pieces. It’s true that many systems and applications send login/password pairs in clear text (without any encryption). An attack may capture such small bits of data; it may even be possible over time to assemble enough useful information to make identity theft possible. However, the attacker must either be directly connected to the internal network, or have succeeded in compromising an internal system and installing some form of sniffer to gather information. For the effort to be worthwhile to the hacker, many small chunks would need to be captured and then filtered out of the massive volumes of traffic traversing most of today’s networks; and then the captured data would have to be reassembled into meaningful information. This is a tremendous task with a potentially very small payoff. - Capturing data takes time. The longer the attacker is inside the network, the more likely he or she is to get caught. It’s easier to get information at the source, rather than trying to capture and decode thousands of network packets. Vulnerabilities of Data at Rest While sniffing data on the wire may yield a big reward, data at rest is the proverbial pot of gold. Most organizations maintain detailed databases of their personnel information, for example, making the large corporation a very tempting target. These databases regularly contain quantities of names, addresses, and even social security numbers for tax purposes. This is all the information that someone needs to steal your identity. Statistics show that identity theft attacks are increasing. More than thirty thousand victims reported ID theft in 2000; in 2003, the Federal Trade Commission received more than half a million complaints. A major issue in protecting your data repository is the fact that there are so many avenues of attack. Attacks can be launched against the operating system, the database server application, the custom application interface, the client interface, and so on. Application attacks don’t have to be directed against the target application, either. Any attack providing system-level access to an attacker is a risk to your data. Your system is also a potential target for a multitude of computer viruses, worms, and Trojans. Current reports put the number of these types of applications at more than 100,000. Many recent computer worms leave systems vulnerable by covertly installing a backdoor that enables the attacker to enter the system at will. How Can We Protect Our Data? How do we defend against so many possible attack vectors? The key is to focus on the data. The first step should be data-sensitivity analysis as part of an overall risk-assessment process. Data-sensitivity analysis begins by identifying an organization’s critical data and ways in which that data is used. Once the sensitivity of data has been classified, the organization can reach decisions about the necessary level of protection for that data. Your tendency may be to apply the greatest level of protection available, but that level may be neither necessary nor cost-effective. For example, you wouldn’t spend $100,000 on a firewall to protect an expected loss of only $5,000. You can get a better idea of how to apply countermeasures if you include a loss/impact analysis as part of the risk-assessment process. A simple approach to data protection looks at the various layers of security that can be applied. Consider the following starting checklist: - Do you need to encrypt the data repository? - Do you need a hash of the transactions for integrity purposes? - Should you digitally sign transactions? - Make sure that database logging is enabled and properly configured. - Harden the operating system. - Disable unnecessary services and close ports. - Change system defaults. - Don’t use group or shared account passwords. - Lock down file shares. - Restrict access to only necessary personnel. - Consider host-based firewalls and intrusion detection for critical servers. - Maintain proper patch procedures. - Use switches rather than routers or hubs as much as possible. - Lock down unused router/switch ports. - Consider MAC filters for critical systems. - Establish logical subnets and VLANs. - Set up access control lists (ACLs) for access routes. - Use ingress/egress filters, anti-spoof rules. - Determine appropriate location and functionality for network-based firewalls and intrusion detection. - Use encrypted logins or SSL for web-based sessions. Physical security for data: - Establish input/output handling procedures. - Use physical access logs for server rooms and network operations centers. - Document tape-handling procedures, tape rotation, offsite storage. - Consider an alternate data center. - Archiving: Where does your data go to rest in peace? - Data destruction: Degauss, erase/overwrite, physical destruction? - How is data handled when equipment is sent out for repair, replacement, or end of life? This is just a quick list of points to consider. Fortunately, folks much smarter than I am have developed a much more comprehensive approach. Security standards and guidance are available, especially for organizations that are part of or do business with the U.S. government. Through the work of various organizations, the government has put together a program known as Certification & Accreditation (C&A). Standards have been and continue to be developed that provide guidance on the performance of risk assessments, development of security plans, and the application of security controls. The Computer Security Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been assigned this important multi-part task: - Improving federal information-systems security by raising awareness of IT risks, vulnerabilities, and protection requirements, particularly for new and emerging technologies. - Researching, studying, and advising agencies of IT vulnerabilities and devising techniques for the cost-effective security and privacy of sensitive federal systems. - Developing standards, metrics, tests, and validation programs. - Developing guidance to increase secure IT planning, implementation, management, and operation. The C&A process is explained and documented in NIST’s publications. NIST’s guidelines provide an excellent framework for selecting, specifying, employing, and evaluating the security controls in information systems. Data is under constant attack from a growing number of sources. It’s vital that you know what data you have, how sensitive that data is, how critical it is to your corporate mission, and the risks it faces. Perform a risk assessment, and, once the threat level has been determined, develop an appropriate plan to protect that data with multiple layers of security. Only by being aware of your valuable assets can you properly monitor and protect them.

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Mitochondria are the primary source of cellular energy regulating cellular metabolism and physiology. To maintain cellular metabolism and homeostasis, damaged or unwanted mitochondria should be eliminated through mitophagy, a form of mitochondrial quality control process. Mitophagy is a highly selective autophagy process that eliminates dysfunctional or redundant mitochondria through multiple regulatory pathways in a ubiquitin-dependent or -independent manner. Since the term “mitophagy” was first coined by Dr. Lemasters in 2005, accumulating scientific evidence reveals that the accumulation of damaged mitochondria is one of the causal factors for various human diseases including neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases as well as cancers. Among all the cell types affected by mitochondrial dysfunction, neurons are vulnerable to mitochondrial damage due to their high energy demand. + in Werner syndrome (WS) patients, which is an autosomal recessive accelerated aging disease and caused by mutations in the gene encoding the Werner (WRN) DNA helicase, has been observed . The main clinical symptoms include cancer, juvenile cataracts, dyslipidemia, premature atherosclerosis, and insulin resistance diabetes. NAD + supplementation can significantly relieve the accelerated aging process in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster models of WS . Through the mechanism study, the NAD + effect is achieved through DCT-1 and ULK-1 dependent mitophagy . Cardiovascular aging is another very important aging event in which the regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis is involved . Many studies have shown that mitophagy plays an important role in the anti-cardiovascular aging process in recent years. Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), a small heat shock protein involved in the responses to oxidative stress, heat shock, and hypoxic/ischemia injury , can induce mitophagy and antioxidant function to reduce the degree of heart aging . Another study demonstrated that double knockout of Akt2 and AMPK induced cardiac aging in 12-month-old mice, which was most likely achieved by reducing autophagy and mitophagy levels because more p62, lower LC3B II and LC3B I ratios, and lower level of mitophagy receptors associated with aging including PINK1, Fundc1, etc. were observed in double knockout Akt2 and AMPK mice . Harman’s free radical theory is the commonly accepted aging theory at present . This theory assumes that the decrease in cellular longevity is caused by the increase in reactive oxygen species. Recent studies have shown that mitochondria are the main source of ROS and the main target of ROS-mediated damage . ROS is a by-product of mitochondrial respiration. With aging, mitochondria function decreases, and more ROS are accumulated, leading to the damage of mitochondria and mtDNA. These phenomena suggest that increasing mitophagy and restoring mitochondrial function can prevent and treat vascular and cardiac aging-related dysfunction. Although growing studies have shown that there is a strong relationship between mitophagy and aging, the reason for the decline in mitophagy with aging is not clear. With aging, ROS accumulation may lead to the oxidation of many proteins related to mitophagy function including PINK1, Parkin, LC3, etc. The oxidation of protein will reduce its function, which may lead to mitophagy dysfunction. S-nitrosylation is a critical post-translational regulation of most proteins, which attaches a nitrogen monoxide group to the thiol side chain of cysteine . Recent studies have shown that it may play an important role in aging and neurodegenerative diseases . S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) is an important enzyme regulating S-nitrosylation. Its activity gradually decreases with aging, and leads to mitophagy related protein such as Drp1 and Parkin S-nitrosylation, thus affecting the function of mitophagy . Another study on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) revealed that the S-nitrosylation transfer reaction mediated by UCH-L1, Cdk5, and Drp1 may play an important role in the occurrence and development of AD . These results indicate that with the development of aging, post-translational modification may play a critical role in the dysfunction of proteins, which affects the physiological process, especially mitophagy. In addition, skeletal muscle aging is also related to mitophagy. Sarcopenia refers to the loss of muscle mass and function with aging, and its molecular mechanism is not clear. However, an increasing body of evidence has shown that it is related to decreased autophagy levels, especially mitophagy. Mitochondrial dysfunction and fragmentation exist in aging muscles, which indicates that the regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis is unbalanced. Some studies have reported that NIX, PINK1, and Parkin levels are enhanced in aging muscles, suggesting that mitophagy as an anti-aging process is activated with aging . Although mitophagy can remove damaged mitochondria and restore mitochondria health, with the deepening of the aging process, the related functional proteins of mitophagy are oxidized, resulting in the weakening of function, which is not enough to clear the damaged mitochondria, thus accelerating the aging. Exercise is thought to be a way to enhance mitophagy. Studies have shown that Parkin plays an important role in exercise-induced mitophagy , suggesting that Parkin, as a regulatory protein of mitophagy, participates in the process of mitophagy in skeletal muscle and plays an critical role in the aging of skeletal muscle. These studies indicate that the induction of mitophagy has a significant effect on the treatment of aging-related diseases. A clinical trial on Urolithin A (UA) shows that UA, as a safe and effective inducer of mitophagy, plays an important role in skeletal muscle health, providing more evidence for the treatment of premature aging-related disease by the induction of mitophagy . Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and accumulation of mutational alpha-synuclein. This was first described by James Parkinson in 1917 . The precise mechanism of PD is unclear, but considerable evidence suggests that damage in mtDNA, redundant ROS, and dysfunctional mitophagy potentially regulates the occurrence of PD . Accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) results in mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby enhancing ROS production . Mitophagy, a crucial mitochondrial quality control process, regulates mitochondrial function for neuron health . Accumulation of damaged and dysfunctional mitochondria has been observed in Parkinson’s disease, suggesting that mitochondrial network homeostasis is impaired in PD patients . Furthermore, PINK1 knockout mice revealed a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra . This suggests that the disorder of the mitophagy process is potentially and strongly associated with PD ( |Gene||Protein||Function in Mitophagy||Disease||Reference| |PARK6||PINK1||Kinase, involved in the regulation of several mitophagy related proteins||PD, AD, HD||[90,91]| |PARK2||Parkin||Selectively recognize and eliminate damaged mitochondria from the cell||PD, AD, HD||[91,92]| |SNCA||Alpha-synuclein||Located on the mitochondria through its N-terminal, lead to mitochondrial damage and dysfunction||PD||| |DJ-1||Protein DJ-1||Regulate mitophagy and ATP produce||PD||| |GBA||Glucocerebrosidase||Ensure normal function of lysosome and influence mitochondrial morphology and dynamics||PD||[93,95]| |DRP1||Dynamin-related protein 1||Mediate mitochondrial fission||PD, AD, HD||| |OPA1||Optic atrophy 1||Mediate mitochondrial fusion||PD, AD, HD||| |MFN1||Mitofusin 1||Mediate mitochondrial fusion||PD, AD, HD||| |VCP||Valosin-containing protein||Accumulation of VCP can induce superabundant mitophagy||HD||| |Rhes||Ras homolog enriched in striatum||Up-regulate mitophagy via NIX receptor||HD||| |OPTN||Optineurin||Mediates the formation of autophagosome||ALS||| |TBK1||TANK-binding kinase 1||Mediate the engulfment of damaged mitochondria||ALS||| PINK1-Parkin pathway mutations inhibit mitophagy, which is directly related to PD occurrence . PINK1 is highly expressed in organs or tissues with high energy demand including the brain, heart, and muscles. Moreover, Parkin is expressed in various types of tissues, which perhaps shows its complex functions . Parkin mutations related to PD prevent the recruitment of Parkin to mitochondria and the accumulation of damaged mitochondria. This enhances ROS production, thereby promoting PD pathologies . Moreover, mitochondrial disturbance of fission and fusion caused by alpha-synuclein can be rescued via PINK1 and Parkin co-expression . Additionally, the NIX-mediated mitophagy pathway independently restores mitophagy in the PD patient cell lines without functional PINK1 and Parkin . On the other hand, USP30 is identified as a deubiquitinase for mitophagy regulation negatively. Overexpression of USP30 inhibits mitophagy by removing ubiquitin on damaged mitochondria . Several USP30 inhibitors are under development for the treatment of PD . Despite PINK1/Parkin pathway dysfunction being a major contribution to PD pathologies, more studies have shown other genes that influence mitophagy involved in PD. DJ-1 is a mitochondrial location redox sensor. Loss of DJ-1 leads to mitochondrial fragmentation that may affect mitophagy. Mutation of DJ-1 causes a recessive form of PD . Mutation of LRRK2, a large multidomain protein, influences mitophagy via regulating the PINK1/Parkin pathway, causing an autosomal dominant form of PD . These findings suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction is strongly related to PD pathogenesis, and induction of mitophagy rescuing mitochondrial biogenesis may ameliorate PD pathology. Notably, most PD patients are classified as sporadic patients, whereas only less than 10% of PD cases are diagnosed as familial PD. Among familial PD patients, important mutations in DJ-1 and GBA are implicated in maintaining normal mitochondrial function . Although the biogenesis of these two categories is different, a significant difference between both groups for clinical profile or motor symptoms cannot be observed . Since the pathogenic cause of PD is complicated and is still unknown, an effective strategy that can radically cure PD remains unavailable . By eliminating dysfunctional mitochondria and degrading abnormal structural proteins, mitophagy is a potential strategy for PD treatment. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease; its symptoms include memory loss and cognitive impairments. Dysfunctional mitochondria accumulation, damaged synapse, disease-defining amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are the fundamental pathological hallmarks of AD . A series of evidence suggests that amyloid deposition is a common pathological hallmark in numerous neurodegenerative diseases including AD; an excessive aggregation of amyloid-beta impairs neurons, causing their death . Besides, amyloid precursor protein-derived C-terminal fragments (APP-CTFs) accumulating in AD patients and AD mouse models trigger mitochondrial damage and mitophagy failure in an Aβ-independent manner . Increasing evidence shows the existence of a strong relationship between mitophagy failure and neuron degeneration. Studies by Fang et al. showed that mitophagy is reduced in APP/PS1 mouse model, Aβ-based C. elegans model, and even in the hippocampus of AD patients’ brains . Another study also showed mitochondria fragmentation and dysfunction in Aβ expression of Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that mitophagy failure may be a hallmark of AD . Considering that mitochondria regulate energy generation in neurons, dysfunctional mitochondria will badly influence the signal delivery from one neuron to another. In addition, hyper-phosphorylated Tau, as another hallmark protein in AD, seemingly aggregates in AD patients and the loss of Tau is neuroprotective . Numerous findings suggest that Tau expression leads to impairment in mitophagy . This indicates that protein aggregate degradation is a potential strategy to reduce their impairment to CNS and protect neurons. On the other hand, mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles; their shape and size, distributive situation, and physiological functions are regulated by their fission and fusion . These processes include Drp1-mediated fission and OPA1-mediated fusion of mitochondria. Recent studies have reported that both levels of Drp1 and OPA1 are remarkably decreased in AD . This indicates that the imbalance between fission and fusion affects the normal structure and function of mitochondria, promoting AD pathology. Mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics interact with each other to maintain a healthy mitochondrial recycling balance . Based on accumulating evidence, abnormal structures, functional defects, and variations in mitochondrial dynamics, and decline in the level of mitophagy are observed in neurons of AD patients . Moreover, as terminally differentiated cells, neuronal cells are susceptive to various types of mitochondrial dysfunctions and irreversible damage, eventually leading to neuron death once compromising mitophagy cannot recycle damaged or redundant mitochondria properly. Recent research has reported compounds including beta-Asarone and UMI-77 that help improve the learning and memory of AD mice as well as ameliorate disease pathologies by promoting mitophagy . Another two compounds (nicotinamide riboside and urolithin A) are also reported to induce mitophagy. Nicotinamide riboside is a precursor of NAD + may be beneficial for AD treatment. Urolithin A (UA) is a natural compound that ameliorates cognitive decline in the APP/PS1 mouse model via mitophagy activation . A recent study showed that rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor that can induce autophagy, also induces mitophagy and alleviates cognition in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease . This suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction is the most prominent feature of AD, whereas induction of mitophagy appears as a potential strategy for AD treatment. Huntington’s disease (HD) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by an expansion of cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeats within the huntingtin (Htt) gene. This results in polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion in the encoded huntingtin protein. Since the clinical syndrome of HD displays apparent neuropathic traits including motor dysfunction, cognitive decline, and psychiatric disturbances, it can also be classified into neurodegenerative diseases. The prevalence of Huntington’s disease is estimated at 4–10 per 100,000 in the Western world and the onset time and severity of HD is positively related to the length of CAG repeats . Although the pathogenesis of HD remains unclear and lacks effective therapeutic methods, increasing evidence reveals that mitochondria regulate the HD pathology process. Aberrant mitochondrial morphology, fragmentation, and decreased mitochondrial mass are observed in HD patients. Besides, the mutant huntingtin severely impairs mitochondrial respiration and ATP production, suggesting that energy metabolism in HD may fall into disorder . As for the fragmented mitochondria in HD pathology, scientists believe that excessive mitochondrial fission is potentially caused by increasing levels of Drp1 and decreasing levels of OPA1 and mitofusin 1 (Mfn1) . These findings show that mutant huntingtin impairs mitochondria by disturbing mitochondrial dynamics, further influencing its function. This indicates that functional mitochondria restoration might be an effective treatment for HD. In line with the findings by Khalil’s group, PINK1 overexpression, which regulates Parkin-mediated mitophagy, partially restored mitophagy and promoted neuroprotection in Huntington’s disease. Nonetheless, Guo et al. suggested that accumulation of valosin-containing protein (VCP), an mtHtt-binding protein on the mitochondria, induces superabundant mitophagy, causing the death of neurons. Moreover, Rhes, a type of GTPase, was reported to upregulate mitophagy via the NIX receptor. This led to striatal cell death and striatal lesions, speculating that exaggerated mitophagy might be a contributing factor of HD . Overall, abnormal mitochondrial size and morphology have been confirmed in HD, but the role of mitophagy (i.e., eliminating dysfunctional and unwanted mitochondria) remains controversial.

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Sleep should be a natural part of life but for some, it doesn’t come easily. The reasons are many and varied: some prescribed medications interfere with the body’s wake/sleep cycle, emotional stresses lead to night-time anxiety, and the wrong food before bed will disturb sleep. Sometimes there is no obvious reason. To help you get a good night’s sleep, we have compiled a list of helpful tips and outlined the common symptoms of some homeopathic remedies that treat insomnia. The remedy you need may be among them. Tips for a Good Night’s Sleep 1. Keep Healthy - Exercise regularly. Exercising for at least thirty minutes each day will help you fall asleep at night. Just make sure you don’t do it too close to bedtime or the reverse will be true. - Lose weight. Being overweight increases the risk of snoring and sleep apnoea, neither of which result in a good night’s sleep. - Have a health check. Many diseases interfere with sleep. For example, thirst through the night may indicate diabetes, burning feet can point to small blood vessel or nerve disease, and frequent visits to the bathroom could signal a prostate, kidney, or heart problem. - Balance menopausal hormones. Hormonal changes at menopause can cause hot flushes, joint pain, and palpitations that interfere with sleep. Bring you body back into balance with the help of your local homeopath or natural therapist. 2. The Food Factor - Avoid caffeine. Drinking coffee, or even tea, will stop some people falling asleep. Be aware that caffeine is also in some processed foods, drinks, and even medications such as diet pills. - Avoid foods which irritate. Dairy and wheat products are high on the list of foods that cause sleep-disturbing problems such as gastrointestinal upsets, congestion, gas, and apnoea in sensitive people. - Eat a protein snack a few hours before bed. L-tryptophan from protein foods will help your body produce the sleep-promoting neuro-transmitters of melatonin and serotonin. Carbohydrates such as a small piece of wholemeal bread may also help tryptophan cross the blood-brain barrier. - Avoid fluids two hours before bed. This will reduce the likelihood of waking to go to the bathroom. Empty your bladder before going to bed. - Avoid snacks, especially sugars and processed grains, before bed. These foods cause rapid spikes and drops in blood sugar levels that disturb sleep. - Avoid alcohol. The drowsiness produced by alcohol is short-lived and stops you entering the deeper and more restful stages of sleep. As its effect wears off some hours later, you are also more likely to wake and then be unable to go back to sleep. - Sip chamomile tea before going to bed. Chamomile tea has a mild homeopathic effect of relieving anxiety and inducing relaxation – just the thing for a good night’s sleep. 3. Prepare the Bedroom - Make your bedroom an attractive place to sleep. Don’t dump work, chores, or junk on or around your bed. You will sleep much better in a relaxed and uncluttered environment. - Check your bedroom for electro-magnetic fields (EMFs) and remove electrical devices. These can disrupt the pineal gland and the production of melatonin and serotonin that lead to sleep. If you are especially sensitive to EMFs try switching the circuit breakers off at night, cutting the power in your home. - Maintain a moderate temperature. The recommended temperature for sleep is no more than 21 degrees Celsius (70 degrees Fahrenheit). A warmer temperature can disturb sleep. - Darkness will help. Even small amounts of light can disrupt your body’s production of the neuro-transmitters needed for sleep. Reduce the light in your room by black-out curtains and avoid sudden exposures to bright light if getting up at night, as these can stop you body’s production of melatonin. - Change the noise. Gentle music, white noise or relaxation CDs can help you relax and unwind. Sounds of the ocean can be particularly soothing for sleep. - No TV before bed. Stop watching TV well before you go to sleep and certainly do not watch it in the bedroom. An exciting program will over-stimulate your brain, and make it harder to fall asleep. - Add a little fragrance.The essential oil of lavender soothes and relaxes. Sprinkle a few drops around your bedroom before going to bed. - Keep your bed for sleeping. Bed should be reserved only for sleep, or that other pleasurable activity. If you are used to watching TV or doing work in bed, your brain will associate it with these activities rather than sleep, making it harder to relax when you turn off the light. 4. Night-time Ritual - Pack up your work at least an hour or more before going to bed. This will let your mind relax so you will more easily go to sleep. Write the following day’s ‘to do’ list before finishing work to stop your mind compiling lists as you try to go to sleep. - Start a relaxing routine. This could consist of a warm bath, massage, aromatherapy or listening to a calming CD – anything that relaxes you. Repeat this routine each night and your body will soon associate it with going to sleep. - Go to bed at the same time each night. And get up at the same time each morning, too, even on weekends. Your body clock will synchronise with these times making it easier to go to sleep as well as wake up in the morning. - Take a hot bath or shower before bed. This will increase the temperature of your body. The fall in temperature as it returns to normal will encourage relaxation and help with sleep. - Write it down and get it out. If your mind races when you try to sleep, writing you thoughts, plans and worries in a book can be a useful way of calming and emptying your mind. - Read something relaxing. Slightly boring material is best as stimulating material such as mysteries or suspense novels will only wake you up further. - Go to bed early. It is often said that every of hour of sleep before midnight is worth two after it, and there is truth in that saying. Our bodies do most of their detoxing before the early hours of the morning, something that is hindered if we go to bed too late. - Use the homeopathic effect of coffee. In homeopathy’s ‘like treats like’ approach, coffee will paradoxically help some people sleep better as it will calm their busy mind and body if drunk before going to bed. This approach only works if your symptoms of insomnia are very similar to those of having had too much coffee. Coffee can also be taken in homeopathic potencies – read all about it under the name of Coffea Cruda in the ‘Treat Your Insomnia with Homeopathy’ section. 5. Once in Bed - Warm your feet with socks. Feet often have the poorest circulation of your body. Wearing socks will stop them becoming cold and disturbing your sleep at night. - Wear an eye mask to block out light. As already mentioned, blocking out as much light as possible will help you sleep. An eye-mask is an easy way to do this, especially if it’s impossible to have your room in complete darkness. - Stop the noise. Ear plugs will block or muffle sounds if you are a light sleeper or if you have to sleep in a noisy environment - Face your alarm clock away from you. Watching the hours tick by as you try to sleep will only increase your stress and make it harder to drift off. Treat Your Insomnia with Homeopathy Homeopathy has a marvellous history of treating insomnia, often making some of the more stringent suggestions in the ‘Tips for a Good Night’s Sleep’ section unnecessary. If insomnia is the only symptom you have, one of the following remedies may bring relief. Just take one pill, or 5 drops, an hour or two before going to bed and let the remedy do its work. Once you are sleeping well, don’t continue to take it each night as each remedy will cause insomnia if taken in excess. You only need another dose should the insomnia return. Symptoms usually do not exist in isolation, though. If insomnia is just one of your problems, or if it is not fully relieved by the remedy that seems to match your sleeplessness, make an appointment to see a professional homeopath who will take a detailed case-history to find a constitutional remedy to treat not only your insomnia, but the other health problems that bother you as well. Arsenicum Album (Ars) Key Symptoms: Those who need Arsenicum will be anxious and restless. Anxiety, fear, or worry prevents sleep. Frequent starting or jumping which wakens from sleep. Sleeplessness from physical exertion. Worse for: after midnight. Better for: warmth; warm drinks. Supporting Symptoms: Disturbed, anxious and restless sleep. Lying awake with restlessness, tossing and turning. Cannot lie still in bed – has to get up and wander around from restlessness. Going from bed to bed to try and sleep. Can only sleep with head raised. Hard to fall asleep after waking. Coffea Cruda (Coff) Key Symptoms: Coffee is well known for producing sleeplessness but because of homeopathy’s ‘like treats like’ effect, it will relieve insomnia when given in crude, or especially homeopathic form. The type of symptoms it relieves are those produced by coffee. They are: sleeplessness from rapid thoughts or an active mind; constant flow of ideas; physical restlessness; nervous energy; excitement. Can also be used to counteract the effects of a caffeinated product that has been taken too close to bed-time. Worse for: suprises; strong emotions; narcotics. Supporting Symptoms: Unable to sleep from the excitement of a surprise, or good or bad news. Palpitation with sleeplessness. Waking with every sound. Waking from frequent starting. Sleeplessness from an itching anus. Minor pains seems intolerable. Gelsemium Sempervirens (Gels) Key Symptoms: Sleeplessness from anticipatory anxiety. Dull, drowsy mind – hard to think yet difficult to go to sleep. Insomnia from exhaustion. Hard to get fully asleep. Worse for: bad news; thinking about problems. Supporting Symptoms: Yawning with tiredness. Sleeplessness with teething. Sleeplessness from itching on head, face, neck, and shoulders. Sleeplessness during delirium tremens (withdrawal from alcohol). Ignatia Amara (Ign) Key Symptoms: Intense, repeated yawning or frequent sighing. Sleeplessness from a recent disappointment or grief. Supporting Symptoms: Waking easily from sleep. Waking from the jerking of a limb. Itching of arms with yawning. Yawning produces tears in the eyes or threatens to dislocate jaw. Child wakes from sleep with screaming and trembling after being reprimanded before bedtime. Worse for: Coffee. Lycopodium clavatum (Lyc) Key Symptoms: Waking from hunger – must get up and eat. Restless sleep and anxious dreams with frequent waking. Feeling unrefreshed in morning. Supporting Symptoms: Unable to get comfortable in any position. Falling asleep late and waking early. Sleepy all day and sleepless at night from an active mind. Children who sleep all day and cry all night. Child wakes terrified with screaming – seems not to recognise anyone (sleep terrors). Nux Vomica (Nux-v) Key Symptoms: Frequent yawning. Irritability from loss of sleep. Falling asleep before normal bedtime and then waking at 3–4am. Waking at 3-4am with alert and active mind and then falling asleep as daylight approaches only to then wake with difficulty, feeling tired, weak, and not wanting to get up. Worse for: stimulants and narcotics Supporting Symptoms: Sleeplessness from the excessive consumption of coffee, alcohol, or drugs (therapeutic or recreational). Tendency to lie on back with arms under head. Sleeplessness from mental strain and stress or excessive study. Drowsy after meals an in early evening. Grogginess on waking in morning. Weeping and talking in sleep. Passiflora Incarnata (Pass) Key Symptoms: Restlessness, exhaustion, and sleeplessness. Supporting Symptoms: Restless sleeplessness from excessive work. Sleeplessness with exhaustion. Insomnia of infants and the aged. Convulsions with sleeplessness. Other Comments: Has a long history of use in herbal medicine where its homeopathic effect in the treatment of insomnia has also been exploited. It is effective in either herbal doses or homeopathic potencies. Key Symptoms: Short naps with frequent waking. Frequent waking from feeling too hot. Sleeplessness from excitement or anxiety. Supporting Symptoms: Sleeplessness in old people. Sleepless before midnight. Sleepy all day, sleepless and restless at night. Sleeplessness with sensation of bubbling in blood. Worse for: lying on left side. Key Symptoms: Waking between 2 – 5am and unable to go back to sleep. Difficulty in falling asleep from itchiness of skin or perspiration. Drowsy by day and sleepless at night. Worse for: becoming hot; atmospheric changes. Supporting Symptoms: Wakes up singing from happy dreams. Waking at night from a rush of blood to the head. Sudden waking from sleep. Constant flow of thoughts that prevent sleep. Sleep disturbed by headache. Better for: dry, warm weather. Tags: caffeine, clavatum, gelsemium, good night's sleep, health, homeopathic remedy, homeopathy, ignatia, Keep Healthy, Key Symptoms, lycopodium, sleep, sleep apnoea, sleep problems, Supporting Symptoms If you liked the information on this page you may also enjoy our regular newsletter, full of information, news, discounts, and offers. Subscribe here. No Comments » Comments are moderated and may take up to 24 hours to appear. No comments yet. Leave a comment You must be logged in to post a comment.

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Vote for this Religion\Belief on RELIGER Poll Romuva is a modern revival of the religious practices of the Lithuanians before their Christianization in 1387. Practitioners of Romuva claim to continue living Baltic pagan traditions which survived in folklore and customs. Romuva is a polytheistic pagan faith which asserts the sanctity of nature and ancestor worship. Practicing the Romuva faith is seen by many adherents as a form of cultural pride, along with celebrating traditional forms of art, retelling Baltic folklore, practising traditional holidays, playing traditional Baltic music, singing traditional dainos and songs as well as ecological activism and stewarding sacred places. Romuva primarily exists in Lithuania but there are also congregations of adherents in Australia, Canada, the United States, and England. There are also Romuviai in Norway, for whom a formal congregation is being organized. There are believers of Baltic pagan faiths in other nations, including Dievturība in Latvia. According to the 2001 census, there were approximately 1,200 people in Lithuania identifying with Romuva. That number jumped to around 5,100 in the 2011 census. The terms Romuva, Romovė and Ruomuva came from medieval written sources in East Prussia mentioning the pagan Baltic temple Romowe. The word has meanings of “temple” and “sanctuary”, but, further, also “abode of inner peace”. The Baltic root ram-/rām-, from which Romuva derives, has the meaning of ‘calm, serene, quiet’, stemming from the Proto-Indo-European *(e)remǝ-. Whatever religion the original inhabitants of the Baltic region had predates recorded history. Mesolithic hunters, gatherers and anglers of the region practised a religion focused on their occupations. Marija Gimbutas controversially suggested that agrarian settlers of around 3500–2500 BCE were examples of earth-worshiping Old Europeans. After this, Indo-Europeans entered the area and brought with them their Proto-Indo-European religion. This religion, including elements from the religious past of the region, evolved into the paganism which is attested in the Middle Ages and later. The adherents of this Baltic religion prospered relatively unhindered until the 9th century when they began to come under pressure from outside Christian forces. The Annals of Quedlinburg mention a missionary, Bruno of Querfurt, who was killed along with 18 men by Yotvingians while attempting to convert the pagans in the area of Lithuania and Prussia in 1009 CE. This was the first time the name of Lithuania was mentioned in written sources. Other sources suggest Bruno had been killed for violating The Holy Forest and destroying statues of gods. Beginning in 1199, the Roman Catholic Church declared crusades against Baltic pagans. Grand Duke Mindaugas was Christianized with his family and warriors in 1251 so that the Crusades may be ended by the Church. But Mindaugas still worshiped pagan deities as the Hypatian chronicle mentions. He sacrificed to the pagan Supreme god (*Andajus, later Dievas), Perkūnas, *Teliavelis (god of smiths), and *Žvorūna (goddess of forests and hunters). Despite any insincerity and realpolitik in his Christian faith, some subsidiary states of Mindaugas’ Grand Duchy rebelled in protest. In 1261 Mindaugas renounced his Christian faith as his official conversion failed to placate the Crusaders. Even in the face of Crusaders, by the time of Grand Duke Gediminas, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania expanded its influence until it formed the political centre of a vast and prosperous “pagan Empire”. Lithuanians thus survived late into history as appreciable representatives of ancient European paganism, preserving this tradition as the official, state religion until the late 14th and early 15th centuries when Christianity was finally accepted by the states of the Grand Duchy, again for political reasons. Lithuanians were thus the last non-nomadic people in Europe practicing Indo-European polytheism. Unofficially, Lithuanians continued in their adherence to traditional paganism. The Romantic epoch started in the 19th century. This led Lithuanians to look back to their past for both intellectual and spiritual inspiration. The national revival started and Lithuanian intelligentsia idealised ancient paganism and folklore. Some historians wanted to prove the beauty of ancient polytheism and even started creating new aspects of Lithuanian mythology. One of the most famous of these was Theodor Narbutt who edited Ancient Greek myths and created new Lithuanian ones. In the beginning of the 20th century, ancient pagan traditions were still continued in folklore and customs. People were celebrating ancient pagan festivals mixed with Christian traditions. Such festivals include Vėlinės (day of dead souls, common with Celtic Halloween), Užgavėnės (festival when winter ends and spring begins), and Rasa or Joninės. For Užgavėnės, people in Samogitia may dress in costumes including masks and burn an idol of an old lady, called Morė or Giltine, goddess of death. Modern folk religion The philosopher Vydūnas is taken as a sort of founding father of Romuva. He actively promoted awareness of and participation in pagan festivals. Vydūnas saw Christianity as foreign to Lithuanians, and instead he brought his attention to what he saw as the spiritual vision of the adherents of the traditional Baltic religion. He ascribed to this a sense of awe in their cosmology, as they saw the universe as a great mystery, and respect for every living being as well as the earth in their morality, as they saw the whole world and every individual as a symbol of life as a whole. The Divine was represented by fire, which was as such used ritually to worship the divine and itself held sacred. Vydūnas had given special treatment to this religion of the Lithuanians in his drama Amžina ugnis (An Eternal Flame). Among this and other works, Vydūnas exalted the faith as being on the highest level of spiritual expression, along with other forms which he recognized. Domas Šidlauskas-Visuomis (1878–1944) began to create Vaidevutybė (Baltic paganism) in 1911. In the 1920s the Latvian folk religion movement Dievturība was started by Ernests Brastiņš. The main problem was that the first movements were based on limited folklore sources and influenced by Far Eastern traditions such as Hinduism and Buddhism. Even so, the idea of Romuva did not die during the Soviet occupation of Lithuania. The Lithuanian pagan movement was stopped by Soviet occupation in 1940. Due to the nationalist nature of Romuva, the faith was suppressed during the Soviet occupation and many practitioners were executed or deported to forced labor camps in Siberia. After Joseph Stalin’s death the cultural life became more free. A clandestine Romuva group is known to have existed within a labor camp in Inta, Russia. After the members were released and returned to Lithuania around 1960, some of these practitioners, along with Jonas Trinkūnas, formed the Vilnius Ethnological Ramuva and began organizing public celebrations of traditional Lithuanian religious holidays, starting with Rasa in 1967. In 1971 the Soviets expelled the members from the university they attended and exiled the leaders. By 1988, when the power of the Soviet Union was waning and Lithuanian independence was on the horizon, Romuva groups began reorganizing in the Baltic nations and practising their religion in the open. Romuva was recognised as an Ancient Baltic faith community in 1992 after independence in 1990. Under the auspices of the Law on Religious Communities and Associations which was passed in Lithuania in 1995, Romuva gained recognition as a “non-traditional” religion. Lithuanian law requires a minimum of 25 years of existence before such a religion can receive the state support reserved for “traditional” religions. In 1990, Trinkūnas created Kūlgrinda, a band that performs in many Romuva festivals. The community was organized and led by krivių krivaitis (high priest) Jonas Trinkūnas until his death in 2014. He was buried according to the old Baltic traditions. His wife Inija Trinkūnienė was chosen as the new krivė (high priest) and her ordination was held on May 31, 2015, in Vilnius on the Gediminas Hill. She is the first woman to become krivė in the long pagan history. On May 24, 2018, Seimas passed a proposal in the first reading for granting state recognition to Romuva and began discussing it in the parliamentary committees. The Baltic aukuras or “fire altar” is a stone altar in which a fire is ritually lit. Participants wash their hands and face before approaching the aukuras, and then they sing dainos or ritual hymns as the fire is lit. Food, drink, grasses and flowers are offered to the flame as the group sings the dainas. After the primary offering, participants offer their own verbal or silent prayers which are carried to the Gods with the smoke and sparks of the flame. A Romuva priest is known as a vaidila (plural vaidilos), and a Romuva priestess is known as a vaidilutė (plural vaidilutės). As a recognised figure of authority in his or her community, the priest must have the proper skills and knowledge he or she needs to conduct religious ceremonies to honour the Gods. Samogitian Sanctuary was originally planned to be rebuilt on Birutė hill in Palanga but was not agreed to by the mayor of Palanga. Instead, it was built on a hill near Šventoji which also has 11 sculptures of pagan gods. There are four main festivals in a year: 23 March – Vernal equinox 22 June – Summer solstice 23 September – Autumnal equinox 20 December – Winter solstice Relation with Hinduism This section’s tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia’s guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Romuva religion shares similarities with Hinduism. For example, in Lithuanian, the word darna means harmony and coherence, and for Lithuanian pagans, that’s a religious tenet as well — the balance of the world. It also superficially resembles the word dharma, Hinduism’s cosmic order. The linguistic similarity between darna and dharma is likely a coincidence — scholars say the two don’t necessarily share an etymology. But for Lithuania’s Romuva community, which traces its traditions back to ancient folklore, it’s evidence of a connection to India, Hinduism and Sanskrit that’s become a part of their Romuva identity, along with its pantheon of gods and fairly standard pagan rituals. Some believe that the connection between Hinduism and Romuva made Romuva to be more than a “primitive, shamanic religious tradition”. Jonas Trinkūnas, a leading founder and priest of modern-day Romuva, performed marriages in the same manner as Hindu Vedic weddings. Mantras and chants were recited and the couple took vows after doing rounds of the fire. Romuva and Hindu groups have come together on numerous occasions to share prayers and participate in dialogue. These events have taken place in Lithuania, Atlantic City, New Jersey, Boston, Massachusetts, Epping, New Hampshire, and elsewhere. This article is part of Religion Ledger

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Many people with anxiety avoid exercise, and exercise can even cause panic attacks in some people, even though exercise has been shown to help reduce anxiety symptoms and prevent anxiety attacks as well or even better than medication or placebo.1 In this blog, we take a look at the complicated connection between exercise and anxiety, and five steps to take so it works for reducing anxiety. Anxiety and exercise: two sides of the same coin Anxiety starts with the thought you might not have enough of what you need to be okay in the future. Because all thoughts instantaneously change the body, that worry is felt in your body. That feeling signals the brain that there is in fact a problem and the cycle between thoughts and body sensations are what cause anxiety. It does not matter if that thought is about a real or potential threat in your future, your body starts to prepare now, by getting ready to move, to fight or flee the threat to your safety. Your heart rate goes up, blood flow shifts away from digestion and into the muscles, you start sweating to cool your body. This is why the feeling of anxiety and the sensations of exercise feel similar—both are your body ready to move. The way out of anxiety is more than thinking differently If these feelings start with a thought, shouldn’t anxiety be curable by changing thoughts? Well, anxiety is a brain and body event, as shown by how those thoughts that I didn’t have what it takes to be a mom turned into physical sensations that probably extended my labor. It’s the way the thoughts change the body and the body changes thoughts in a rapid back-and-forth pattern that turns a worry into anxiety. This is why managing anxiety is not as easy as changing your thinking. Treating anxiety needs strategies that help the body and brain work together in a positive way. Those body strategies need to incorporate movement because that is what your body is preparing to do to fix the problem. How does exercise help anxiety? The evidence is mounting that exercise is a powerful treatment for anxiety. How does it work? The answer is not completely clear, but exercise may help with anxiety by2 - Improving the way the brain and body communicate through hormones, to help you calm the central nervous system when it is in a stress response. - Increasing growth factors like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which helps with learning, and creating new memories. This can be helpful with creating new associations with thoughts and anxious feelings to reduce the cyclic pattern that leads to anxiety. - Stimulating the growth of new brain cells and blood cells, helping the body and brain heal and protect from diseases that are often associated with anxiety. - Improving the function of the hippocampus, the region of the brain that may be impaired with by PTSD. Better hippocampus function may help reduce the heightened stress response and reduce PTSD symptoms. - Lowering inflammation which is associated with anxiety. Anti-inflammatory measures have been shown to have a positive impact on treating anxiety disorders. - Regulating neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, a chemical critical to central nervous system functions such as movement, pleasure, attention, mood, and motivation. - Reducing the sensitivity to the sensations of anxiety by creating a new more positive association to the common symptoms of elevated heart rate, sweating, and shortness of breath. - Improving self-confidence in ability to deal with anxiety-producing situations. So why do many people with anxiety avoid exercise? Exercising to treat anxiety sounds great on paper, but when you have anxiety, the last thing you want to do is willingly create the same feelings in your body as when you are feeling anxious. You may logically know that exercise could help, but what your body tells your brain is much more powerful than logic. - Avoiding the unpleasant: The feeling of anxiety is unpleasant, and the brain is hardwired to avoid what is unpleasant. Therefore, avoiding exercise is what makes sense to your brain, even when you are told over and over that exercise can help with anxiety. Knowing you should exercise but not feeling motivated to do it, only makes anxiety worse by adding to the list of activities that are a struggle when you have anxiety. - Reminder of not having enough: The word exercise can be a reminder you don’t have enough time, energy, motivation, stamina, strength, flexibility, balance, coordination, equipment, know-how, or support to do it successfully. Since anxiety starts with the thought that you won’t have enough of what you need to do something in the future, certain ideas of what counts as exercise can make it especially anxiety-producing. - The feeling of not being enough: It’s natural to compare yourself to others and whether it is an athletic competition or the person next to you at the gym, making sure your physical capabilities measure up is what we are hardwired to do. If you were an athlete or in the military, this physical ‘measuring up’ has been drilled into your idea of success with exercise. This innate and learned connection between exercise and ‘being enough’ can create anxiety when your body just cannot do what it used to do or what everyone else can do. - Images that say you are not enough: When you exercise, your brain has to contend with all those media images of what your body ‘should’ look like and the ideas about what it means to be an ‘exerciser’. Walking into a gym can be incredibly intimidating when your body does not look like those media images and everyone else seems to know how to use the equipment. Starting to exercise when you are ‘not an exerciser’ feels like you are wearing a big sign on your forehead that says ‘I’m not enough’. It’s no wonder people with anxiety often avoid exercise and that exercise can even induce panic attacks 3 Studies show exercise can promote an increase in anxiety initially, but over time reduces anxiety levels.4 The problem is that getting over that hump is not so easy and sets your brain up to want to avoid exercise in the future. If exercise is going to calm anxiety in a way that you stay motivated to keep using it as part of your toolbox for anxiety, it needs to be designed to calm anxiety from day one, so your brain wants you to keep coming back for more. This takes a whole-person approach to exercising before you even take your first step. The five steps to Exercising WELL for managing anxiety Since exercise can cause anxiety, and even panic attacks, just doing it is not the answer. Here are the five steps to be Exercising WELL for managing anxiety: Step 1: Prepare for feeling better. Think about the types and amount of exercise you feel confident you can do and know will be calming from the moment you start. Consider also the location and environment in which you feel comfortable. This lets you start in a way that sets you up for success. When you feel better from day one, your brain automatically wants you to go back for day two and every day after that. Creating that positive experience, though, requires attention to the details that only you know about yourself and what allows you to feel safe, contented, and connected. Step 2: Know how to move smart. You could do the best kind of exercise, but if it is done in a way that works against how your body is designed to move, it won’t feel good, could cause more anxiety, and before you know it, your brain will be urging you to avoid exercise rather than return. When you know the right way to move in the body you are in right now, exercise leaves you feeling better from the very first step. Step 3: Give your body enough of what it needs. There may be one type of exercise you feel most comfortable doing and that is a great place to start. However, your body needs a balance of strength, stamina, and mobility. Doing exercise for just one of these—for example, walking for stamina—means your body will gradually lose strength and mobility, because it is a use-it-to-keep-it system. That loss sends signals to your brain that you don’t have enough of what you need for certain activities, and thus there is the potential for anxiety in those situations. For example, you might be walking regularly and have built up stamina, but when your family takes a challenging hike and you need to step higher than you normally do to lift your body up a rocky part, the lack of strength and mobility can cause anxiety. Having a balance of exercises for strength, stamina, and mobility means your body will have enough of what it needs for the wide range of physical activities needed for everyday life, and for the fun stuff too. Step 4: Stay present as you move. In past blogs, I have defined presence as knowing you have enough and are enough in this moment. It’s the knowledge that you have enough that allows you to stay in the present moment. What you know in the present moment is your best guide to moving smart and making adjustments to exercise that helps you feel better mentally, physically, emotionally and spiritually. When that happens, exercise can calm anxiety. Step 5: Learn to change your brain. Because exercise changes your brain in a way that maximizes learning, exercise is a tremendous opportunity to lay down new, more helpful memories about how you have what you need. When you pause after exercise to notice, write down, or verbalize how you feel compared to how you felt before exercise that day, you are helping your brain learn that you have enough of what you need to make yourself feel better. This puts all that BDNF to good use and creates a positive habit loop for exercising and moving with confidence in the future. How I invited Calm back into my life For years a friend had been encouraging me to try yoga. When I noticed how anxiety was affecting my life as a new mom, it seemed worth a try. But as I considered how to start, just the thought of going to a ninety-minute class that I didn’t have the time or money to do in a studio filled with experienced yogi was anxiety-producing. I found a 20-minute easy beginners’ video with a lovely calming beach scene. The instructors soothing voice and the relaxing movements kept my attention in the present moment. The first time I tried it, I felt my friend Calm return. I found myself laying there after the video ended, so grateful for the return of this old familiar friend. I continued to do that same video every morning at 4:30 before anyone woke up and those familiar words and movements became my way out of the grip of anxiety. Starting with the basics, so the movement felt good from the start, creating a safe space in my home, with a consistent familiar routine and staying present to the feeling of calm in my body let my body tell my brain that I had enough, and exercise could work its magic to restore calm. Bottom line: Anxiety starts with the thought that you won’t have enough of what you need to be safe, contented, or connected in future. This quickly changes the body, preparing it for movement to take care of this ‘shortcoming’ in your resources. Anxiety is this cycle of thought and the body’s reaction to thoughts that can be paralyzing and limit your ability to fully enjoy life. When exercise is carefully designed to be a positive exercise in your body and mind, it works as one of your best tools for managing anxiety by breaking the thought/feeling cycle that causes anxiety and restores calm in your whole person. - 2. Helgadóttir B, Forsell Y, Ekblom Ö. Physical activity patterns of people affected by depressive and anxiety disorders as measured by accelerometers: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2015;10(1):e0115894. Published 2015 Jan 13. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115894 - Kandola A, Vancampfort D, Herring M, et al. Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018;20(8):63. Published 2018 Jul 24. doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0923-x - Andreas Ströhle, Barbara Graetz, Michael Scheel, André Wittmann, Christian Feller, Andreas Heinz, Fernando Dimeo, The acute antipanic and anxiolytic activity of aerobic exercise in patients with panic disorder and healthy control subjects, Journal of Psychiatric Research,Volume 43, Issue 12,2009,Pages 1013-1017,ISSN 0022-3956, - Lattari E, Budde H, Paes F, et al. Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Anxiety Symptoms and Cortical Activity in Patients with Panic Disorder: A Pilot Study. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2018;14:11‐25. Published 2018 Feb 21. doi:10.2174/1745017901814010011

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The Mirena is widely used to treat myriad women’s health-related issues. With a flexible T-shaped plastic frame, it contains a cylinder of 52mg of levonorgestrel, which is released at small, metered doses of 12mcg daily for five years. It exerts its effect on the endometrium with minimal systemic progestogenic effects. Use of the contraceptive intrauterine device (IUD), or variations thereof, dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. Dr Richter of Waldenberg, Germany, described the first genuine IUD in 1909. Two intricately woven strands of silkworm gut were capped with celluloid for intrauterine insertion to prevent injury to the endometrium. The threads at the vaginal end were bound by a thin bronze fragment to herald expulsion and to facilitate retrieval. In an era complicated by endemic gonorrhoea, and thus pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), with no adequate therapeutic treatment measures, IUDs were perceived to be considerable infection risks and hazardous methods of contraception. The development of a more serviceable device was achieved in 1924, by Dr Ernst Grafenberg, a specialist obstetrician and gynaecologist. It was in the form of an IUD ring and was made of helically wound silver fragments. Damaging reports of IUD- associated PID later led to the German Congress of Gynaecology denouncing Grafenberg’s achievements as a medically unacceptable method of birth control. Interesting times. The device lay dormant for nearly four decades, plagued by its reputation as an inciter of PID, until the first copper-bearing IUD was introduced in 1969. This solved the spatial and painful incompatibilities of previous models, and the T-shape was born. The expulsion rate was radically reduced. Despite these advances in development, the predominant complaint of menorrhagia remained unaddressed by the copper-bearing devices. This led to the birth of the third-generation, progesterone-releasing IUD in 1977, which revolutionised the world of IUDs with its effect on progesterone receptors in the endometrium. How does Mirena work? Continuous low-dose release of levonorgestrel (LNG) has progestogenic effects on the uterine cavity, leading to physical and morphological changes. Thickened cervical mucus provides a physical barrier to sperm penetration. It also inhibits sperm capacitation and survival. The morphological changes include stromal pseudo-decidualisation, glandular atrophy, leukocytic infiltration and a reduction in glandular and stromal mitoses. Ovulation is maintained in approximately 85 per cent of women using the LNG-IUD. Complete ovulation suppression requires a daily intrauterine concentration of 50mcg LNG, significantly greater than the elution level of this device. What are the indications? International consensus has been achieved through multiple randomised control trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews in recognising the use of the LNG-IUD as an effective form of contraception. Published data reveal that the cumulative five-year pregnancy rate is 0.7 per cent, deeming the device as effective as male/female sterilisation techniques. RANZCOG endorses the use of the LNG-IUD as a safe and highly effective method of contraception for use in women of all ages and parity. The use of the LNG-IUD in the treatment of menorrhagia enjoys statistically proven superiority in reducing 97 per cent of the mean menstrual blood loss (MBL). Comparable results are not achievable with alternative medical therapies, including tranexamic/mefenamic acid, combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) or gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues. The LNG-IUD provides an effective option for the treatment of menorrhagia, with avoidance of the risks associated with a surgical procedure and without permanent loss of fertility. The Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care Clinical Effectiveness Unit (FFPRHC) in the UK provides guidance and information to clinicians and women on evidence-based practice in women’s health. The recommendations regarding the LNG-IUD report it is as effective as conservative surgery (resection or ablation) in the management of menorrhagia after the first year of treatment.2 - Progestogenic HRT and effect on lipid metabolism in post-menopausal women: the LNG-IUD is effective in providing endometrial protection from stimulatory effects from oral and transdermal oestrogen, thereby reducing the risk of hyperplasia and malignancy. - When used in conjunction with oestrodiol, it has proven cardio-protective qualities by maintaining baseline HDL levels after 12 months of treatment. Similarly LDL-cholesterol levels are reduced. - Endometriosis: prospective studies report an 80 per cent reduction is primary dysmenorrhoea and MBL in women with a diagnosis of endometriosis. - Fibroids: the LNG-IUD provides improvement in fibroid related menorrhagia and dysmenorrhoea, and also boasts a documented reduction in fibroid volume. - Treatment of early endometrial hyperplasia: there is proven efficacy in treatment of endometrial hyperplasia owing to anti-proliferative and suppressive effects on the endometrium. - Prevention of PID: a large European multi-study RCT (Luukainen, 1987) demonstrated a significantly lower incidence of PID and subsequent long-term protective effect in LNG IUD users than with other IUD users. - Ectopic pregnancy: there is a reported annual incidence of 0.1 per cent ectopic pregnancy in women with a LNG IUD in situ. The use of the device is not contraindicated in women with a history of previous ectopic pregnancy as it does not increase the incidence of recurrence (WHO classification Category 1: Unrestricted use). - It is safe for use in breastfeeding mothers after four weeks postpartum and beyond. - Use in women with a history of migraine with focal symptoms also appears appropriate. - As a long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC), it carries a five-year licence. - It is reversible and allows rapid return of fertility. - There is no evidence of any detrimental effect on bone mineral density (BMD). What are the contraindications and complications? There are some contraindications to consider. They include: - acute PID – it is imperative to ensure a minimum period of three months post effective treatment before insertion of the IUD; - congenital or acquired distortions of the uterine cavity (fibroids, septae); - postpartum endometritis after three months; - uterine or cervical neoplasia; - progestin-sensitive breast cancer; - uterine bleeding of unknown aetiology; - acute liver disease or liver tumour (benign or malignant); - a previously inserted IUD that has not been removed; and - a hypersensitivity reaction to IUD product components. Patients should be counselled about the following possible complications: - Ovarian cysts: risk 1.2 per 100 women-years (eight per cent); 94 per cent are asymptomatic, small and self-resolving. - Unscheduled vaginal bleeding: irregular bleeding/spotting in the first three-to-six months is common. - Systemic hormonal side effects: oedema, weight gain, headache, acne, hirsutism and breast tenderness. - Failure rate: less than one per 100 women years; 4.5 per cent risk of expulsion over five-year duration. - Insertion complications; risk of uterine perforation <0.1 per cent; more difficult/uncomfortable insertion in nulliparous women (Society of Family Planning, 2009). - Uterine abnormalities: not recommended if fibroids distort the uterine cavity or if a congenital abnormality of the uterus is known. Is it cost effective? Analyses of LARC measures have been conducted comparing the cost-effectiveness ratios of LNG-IUD, copper IUD, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injection (DMPA) and oestrogen subdermal implant. These methods were also compared to the COCP and female sterilisation techniques. The studies included contraceptive provision and equipment costs, health professionals’ counselling, insertion and removal time. Consideration of the total number of unintended pregnancies resulting from contraceptive failure or discontinuation was similarly evaluated for each method. LARC methods were proven to be more cost-effective than COCP, reducing the number of unintended pregnancies and thereby generating net cost-savings for up to six years. Beyond six years, female sterilisation procedures proved to be more cost effective than LARC methods as they provided 100 per cent compliance and a low failure rate. The Mirena is PBS listed, at a cost of $36.90 for five years’ duration. It is an extremely cost-effective means of contraception and control of dysfunctional uterine bleeding. What does the future hold? The UN strategy for Women and Children’s Health was founded in 2012, and focuses on the global expansion and access to family planning services and facilities for women and girls in the developing world. Family Planning 2020 aims to build new partnerships and new commitments to enable an additional 120 million women from the world’s poorest countries to access modern contraception by the year 2020. The introduction of the LNG-IUD to such outreach populations has the potential to offer long-lasting and highly effective means of contraception. Ensuring the supply of appropriate equipment, education and user-competency is essential in the success of such a project. These goals can be implemented through mobile outreach services including the Marie Stopes Foundation, which has access to highly populated sub-Saharan African communities. Have you ever considered remotely controlled or monitored contraception? A 1.5cm-wide microchip housing reservoirs of the hormone LNG has been submitted for clinical testing in the USA. A small electric charge melts a thin seal housing the LNG, releasing a 30mcg daily dose. The microchip can remain in situ for a period of 16 years. Controlled remotely, it and can be activated and deactivated at times of convenience, particularly when planning a family. Just imagine: you could receive encrypted data from your patient’s Mirena on your iPhone, warning of malfunction, impending failure or low elution levels. The future is both challenging and bright. Be sure to keep abreast. - Bina I. The Role of Mirena, Other than Contraceptive Benefits: Current Concepts and Practices. J Bangl College of Phys and Surg. 2010 September; 28 (3):167-173. - Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care (FFPRHC). FFPRHC Guidance (April 2004). The Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LND-IUS) in contraception and reproductive health. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2004; 30(2):99-109. - Mavranezouli I. The cost-effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraception methods in the UK: analysis based on a decision-analytic model developed for a National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) clinical practice guidelines. Hum Reprod. 2008 Mar 26; 23 (6):1338-1345. - Thiery M. Pioneers of the Intrauterine device. The European J Contraception and Reprod Health Care. 1997; 2 (1):15-23. - A bright future for IUD use in Africa. Global Health: Science and Practice. 2014; 2 (1):3.

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African-American musician Will Marion Cook (1869-1944) was one of the most famous Black entertainers in his lifetime. In 1887, he traveled as a promising young Oberlin student to Berlin, Germany to study music at the Royal Conservatory of Music. In his unpublished memoir, which musicologist Marva Carter published in her 1988 dissertation on his life and career, Cook shares his experiences traveling to Germany for the first time, auditioning at the Royal Conservatory of Music, and meeting General Graf von Moltke (1800-1891). Like many other African Americans, he testifies to the feeling of liberation that came from escaping American prejudices, being able to pursue both his education and amorous encounters. My mother’s warnings before I left for Berlin would fill many pages; I only wish that I had written them all down and, more important, that I had heeded them. In fact, throughout most of my life, I’ve probably received more good advice than anyone alive, but somehow I’ve seldom remembered it until too late. Professor Doolittle [Will Marion Cook’s violin professor at the Oberlin Conservatory of Music] sent me a letter of introduction to a Mrs. John Morgan, who had formerly lived in Oberlin. Armed with that letter, more money than I had ever seen, and my usually well-stocked supply of dreams, I took a North German Lloyd steamer for Bremerhaven. Before many hours passed, I made a disagreeable discovery, that has been verified on each of my subsequent twenty-eight voyages across the Atlantic: I was a rotten sailor. Nevertheless, the tempestuous trip over was beautiful to me. I was getting away from prejudice, ignorance, oppression, and on my way to a real land of promise. European immigrants may smile at this idea which reverses the order of things, but many Negroes have felt exactly as I did on leaving the U.S.A. I knew scarcely a word of German, yet at Bremerhaven, where we had to entrain for Berlin, the conductors and everybody were so helpful, so polite, that I asked myself, “Is this heaven.” I reached Berlin the following morning and went to see Mrs. Morgan even before securing lodgings. She received me like a long lost brother, borrowed 300 marks from me, told me where to get a room, and suggested that I study awhile with Herr Moser before attempting the Hoch Schule probe (examination). Her daughter, Geraldine, was one of Joachim’s favorite pupils, though never very brilliant as a violinist, and afterwards came to the United States, where she married David Belasco’s secretary. All the Morgans — Geraldine, Paul, the cellist, and Mrs. Morgan, translater [sic] of Brahm’s [sic] and other German writers’ songs into English — felt that I was not ready for the Hoch Schule. Strangely enough, I took their advice. After securing rooms, which I changed often, I went to see Herr Moser. By this time what little technique I once had was nil, from lack of practice. Only my tone and soul remained. I’ll still have them after I’m dead. The very first week I was in Berlin two events occurred that proved important in my life. On Wednesday night at the Philharmonic, during the promenade after the first period, a tall, slim-looking chap, very handsome and finely dressed, walked up to me and said, “You’re an American, aren’t you? Well, one doesn’t wear a flannel shirt (which I had on), no matter how fine the material. You must wear a white shirt and high collar or people will ignore you.” We became great friends. He taught me how to dress properly and saw to it that I had appropriate clothes made. He never could have learned to play the violin in a hundred years, and he didn’t have to. His name is Max Adler — still my friend — one of the biggest real estate men in Chicago, and brother-in-law of the late Julius Rosenwald. I haven’t seen him since 1935, but I hope he’s still living, for he has done lots of good in Chicago, and is one of the finest men I have ever met anywhere . And now for the second occurrence…One morning during that first week I am sitting on a bench resting [in the Tiergarten], when a tall, soldierly man passes, gazes at me intently in my blue-flannel shirt and foreign-looking clothes. He seems about to stop but, after another scrutinizing glance, passes on. The next morning at the same time, I am sitting on the same bench and the same man appears. This time he stops, greets me quietly in German, then sits beside me and begins asking questions. Who am I? Where from? What am I doing in Berlin? As soon as I blurt out, in bad German and not much better English, that I am a Negro from the United States, studying music in Berlin, all other questions are forgotten. In English rather clipt but most perfect, he wants to know what I think about the future of my people in the United States. How is the problem to be solved ultimately? As readers of these verbose pages must have surmised, I’m a talkative old soul, and was an even more talkative soul. I had plenty of ideas, some of which have come true, but more haven’t. Most of my ideas haven’t materialized because such men as Fred Douglass never came back. Too many Booker Washingtons have appeared, spilled their poisonous doctrines, then died as they should. Anyhow, I talked a mess, and this great man — he was, as I afterwards learned from his pictures, General Graf von Moltke — smiled quizzically and patronizingly. Often he would interrupt with sharp, terse questions right to the point when I started to ramble. And I’m a rambling man. For nine or ten days, until I read in the papers that he had left Berlin, he used to stop regularly, if only for a moment, to say a word or two. And he didn’t forget me. Once or twice he even got me out of trouble For the first six months I continued to study with Herr Moser and to seize every opportunity to hear great music. I saw the eminent conductors, Nikisch, Paur, Von Bulow, Seidl, and heard artists like Amalie Joachim and Lillian Nordica sing Italian opera at Kroll’s Summer Garten. There were many others, but my space is so limited now and I have digressed so much that we must hurry along. Finally the examination for admission to the Hoch Schule took place. Telling no one that I intended to take it, I got some very technical composition (I forget which) and went up to the outer hall. In truth, I was terribly nervous, and when I saw and heard boys much younger than I with superb technique, playing exercises by Fiorillo and Paganini as if they were simple scales, my heart sank. One chap, Johannesson, not only had technique, but also a tone and soul that equalled or exceeded mine. Whatever became of that boy I never knew. Perhaps life in Berlin got him as it did me. There must be men still living who remember hearing him at that time. They can vouch for his talent — nay, genius. Surely he is dead, or he would be world famous. And then it was my turn. I was to be accompanied by Kruse, an Australian violinist and teacher of piano. (All real musicians have to study and play piano). I started out to play the technical number I had selected, but was so nervous that I could hardly hold my violin in position. I went all to pieces, forgot where I was, what I was doing. Crying and swearing softly under my breath, I tucked my violin under my arm and started to leave the podium. Suddenly a deep, musical voice spoke: “Ask the young man if he plays anything else.” And that voice spoke pure English, without accent. Kruse repeated the question. I was discouraged, disgusted, and still weeping as I replied: “It’s no use, I’ve lost.” And, under my breath, “To hell with it!” Professor Kruse spoke rather sternly this time. “The Master says to play something else.” Slowly it dawned on me who the Master was: Joachim, himself! I couldn’t see him, but could feel his presence, could feel the confidence his great heart and magnetism were giving me. So I answered, “Beethoven’s Melody in F.” Again Kruse accompanied me as I played the simple but beautiful composition by the greatest of composers. My nerve, soul, tone and talent came back. Over the big room the melody rang, possibly phrased all wrong, yet there must have been something there to impress the judges for, as I finished, a huge, black-haired, black- browed man was holding out a hand larger than both of mine, and saying: “You are a stranger in a strange land. We are going to become friends. Come to my house for lunch Sunday.” Pointing to Kruse and the other teachers, he added: “They will give you the address.” Next morning I read the list of applicants accepted; my name was either first or second. This must have been due to pity, for there were many in that probe who surpassed me in everything except soul and tone. Others have written of the Joachim String Quartette, of Paderewski’s first concert in Berlin, of the opera, the many conductors, von Bulow’s recitals. Incidentally von Bulow conducted an orchestra rehearsal in the morning, have a piano concert in the afternoon, and at night conducted a Wagnerian opera. Others have dealt with this in a more musicianly and more readable form. It would only be a sad waste of paper were I to discuss in my fashion what I heard and what impression it all made on me. Suffice it to say that in efficiency, especially in music, the German is the last word. True, he has allowed himself to be misled in two world wars. Why? It is not for me to say. Another spectacle that I witnessed was the funeral of Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse (William I), who died [in March 1888] shortly after my arrival. The ceremonies were so grandiose, so awed was I, that for all my gift of gab, I was unable to describe them in my letters to Ma. Though I had seen the Grant and Garfield funerals at home, Kaiser Wilhelm’s obsequies and procession — the Beethoven funeral music, the muffled drums, the thousands upon thousands of uhlans, foot-soldiers, the millions of spectators, royalty from everywhere — left me breathless and speechless. To get back to my personal life in Berlin, I am not proud of it. For a year I studied seriously and strenuously; eight or ten hours a day I put in on my fiddle. When the landlady did not allow regular practice, I laid aside the bow and brought my fingers to iron strength by raising them and letting them hit the finger board with a thud. I began to gain in technique all I had lost by beginning serious study of the violin so late in life. I refused to take harmony, counterpoint, or piano, so necessary in the training of a musician. Why they let me remain in the Hoch Schule without attending those classes is a mystery to me as it was then to all my pals. I have often regretted my dumbness, obstinacy, or call it what you will, for not taking advantage of this great, almost free opportunity, but it is now too late to whine about it. Instead I must record something worse, which led to real disaster. I had plenty of money and when that was gone, presto! more would somehow come in overnight. Thanks to Max Adler, I knew how to dress. My brown complexion and bushy hair made me something of a novelty with the frauleins. By this time my German had become fluent: I could make love in two languages. What more did a young man about town need? Since the early experience with Hattie, I had played around with other girls in Washington and Oberlin, but never had the pickings been so plentiful. It wasn’t that I preferred white girls, as the Negro stereotype is supposed to; there simply weren’t any brownskins around. Totally unprejudiced in the matter, I just liked girls, period! A good dancer, I met most of my conquests at balls, public or private. Despite the amorous and adventurous interludes, I made phenomenal progress on the violin. As at Oberlin, I became a favorite at the Hoch Schule. Regularly there were invitations to visit Joachim’s. Once the Master even arranged for me to play for Bismarck, but the crowning triumph came at graduation, when the American Negro boy finished at the head of his class and received a Stradivarius as his prize. Three years had passed since I had first arrived in Berlin. In that time I had learned to love those hospitable, unprejudiced, pre-Hitlerite Germans, to worship Beethoven, Wagner and Joachim. My technique on the violin had improved, not so much as it might have had I practiced religiously, but sufficiently for me to outstrip my classmates. Discipline, a sine qua non of German education, I had learned to admire — in others — but personally I had not yet acquired it. In this respect, the Germans, like Grandfather Lewis, had failed. Source: Marva Griffin Carter, “The Life and Music of Will Marion Cook” (PhD dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana, 1988), 412-21. Will Marion Cook travels to Germany, auditions at the Royal Conservatory of Music, meets General Graf von Moltke (1889) by Kira Thurman is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at https://blackcentraleurope.com/who-we-are/.

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Section 1. Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom from: c. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment The law prohibits such practices, but there were several reports police physically abused or degraded detainees. In March, Amnesty International reported interviews with multiple alleged victims of police brutality. Police denied these allegations. Protests associated with the lead-up to the implementation of the National Security Law featured multiple clashes between police and protesters, some of which involved physical violence. In the week of May 25, police arrested approximately 400 protesters, including some 100 minors. During their arrest and detention, officials made no effort to address health concerns created by the COVID-19 pandemic. In a September case demonstrating the more aggressive tactics adopted by police, police were recorded tackling a 12-year-old girl, who fled after police stopped her for questioning. Section 2. Respect for Civil Liberties, Including: a. Freedom of Expression, Including for the Press The law provides for freedom of expression, including for the press, but the government regularly encroached upon this right. Although an independent press, an impartial judiciary, and unfettered internet combined to permit freedom of expression, including for the press, on most matters, human rights advocates claimed that those rights were increasingly jeopardized or already being eroded. Some SAR and Chinese central government actions restricted or sought to restrict the right to express or report on dissenting political views, particularly support for Hong Kong independence or self-determination. Freedom of Speech: There were legal restrictions on the ability of individuals to criticize the government publicly without reprisal. In July some of the initial NSL arrests included individuals carrying stickers and signs with slogans critical of the government. In September the government charged an activist for chanting antigovernment slogans under a colonial-era sedition statute that had not been used since the SAR’s handover to Chinese sovereignty in 1997. Hong Kong activists and legal scholars raised concerns that the sedition statute is incompatible with the freedoms listed in Hong Kong’s Bill of Rights. Requirements for electoral candidacy and for taking the oath of office also limited free speech in the political arena. For example, since 2016 the Electoral Affairs Commission requires all Legislative Council candidates, in order to run for office, to sign a pledge stating the SAR is an “inalienable part” of China. In July the commission disqualified several candidates for speech made before passage of the NSL. In November the NPC Standing Committee in Beijing issued a decision that any public or elected officials found to be engaged in “unpatriotic” behavior, including speech, would immediately be disqualified for the positions they held. The decision was applied to four sitting Legislative Council members earlier disqualified for running for re-election. The SAR government subsequently announced the four members were immediately disqualified for the remainder of the Legislative Council session. There was no judicial recourse. In November the government announced plans to require all civil servants to swear oaths of loyalty to the SAR government and the Basic Law. Government officials began to conduct the oaths in December. According to media reports, civil servants may lose their jobs if they refuse to swear the oath and may face criminal charges, including under the NSL, if they later engage in behavior, including speech, deemed to violate the oaths. Hong Kong authorities and Beijing officials insinuated that interactions with foreign diplomats could be considered “collusion” under the NSL. Any speech critical of the central or local government or its policies may be construed as prosecession, subversive, or inciting hate against the government. On November 8, when a crowd of protesters chanted protest slogans as they gathered to mark the one-year anniversary of the death of student Chow Tsz-lok, whose cause of death remained unknown but occurred in the proximity of protests, police warned protesters that their actions could violate both the NSL and COVID-19 restrictions. Freedom of Press and Media, Including Online Media: Independent media were active and expressed a wide variety of views, although they were increasingly constrained. In August, Hong Kong immigration authorities denied a visa to Hong Kong-based Irish journalist Aaron McNicholas, the newly selected editor of the Hong Kong Free Press news website. In September, SAR police told media organizations that journalists would henceforth have to be credentialed by and registered with police to cover public events, such as demonstrations or conferences. Police claimed this was required to deter “fake” reporters at protests, while media advocates stated that the SAR’s real objective was to control access to information. The Foreign Correspondents’ Club stated that the change disregards the vetting and membership processes of Hong Kong’s independent journalist associations. SAR police in November arrested a producer of a documentary on a violent incident in 2019, when rod-wielding men attacked protesters at the Yuen Long subway station. Activists and protesters claimed that police were deliberately slow to respond to the incident; many accused police of colluding with the mob. Police arrested the producer for violating a traffic ordinance by using license plate information from a publicly available government website to identify owners of vehicles, including police, near the subway station. Media outlets reported that for years many journalists routinely used the website to inform their reporting. While the law exists, authorities did not enforce it until after reportedly changing the website to remove the option of stating such research was for journalistic purposes. Violence and Harassment: On August 10, Jimmy Lai, owner of the independent newspaper Apple Daily, as well as his two sons and four senior executives, were arrested on suspicion of fraud. All were subsequently released on bail. That same day, police raided the Apple Daily offices, permitting only progovernment journalists to cover their search. A court later found the search and seizure of reporting material illegal and required it be returned. In 2019 the personal information of 132 members of Apple Daily’s staff was published online anonymously; the newspaper reported that its investigation traced the leak to PRC national security agencies. Several journalists from other outlets alleged that police detained, assaulted, or harassed them, a claim supported by the NGO Committee to Protect Journalists. Censorship or Content Restrictions: Reports of media self-censorship and suspected content control continued. Some media outlets, bookstores, and publishers were owned by companies with business interests on the mainland or by companies directly controlled by the Chinese central government, a situation that led to claims they were vulnerable to self-censorship. In August staff at i-Cable Communications Limited, a television and internet broadcaster, protested management’s decision to replace several executives and the news director with persons perceived as more progovernment. Former i-Cable staff reported that the coverage and editing of stories were increasingly designed to reduce the presence of pro-opposition themes and personalities. In May the public broadcasting service Radio Television Hong Kong suspended a satirical television program after the Communications Authority issued it a warning for “denigration of and insult to police,” reportedly after pressure from the police commissioner. In September, Radio Television Hong Kong extended the employment probation of a reporter following complaints from progovernment groups about her tough questioning of SAR officials. In December there were media reports that a Hong Kong bookstore chain refused to stock a book on Hong Kong history because of concerns about the NSL. The SAR government did not restrict or disrupt access to the internet or censor online content, although activists claimed central government authorities monitored their email and internet use. Messages posted on Facebook, Telegram, and LIHKG (a local website) led to arrests under the NSL, causing concern and self-censorship. In December police cited Apple Daily owner Jimmy Lai’s use of Facebook and Twitter as circumstantial evidence in the decision to charge Lai with collusion under the NSL. NGOs and some media outlets reported focusing on digital security to protect their privacy, partners, and sources. When handling issues related to national security violations, the national security divisions of the police force may require a person who published information or the relevant service provider to remove the content or assist the national security divisions. Facebook, WhatsApp, Google, and Twitter reported denying the SAR government access to individuals’ data. b. Freedoms of Peaceful Assembly and Association The law provides for the freedoms of peaceful assembly and association. The government, however, restricted public gatherings, claiming COVID-19 concerns. Freedom of Peaceful Assembly While the law provides for freedom of peaceful assembly, the government cited COVID-19 restrictions to ban peaceful assembly, although civil rights organizations stated the denial was based more on political than public-health considerations. Before 2019 police routinely issued the required “letter of no objection” for public meetings and demonstrations, including those critical of the SAR and central government. After violence occurred during some of the 2019 protests, police issued letters of objection against several gatherings, including large protest marches. In April police arrested 15 high-profile prodemocracy leaders, including former chairs of the Democratic and Labor parties, for “organizing and participating in unlawful assembly” in 2019. Because of the strict limits on any public gathering due to health restrictions, police have not issued any “letters of no objection” for public demonstrations since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. For the first time since 1990, police denied a permit for a June 4 Tiananmen Square vigil, citing social distancing concerns. Police also refused to allow the Chinese National Day prodemocracy protest in October, although official gatherings did take place. Protesters marched in defiance of the ban, flanked by a heavy police presence; there were dozens of arrests. Freedom of Association SAR law provides for freedom of association, but the government did not always respect it if the group was deemed a national security concern. Several proindependence political parties and activist groups disbanded in June after the NSL was announced, due to fear their freedom of association would no longer be respected. Under the law any person claiming to be an officer of a banned group may be sentenced to a maximum of three years in prison and fined. Those convicted of providing meeting space or other aid to a banned group may also be sentenced to fines and jail time. d. Freedom of Movement The law provides for freedom of internal movement, foreign travel, emigration, and repatriation, but the government sometimes confiscated travel documents and enforced travel bans for democracy activists and opposition politicians facing charges. Activists reported that the Hong Kong Police Force monitored a group of 12 activists seeking to travel from Hong Kong to Taiwan by speedboat and shared information on the group with mainland Chinese authorities, leading to their detention by the Chinese Coast Guard. Since the group’s detention, Shenzhen authorities have prevented the activists from hiring lawyers of their choice and from communicating with their family members, contrary to PRC regulations regarding the treatment of detainees. The youngest of the group are minors. COVID-19 health precautions also limited immediate foreign travel, emigration, and repatriation. In January immigration officials denied entry to Human Rights Watch executive director Kenneth Roth, stating the department did not comment on individual cases, but that it would “fully consider all relevant factors and circumstances of a case before deciding whether the entry should be allowed or not.” Chinese central government authorities “sanctioned” democracy-focused NGO employees and others for their advocacy and work in Hong Kong, blocking them from traveling to Hong Kong. Neither the Hong Kong government nor central government would provide information on what the ‘sanctions’ entail. Foreign Travel: Most residents easily obtained travel documents from the SAR government. Hong Kong authorities blocked some human rights activists, student protesters, and prodemocracy legislators from visiting the mainland. Section 3. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process The Basic Law limits the ability of residents to change their government. Hong Kong voters do not enjoy universal suffrage in elections for the chief executive or equal suffrage in Legislative Council elections. The chief executive is elected by an election committee of approximately 1,200 members (1,194 members in 2017). The election committee consists of the 70 members of the Legislative Council and a mix of professional, business, and trade elites. Voters directly elect 40 of the Legislative Council’s 70 seats by secret ballot. Of the seats, 35 are designated as “geographic constituencies” and 35 as “functional constituencies” (FCs). All 35 geographic constituencies are directly elected by all voters in a geographic area. Thirty FC seats are selected by a set of voters representing various economic and social sectors, most of whom are probusiness and generally support the Chinese central government policies. In 2016 the constituencies that elected these 30 FC Legislative Council seats consisted of 239,724 registered individual and institutional voters, of whom approximately 172,820 voted, according to statistics published by the SAR’s Election Affairs Office. The remaining five FC seats must be filled by district councilors (the so-called district council sector, known as “super seats,”) directly elected by the approximately five million registered voters not represented in another FC, and therefore representing larger constituencies than any other seats in the Legislative Council. In July citing COVID-19 concerns, Chief Executive Carrie Lam postponed the September 6 Legislative Council election for a year, despite significantly fewer per capita cases of COVID-19 than in other countries and cities that have allowed their elections to proceed. Under the Basic Law, only the SAR government, not members of the legislature, may introduce bills that affect public expenditure, the political structure, or government policy. The SAR sends 36 deputies to the NPC and had approximately 200 delegates in the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference–bodies that operate under the direction of the Chinese Communist Party and do not exercise legislative independence. The approval of the chief executive, two-thirds of the Legislative Council, and two-thirds of the SAR’s delegates to the NPC are required to place an amendment to the Basic Law on the agenda of the NPC, which has the sole power to amend the Basic Law. Elections and Political Participation Recent Elections: An unofficial pandemocratic primary was held in early July, in which more than 500,000 voters participated, to consolidate the pandemocratic vote and candidates ahead of the Legislative Council election scheduled for September, but since delayed to September 2021. Several pandemocratic candidates selected in the primary were later disqualified by the Electoral Affairs Commission. On July 31, the SAR chief executive postponed the election for a year, citing COVID-19 concerns. Human rights and democracy advocates maintained the SAR government’s actual motive was to avoid a proestablishment defeat. In November 2019, registered voters elected district councilors in the SAR’s 18 districts. These elections are open to all voters on a one-person, one-vote basis. Turnout for the poll was a record 71 percent of registered voters. The election was considered generally peaceful, free, and fair, although the Hong Kong government barred one prodemocracy advocate, Joshua Wong, from running. Proestablishment candidates reported that attacks on party offices and candidates also negatively affected campaign activities. Voters broadly endorsed prodemocracy and other nonestablishment candidates, who took control of 17 of the 18 councils and won 388 of the 452 contested seats (out of 479 total). In 2017 the 1,194-member Chief Executive Election Committee, dominated by proestablishment electors, selected Carrie Lam to be the SAR’s chief executive. Residents expressed concern that the elections for the great majority of committee seats were open only to 239,724 of the SAR’s 7.5 million residents. Moreover, although the vote for the election committee (in 2016) saw a historically high voter turnout of 46 percent and a record number of contested seats across industrial, professional, grassroots, and political sectors, local political observers noted that 300 members–approximately 25 percent of the committee–were elected without a poll or other transparent election process to represent 12 uncontested subsectors and one sub-subsector. Political Parties and Political Participation: In 2018 the SAR government banned the proindependence Hong Kong National Party. This was the first ban of a political party since the establishment of the SAR. All Legislative Council candidates must sign a confirmation form pledging their allegiance to the SAR and intent to uphold the Basic Law, including provisions stating that Hong Kong is an inalienable part of China. Since that requirement was instituted, the government barred several potential candidates from running for office. The NSL made illegal actions that “incite hatred” against the PRC or SAR governments and “collusion” with foreign governments–terms that have yet to be clearly defined. In July the SAR disqualified at least 12 politicians and activists from running in the Legislative Council election originally scheduled for September. Four of those disqualified were sitting members of the council. The returning officer, a civil servant assigned to oversee elections, stated the provision about “collusion with foreign governments” applied to the July Legislative Council election disqualifications because the members had met with foreign leaders to discuss Hong Kong’s human rights situation. Civic Party members described the disqualification as a near ban of their party. When the Legislative Council elections were subsequently delayed by a year, all sitting legislators, despite the disqualifications, were initially permitted to retain their seats. In November the NPC Standing Committee passed a “patriotism” resolution and immediately disqualified four sitting lawmakers, including the three from the Civic Party, who had been banned from running in the postponed elections. The 15 remaining pandemocratic lawmakers resigned, arguing that the legislature no longer had legitimacy. In November police arrested eight opposition politicians, including five then sitting lawmakers, for contempt of and interference with a May 8 Legislative Council meeting, a move widely criticized by opposition voices as politically motivated. Participation of Women and Members of Minority Groups: No law limits participation of women in the political process, and they did participate. In September there were nine female legislative council members. After the expulsion or exodus of pandemocratic legislators, only six (all proestablishment) women legislators remained. In 2017 Carrie Lam was selected to be the SAR’s first female chief executive. There is no legal restriction against ethnic minorities running for electoral office, serving as electoral monitors, or participating in the civil service. There were, however, no members of ethnic minorities in the Legislative Council, and members of ethnic minorities reported they considered themselves unrepresented.

<urn:uuid:bf7de1df-95f4-4662-8b04-7ad56b51f588>

CC-MAIN-2022-33

https://www.state.gov/report/custom/95a70c12ad/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571483.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811164257-20220811194257-00606.warc.gz

en

Benjamin K. Buchanan; Matthew Varacallo. Last Update: July 25, 2021. Continuing Education Activity Lateral epicondylitis, also commonly referred to as tennis elbow, describes an overuse injury that occurs secondary to an eccentric overload of the common extensor tendon at the origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) tendon. Tennis elbow primarily results from the repetitive strain caused by activities that involve loaded and repeated gripping and/or wrist extension. It is common in individuals who play tennis, squash, badminton, or any activity involving repetitive wrist extension, radial deviation, and/or forearm supination. This activity will review the most common causes of lateral epicondylitis and the best treatment approach according to current evidence. This activity will highlight the role of the interprofessional team in recognizing and treating lateral epicondylitis. - Review the steps for diagnosis of lateral epicondylitis. - Identify other injuries that should be considered in a patient with tennis elbow. - SUmmarize the management options in lateral epicondylitis cases. - Explain how the facilitation of interprofessional team education and discussion can optimize the effective detection of lateral epicondylitis and inform the need for subsequent evaluations. Lateral epicondylitis, also commonly referred to as tennis elbow, describes an overuse injury secondary to an eccentric overload of the common extensor tendon at the origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) tendon. Tennis elbow primarily results from the repetitive strain caused by activities that involve loaded and repeated gripping and/or wrist extension. It is common in individuals who play tennis, squash, badminton, or any activity involving repetitive wrist extension, radial deviation, and/or forearm supination. Tennis elbow is often an overuse injury primarily due to repetitive strain from tasks and activities that involve loaded and repeated gripping and/or wrist extension. It historically occurs in tennis players but can result from any sports that require repetitive wrist extension, radial deviation, and/or forearm supination. It is also seen in athletes who play squash and badminton, and other sports or activities that require similar movements. This condition is often precipitated by poor mechanics and technique or improper equipment in the athletic patient population. Tennis elbow is the most common cause of elbow symptoms in patients presenting with elbow pain in general. The condition tends to affect men and women equally. The annual incidence is one to three percent in the United States. Despite the condition being commonly referred to as tennis elbow, tennis players make up only 10% of the patient population. Half of all tennis players develop pain around the elbow, of which 75% represent true tennis elbow. It is more common in individuals older than 40 years of age. Smoking, obesity, repetitive movement for at least two hours daily, and vigorous activity (managing physical loads over 20 kg) are risk factors in the general population for developing this condition. The natural course of the condition is favorable, with spontaneous recovery within one to two years in 80% to 90% percent of the patients. This condition is primarily a degenerative overuse process of the extensor carpi radialis brevis and the common extensor tendon. Aside from degenerative changes, the histological findings include granulation tissue, micro-rupture, an abundance of fibroblasts, vascular hyperplasia, unstructured collagen, and a notable lack of traditional inflammatory cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils) within the tissue. The term has been previously described as angiofibroblastic dysplasia based on multiple histologic studies describing its microscopic appearance and characteristics. Ultrasound evaluation often reveals calcifications, intra-substance tears, marked irregularity of the lateral epicondyle, and thickening and heterogeneity of the common extensor tendon. Multiple studies reporting the histologic appearance of pathologic ECBR specimens characterize any combination of the following characteristics:Hypertrophic or abundant fibroblasts - Collagen disorganization - Vascular hyperplasia - Lack of inflammatory cells History and Physical Patients will typically report pain with an insidious onset, but upon further questioning, they will often relate an overuse history without a specific inciting traumatic event. The pain commonly occurs one to three days after an unaccustomed activity that involves repeated wrist extension. The history may reveal new equipment use or an atypical workout circumstance such as an abnormally intense or prolonged workout in an athlete. This condition can also be precipitated by an acute injury or strain, such as lifting a heavy object or performing a hard backhand swing in tennis. This acute injury can lead to a more chronic process (i.e., acute-on-chronic overuse injury). The pain is usually over the lateral elbow that worsens with activity and improves with rest. The pain can vary from being mild, for example, with aggravating activities like tennis or the repeated use of a hand tool, or it can be such severe pain that simple activities like picking up and holding a coffee cup or a coffee cup sign will act as a trigger for the pain. On examination, the point of maximal tenderness is usually over the lateral epicondyle, occasionally in a focal, distal location about 1 cm to 2 cm from the lateral epicondyle itself. The palpation of the entire tendon may have some degree and discomfort, and the connecting muscle may exhibit significant tightness. The patient’s pain will increase or be reproduced with resisted wrist extension, especially when the elbow is extended and the forearm is pronated. Resisted extension of the middle finger while the elbow is extended is particularly painful secondary to increased stress placed on the tendon, further supporting the diagnosis. Notably, there should be an absence of radicular symptoms or numbness/tingling. These symptoms suggest an alternative process such as radial nerve entrapment, although these conditions can coexist. Lateral epicondylitis is a clinical diagnosis, and imaging is often not necessary. A provider may consider obtaining an elbow radiographic series (anteroposterior and lateral) if other injuries or conditions are suspected by history and/or physical exam. Other conditions warranting potential imaging workup include evaluating concomitant degenerative joint changes, fractures, tumors, or bursitis. If the patient is not responding to nonoperative management modalities, the provider may consider ordering an MRI or ultrasound to evaluate for tears, stress fractures, or osteochondral defects. Treatment / Management First-line management for the treatment of lateral epicondylitis includes rest from offending activity as guided by the level of pain. Ice after activity and oral/topical NSAIDs can be used to help with pain control. Forearm counterforce straps are prescribed to relieve tension at the lateral epicondyle. These should be worn during activity. The role of counterforce straps is relatively controversial as some patients may report pain over the area of maximal tenderness secondary to direct mechanical compression on the area itself. Brace use in the form of a cock-up wrist splint can be prescribed to take the stress off of the wrist extensors. Occupational or physical therapy focusing on forearm stretching and strengthening and progression to eccentric muscle strengthening of the common extensor tendon has also shown to be helpful. If the pain does not respond to conservative measures, consider more advanced or invasive techniques such as topical nitrates, botulinum toxin, autologous platelet-rich plasma, and dextrose prolotherapy. Surgery should be considered as a last resort in the management of lateral epicondylitis. Prolonged nonoperative management (i.e., 6- to 12-months) should be attempted before considering surgical management. Specific surgical techniques utilized vary throughout the literature. Most surgeons prefer varying degrees of ECRB debridement and/or release of the tendinous origin at the lateral epicondyle. In the setting of the surgeon electing to forego an actual ECRB detachment, a generous debridement should be performed at the ECRB origin with confirmation of debridement of the pathologic tissue and stimulation of a healthy, bleeding, bony bed of tissue at the lateral epicondyle to help stimulate healing potential. The differential diagnosis for lateral epicondylitis includes but is not limited to any of the following conditions:Elbow bursitis - Cervical radiculopathy - Posterolateral elbow plica - Posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) - Radial nerve entrapment - Radial tunnel syndrome - palpation 3 to 4 cm distal and anterior to the lateral epicondyle - pain with resisted third-finger extension - pain with resisted forearm supination - Occult fracture(s) - Capitellar osteochondritis dissecans - Triceps tendinitis - Radiocapitellar osteoarthritis The prognosis for lateral epicondylitis is generally good. Most patients will have pain relief within 12 months of conservative treatment (ice, rest, and anti-inflammatory medications). For patients who do not improve with initial treatment, various physical and occupational therapies can be helpful. Patients who fail to follow through on their therapy plan frequently have a recurrence of symptoms. Complications of lateral epicondylitis can include recurrence of the injury when normal activity is resumed, rupture of the tendons with repeated steroid injections, and failure to improve conservative treatment. Postoperative complications can include the following: - Failing to address concomitant pathology - Patients report inferior outcomes and lack of improvement if the primary cause of symptoms is not addressed; patients should be educated regarding the risks and benefits of surgery; the former include but are not limited to infection, blood loss, neurovascular injury, continued pain, stiffness, or continued or worsening overall dysfunction. - Radial nerve entrapment can be missed or not addressed clinically in up to 5% of patients being managed for lateral epicondylitis. - Iatrogenic LUCL injury - Occurs iatrogenically with increased risk if the surgical dissection extends beyond the radial head equator - Postoperative iatrogenic posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) can develop if the extension or LUCL compromise is significant. - Iatrogenic neurovascular injury - Radial nerve injury - Heterotopic ossification - Decrease risk via copious saline irrigation following decortication and debridement Deterrence and Patient Education Patients need to receive counsel on prevention and biomechanical optimal movement pertaining to the elbow joint to prevent strain and overuse to the forearm and elbow. Key counseling points can include: - Avoid end range of motion extremes in both extension and flexion. - Avoid repetitive hand and wrist motions, and take breaks from such activities when necessary to perform them. - Avoid letting heavy items with the arm in full extension; perform work or weight-lifting partially bent with the elbow. - Use two hands to hold heavy tools, and use a two-handed backhand in tennis. - Limit repetitive grasping and gripping motions. - If a movement causes the pain to return, avoid it, and report to your clinician’s office. Pearls and Other Issues After diagnosis, patient education, and a prescription for conservative treatment, patients can typically follow-up as needed. Sometimes more chronic cases will need additional follow-up to consider more advanced therapies. Posterior interosseous nerve entrapment (radial tunnel syndrome) may coexist in up to 15% of cases. Keep this diagnosis in mind as a coexisting condition or alternative diagnosis if radicular symptoms are present. Corticosteroid injections have demonstrated benefit in the short-term (less than six weeks) but ineffective in the long term. Topical nitrates are thought to increase blood flow to the area and, as a result, promote healing to the tendon. There has been some suggestion that extracorporeal shockwave therapy can be used to treat this condition chronically. However, there have been no significant improvements using this therapy thus far. Although evidence has been mixed, platelet-rich plasma and dextrose prolotherapy are pro-inflammatory agents designed to cause inflammation or irritation to the tendon and trigger a healing response. Platelet-rich plasma seems to have better evidence to date as compared to dextrose prolotherapy. Most notably, patients with chronic pain due to this condition report decreased levels of pain and increased levels of functionality compared to corticosteroid injections. Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes Tennis elbow is very common in society and can occur from many types of racquet sports, including golf. Most patients present to the primary care provider with pain around the elbow, and the key is patient education. One has to adopt good habits like stretching before taking part in intense physical activity. Also, when the pain comes on, it is important to rest the hand. Clinicians should emphasize the importance of improving muscle strength and conditioning. One must also use the proper equipment or toolage. With rest, the majority of patients with tennis elbow improve within 3 to 18 months. Surgery is rarely required.

<urn:uuid:4f4d22bb-26fa-4503-8f99-50d5028a07dd>

CC-MAIN-2022-33

https://www.tennisarm.be/epicondylitis-lateralis/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00203.warc.gz

en

- D – priority. This is the only word that collocates with ‘higher’ here and fits in context. - D – low-cost. The paragraph mentions the benefits of cycling. ‘Shortcut’ is not an adjective here and ‘high-speed’ shouldn’t be mentioned, as the sentence that comes next mentions safety. - B – proportion. The overall share of people using bicycles in comparison with cars. - A – recreational. The word relates to doing something pleasant in your free time. Other words do not fix this context. - D – Local. People living in the area that is going to implement the new cycling strategy. - B – ensure. To make sure, to make certain. - A – contact. ‘To be in contact’ is to maintain communication between two sides. ‘To be in touch’ shouldn’t be used here as it refers to more personal side of communication, while here they are talking about official correspondence. - A – copy. A copy of the same document. It’s neither a book nor a letter, but a set of rules they intend to implement. - for/during. Both prepositions are acceptable here – both point at a period of time. - few. ‘So there are no crowds’ indicates that we should use a word with the meaning of low numbers. ‘Little’ is only used with uncountable used and therefore shouldn’t be put here next to ‘people’, which is countable. - from. ‘A change from something’ - its/the. Both the determiner ‘its’ and the definite article ‘the’ have the same meaning in this context – to indicate that the people and the buildings we talk about belong to that place. - during/on. Again, both words are acceptable as they have the same meaning of attributing some action to a period in time. - who/that. Remember that we usually use ‘who’ to refer to people, even though ‘that’ is acceptable. - him. The pronoun here is used to refer to Jack. - together. ‘Be somewhere together’. - managerial/management. The adjective ‘managerial’ is rather tricky to spell, pay attention to it. Both options can be used here. - bearable. ‘Was only just bearable’ means ‘almost unbearable, almost intolerable’. - temptation. A temptation is something you want to do very much, usually something you know you shouldn’t do. - absolutely. An adverb is required here. - conference. The only difficulty here is to understand the link between the relatively unknown word ‘to confer’ (to exchange idea) and the well-known ‘conference’. - arrival. A noun should be used here. Make sure to spell it with two ‘r’. - receptionist. A person’s occupation should be used here. - intentions. An intention is something you plan to do or make. - isn’t used to getting. ‘Not used to doing something’ means not in the habit of doing it. - wish you had come. Note that we have to use Past Perfect tense here with ‘I wish’ construction. - didn’t succeed in entering. ‘Succeed in doing something’ is used here in the negative as in the original sentence the burglars failed to get into the house. - must have/get my hair cut. Do not use the word ‘haircut’ as it would mean changing the original phrasing and possibly getting only one point out of two. - wondered why he hadn’t. Reported speech is used here, which means changing Past Simple to Past Perfect according to the ‘one step back’ rule of tenses in reported speech. - is believed to be. A passive construction is used here, as suggested by the keyword ‘believed’. - A. Paragraph One: “He pushed his bowl aside, took up his hunk of bread in one delicate hand and his cheese in the other, and leaned across the table…” – these words suggest that they are eating, which normally wouldn’t take place at school or in an office. Neither cafeteria nor party are mentioned, however judging by the variety of food (a hunk of bread and cheese) this doesn’t look like a party. - C. Paragraph Three: “… then continued speaking, with a sort of pedant’s passion. His thin dark face had become animated, his eyes had lost their mocking expression and grown almost dreamy.” It clearly points at Syme’s enthusiasm about his work. A is not mentioned – he eats quick because he is hungry; B is not mentioned. D is wrong – he has to shout to “overcome the noise”, not because he likes to. - B. Paragraph Four: “Of course the great wastage is in the verbs and adjectives…”. - D. Paragraph Five: “A sort of vapid eagerness flitted across Winston’s face at the mention of Big Brother.” ‘Vapid eagerness’ here suggests that people should be happy and enthusiastic, or at least pretend to be, at the mention of Big Brother’s name. Same could be said about his attitude to Newspeak, which is confirmed in the next sentence by Syme: “You haven’t a real appreciation of Newspeak, Winston…”. - B. Last paragraph, first sentence: “Don’t you see that the whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow the range of thought?”. The language is oversimplified, hence it is easier to learn, so Answer D doesn’t fit. Answer A doesn’t give the full picture. Answer C is wrong, it is used for a different purpose. - C. Last sentence of the last paragraph: “Has it ever occurred to you, Winston, that by the year 2050, at the very latest, not a single human being will be alive who could understand such a conversation as we are having now?”. The current language will get simplified to a point where thinking is going to be impossible. - F. The last sentence of Paragraph One helps us choose the right answer – Auckland is mentioned, that has a great and clear view of Rangitoto, and in Sentence F they go back to the topic, asking a rhetorical question of Aucklanders’ familiarity with it. - A. It is mentioned that it was different, in fact did not exist up until a certain period in time. - E. A scene is set – the author is describing the way the emerging volcanoes might have looked in the past, during the Maori period. The word ‘homes’ helps us to contrast the sentence with Sentence E, that starts with ‘Outside…’. - D. Boats are mentioned in the previous sentence. Sentence D starts with “Paddling hard…”. To paddle is to use a piece of wood that is wide at one end that is used to move and steer a small boat. - G. The sentence that follows the gap mentions footprints of people, indicating that some people did come back after the eruption had started. - C. “The impressions” are the footsteps that were left in the surface of volcanic ash. - A. Perhaps the answer is to make the best of the present and stop hankering after the past. - E. I would never have ended the relationship with the love of my life. - A. I’d persuade my dad to stop smoking, so that he wouldn’t die so young. - D. If you want to travel somewhere that is still unique today, without the time machine, see Asia but steer clear of package tours. And hurry; do it now before it all becomes McDonaldised. - A. On the other hand, in the present, I have two wonderful grown-up children and two precious grandchildren. - B. I have studied a lot of history and whilst I would be interested in certain eras there would be difficulties. - B. … exciting, but too many petticoats to wear, never mind about corsets. - D. Imagine coming home after a long voyage, and telling the people in the pub all about your travels! - E. I’d register 250 of the best internet domains possible, so by now I’d be a billionaire without having done a thing. - C. And if you went back in time with all that futuristic equipment on and, for example, the alarm clock on your watch went off, you would be denounced as a devil; tortured, quartered and drawn, and then burnt at the stake! The vocabulary below is meant to help you with the more difficult words. If the word isn’t on the list then you are either supposed to know it or it is too specific to be worth learning and you don’t have to know it to answer the question. Symbols in brackets mean part of speech(see bottom of the list). Sentences in italics give examples of usage for some more complex words and phrases. And remember — you are not given a vocabulary list(or a dictionary) at your real exam. Extensively (adv) —

<urn:uuid:1307eb4b-109a-4e6d-a485-37adc44b2791>

CC-MAIN-2022-33

https://engexam.info/fce-reading-and-use-of-english-practice-tests-printable-pdf/fce-reading-and-use-of-english-practice-test-5-printable/4/

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voir la définition de Wikipedia |Glades County, Florida| Location in the state of Florida Florida's location in the U.S. |Founded||23 April 1925| 986.43 sq mi (2,555 km²) 773.64 sq mi (2,004 km²) 212.79 sq mi (551 km²), 21.57% 17/sq mi (6.42/km²) Glades County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida. As of 2000, the population was 10,576. The U.S. Census Bureau 2005 estimate for the county is 11,252 . Its county seat is Moore Haven, Florida. Indigenous people lived in this area for thousands of years. Due to warfare and exposure to infectious diseases after European contact, native tribes became depopulated. In the eighteenth century, when the area was under Spanish rule, Native American peoples of Creek and other tribes migrated into present-day Florida from Georgia. Africans and African Americans who escaped from slavery and shipwrecks also migrated to the area, where they created maroon communities. Some were given freedom by the Spanish in exchange for serving with their militias. Gradually the Seminole nation formed out of these multi-ethnic people. Some African-descended people set up communities near the Seminole and became known as Black Seminole. In the nineteenth century, most of the Seminole and many blacks were removed to Indian Territory after the Seminole Wars, a result of pressure from increasing Anglo-American settlement. Glades County was created in 1921. It was named for the Florida Everglades. Glades County sponsors one of Florida's oldest recurring festivals. Chalo Nitka Festival is a celebration of local history and culture, similar to a county fair. The festival also draws attention to the long and friendly relationship between the local Seminole groups and Glades County settlers. Brighton Seminole Indian Reservation is located in the county. According to the 2000 census, the county has a total area of 986.43 square miles (2,554.8 km2), of which 773.64 square miles (2,003.7 km2) (or 78.43%) is land and 212.79 square miles (551.1 km2) (or 21.57%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 10,576 people, 3,852 households, and 2,765 families residing in the county. The population density was 14 people per square mile (5/km²). There were 5,790 housing units at an average density of 8 per square mile (3/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 76.99% White, 10.53% Black or African American, 4.93% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 5.63% from other races, and 1.58% from two or more races. 15.07% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. In 2005 the population was 67.0% non-Hispanic white, 17.6% Latino, 10.5% African-American and 4.9% Native American. (Source=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12/12043.html) There were 3,852 households out of which 25.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.30% were married couples living together, 8.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.20% were non-families. 22.70% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.91. In the county the population was spread out with 22.10% under the age of 18, 7.60% from 18 to 24, 27.00% from 25 to 44, 24.50% from 45 to 64, and 18.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 121.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 125.40 males. The median income for a household in the county was $30,774, and the median income for a family was $34,223. Males had a median income of $29,196 versus $20,987 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,338. About 10.70% of families and 15.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.20% of those under age 18 and 11.20% of those age 65 or over. Florida Public Service Commission voted unanimously to deny a request by Florida Power and Light to build a huge coal-fired power plant in Glades County, that was to be located several miles to the west of Lake Okeechobee. The Glades County Commission also allowed the construction in 2007 of a 200-acre (0.81 km2) landfill on the southwest shore of Lake Okeechobee. |Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Glades County, Florida| |DeSoto County||Highlands County||Okeechobee County| |Charlotte County||Martin County| |Glades County, Florida| |Lee County||Hendry County||Palm Beach County| Contenu de sensagent dictionnaire et traducteur pour sites web Une fenêtre (pop-into) d'information (contenu principal de Sensagent) est invoquée un double-clic sur n'importe quel mot de votre page web. LA fenêtre fournit des explications et des traductions contextuelles, c'est-à-dire sans obliger votre visiteur à quitter votre page web ! Solution commerce électronique Augmenter le contenu de votre site Ajouter de nouveaux contenus Add à votre site depuis Sensagent par XML. Parcourir les produits et les annonces Obtenir des informations en XML pour filtrer le meilleur contenu. Indexer des images et définir des méta-données Fixer la signification de chaque méta-donnée (multilingue). Renseignements suite à un email de description de votre projet. Jeux de lettres Lettris est un jeu de lettres gravitationnelles proche de Tetris. Chaque lettre qui apparaît descend ; il faut placer les lettres de telle manière que des mots se forment (gauche, droit, haut et bas) et que de la place soit libérée. Il s'agit en 3 minutes de trouver le plus grand nombre de mots possibles de trois lettres et plus dans une grille de 16 lettres. Il est aussi possible de jouer avec la grille de 25 cases. Les lettres doivent être adjacentes et les mots les plus longs sont les meilleurs. Participer au concours et enregistrer votre nom dans la liste de meilleurs joueurs ! Jouer Dictionnaire de la langue française La plupart des définitions du français sont proposées par SenseGates et comportent un approfondissement avec Littré et plusieurs auteurs techniques spécialisés. Le dictionnaire des synonymes est surtout dérivé du dictionnaire intégral (TID). L'encyclopédie française bénéficie de la licence Wikipedia (GNU). Changer la langue cible pour obtenir des traductions. Astuce: parcourir les champs sémantiques du dictionnaire analogique en plusieurs langues pour mieux apprendre avec sensagent. calculé en 0,078s

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How to Teach Reading Skills to Struggling Readers - Help for Desperate Parents & a List of Reading Strategies for Struggling Readers! (Tips: How to Teach a Struggling Reader) If you need to know how to teach a struggling reader, check out this article to get started on knowing how to teach reading skills to elementary students & struggling readers (of any age for reading!). As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. You can learn more about that here. This article explains more about how to teach reading skills to struggling readers, in particular. If you would like additional or more general strategies, check out this page on how to teach reading. However, these reading interventions for struggling readers are ideas to keep in mind for all readers! If you have asked yourself, "I need to know how to help my child read better," or find yourself with a student who struggles in reading, there are actionable, specific things you can do to help. Before trying to search for a solution to help your student, first consider what the struggle looks like when your child actually reads (or tries to read). Table of Contents - If you need to know how to teach a struggling reader, check out this article to get started on knowing how to teach reading skills to elementary students & struggling readers (of any age for reading!). - 1. Your child cannot sound out the basic letter sounds very well, and doesn't seem to know what sound some letters make together. - 2. Your child cannot read the individual words easily. He has to sound out every.single.word. - 3. Your child does not want to read. - 4. Your child can read the text very well, but cannot tell you a thing about what she just read. - 5. He can read the words, but it sounds boring, slow and choppy. - **VIDEO: The effects of reading just a small amount each day to your child can make an incredible difference. 1. Your child cannot sound out the basic letter sounds very well, and doesn't seem to know what sound some letters make together. If so, then this could be a problem with their basic phonics knowledge as it relates to letter recognition, letter-sound recognition, and phonemes/blending. - What you can work on: - Review the SOUNDS of the alphabet (not the just the names of the letters, although those have importance too). - Review basic phonics instruction with emphasis on phonemes and blends. Find fun, ACTIVE ways to ingrain the blends of letters for your child. Instead of spinning your wheels "sounding out" words endlessly, go back a bit and solidify learning of phonics blends. You can even integrate educational apps like ABCmouse to learn phonics skills. - Begin to introduce and drill a few sight words each week to their vocabulary so they can see some bit of success with high frequency words in between words they don't know. - Continue reading to your child out loud. - Check out this more in depth article > about how to teach letter sounds to struggling students, which includes a link to some flip cards to strengthen phonemic letter skills. - Encouragement: Even if you have an older child who is struggling with this, simply taking the time out with them individually to solidify his learning of letter sounds and blends can really boost his reading. Even though it seems too late to go back to the basics of sounds, since your reader has been exposed to text for longer, it is possible that he'll pick it up quickly if you both take the time to go back to phonics. This is similar to the problem above although in this case, your child does seem to grasp the letter sounds and blends, but just cannot seem to pull them together to sound out words easily. - What you can work on: - Continue to solidify phonics instruction with rhyming games while reading similar sound poems and books each day. - Add 3-4 new memory sight words to their vocabulary each week to give them a set of words they don't feel like they must labor over. - Help them "chunk together" parts of the word. As your child reads, slide your finger across the word stopping at different "chunks" of sounds. It is similar to sounding out the word but in a slightly different way. Teach your child how to break down segments of words. - Allow them to use a pointer or ruler to slide over the words as they read. Through time and practice, they'll start "chunking" the words together as a habit and the reading will start to come! Continue to read aloud to your child as often as you can. - Encourage him to look at the words as you read aloud to him. - Encouragement: You are not alone! Many children get stuck at this point in the process. Don't give up on your student. It takes time, but it will happen with practice! Let your child see you enjoying reading. Encourage your child to try words when you are out and about (restaurant menus, street signs, instructions on games they play or the Netflix menu) Your child can read, but she just doesn't want to! This can be so frustrating, especially for a parent who is an avid reader and wants to help their child read at home. What you can work on: - Most importantly: Read TO your child to take off the stress and get them to WANT that next chapter. And as you read out loud, do it with great EXPRESSION and make it fun! - Determine if your child has an underlying struggle or difficulty reading that makes reading more work than fun. (Read on for more ideas to find out what that could be). - Provide great reading material. Get on Pinterest and type in keywords for what you are looking for. (funny books for boys, mystery books for girls, whatever your child might have an interest in. People put collections of books for kids on Pinterest all the time so this could be a goldmine!) - Require a set time of reading each day but don't make it a long time. Reading can be a muscle that needs to be stretched with practice. Particularly during long empty days, set aside a time they need to read and let them choose the reading material. Comics or magazines are a great start for older kids who might be a bit intimidated by a long novel. - Monitor screen time. Aside from the fact that we all should be doing this anyway just for the sake of our kid's health, if your child has a set amount of time each day when she is not allowed to be attached to a screen, she may drift toward books if she is looking for something to do! - As an addition to #4 above, make sure you have plenty of FUN reading material laying around (in the car, in their room, on the coffee table, in a book basket by the fireplace..) - Consider the points on this article for further reading about improving your child's comprehension skills. - Encouragement: You are definitely not the only one. From my point of view as a parent, bookworm type kids are now a minority in this day and age. But that doesn't mean we give up on books and don't keep working on our kids to love reading! Just know that you are surrounded by other parents trying to accomplish the same goal in a sea of digitization. Even for kids of older ages (all ages for reading count!), don't stop reading aloud to them! Is your child a struggling reader? You might also want to check out these articles: 4. Your child can read the text very well, but cannot tell you a thing about what she just read. Instead of having a problem with the mechanics of reading, this student has trouble comprehending the text. The way to work on this problem is to focus on comprehension activities to boost understanding in reading. - What you can work on: - Have your child retell in their own words or summarize often for you as they read, by paragraphs or sections of text. - Ask lots of questions frequently about what he is reading. - Discuss the story/text in lots of different ways. (Predicting what will happen in a story, asking why a character is doing things, talking about what the story means, discussing how it makes you feel). - Focus on activities that reinforce comprehension skills. (Retelling the story in creative ways, such as reader's theater or recreating on video, re-telling with puppets.) - Work on memory skills with mnemonics (a technique used such as a very short poem or a special word used that can help a person remember something: ) Help your student learn how to retell or summarize after each paragraph or chunk of text in a story. - Encouragement: The skill of comprehension gets better with practice, practice, practice! Eventually you will see improvement in your child. Just keep reading with and to your student, adding in these valuable discussion strategies. ***Looking for a robust reading program for your struggling reader? I recommend taking a look at the All About Reading curriculum. Check out my full overview and review here! *** This problem points to the fluency of the reader. Fluency is an ability to read text proficiently, quickly, and with proper expression. There are several ways to continue building fluency in struggling readers. - What you can work on if your child has fluency reading difficulties: - Become an amazing storyteller and read to your child often. - Listen to books on tape together. (Even better if your child can follow along with the text.) - Focus on activities that reinforce fluency skills. (Reading to a partner, ) - Have your child copy the way you read a sentence. Practice reading with expression. - Continue working on groups of sight words, even into the upper grades for easy word recall, particularly with the most high frequency words. - Begin teaching reading activities such as games to improve speed of reading, whether with sight words or short passages. - Allow your students to record themselves as they read an expressive passage. Then have them listen to themselves and see if they can improve the way they sound. - You can also read this article >> about reading fluency to improve your child's reading in this area. ***VIDEO for help with Reading Fluency And.. you can play THIS VIDEO that I found on YouTube by GoNoodle to get them to read with EXPRESSION. WARNING though, this song might be in your head all day. Side note! If your child struggles, forcing him to read silently or out loud for 30-45 minutes each night is not helpful at all. Have him practice in short increments - maybe 10 or so minutes at a time. Otherwise you are in danger of creating a hatred of reading. It's true that kids need to practice reading often in order to become better readers. BUT do so wisely with a struggling reader. If your child's teacher insists upon large chunks of reading at night, and this is torture for you and your child, I would suggest you spend a good majority of that time reading aloud TO your child (or having them listen to an audio book or another family member). And make sure while you read together, your child has a nice hot mug of cocoa or a cozy blanket to cuddle in. *wink, wink!** But - you get the picture! Make it a time that is looked forward to every day, not dreaded. **VIDEO: The effects of reading just a small amount each day to your child can make an incredible difference. (I encourage you not to let this video make you feel guilty, but to be inspired to READ!) Each child is a different individual with unique ways of learning, and there will be different methods of teaching reading in primary school & every homeschool. Although every child needs similar basics (like boosting them with the best breakfast foods for readers in the morning), the way you approach your child will be dependent upon the struggles that he or she encounters. There are many other additional factors that can affect the reading level of a child, such as: - The age of your student (Pushing reading too early, when a student isn't ready. Or, possibly overlooking an older student who had skipped the basics of reading with little phonics instruction). A first grader not reading may or may not have the same issues as an older elementary child not reading & a deeper look may help. - Possible brain-centered issues, such as dyslexia, ADHD or processing difficulties. - (Learn more about sensory processing disorder, checklist of symptoms) - Visual processing issues (This is more of a problem with the way eyesight is transferred to the brain. Even if your child has been screened and has 20/20 vision, there are 17 visual processing skills needed that could be a underlying cause of reading problems.) To see if your child has any of these issues, you may need to have them seen at a behavioral / developmental optometrist for a comprehensive evaluation (different than just a regular optometrist). Check out this page >> Vital Visual Skills to learn more. Also this Facebook Group >> Vision Therapy Parents Unite has a lot of helpful information if you think this could be a factor for your child! - Other physiological issues (eyesight- needs glasses, hearing, anxiety, etc.) - Psychological issues (anxieties or other conditions) As you seek to understand why your child struggles, keep these ideas in mind. Consult with your pediatrician to eliminate possible factors. Seek the help of a hired or school reading specialist to have your student evaluated. Ask other parents online and in your community who have dealt with the same struggles that you are facing. This is what I have worked on so hard this year as I've learned alongside my son. You are fully capable of knowing how to teach an ADHD child to read, as well as a child with dyslexia, vision problems, or other issues. You can do it! There is always the resource of Google to find initial information, using search terms like "How to teach a child to read with ADHD". Just be sure to take internet knowledge with a grain of salt. Always seek the advice of a credentialed specialist for a true determination. So.. how to help a child who has reading difficulties or how to teach a struggling reader? Find the answer by keeping in mind the above points as you listen to your child read and as you listen to what your child has to say about reading. Investigate the source - your child! Ask him what he finds difficult about reading. Ask specific questions. Once you have an idea of what the problem actually is, you can then begin to try different ways to fix the underlying issues. There are many great activities for struggling readers that you can tailor to your child. Remember and be encouraged that there are plenty of reading intervention activities for kids with ADHD, dyslexia, and all of the struggle-issues mentioned above! Methods of teaching reading in primary school will vary from school to home. But these type struggles in reading are fairly universal and your child most likely fits into one of these categories. Figure out what their specific struggle is, and you can begin to overcome it! Reading is a long game. Daily persistence and reading to your child will pay off over time. Be your child's best advocate and cheerleader, giving lots of praise for every single one of your child's successes, and take it one day at a time. You can do this! Forever a reader for life, More information for teaching struggling readers: - Reading Help for the Struggling Reader | Reading Eggs (how to help a child struggling with reading) - Help for an Older Child with Reading Problems (for older children - how to help a child with reading difficulties) - Reading Resources & Help | Scholastic (when you ask, "how to help my child read better?") - Misunderstood Minds, Reading Problems | PBS (common reading problems) - K-12 Reading Activities by Grade (activities for struggling readers) - "Why Students Haven't Gotten Better at Reading in 20 Years" from The Atlantic (an article on why students struggle with reading) - How Parents Can Improve a Child's Reading Skills (a good general article for high level ideas on how to improve reading) More information for teaching beginning readers: - 15 Reading Strategies for Primary Learners (methods of teaching reading in primary school) - 6 Games for Reading | Reading Rockets (teaching reading activities) - (teaching reading skills pdf) - 5 Considerations for Struggling Readers (how to teach reading skills to elementary students) - 11 Methods for Teaching Reading (teaching reading strategies) - Wikipedia Reading Skills Definition (reading skills definition)

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Medically reviewed by, Russell Braun RPH Did it ever occur to you that medications you take may deplete important chemicals in your body such as vitamin D? Most people never even thought about a medication causing a low vitamin D level. Luckily for you, I am going to lay out the details on medications that deplete vitamin D, how to know for sure and what you can do about it. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) 48% of people in the U.S. have taken at least one medication in the last 30 days. Even worse, 24% of people have taken three or more prescriptions in that timeframe. 1. Why is vitamin D important? It has been widely known for decades that vitamin D is vital to allow the absorption of calcium and phosphate. That is why it has always been recommended to get adequate levels to ensure proper bone growth in children. Adults also rely on vitamin D to help strengthen bones. However, more and more research is showing some type of link to vitamin D and almost all other systems in the body. Vitamin D regulates calcium levels not only in the bones but blood levels too. This has been studied and found to play a role in many other health problems such as: - Brain function - Cardiovascular disease - Diabetes type 1 & 2 - Hormone balance - Immune response - Liver function - Multiple sclerosis - Muscle function - Nerve functions In fact, a review of literature done in 2017 deemed that vitamin D deficiency is a pandemic affecting more than one billion people worldwide. 2. Do medications deplete vitamins? Vitamin D is a hormone and impacts many systems in the body. What most people do not realize when they take medications is the effects they can have on levels of critical minerals and vitamins. Certain medications may affect levels quickly, while others can lead to deficiency only with long term use. There are a few different ways that medications can deplete essential nutrients. These include: - Blocking absorption This means you can’t get the nutrient pulled into the bloodstream from the foods you eat. - Increasing elimination Increasing the amount of the drug that gets eliminated in the urine or feces. - Inhibit the production of the nutrient Prevention of the nutrient from being made into the active form in the body. - Changing the metabolism Blocking the way the drug is broken down so it can eventually be eliminated from the bloodstream. Keep in mind that most medications will not lead to a deficiency. However, asking your doctor or pharmacist if there is a potential for it is critical. Interactions that lower levels of vitamin D are often overlooked by doctors. Don’t be afraid to ask! 3. What causes low vitamin D? People get vitamin D from two sources. It is absorbed from foods in the diet and it can also be made in the skin when exposed to sunlight. Few foods contain high amounts of vitamin D. Additionally, people living north of the 37th parallel do not get enough direct UV rays of sunlight to produce adequate amounts of vitamin D. This is especially true in the winter. Due to the lack of sun exposure and small amounts vitamin D in foods, deficiency is very common. According the the World Health Organization approximately 50% of the worlds population are deficient in vitamin D. People who are especially at risk of deficiency include: - People over age 65 - Obese people - Those with dark skin - Breastfed babies - Those who live above 37 degrees latitude 4. What foods cause vitamin D deficiency? Most processed foods that are consumed today are low in vitamin D. The biggest offenders are processed foods that contain preservatives and artificial flavors. If your diet is high in these foods and does not contain fruits, vegetables and fish then your more likely to have a vitamin D deficiency. Most people do not eat enough of the foods that have vitamin D in them. Some examples of those foods include: - Liver cod oil - Egg yolks - Orange juice Even when people do eat foods rich in vitamin D they may not have enough servings per day. 5. How to know if you have a deficiency Many people will not realize they have a vitamin D deficiency until it is too late. That is because they don’t realize that vitamin D may make them feel better and help lose weight. The symptom of a deficiency include weakened bones and bone loss. Unfortunately, by the time that shows up they are already at risk for ricketts in children or osteomalacia in adults. How can you tell if your medications may be depleting your vitamin D before you suffer bone loss? Getting a test to determine your vitamin D levels is important if you take one of the medications listed below. Tests measure the blood levels of 25 hydroxy-vitamin D, the active form of vitamin D in your blood. The good news is getting a test is now easier than ever. You can get a test from your doctor, walk in to a lab or order a test online. The table below describes the levels that are considered deficient all the way to ideal from the endocrine society guidelines. The levels are measured in nanograms per milliliter (ng/ml). |What it means||Guideline blood level| |Deficient||Below 20 ng/ml| |Considered safe||< 100 ng/ml| 6. What medications affect vitamin D absorption? Vitamin D is what is called a fat soluble vitamin. That means it is oil like and acts like oil in water and thus does not mix well with water. Therefore, if taken with another drug that is oil like, it will prevent vitamin D from being absorbed. Mineral oil, that can be used as a laxative is one example of this type of medication. Another class of medications that affect the absorption include those that bind to things in the intestine. Some medications used for cholesterol and weight loss work in this way. 7. What else prevents the absorption of vitamin D? Vitamin D absorption is dependent on chemicals that are released by the stomach, pancrease, small intestine and bile from the liver. Anything that affects the health of your gut and these chemicals can decrease absorption. In addition to keeping the gut healthy some diseases that affect the gut can seriously prevent the body from absorbing vitamin D. Examples of these diseases include: |Crohn’s disease and IBS||Affect fat absorption due to inflammation.| |Obesity||Often have other fat in the diet that vitamin D binds with and is excreted.| |Gastric bypass surgery||Surgery affects the amount and release of normal chemicals that allow vitamin D to be absorbed.| |Celiac disease||Due to changes in the intestines the body does not handle fat absorption properly.| 8. What medications cause low vitamin D? Medications have the potential to lower vitamin D levels and cause deficiency. This fact is often overlooked by busy medical professionals. These interactions have also not been given much focus in medical journals. As more and more people use prescription and over the counter medications all the time, vitamin D levels should receive more focus. Another reason to monitor 25-hydroxy vitamin D is that more commonly medications are being used over a prolonged period of time. Drugs that affect the liver and kidneys These organs are responsible for metabolizing (breaking down) and eliminating most drugs from the body. Therefore, medications can cause a delay in the normal processes done by the liver and kidneys. Vitamin D also requires the liver and kidneys to activate it from the inactive form D2 (ergocalciferol) to active D3 (cholecalciferol). Other medications may speed up the processing by the liver and kidneys which can adversely affect vitamin D levels also. Do antidepressants deplete vitamin D? Research has shown a link between vitamin D blood levels and depression. This is more pronounced in obese patients than those of normal weight. However, it has not been shown that medications used to treat depression specifically lower vitamin D levels. The only drugs used for depression that have been suspected of lowering vitamin D are tricyclic antidepressants. This seems to occur more in older people who may use these drugs for reasons other than depression, such as sleep aides. More research is needed to determine if tricyclics deplete vitamin D levels. Common tricyclic antidepressants include: 9. Complete list of medications that deplete vitamin D |Drug class||Drugs in the class||How it depletes vitamin D| |Acid suppressing drugs||1. H2 blockers| Ex: Pepcid, Axid, Tagamet, Zantac 2. Proton pump inhibitors Ex: Nexium, Prilosec, Prevacid, Protonix Ex: Tums, Rolaids Gaviscon |Changes the acid level of stomach and vitamin D is not absorbed as well.| |Antibiotics||Rifampin, Isoniazid||These antibiotics used to treat tuberculosis (TB) actually increase the metabolism of vitamin D. That increases how quickly it is eliminated from the body. | |Antifungal drugs||Clotrimazole and Ketoconazole||These drugs can increase the metabolism of vitamin D, which causes it to be eliminated more quickly.| |Anti-inflammatory drugs||Corticosteroids Ex: Prednisone, Decadron, Medrol, Kenalog|| | Steroids cause an increased rate of the active form of vitamin D being converted to an inactive metabolite. |Bone formation drugs||Bisphosphonates: Ex: Fosamax,||In order for these drugs to work properly, vitamin D should also be taken daily. If not, vitamin D levels will be lowered.| |Cancer drugs||Cyclophosphamide, Docetaxel, Etoposide, Irinotecan, Tamoxifen, Vincristine||These drugs interact with an enzyme that is responsible for metabolizing vitamin D.| |Cholesterol drugs||Cholestyramine, Colestipol||Block the absorption of vitamin D from the intestine.| |Herbal drugs||St. John’s wort||This drug increases the metabolism of vitamin D and is excreted more rapidly.| |HIV drugs||Atripla, Combivir, Intelence, Invirase, Retrovir, Reyataz, Stocrin, Sustiva, Trizivir||HIV drugs can reduce vitamin D levels through effects on metabolism and fat storage. Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin and changes in fat stores can affect the levels.| |Laxatives||Mineral oil||Binds to vitamin D in the intestines and prevents it from being absorbed.| |Seizure drugs||Carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin||These drugs all increase the speed at which an enzyme that metabolizes vitamin D works. This leads to lower levels of vitamin D in the blood.| |Weight loss drugs||Xenical, Alli, Orlistat||These drugs block the absorption of fats in the diet. Due to vitamin D being a fat soluble vitamin, this action by weight loss drugs keeps vitamin D from being absorbed.| How can I raise my vitamin D level quickly? If a vitamin D deficiency is found based on blood levels, there are four things you should try. 1. Talk to your doctor about medications and if they can be adjusted or switched to drugs that do not lower vitamin D levels. 2. Eat more servings of foods that contain Vitamin D. 3. Spend a small amount of time (15-20 minutes per day) in the sun without sunscreen on. 4. Try vitamin D supplementation. Typical recommended doses range from 400 IU to 4000 IU daily. You should talk with your doctor or pharmacist about the dosage that is best for you. Doctors can also order prescription strength vitamin D, which is 50,000 IU typically taken once weekly. The other alternative is over the counter supplements. These need to be from manufacturers that follow the US Pharmacopeia standards. This ensures they are safe and the actual dosage on the label. Both NatureMade and Kirkland Signature carry the USP seal of approval for vitamin D supplements. Click here to get Dr. Jason Reed’s exclusive list of medication questions you MUST ask your doctor, for FREE! Share your story Have you taken a medication that lowers vitamin D levels? Also, please share if you have taken a vitamin D supplement. Chime in below with your comments and thoughts.

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For many, learning to play jazz can be daunting, much less trying to teach it. Students know what good jazz sounds like, but how do you relay it to others? It doesn’t help that the notation does not always represent what is actually happening. To help your students, there are a few things you need to understand, and this article will guide you through them. These elements include Basic Swing, Bebop Tonguing, and the “Rules of Jazz.” The foundation of jazz is Swing (“It Don’t Mean A Thing If It Ain’t Got That Swing”). Swing can mean several things, but for our purposes, when we talk about swing, we will be talking about swing eighth-notes. In effect, playing jazz is like playing 12/8. Swing eighths can be broken down into: [example 1.1 swing eighths vs. triplets] The top two staves are what swing eighths would look like if notated the way they are played, with the bottom staff showing the way it looks on the page. When people learn to swing, one of the first obstacles they encounter is the discrepancy between the way the notes look and the way they sound. Below in Example 1.2, is notated how an F scale looks and what it would look if the notation reflected the way it sounds. Notice how they look different than they sound. There are more elements to swinging than just this, but it is the first step – seeing the notes one-way, and playing them another. It may help if, at first, you think of jazz being in 12/8. It takes a little getting used to, but with some practice, you can easily make the adjustment. Keeping swing smooth is very important for several reasons. First, fluidity is needed to help propel the lines. It is easier to play fast lines when things are smooth. Second, it creates a striking contrast when angularity is added through the melodic line. Have your students practice their scales in swing style, slurring them as they play. [Example 1.3] Slurring will help keep the rhythm smooth, which is essential and will be discussed further in the next chapter. The goal is to make it sound and feel natural. Also, playing scales with a swing feel is a great change of pace when practicing! Listening to the drums, specifically the ride cymbal, will help when playing. A good drummer makes swinging easy by giving you a good swing feel. By focusing and matching the feel of the rhythm section will help you keep things relaxed. If you’ve experimented with swing eighths, you noticed that while it sounds okay, something is missing. It is at this point that separates the hip from the others. This is also where misleading information can occur. One of the biggest misconceptions is that in order to swing, you should put accents on every up-beat. The notes are in the swing style, but it does not sound quite right. All the accents unfortunately destroy any smoothness that you create. So, it is not right with the accents, but it is not right totally slurred: something is left out. What is absent is Bebop Tonguing. Put simply, the key to swinging authentically is Bebop Tonguing. In Bebop Tonguing, you tongue the upbeat and slur to the downbeat. [Example 2.2] This style of articulation is not notated in the music; the player is expected to know to use Bebop Tonguing automatically. Because of its importance and “secretive” nature, you could consider Bebop Tonguing one of the secrets of jazz. When applying the slurs, you have to be careful not to make the ends of them (the downbeats) short. While this may be common in classical music, it is not appropriate for jazz. In order to keep the smoothness need for swing, the downbeats need to be legato. One way to keep things in perspective is to re-examine swing eighths. Look back at the two notes of a beat in example 1.1. Notice that relationship: the downbeat is twice as long as the upbeat. This is a good reminder to keep the ends of the slurs long. Along with the misguided accents, the other common mistake is to clip the ends of the slurs. When the ends of the slurs are played short, it causes the swing to sound “hokey.” Since we try to keep things smooth, the tongue on the upbeats creates a contrast, which is often mistaken for accents. The effect of Bebop Tonguing should just be an interruption of the legato line. When practicing Bebop Tonguing, slur the whole passage first, then add the tongue on the repeat: the two should sound and feel very similar. This is a huge obstacle when first learning to play jazz. When the tongue is added, the tendency is to heavily accent it. Lighten up on the tongue attack. Use a “da’ syllable to keep things relaxed sounding. Remember, there should be no difference in the air-stream between slurring and Bebop Tonguing. Bebop Tonguing even applies to pieces where everything is slurred. There was a period when publishers marked everything to make sure that the passages were played legato and smooth. Rules of Jazz As jazz evolved through time, certain “rules” developed as to how jazz should sound. These rules were not written down or stated in any fashion. Players learned them by listening and mimicking other players. These stylistic idiosyncrasies create what I call “The Rules of Jazz.” As with Bebop Tonguing, these are not generally marked in the music; it is expected that the player is familiar with these. By following these guidelines, your students will be on their way to sounding and playing like true jazz players! Since jazz was not written down but passed down aurally, not all players will employ all of the rules. In fact, due to the wide variance in individual playing styles and interpretations, there are some that do not follow any of the rules. It is these differences in approach that make jazz so personal and exciting! But, by employing these guidelines, they will be able to blend in and play in any setting. Rule #1: All Eighths are Legato Unless Marked Otherwise This goes back to the idea that swing needs to be smooth. By playing all eighths long, this eliminates any “hokeyness.” Proper use of Bebop Tonguing helps keep things smooth. Play through Example 3.1, making sure to keep things legato. If they are having trouble with keeping things smooth, have them go back and slur the passage to reacquaint themselves with how it sounds legato. Playing jazz should feel easy. If it seems uncomfortable, focus on keeping things legato. Generally, if they make things smooth and legato (especially if they are using Bebop Tonguing), everything will be okay. If the composer/arranger wants to make an exception and have the eighths short, they will mark it in the part (finally, something notated!) to make sure there is no misunderstanding. (This pertains to our friend UMO – Unless Marked Otherwise) Rule #2: All Quarter Notes are Short Unless Marked Otherwise Similar to all eighths legato, all quarter notes are short. Short in jazz is not the same as short in Classical. In Classical, short means “as short as possible,” where in jazz it means “shorter than normal but with weight or attitude.” The syllable used for short notes is “Daht.” Notice how “Daht” has weight to it, yet it does not give the note full value. Compare this syllable with its use of the softer beginning “D” to the more percussive attack of the Classical “T” (Ta, Tet, etc.). When playing short notes, use the syllable in order to give the note its proper weight and length. I like to think of short notes as “Big Bubba Notes” – lots of attitude, nothing wimpy or pristine about them. This rule applies to all notes equal to a quarter note in length; ties across the bar/beat are included. Pay particular attention to ties across the bar equaling a quarter note, they are commonly overlooked. Be careful that your students do not rush the beat when playing quarter notes – the tendency is to speed things up because of the empty space created by playing the notes short. Be vigilant about keeping solid time/tempo, or as jazzers say, “keep it in the pocket.” Similar to Rule #1 and eighth notes, when the composer/arranger wants something other than short quarter notes, they will mark it in the part. (This would be the MO in UMO). Rule #3: All Notes Followed by Rests Are Short UMO In order to create angularity (which is needed in the middle of all the smooth eighths), jazzers use short notes. We have learned that this pertains to quarter notes, but it also applies to all notes followed by rests. Yes, even eighth notes. While this seems to contradict Rule #1, it is overruled by the fact that by making these particular notes short, we create angularity. It is this contrast between smooth and angularity that makes jazz so fascinating. Usually, phrases that stop on the beat will do so with quarter notes, and phrases that end off the beat, on the upbeat, use eighth notes. Be sure to keep using (Big Bubba) “Daht” for the short notes. Rule #4: Accent All Ties To give ties a sense of direction, accent them. When dealing with ties, be sure to distinguish ties those that equal a quarter note between those with a value longer than a quarter note. If the tie equals a quarter note, refer back to rule #2. While it depends on the music, not only do you accent ties but also a crescendo/decrescendo. This falls under the heading of general musicianship. By crescendoing the notes, you give the melodic line momentum. Rule #5: Triplets and Sixteenths Are Slurred UMO Triplets and sixteenths always present a problem for jazz beginners. Since the music is not generally marked properly, diligent students will attempt to tongue the individual notes for the triplets and sixteenths. This not only breaks the good swing feel, but can be very difficult to accomplish when the tempos are fast. (Imagine trying to tongue sixteenths when the tempo is 230!) What we end up doing (again with the jazz secrets) is slurring triplets and sixteenths, even though they are not marked that way. Of course, our friend UMO still applies. If the triplet/sixteenth grouping is preceded by an upbeat eighth-note, be sure to include the grouping with the Bebop Tonguing. Bebop Tonguing also applies to eighth notes after the grouping. Playing jazz can seem a daunting task with many unnotated elements. As we have seen, it is as simple as applying Bebop Tonguing and following five simple rules. Using these will demystify the idiosyncrasies of jazz. By following these guidelines, your students can blend in any situation and will be on their way to sounding and playing like true jazz players! Eric Ruyle earned a bachelors in Jazz Studies from McNeese State University, received a Masters from Youngstown State University in Woodwind Specialist, and did graduate work in Ethnomusicology at Kent State. He has performed in Mexico, Canada, Europe, and throughout the United States. A top call, Eric has worked with a wide variety of internationally known artists. His articles have been in such national journals as Instrumentalist and Flute Talk. While teaching for over twenty years, he has been with Lonestar College System since 2005. If you would like to receive our weekly newsletter, sign up here. Don’t forget to like us on Facebook too! Learn. Share. Inspire.

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CAPE GIRARDEAU, Mo. — Dewayne Schaaf is at the top of the courthouse steps with his two children on a perfect spring night, looking down the hill to the riverfront where almost 46 feet of water is pressing up against the flood wall that keeps the Mississippi River from pouring into the historic downtown. “This has happened twice, gosh, in what, the last 15, 16 months?” Schaaf said. “The more walls that are going up, and the man-made condensing of the water, the channelization, I'm not saying it's not climate change, but I think this is the biggest reason why we're seeing it here.” “I think it was an unforeseen thing that they knew might happen,” added Schaaf. “But I don't think they realized to the extent of what it is.” Scientists and the engineers who monitor the flow of the Mississippi are asking similar questions, as 100- and 500-year floods become more frequent along the Mississippi. They're beginning to examine whether flood walls, levees and the other structures added to the river since the historic floods of 1993 have caused more flooding and misery, especially as development has migrated to once-vulnerable floodplains now protected behind levees. And the question overtopping all: Will increased precipitation, a consequence of climate change already being seen in much of the United States, exacerbate spring flooding? “The scientific consensus I think is pretty clear here,” said David Stokes, executive director of the Great Rivers Habitat Alliance, which addresses issues affecting wetlands and promotes sensible use of floodplains in the confluence region of the Mississippi, Missouri and Illinois rivers. “The increased flooding we're seeing in many parts of the Midwest, it's a man-made phenomenon,” he said. “We're building in the floodplain, we're putting concrete and asphalt shopping centers where Mother Nature wanted to go, and we're over-channelizing the rivers top to bottom at the same time.” Climate change is “exacerbating poor choices that we've made on development,” he added. Since 2011, the 10-state Mississippi River corridor has seen $50 billion in natural disaster impacts, including a 100-year flood, a 200-year flood, a 500-year flood, a 50-year drought and two hurricanes, said Colin Wellenkamp, executive director of the Mississippi River Cities and Towns Initiative. “If this pattern continues, we're in for some expensive repeats going into the century,” he said. “How do we make it so that the way that we mitigate, we can still have the economic possibility and prospects that the Mississippi River provides? How do we learn to live with the river, not make the river live with us?” Wet storms that swept through a wide swath of the South and Midwest in recent weeks killed more than 20 people and flooded out towns perched on the banks of this mighty channel. The storm forced the closure of hundreds of roads in and around Missouri last week, including parts of both interstates 44 and 55 in and around St. Louis. Floodwaters hit near-record levels along the Meramec River, and in St. Louis, the Mississippi lapped up the steps leading to the base of the city's iconic arch. Farther south, farms and small towns in Illinois and Arkansas have been overrun with floodwaters. It's supposed to rain in the spring, and flooding has long been a part of life along the Mississippi. But in recent years, the frequency of major flooding events has been on the rise — and sometimes at unexpected times of year. Catastrophic flooding, often driven by unexpectedly heavy rain events, has swept through many states, and many of those big rain events caught people by surprise in places like Houston and Baton Rouge, La. Already, there's evidence that extreme rainfall events are on the rise and are expected to worsen in the coming years. The 2014 National Climate Assessment predicted that many U.S. communities will see extreme precipitation events more often as global temperatures rise. More water vapor in the atmosphere caused by higher global and sea temperatures means the intensity of extreme precipitation events is on the rise. People 'absolutely responsible' Researchers have been trying for some time to determine how much of a connection exists between climate change and extreme events like downpours. Kevin Trenberth, an atmospheric scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Colorado, gets asked the question so often about the connection between big rain events and climate change that he had this response via email: “Here we go again.” Trenberth described the recent weather throughout the Midwest as a “typical springtime situation bolstered by climate change.” Sea surface temperatures are higher because of climate change, he said, adding about 5 to 10 percent to precipitation levels. He attributes another 10 percent of extra moisture to weak El Niño conditions in the Pacific. Although spring rains and swollen rivers are inevitable along the Mississippi River and its tributaries, the flooding problems are almost entirely man-made, argues Bob Criss, a professor of geology at Washington University in St. Louis. Criss published research in 2015 suggesting that the Army Corps of Engineers is underestimating flood levels in the Midwest by failing to fully incorporate changes like new levees, expanding development and heavier downpours. In St. Louis, for example, Criss' research shows that the government is underestimating the reach of a 100-year storm by 5 ½ feet (Climatewire), July 9, 2015). Human-caused climate change has little to do with the human-caused flooding problems, Criss argued last week. “Believe me, I am concerned about what humans are doing,” he said. “That is not our hugest problem, and that does not explain this. This river constriction is the No. 1 cause. Heavier precipitation in four days, of course that's going to make these events more frequent. But the main flooding problem is that we don't get along properly with our rivers.” An article in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in the wake of the flooding found that about 40 percent of levees along the Mississippi River north of St. Louis are higher than their authorized heights. The reporting, which was based on findings of the Army Corps of Engineers, suggests that areas unprotected by levees might be bearing the brunt of the redirected waters. Even if exacerbated by climate change, spring floods wouldn't be as serious of a problem if local governments hadn't allowed development in vulnerable floodplains, Criss said. “Flood damage, human beings are absolutely responsible,” Criss said. “It does not take a rocket scientist to look at a map and see where floodplains are. We know where these low-lying areas are. And yet we seem to insist on building levees and thinking that developing in these low-lying areas is OK. And it's not OK.” Noah Diffenbaugh, a professor of earth system science at Stanford University, was the lead author of a study in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences released last week detailing a four-step framework for testing whether global warming contributes to record-setting weather events. Climate change means communities must re-evaluate hazards, exposure and risk, said Diffenbaugh. All of them contribute, he said, and an exclusive focus on any one dimension, whether it's levees that are too high or the effects of global warming, “doesn't give people accurate answers.” “It's clear just from the disaster losses in the U.S. on an annual basis that we're not adapted to the climate we have now,” he said. “Americans will be more safe and more secure if the management of those risks also acknowledges that the climate is changing. We have a lot of opportunity to catch up with the climate change that's already happening, and prepare for the climate of the future.” Wall can stop 55 feet of water In Cape Girardeau, which sits behind a flood wall that runs more than a mile along the river, Mayor Harry Rediger sees the barrier as a requirement for living along a mighty waterway — even as he acknowledges that it'd be near-impossible to get the funding for such a project today. Finished in 1964, the wall is designed to withstand floods up to 55 feet. So far, the highest floodwaters seen in Cape Girardeau came last year, when waters crested after a December storm at 48.86 feet. The most recent floodwaters, expected to go down in the history books as the sixth highest in a city that dates to 1793, crested at 45.99 feet. “There not an expense project, they're an investment,” Rediger said of the flood wall, while giving a reporter a tour of the city and its flood-defense infrastructure. “They're an investment because they mitigate future damage, and just have paid for themselves so many times.” “We're very fortunate to have gotten this,” he said. “Very fortunate.” Schaaf and his family live on the edge of the city's Red Star neighborhood north of the flood wall. His family lives on a hill, but the sloped, lower part of their backyard is vulnerable to flooding. They had to fight to get into a lower flood-insurance premium category by proving that their home was at higher elevation than the flood-prone lower yard, said Schaaf. Over time, the city has bought out many of the lower-lying homes, and would like to buy out more in the neighborhood, Rediger said. The buyouts have given the city a floodplain that can hold excess floodwaters. Eventually, he envisions an RV park adjacent to the casino, one that could be easily evacuated when waters rise. “The buyouts in that area have saved a lot of grief for a lot of people and a lot of damage,” he said. Many of those who live in the neighborhood are renters who say they've seen enough. Rhonda Weaks, 53, was out sweeping her front walk after her son, Wesley Myers, 18, mowed the grass Sunday afternoon. River waters crept up almost to the top of that same walk in early 2016, the last time they had such severe flooding, Weaks said. It was shortly after they moved in. Now, they're considering moving back to South Dakota. “I'm tired of the river coming and visiting,” Weaks said. Reprinted from Climatewire with permission from E&E News. E&E provides daily coverage of essential energy and environmental news at www.eenews.net.

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Introduction The main focus of solid state physics is on macroscopic properties of solid materials that result from interactions between atoms. One emergent property is disorder that arises from geometric frustration. Frustration is the inability of a material to find a single ground state and instead has a highly degenerate ground state. The reason for this is because the geometry of the crystal is such that any arrangement of spins on the lattice cannot simultaneously satisfy all interactions. For instance, there is no possible configuration of four Ising spins on the vertices of a tetrahedron where they will all align antiferromagnetically (see Fig. 1). The size of the frustration parameter f, defined by the ratio of the Curie-Weiss temperature and the expected mean field ordering temperature (Néel temperature) or θCW/TN, is used to determine the extent of the frustration in a material. The heat capacity was measured at constant pressure using a PPMS (Physical Property Measurement System, Quantum Design). To do this, PPMS uses an adiabatic relaxation process where a known heat pulse is added to the system, and the corresponding temperature change is noted. The magnetic susceptibility was measured using a SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) where small changes in the magnetic field gives rise to resistance that is detected. Results and Analysis X-Ray Diffraction: The x-ray diffraction pattern of crystallized Pr2Zr2O7, minus the background, is shown in Fig. 4. The background data was subtracted and the raw data was fit by varying parameters, like scale factors and peak width, in a program called FullProf. This same program was able to locate the Bragg peaks, marked with black lines in Figure 4. These peaks are the points at which an atom is located and using a transformation, or in this case, a fit to a previously known diffraction pattern, the distance of the atoms can be found. After the data fit, the lattice parameters a, b, and c are determine to be 10.7146 ± 0.00029 Å and confirmed to have a cubic pyrochlore crystal structure of single phase (Fig. 5). Quantum Magnetism in the New Pyrochlore Compound Pr2Zr2O7Alison Pawlicki, Dr. Christopher Wiebe Florida State University, NHMFL Figure 6. The heat capacity of Pr2Zr2O7 fits Einstein’s model above 30 K and deviates below 30 K. There appears to be a second order phase transition at about 4 K . It is clear from the graph on the right that the heat capacity does not reach zero in the limit of zero Kelvin, which is seems to contradict the Third law of Thermodynamics. Figure 2. The cubic pyrochlore crystal structure is composed cored sharing tetrahedra and its geometry leads to frustration in materials. The 3D structure is pictured in green and the 2D structure is shown as a shadow in black. Figure 1. Antiferromagnetic interacting spins arranged on the vertices of a tetrahedral. Because of the geometry, it is not possible to satisfy the interactions between all of the spins and thus it is said to be geometrically frustrated. Figure 4. X-ray diffraction pattern for crystallized Pr2Zr2O7. The background (purple) was subtracted from the raw data and was fit to a previously known diffraction pattern (black) to determine the lattice parameters a, b, and c. From this pattern, it is confined that Pr2Zr2O7 has a cubic pryochlore crystal structure of single phase. Figure 7. The entropy per mole of Pr2Zr2O7 does not reach zero in the limit of zero Kelvin. Instead, there is a large residual entropy. This seems to be contrary to the Third Law of Thermodynamics. Figure 8. The inverse of the magnetic susceptibility is linear which is characteristic of paramagnetism. The data was fit to the Curie-Weiss Law to determine the Curie constant and Curie-Weiss temperature. In this study, we focus on a pyrochlore compound, Pr2Zr2O7. Its crystal structure is composed of corner sharing tetrahedra and by extending the instance explained above, it is clear that this structure exhibits geometric frustration (see Fig. 5). An interesting feature of the heat capacity, which will be discussed further later on, is that there may be a quantum phase transition in applied magnetic fields. Due to the uncertainty principle, quantum fluctuations exist in materials, and these effects can even induce a phase transition at zero Kelvin. This is analogous to thermal fluctuations causing a phase transition, such as from water to ice, but the power laws governing the order parameters at quantum phase transitions is still a matter of debate. Abstract: The pyrochlores, of chemical formula A2B2O7, have been the target of intense investigation for the last few decades due to a phenomenon called geometric frustration. The electronic spins on the A-sites are located on the vertices of a corner-sharing tetrahedral pattern and cannot align in a conventional antiferromagnetic ground state in such a way as to simultaneously minimize the energy associated with the competing interactions. The result is that many of these systems do not order at low temperatures and appear to violate the third law of thermodynamics with an enormous amount of residual entropy. The new compound Pr2Zr2O7 has been synthesized at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory to search for such exotic states. Single crystals have been grown using the floating zone image furnace and x-ray diffraction. Low temperature susceptibility measurements and heat capacity experiments have been completed to learn about how the entropy is released in the limit of zero Kelvin. Magnetic Susceptibility: The magnetic susceptibility of Pr2Zr2O7 is what was expected and this material is confirmed to be paramagnetic. At high temperature (300 K to 100 K), the susceptibility was fit to the Curie-Weiss Law with an adjusted R-squared value of 0.99913. From this, the Curie constant is found to be 2.678 ± 0.002 and the Curie-Weiss temperature is found to be -4.2 ± 0.4 K. The Curie constant is consistent with a moment of 3.27 Bohr magnetons on the Pr3+ site (which is close to the literature value of 3.5). Using the Curie-Weiss temperature and 1.8 K as an upper bound on the Néel ordering temperature, the lower bound on the amount of frustration f is calculated to be 2.33. Pr Experimental Procedure Two rods (10g total) of Pr2Zr2O7 powder were made by a solid state reaction between Pr2O3 and ZrO3. Pr2O3 + 2ZrO2 →Pr2Zr2O7 The rods were placed in the center of an image furnace where one rod was positions just above and the other rod was positioned just below an area of focused light (see Fig. 3). The light was produced by a special bulb and focused by two concave gold mirrors at either end of the furnace. The rods were slowly rotated in oppositions and brought close together so that the top rod melted into the lower. The material was gradually cooled to form a crystal. Powder x-ray diffraction was used to determine the structure of the crystal. Zr O Conclusions The new pryochlore compound Pr2Zr2O7 was successfully made into a crystal of single phase. Because of the geometry of the crystal structure, Pr2Zr2O7 is frustrated and exhibits novel properties. From the heat capacity measurements and fit to Einstein's model, it is clear that there is interesting magnetic behavior at low temperatures. Since the data cannot be fit to a Schottky anomaly feature, it is concluded that the magnetic behavior is not due to crystal-field transitions. It seems that there is a phase transition at about 4 K where the material attempts to order. Another noticeable feature of the heat capacity is that that there is a large residual entropy in the limit of low temperatures where theses highly degenerate ground states are targets of study by many research groups. From the magnetic susceptibility measurements and calculations the dominate interaction is found to be antiferromagnetic and the amount of frustration is found to have a lower bound of 2.33, which indicates that Pr2Zr2O7 is potentially highly to moderately frustrated, . To further investigate this novel behavior in Pr2Zr2O7, heat capacity measurements below 1.8 K and a neutron scattering experiment would provide better insight into the magnetic ordering of this material. Figure 5. Unit cell of crystallized Pr2Zr2O7. The lattice parameters a, b, and c are the dimensions of the cube. The pink bonds between the atoms forms a corner-sharing tetrahedral pattern which is characteristic of a cubic pryochlore crystal structure. Left: All bonds are displayed where the yellow bonds are between the zirconium oxide molecules and the pink bonds are between the praseodymium atoms . Right: Only the bonds between the praseodymium atoms are displayed to bring attention to the similarities in figure 2. Heat Capacity: At high temperature (above 30 K), the heat capacity of Pr2Zr2O7 was fit to Einstein's heat capacity model to see how it deviates at low temperature. These deviations are magnetic in origin, and either due to crystal-field transitions in Pr3+ ions, or due to magnetic short-ranged ordering. The crystal-field hypothesis was tested by fitting our data to a Schottky anomaly feature, but with no success. Just above 25 K, the heat capacity departs from the Einstein model and there seems to be a feature at 4 K. It is clear from Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 that there is a magnetic component to the heat capacity at low temperatures. We believe that this could be due to some sort of magnetic short-ranged ordering. Acknowledgements Special thanks to Chris Wiebe, who oversaw this project, for providing insight and guidance. Thanks to Haidong Zhou for helping to acquire the data . Also, thanks to the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory where the research was carried out. This work was funded by the National Science Foundation and the EIEG program. Figure 3. Left: Side view of the Image Furnace. The clear center section is where the light is focused and where the rods were placed. Right: End view of the Image Furnace. This is where one of the concave gold mirrors, used to focus the light, is located.

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We hear about Martin Luther and the 95 Theses that launched the Reformation. And I always wondered what that document actually said. Today’s blog post is a primary source. It’s a translation of Luther’s statements, and you can study, scan, or just reference as you like. After-all, it’s important to read primary sources, and this is one of those primary sources that altered the course of history. Keep in mind that the sale of indulgences (a sort of “free pass” to heaven or around punishment for sin) was one of the main triggers that prompted Luther to pen these words. Out of love for the truth and from desire to elucidate it, the Reverend Father Martin Luther, Master of Arts and Sacred Theology, and ordinary lecturer therein at Wittenberg, intends to defend the following statements and to dispute on them in that place. Therefore he asks that those who cannot be present and dispute with him orally shall do so in their absence by letter. In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, Amen. - When our Lord and Master Jesus Christ said, “Repent” (Mt 4:17), he willed the entire life of believers to be one of repentance. - This word cannot be understood as referring to the sacrament of penance, that is, confession and satisfaction, as administered by the clergy. - Yet it does not mean solely inner repentance; such inner repentance is worthless unless it produces various outward mortification of the flesh. - The penalty of sin remains as long as the hatred of self (that is, true inner repentance), namely till our entrance into the kingdom of heaven. - The pope neither desires nor is able to remit any penalties except those imposed by his own authority or that of the canons. - The pope cannot remit any guilt, except by declaring and showing that it has been remitted by God; or, to be sure, by remitting guilt in cases reserved to his judgment. If his right to grant remission in these cases were disregarded, the guilt would certainly remain unforgiven. - God remits guilt to no one unless at the same time he humbles him in all things and makes him submissive to the vicar, the priest. - The penitential canons are imposed only on the living, and, according to the canons themselves, nothing should be imposed on the dying. - Therefore the Holy Spirit through the pope is kind to us insofar as the pope in his decrees always makes exception of the article of death and of necessity. - Those priests act ignorantly and wickedly who, in the case of the dying, reserve canonical penalties for purgatory. - Those tares of changing the canonical penalty to the penalty of purgatory were evidently sown while the bishops slept (Mt 13:25). In former times canonical penalties were imposed, not after, but before absolution, as tests of true contrition. - The dying are freed by death from all penalties, are already dead as far as the canon laws are concerned, and have a right to be released from them. - Imperfect piety or love on the part of the dying person necessarily brings with it great fear; and the smaller the love, the greater the fear. - This fear or horror is sufficient in itself, to say nothing of other things, to constitute the penalty of purgatory, since it is very near to the horror of despair. - Hell, purgatory, and heaven seem to differ the same as despair, fear, and assurance of salvation. - It seems as though for the souls in purgatory fear should necessarily decrease and love increase. - Furthermore, it does not seem proved, either by reason or by Scripture, that souls in purgatory are outside the state of merit, that is, unable to grow in love. - Nor does it seem proved that souls in purgatory, at least not all of them, are certain and assured of their own salvation, even if we ourselves may be entirely certain of it. - Therefore the pope, when he uses the words “plenary remission of all penalties,” does not actually mean “all penalties,” but only those imposed by himself. - Thus those indulgence preachers are in error who say that a man is absolved from every penalty and saved by papal indulgences. - As a matter of fact, the pope remits to souls in purgatory no penalty which, according to canon law, they should have paid in this life. - If remission of all penalties whatsoever could be granted to anyone at all, certainly it would be granted only to the most perfect, that is, to very few. - For this reason most people are necessarily deceived by that indiscriminate and high-sounding promise of release from penalty. - That power which the pope has in general over purgatory corresponds to the power which any bishop or curate has in a particular way in his own diocese and parish. - The pope does very well when he grants remission to souls in purgatory, not by the power of the keys, which he does not have, but by way of intercession for them. - They preach only human doctrines who say that as soon as the money clinks into the money chest, the soul flies out of purgatory. - It is certain that when money clinks in the money chest, greed and avarice can be increased; but when the church intercedes, the result is in the hands of God alone. - Who knows whether all souls in purgatory wish to be redeemed, since we have exceptions in St. Severinus and St. Paschal, as related in a legend. - No one is sure of the integrity of his own contrition, much less of having received plenary remission. - The man who actually buys indulgences is as rare as he who is really penitent; indeed, he is exceedingly rare. - Those who believe that they can be certain of their salvation because they have indulgence letters will be eternally damned, together with their teachers. - Men must especially be on guard against those who say that the pope’s pardons are that inestimable gift of God by which man is reconciled to him. - For the graces of indulgences are concerned only with the penalties of sacramental satisfaction established by man. - They who teach that contrition is not necessary on the part of those who intend to buy souls out of purgatory or to buy confessional privileges preach unchristian doctrine. - Any truly repentant Christian has a right to full remission of penalty and guilt, even without indulgence letters. - Any true Christian, whether living or dead, participates in all the blessings of Christ and the church; and this is granted him by God, even without indulgence letters. - Nevertheless, papal remission and blessing are by no means to be disregarded, for they are, as I have said (Thesis 6), the proclamation of the divine remission. - It is very difficult, even for the most learned theologians, at one and the same time to commend to the people the bounty of indulgences and the need of true contrition. - A Christian who is truly contrite seeks and loves to pay penalties for his sins; the bounty of indulgences, however, relaxes penalties and causes men to hate them — at least it furnishes occasion for hating them. - Papal indulgences must be preached with caution, lest people erroneously think that they are preferable to other good works of love. - Christians are to be taught that the pope does not intend that the buying of indulgences should in any way be compared with works of mercy. - Christians are to be taught that he who gives to the poor or lends to the needy does a better deed than he who buys indulgences. - Because love grows by works of love, man thereby becomes better. Man does not, however, become better by means of indulgences but is merely freed from penalties. - Christians are to be taught that he who sees a needy man and passes him by, yet gives his money for indulgences, does not buy papal indulgences but God’s wrath. - Christians are to be taught that, unless they have more than they need, they must reserve enough for their family needs and by no means squander it on indulgences. - Christians are to be taught that they buying of indulgences is a matter of free choice, not commanded. - Christians are to be taught that the pope, in granting indulgences, needs and thus desires their devout prayer more than their money. - Christians are to be taught that papal indulgences are useful only if they do not put their trust in them, but very harmful if they lose their fear of God because of them. - Christians are to be taught that if the pope knew the exactions of the indulgence preachers, he would rather that the basilica of St. Peter were burned to ashes than built up with the skin, flesh, and bones of his sheep. - Christians are to be taught that the pope would and should wish to give of his own money, even though he had to sell the basilica of St. Peter, to many of those from whom certain hawkers of indulgences cajole money. - It is vain to trust in salvation by indulgence letters, even though the indulgence commissary, or even the pope, were to offer his soul as security. - They are the enemies of Christ and the pope who forbid altogether the preaching of the Word of God in some churches in order that indulgences may be preached in others. - Injury is done to the Word of God when, in the same sermon, an equal or larger amount of time is devoted to indulgences than to the Word. - It is certainly the pope’s sentiment that if indulgences, which are a very insignificant thing, are celebrated with one bell, one procession, and one ceremony, then the gospel, which is the very greatest thing, should be preached with a hundred bells, a hundred processions, a hundred ceremonies. The true treasures of the church, out of which the pope distributes indulgences, are not sufficiently discussed or known among the people of Christ. - That indulgences are not temporal treasures is certainly clear, for many indulgence sellers do not distribute them freely but only gather them. - Nor are they the merits of Christ and the saints, for, even without the pope, the latter always work grace for the inner man, and the cross, death, and hell for the outer man. - St. Lawrence said that the poor of the church were the treasures of the church, but he spoke according to the usage of the word in his own time. - Without want of consideration we say that the keys of the church, given by the merits of Christ, are that treasure. - For it is clear that the pope’s power is of itself sufficient for the remission of penalties and cases reserved by himself. - The true treasure of the church is the most holy gospel of the glory and grace of God. - But this treasure is naturally most odious, for it makes the first to be last (Mt. 20:16). - On the other hand, the treasure of indulgences is naturally most acceptable, for it makes the last to be first. - Therefore the treasures of the gospel are nets with which one formerly fished for men of wealth. - The treasures of indulgences are nets with which one now fishes for the wealth of men. - The indulgences which the demagogues acclaim as the greatest graces are actually understood to be such only insofar as they promote gain. - They are nevertheless in truth the most insignificant graces when compared with the grace of God and the piety of the cross. - Bishops and curates are bound to admit the commissaries of papal indulgences with all reverence. - But they are much more bound to strain their eyes and ears lest these men preach their own dreams instead of what the pope has commissioned. - Let him who speaks against the truth concerning papal indulgences be anathema and accursed. - But let him who guards against the lust and license of the indulgence preachers be blessed. - Just as the pope justly thunders against those who by any means whatever contrive harm to the sale of indulgences. - Much more does he intend to thunder against those who use indulgences as a pretext to contrive harm to holy love and truth. - To consider papal indulgences so great that they could absolve a man even if he had done the impossible and had violated the mother of God is madness. - We say on the contrary that papal indulgences cannot remove the very least of venial sins as far as guilt is concerned. - To say that even St. Peter if he were now pope, could not grant greater graces is blasphemy against St. Peter and the pope. - We say on the contrary that even the present pope, or any pope whatsoever, has greater graces at his disposal, that is, the gospel, spiritual powers, gifts of healing, etc., as it is written. (1 Co 12[:28]) - To say that the cross emblazoned with the papal coat of arms, and set up by the indulgence preachers is equal in worth to the cross of Christ is blasphemy. - The bishops, curates, and theologians who permit such talk to be spread among the people will have to answer for this. - This unbridled preaching of indulgences makes it difficult even for learned men to rescue the reverence which is due the pope from slander or from the shrewd questions of the laity. - Such as: “Why does not the pope empty purgatory for the sake of holy love and the dire need of the souls that are there if he redeems an infinite number of souls for the sake of miserable money with which to build a church?” The former reason would be most just; the latter is most trivial. - Again, “Why are funeral and anniversary masses for the dead continued and why does he not return or permit the withdrawal of the endowments founded for them, since it is wrong to pray for the redeemed?” - Again, “What is this new piety of God and the pope that for a consideration of money they permit a man who is impious and their enemy to buy out of purgatory the pious soul of a friend of God and do not rather, beca use of the need of that pious and beloved soul, free it for pure love’s sake?” - Again, “Why are the penitential canons, long since abrogated and dead in actual fact and through disuse, now satisfied by the granting of indulgences as though they were still alive and in force?” - Again, “Why does not the pope, whose wealth is today greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus, build this one basilica of St. Peter with his own money rather than with the money of poor believers?” - Again, “What does the pope remit or grant to those who by perfect contrition already have a right to full remission and blessings?” - Again, “What greater blessing could come to the church than if the pope were to bestow these remissions and blessings on every believer a hundred times a day, as he now does but once?” - “Since the pope seeks the salvation of souls rather than money by his indulgences, why does he suspend the indulgences and pardons previously granted when they have equal efficacy?” To repress these very sharp arguments of the laity by force alone, and not to resolve them by giving reasons, is to expose the church and the pope to the ridicule of their enemies and to make Christians unhappy. - If, therefore, indulgences were preached according to the spirit and intention of the pope, all these doubts would be readily resolved. Indeed, they would not exist. - Away, then, with all those prophets who say to the people of Christ, “Peace, peace,” and there is no peace! (Jer 6:14) - Blessed be all those prophets who say to the people of Christ, “Cross, cross,” and there is no cross! - Christians should be exhorted to be diligent in following Christ, their Head, through penalties, death and hell. - And thus be confident of entering into heaven through many tribulations rather than through the false security of peace (Acts 14:22). And if you read to the end of this usually long post – congratulations! Join us next week for an shorter post, focusing honestly (not legendarily) on the life of Martin Luther. P.S. Had you read this historical text before?

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How does solar power work? Solar power works by turning the sun's energy into electricity. For our purposes, the sun generates two types of energy: electricity and heat. Solar panels, which range in size from residential roofs to large-scale solar farms spanning hundreds of acres of rural land, are used to create both. Is solar power a clean energy source? Yes, solar power is a renewable and unlimited energy source; energy will be released as long as the sun shines. Another clean energy benefit of solar power is that, unlike burning fossil fuels, it produces no damaging greenhouse gas emissions when converted to electricity. Solar panels have a low carbon impact because they may endure for 25 years without losing efficiency. Furthermore, because the materials used in the panels are increasingly recyclable, the carbon footprint will continue to decrease. When was solar power discovered? Humans have been using solar energy since the 7th century B.C. when they harnessed the sun's rays to light fires by reflecting them off bright things. The Greeks and Romans then harnessed solar power using mirrors to light torches for religious rites in the 3rd century B.C. While experimenting with a cell consisting of metal electrodes in a conducting fluid in 1839, at the age of 19, French physicist Edmond Becquerel discovered the photovoltaic (P.V.) phenomenon. He noticed that when the cell was exposed to light, it produced more power. The silicon P.V. cell, invented by Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller, and Gerald Pearson at Bell Labs in 1954, was the first solar cell capable of converting enough sunlight into energy to power standard electrical equipment. Solar energy is being used to power satellites, which orbit the Earth. How is solar energy converted into electricity? Solar panels are typically constructed of silicon and are housed in a metal panel frame with a glass enclosure. Electrons are knocked off silicon atoms when photons, or light particles, hit the thin silicon layer on the top of a solar panel. The solar panel wire collects the electric current generated by the P.V. charge. The type of electrical current used when plugging appliances into standard wall sockets is known as A.C. WHAT ARE SOLAR CELLS MADE UP OF? What are solar cells made of and how are they manufactured is a commonly asked topic. After all, solar panels are made up of several solar cells that collect and convert sunlight into electricity. This article explains what solar cells are, how they're created, and the many materials used to make them. What Are Solar Cells? Solar cells, commonly known as photovoltaic cells (P.V.), use sunlight to create energy. This is not to be confused with thermal photovoltaic cells (PVT) used to heat water in the home. Photovoltaic cells are electrically linked and neatly organized onto a massive frame called a solar panel. The solar cells themselves are silicon semiconductors that collect sunlight and convert it to energy. Solar panels now utilized for household purposes can only convert around 20% of the sunshine they absorb into power. Solar efficiency is the term for this. There are a variety of additional types of solar cells that are utilized in commercial and industrial applications. These can achieve efficiency ratings of up to 40%, although they are often more expensive than domestic versions. One of the best things about solar technology is continually improving, resulting in higher overall quality and efficiency. With more study and development, it is predicted that this number will only rise. Similarly, as these factors improve, the cost of solar panels is projected to decrease, making them more accessible to a more extensive range of individuals. How Solar Cells Are Made Stage One: Purifying the siliconAn electric arc furnace is used to melt silicon dioxide. After that, a carbon arc is used to liberate the oxygen. Carbon dioxide and molten silicon are the end products. This produces silicon with just 1% impurity, which is helpful in a variety of sectors. It is not, however, pure enough for solar cells.Stage Two: Making single crystal siliconSilicon boules are used to make solar cells. These are polycrystalline formations with a single crystal's atomic structure. The Czochralski technique is the most widely utilized method for making boules. A seed crystal of silicon is dipped into molten polycrystalline silicon during this procedure. The seed crystal is rotated as it is removed, resulting in a cylindrical ingot, or boule, of silicon. Because all impurities are left in the liquid, the bar is entirely pure. Stage Three: Making silicon wafersIndividual silicon wafers from the boule are sliced using a circular saw with an inner diameter that cuts through the rod. Slicing is best done using a diamond saw, which produces a cut as wide as the wafer. Around half of the silicon in the boule is lost when the wafer is cut into a rectangular or hexagonal form; however, more can be lost if the wafer is sliced into a rectangular or hexagonal shape. Stage Four: DopingA tiny particle accelerator is used to 'shoot' the phosphorous ions into the nugget in the most recent technique of doping (also known as introducing impurities to the silicon wafers) silicon with phosphorous. It is possible to regulate the depth of penetration by changing the speed of the ions. Stage Five: Placing electrical contactsEach solar cell is connected to the other via electrical connections and the receiver of the generated electricity. The contact must be fragile to allow the cell to absorb as much sunlight as possible. Stage Six: The anti-reflective coatingBecause pure silicon is naturally lustrous, it may reflect up to 35% of the light it receives. An anti-reflective coating is applied to the silicon wafer to decrease the quantity of sunlight lost. Titanium dioxide and silicon oxide are the most often utilized coatings. The coating material is sputtered or heated until its molecules boil out and travel to the silicon to condense. Stage Seven: Encapsulating the cellThe solar cells have now been encased. They are covered in silicon rubber or ethylene-vinyl acetate in this way. Does Solar Power Save Energy? Using solar energy to power our daily life is an exciting idea that is now being realized in many homes and businesses. However, not everyone understands how it works, and the benefits of solar energy might be misunderstood. Many people have questions about renewable energy and green technologies, but one of the most common ones is, "Does solar electricity save energy?" According to the first rule of thermodynamics, energy can be transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. To put it another way, the only way to preserve energy is not to use it. Solar power is a renewable energy source; however, it is not an energy conservation strategy. Instead, it is a strategy for lowering our reliance on fossil fuels. Solar power can reduce pollution Ivanpah, the world's most extensive solar thermal power facility, is located in California's Mojave Desert. The solar power plant can provide enough electricity to power 140,000 California households per year. Ivanpah uses solar energy to power a steam-powered turbine, which is not the same technology as solar panels. Consider a coal-fired power station. The heat from fossil fuels causes a turbine to spin. This is a continuous process, which implies that coal is continuously burned. There is almost little pollution when solar electricity is used. How solar power may save you money Instead of conserving energy, solar power has the potential to save you money. You may be your power plant and contribute to the grid by installing solar panels at your home and remaining linked to the electrical grid. Solar panels may be able to gather more energy than you use when the sun shines all day, and there are no clouds in the sky. Any extra energy from your house is exported to the electric grid, lowering the demand for electricity generated by your utility and reducing pollution from your local power plant. Your utility may give you credit if you create energy for the grid. Types of Solar Energy & Solar Power One of the Earth's life support systems is the sun. The task is to gather a portion of this heat and radiant energy. Solar energy is transformed into useable energy, and the sort of energy it is converted into are the two most frequent methods of looking at solar energy and its type. In this article, we'll go through the many methods for converting solar energy into various forms of usable power, as well as its subtypes.Solar energy may be turned into usable energy in two ways:• Passive Solar Energy • Active Solar EnergyThe method of harnessing the sun without the use of mechanical equipment is known as passive solar energy. Stagnant solar energy is used to provide natural illumination and heat through the use of sun-facing windows. Meanwhile, active solar energy is defined as the conversion of solar energy into useable energy using mechanical devices and the collection, storage, and distribution of energy for future use. Active solar energy may be used in a variety of ways to benefit the environment. While we're talking about the several ways solar energy may be used, it's also essential to know what kinds of energy it can be transformed into.The three most valuable kinds are as follows:• Solar Thermal Energy • Concentrating Solar Power • Photovoltaic Solar PowerThe energy is generated by converting solar energy into electricity, which is then stored and used later. Photovoltaic solar cells are used for this conversion. Semiconductors turn light into energy when it strikes a photovoltaic cell. A solar panel comprises multiple cells that produce direct current before being converted to alternating power by an inverter. These panels may be used in remote systems or many plants to produce electricity from the sun, the most abundant renewable energy source on the planet. We may utilize photovoltaic solar power for solar energy, photovoltaic cooling, and photovoltaic solar lighting, among other solar applications. Solar Panel Installation Process The roof is the most typical site for solar P.V. panels to be installed. The necessary installation criteria are usually present on most rooftops, ensuring that panels get the most significant amount of sunshine. The steps for installing solar panels on a roof are as follows: 1. Scaffolding should be set up first. First, you must build scaffolding to protect your safety while on the roof throughout the installation procedure. 2. Set up the solar panel mounts This will serve as the base for the solar panels. To get the most solar exposure, the entire mounting structure must be slanted at an angle of 18 to 36 degrees. 3. Put the Solar Panels in Place The solar panel must be placed on the mounting framework after the mounts are in place. Please make sure all of the bolts and nuts are tightened to keep it sturdy. 4. Connect the Solar Panels to the Power Source The electrical wiring is the next phase in the installation procedure. Because MC4 connectors are compatible with all types of solar panels, they are widely utilized. During the wire installation, make sure to turn off the power to the house. 5. Set up a solar inverter After that, the system must be linked to the solar inverter. It's usually mounted near the main panel and may be found both indoors and out. If it's put inside, the garage or utility room are typically the best options because they're cold and have airflow for most of the year. 6. Combine the use of a solar inverter and a solar battery. Solar battery storage can help you avoid worrying about a shortage of useable energy on overcast days, as well as reduce the cost of installing a solar battery storage system. 7. Connect the consumer unit to the inverter. To generate power, the inverter must be linked to the consumer unit. A generation meter should also be installed to track the quantity of power generated by the solar panels. You may examine the operation of your solar system using your computer or another device. You may, for example, look at how much power you create at different times and determine when the best time is to use your washing machine or other utilities. 8. Turn on the solar panels and put them to the test The next step is to turn on the electricity and test the solar panel system that has just been installed. The method for installing solar panels is then completed. More solar energy strikes the planet every day than the world's present population can use in a year. Let us continue to work together to harness this immense potential and put it to good use. It will be interesting to watch the solar business in the next several years, with efficiency improving, cost falling every day, and new technologies being tested.

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Last updated on February 9th, 2019 Graphic designers express their message of a design through colors. But only a strategically used color will evoke an intended emotion from the viewers. The decision to incorporate specific colors is usually taken first by considering the brand personality of a company. So, a designer may pick up warm or cool colors or may combine them to create a unique logo design. Graphic designers lay so much emphasis on the right selection of colors when designing a logo. This is because the human mind is sensitive to visuals and responds quickly to what it sees. Colors strike our minds either consciously or subconsciously. So, the message from the color is any way registered in our mind. Remember that the message may be positive or negative. For example, if a logo evokes some passion, it is the message it wants to convey to the viewers. But if the designer wrongly uses a different color, that too will evoke a wrong emotion. Such a logo will not be able to target customers. But the viewers will get a message, though it will not be the one a company wanted. Modern graphic designers know about the psychology of colors. They use the psychology to bring resonance to their logo designs or other designs. Companies make good use of the emotional impact of colors to drive customers. So, a professional designer has a good knowledge of how colors work in a design. Colors are mainly categorized as warm and cool. But warm and cool indicate temperature. So, can colors make a surrounding feel warm and cool? Well, that is not the case. We call colors warm because they psychologically make us feel warm. For example, if you live in a hot climate and want to get some relaxing feel, use cool colors in your home interior. Likewise, to feel warmer in cold climate, use warm colors. Colors may also have an effect on visible light too. For instance, cool colors reflect more light than dark or warm colors. This means that to lighten up a darker space that receives little sunlight, you should use light-reflecting cool colors. Similarly, if a room gets too much light, to tone down its effect, use darker colors, which may be warm or cool colors. Invite your friends and families to learn more about our industry-leading graphic design marketplace. When you join our referral program, you’ll be given a unique link to start sharing right away. You’ll earn 10% of your referrals total packages amount in cash whenever they complete their first contest through your link. Plus, your friends will also get a free $100 Super Upgrade! Colors are of crucial importance to the logo designers when they want to describe a logo that creates a message for its customers. One of the reasons for colors being so vital to designing of logos is that they are capable of evoking specific emotions. In fact, most of the arts such as paintings, drama, films and others use colors to create a right environment for human emotions. Colors Are Basically Of Two Types – warm and cool. The logo designers make a wise choice from these categories in keeping with the nature of a client’s business. But, studying the business and its customers’ lifestyle is also important in order to send a correct business message by incorporating right Logo Design Colors. Here Are Some Use Of Warm And Cool Logo Design 01. Warm Colors On the color wheel, warm colors range from yellow to red-purple. Those colors that are reminiscent to fire or the sun are called warm colors. These colors and hues are reds, oranges, yellows and pinks. But when we say that a color is warm or cool, we take its emotional and psychological meaning. The reflective properties and light absorption properties of colors have nothing to do with the warmth or coolness of colors. So, when we say that a color is warm or cool, it shows its place on the color wheel. Looking for a logo design? We have helped thousands of business owners from all around the world with their graphic design needs such as a logo design, website design, social media posts, banner and much more. Get Your Logo DesignGet a free quote Warm colors are red and yellow. Red is the color for sizzling passion of love, energy, excitement and adventure. Therefore, red is the color to catch the consumer’s’ attention. Most of the fast food companies use red in their logos in order to secure attention of the customers. Businesses involved in vehicle manufacturing also use red to depict energy. CNN, Lays, Toyota, Macdonald, Coca Cola are some of the famous brands using red in their logos. Yellow is another warm color that is used for catching the attention of viewers. This color depicts playfulness, positivity, sunshine, warmth, joy and concern. Businesses use yellow in logo design to show positive and sunny image of their products and services. Shell, National Geographic, Nikon and DHL are some of the global brands using yellow in logos. Graphic designers take warm colors as energetic and vivid. A psychological impact on the viewers is that these colors make the surrounding seem larger, friendly, inviting and appealing. These colors express warmth of relationship. So, the designers usually pick warm colors to convey energy, sociability, and happiness. Take for example the McDonald’s logo design. It has yellow and red as two warm colors that stand for the energy of young people who are the target customers for the fast food chain. Here is a quick description of warm colors. We give here the emotions associated with the colors. Reds – Passion, love, anger, hunger, urgency Oranges – Attraction, youth, attention, health, wealth Yellow – Optimism, freshness,childishness, warmth, cheer Pinks – Romance, innocence, sensitivity, sympathetic, sensitivity, tenderness 02. When To Use Warm Colors? Graphic designers generally use warm colors when emotions such as energy, enthusiasm, happiness, etc. are to be conveyed. You should think of using warm colors only when your client’s brand message has some form of aggressiveness in it. This implies that a feeling of passion and love is best expressed through the use of warm colors. So, first get your brand personality and its message. When designing a logo, you can use these colors with cool colors but make sure that you know how to use the contrasting hues together. Your message will be the basis for the selection of the colors. However, warm colors like red are difficult to incorporate in a design. This is because red can easily overpower the other colors in a design. Similarly, pink may appear as too famine a color for your brand message. What matters is the way you mix and pair colors as per the demand of your message. Some logo designers like to use white or simple neutrals when working with warm colors. This method helps them in making the colors feel bright, crisp and clean. If you use dark color scheme, the opposite result will be the outcome if you desire so. If you want to create a contrasting effect, place super-bright warm colors against a static background. This technique will also help you in creating other graphic designs such as a website design with a desired impact on viewers. A way to work with warm color is to use 80/20 rule. This rule says that 80% of your canvas will have neutral things like the background. In the remaining 20% canvas, use strong colors. Follow the same rule when using a combination of warm and cool colors. It is also advisable to use blues, greens and violets in 20 % of the palette, and 80% should have reds, yellows, pinks, and oranges. Cool colors are placed on the other half of the color wheel just opposite of warm colors. These colors include blue, greens and purple. Mostly, these colors stand for sky, space, water and nature. Cool colors give us a calming, reserved and relaxing mood. The designers take these colors as trustworthy and harmonious. They use cool colors as neutrals when they do not want to incorporate sharper colors. The only primary cool color is blue on the color wheel. This means that all the cool hues have some shade of blue in it. Therefore, the designers usually mix a warm and cool hue to make cool colors. For example, to make purple, you can mix red and blue. 03. When To Use Often designers use cool colors when they create marketing materials for businesses. Your logo should contain cool colors preferably when your brand massage is about coolness and growth. For example, social media page is usually in blue, which imply dependability and trust. Financial institutions also use cool colors to convey their message to customers. You should be using green to evoke the feeling of natural harmony. Amongst cool colors, green and blue are frequently used. Green represents freshness of nature, coolness, growth, beauty, and quantity. Green has a major impact on brands and consumers. This color is also used to depict that a business is environment-friendly. Blue is another cool color for representing vastness, depth, calmness, heights, faithfulness, and success through a logo. Since water and sky are associated with blue, it represents consistency. Majority of governmental organizations, medical institutions, and technology-based businesses, drinking water companies use this strategy in Logo Design Colors. Here is a breakdown of cool colors and the emotions they evoke. Blues – loyalty, truth, depth, confidence, and stability Greens – harmony, freshness, growth, fertility, and safety Violets – wealth, ambition, power, creativity, and royalty 04. Create Balance Sometimes, graphic designers like to use a combination of warm and cool colors in a logo. They want to make a logo memorable in this way. It may also be that a brand personality of a product or company may require the mixed use of these colors. In that case, make sure that your logo does not let one set of color dominate the other. You can use warm colors, for example, as your main color scheme. But incorporate some elements of cool colors [and vice versa]. So, try to strike some contrast and balance, depending on the mood you want to create for the viewers. Such a business symbol will help in building logo and brand identity. So, these are the main points we wanted to discussion the use of warm and cool colors. Are you also thinking of creating a logo for your company? You can depend on professional graphic designers who can do the job at an affordable price. To do so, you should crowdsource your logo work to Designhill, a leading marketplace for business owners and graphic designers. You get dozens of new logo design ideas that match with your design brief. If you do not like the logos, get your money back under the site’s 100% Money Back Guarantee scheme. Warm and cool colors are used in a logo design to evoke a specific range of emotions of warmth and coolness. A graphic designer works on these colors to convey a brand message. Warm colors are mostly darker colors and known for their emotions of passion and aggressiveness. Cool colors evoke the feelings of calmness and lightness. A clever mix of these two categories of color is desirable in graphic designs.

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Temporal range: Late Jurassic, |Specimen IVPP V17090, muzzle, hand, feet and tail framed in red| |Genus:||† Tianyulong | Zheng et al., 2009 Zheng et al., 2009 Tianyulong (Chinese: 天宇龍; Pinyin: tiānyǔlóng; named for the Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature where the holotype fossil is housed) is an extinct genus of heterodontosaurid ornithischian dinosaur. The only species is T. confuciusi, whose remains were discovered in Jianchang County, Western Liaoning Province, China. The holotype of Tianyulong, STMN 26-3 was initially reported as being from the Early Cretaceous Jehol group. The fossil was collected at a locality transliterated as Linglengta or Linglongta. Lu et al., 2010, reported that these beds were actually part of the Tiaojishan Formation, dating from the late Jurassic period at least 158.5 million years ago. Another specimen, IVPP V17090, was described in 2012. At least four other specimens remain undescribed. STMN 26-3 consists of an incomplete skeleton preserving a partial skull and mandible, partial presacral vertebrae, proximal–middle caudal vertebrae, nearly complete right scapula, both humeri, the proximal end of the left ulna, partial pubes, both ischia, both femora, the right tibia and fibula and pes, as well as remains of long, singular and unbranched filamentous integumentary structures. The holotype is from a subadult individual that probably measured 70 cm in length based on the proportions of the related South African species Heterodontosaurus tucki . However, Tianyulong had unusual proportions compared to other heterodontosaurids. The head was large and the legs and tail were long, but the neck and forelimbs were short. Tianyulong has a row of long, filamentous integumentary structures on the back, tail and neck of the specimen. The similarity of these structures with those found on some theropods suggests their homology with feathers and raises the possibility that the earliest dinosaurs and their ancestors were covered with homologous dermal filamentous structures that can be considered primitive feathers ("proto-feathers"). Tianyulong is classified as a heterodontosaurid, a group of small ornithischian dinosaur characterized by a slender body, long tail and a pair of enlarged canine-like tusks. They were herbivorous or possibly omnivorous. Until the discovery of Tianyulong, known members of the group were restricted to the Early Jurassic of South Africa, with one genus ( Fruitadens ) from the Late Jurassic of the US, and possibly one additional genus ( Echinodon ) from the Early Cretaceous of England. The cladogram below follows the analysis by Butler et al., 2011: The filamentous integumentary structures are preserved on three areas of the fossil: in one patch just below the neck, another one on the back, and the largest one above the tail. The hollow filaments are parallel to each other and are singular with no evidence of branching. They also appear to be relatively rigid, making them more analogous to the integumentary structures found on the tail of Psittacosaurus mm which is seven times the height of a caudal vertebra. Their length and hollow nature argue against of them being subdermal structures such as collagen fibers. Such dermal structures have previously been reported only in derived theropods and ornithischians, and their discovery in Tianyulong extends the existence of such structures further down in the phylogenetic tree. However, the homology between the ornithischian filaments and the theropods' proto-feathers is not obvious. If the homology is supported, the consequence is that the common ancestor of both saurischians and ornithischians were covered by feather-like structures, and that groups for which skin impression are known such as the sauropods were only secondarily featherless. If the homology is not supported, it would indicate that these filamentous dermal structures evolved independently in saurischians and ornithischians, as well as in other archosaurs such as the pterosaurs. The authors (in supplementary information to their primary article) noted that discovery of similar filamentous structures in the theropod Beipiaosaurus bolstered the idea that the structures on Tianyulong are homologous with feathers. Both the filaments of Tianyulong and the filaments of Beipiaosaurus were long, singular, and unbranched. In Beipiaosaurus, however, the filaments were flattened. In Tianyulong, the filaments were round in cross section, and therefore closer in structure to the earliest forms of feathers predicted by developmental models. A study published in the journal Biology Letters rigorously tested the hypothesis that protofeathers are plesiomorphic to dinosaurs. The results supported the hypothesis that scales are plesiomorphic to dinosaurs. While it is true that feather beta keratin is present in crocodilian scales in embryonic development, it fails to support the maximum-likelihood of protofeathers being plesiomorphic.than to the proto-feather structures found in avian and non-avian theropods. Among the theropods, the structures in Tianyulong are most similar to the singular unbranched proto-feathers of Sinosauropteryx and Beipiaosaurus . The estimated length of the integumentary structures on the tail is about 60 Feathers are epidermal growths that form a distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on dinosaurs, both avian (bird) and some non-avian (non-bird) and possibly other archosauromorphs. They are considered the most complex integumentary structures found in vertebrates and a premier example of a complex evolutionary novelty. They are among the characteristics that distinguish the extant birds from other living groups. Ornithischia is an extinct order of mainly herbivorous dinosaurs characterized by a pelvic structure superficially similar to that of birds. The name Ornithischia, or "bird-hipped", reflects this similarity and is derived from the Greek stem ornith- (ὀρνιθ-), meaning "of a bird", and ischion (ἴσχιον), plural ischia, meaning "hip joint". However, birds are only distantly related to this group as birds are theropod dinosaurs. Two groups of ornithischians survived until the K–Pg extinction event 66 million years ago; the ankylosaurs and the cerapods. Sinosauropteryx is a compsognathid dinosaur. Described in 1996, it was the first dinosaur taxon outside of Avialae to be found with evidence of feathers. It was covered with a coat of very simple filament-like feathers. Structures that indicate colouration have also been preserved in some of its feathers, which makes Sinosauropteryx the first non-avialian dinosaurs where colouration has been determined. The colouration includes a reddish and light banded tail. Some contention has arisen with an alternative interpretation of the filamentous impression as remains of collagen fibres, but this has not been widely accepted. Maniraptora is a clade of coelurosaurian dinosaurs which includes the birds and the non-avian dinosaurs that were more closely related to them than to Ornithomimus velox. It contains the major subgroups Avialae, Deinonychosauria, Oviraptorosauria and Therizinosauria. Ornitholestes and the Alvarezsauroidea are also often included. Together with the next closest sister group, the Ornithomimosauria, Maniraptora comprises the more inclusive clade Maniraptoriformes. Maniraptorans first appear in the fossil record during the Jurassic Period, and are regarded as surviving today as living birds. Beipiaosaurus is a genus of therizinosauroid theropod dinosaurs that lived in Asia during the Early Cretaceous in the Yixian Formation. The first remains were found in 1996 and formally described in 1999. Before the discovery of Yutyrannus, they were among the largest dinosaurs known from direct evidence to be feathered. Beipiaosaurus is known from three reported specimens preserving numerous impressions of feather structures that allowed to determine the feathering color which turned out to be brownish. A feathered dinosaur is any species of dinosaur possessing feathers. While this includes all species of birds, there is a hypothesis that many, if not all non-avian dinosaur species also possessed feathers in some shape or form. Sinornithosaurus is a genus of feathered dromaeosaurid dinosaur from the early Cretaceous Period of the Yixian Formation in what is now China. It was the fifth non–avian feathered dinosaur genus discovered by 1999. The original specimen was collected from the Sihetun locality of western Liaoning. It was found in the Jianshangou beds of the Yixian Formation, dated to 124.5 million years ago. Additional specimens have been found in the younger Dawangzhangzi bed, dating to around 122 million years ago. Heterodontosauridae is a family of early ornithischian dinosaurs that were likely among the most basal (primitive) members of the group. Although their fossils are relatively rare and their group small in numbers, they have been found on all continents except Australia and Antarctica, with a range spanning the Early Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous. The scientific question of within which larger group of animals birds evolved has traditionally been called the 'origin of birds'. The present scientific consensus is that birds are a group of maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs that originated during the Mesozoic Era. Compsognathidae is a family of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs. Compsognathids were small carnivores, generally conservative in form, hailing from the Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods. The bird-like features of these species, along with other dinosaurs such as Archaeopteryx inspired the idea for the connection between dinosaur reptiles and modern-day avian species. Compsognathid fossils preserve diverse integument — skin impressions are known from four genera commonly placed in the group, Compsognathus, Sinosauropteryx, Sinocalliopteryx, and Juravenator. While the latter three show evidence of a covering of some of the earliest primitive feathers over much of the body, Juravenator and Compsognathus also show evidence of scales on the tail or hind legs. Ubirajara, described in 2020, had elaborate integumentary structures on its back and shoulders superficially similar to the display feathers of a standardwing bird-of-paradise, and unlike any other non-avian dinosaur currently described. Sinocalliopteryx is a genus of carnivorous compsognathid theropod dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China. Avifilopluma is a clade containing all animals with feathers. Unlike most clades, which are defined based on relative relationships, Avifilopluma is defined based on an apomorphy, that is, a unique physical characteristic shared by one group and not found outside that group. It includes all coelurosaurs, some orionoides, and one or two basal tetanurans. Fruitadens is a genus of heterodontosaurid dinosaur. The name means "Fruita teeth", in reference to Fruita, Colorado (USA), where its fossils were first found. It is known from partial skulls and skeletons from at least four individuals of differing biological ages, found in Tithonian rocks of the Morrison Formation in Colorado. Fruitadens is the smallest known ornithischian dinosaur, with young adults estimated at 65 to 75 cm in length and 0.5 to 0.75 kg in weight. It is interpreted as an omnivore and represents one of the latest-surviving heterodontosaurids. Concavenator is an extinct genus of theropod dinosaur that lived approximately 130 million years ago during the early Cretaceous period. The type species is C. corcovatus; Concavenator corcovatus means "Cuenca hunter with a hump". The fossil was discovered in the Las Hoyas fossil site of Spain by paleontologists José Luis Sanz, Francisco Ortega and Fernando Escaso from the Autonomous University of Madrid and the National University of Distance Education. Manidens is an extinct genus of heterodontosaurid dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of Patagonia. It is a sister taxon of the closesly related Pegomastax from South Africa. Fossils have been found in the Cañadón Asfalto Formation in Chubut Province, Argentina, dating to the Bajocian. Yutyrannus is a genus of proceratosaurid tyrannosauroid dinosaur which contains a single known species, Yutyrannus huali. This species lived during the early Cretaceous period in what is now northeastern China. Three fossils of Yutyrannus huali—all found in the rock beds of Liaoning Province—are currently the largest-known dinosaur specimens that preserve direct evidence of feathers. Sciurumimus is an extinct genus of tetanuran theropod from the Late Jurassic of Germany. It is known from a single juvenile specimen representing the type species, Sciurumimus albersdoerferi, which was found in a limestone quarry close to Painten in Lower Bavaria. The specimen was preserved with traces of feather-like filaments. Kulindadromeus was a herbivorous dinosaur, a basal neornithischian from the Jurassic. The first Kulindadromeus fossil was found in Russia. Its feather-like integument is evidence for protofeathers being basal to Ornithischia and possibly Dinosauria as a whole, rather than just to Coelurosauria, as previously suspected. Feather development occurs in the epidermal layer of the skin in birds. It is a complicated process involving many steps. Once the feathers are fully developed, there are six different types of feathers: contour, flight, down, filoplumes, semiplumes, and bristle feathers. Feathers were not originally meant for flight. The exact reason why feathers evolved is still unknown. Birds are thought to be descendants of dinosaurs and new technology using melanosomes found in dinosaur fossils has shown that certain dinosaurs that could not fly had feathers.

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Sunday، 22 May 2016 12:00 AM Egypt is known for having one of the earliest administrative and legislative codes in history. Throughout its history, formidable human cultures and civilizations were incepted, and brought into being, offering the most advanced form of governance and management. Pharaonic civilization laid down the groundwork in Egypt in terms of governance and management. Egypt's constitutions in history Egypt's constitutional experience started under Mohammed Ali Pasha in the 19th century. This document allowed for the establishment of some representative council known as “Dawaween”, but it was never a fully fledged constitution in the contemporary sense of the word. In 1866 under Khedive Ismail, the first real representative council was established and its bylaws were gifted from the Khedive, so they did not impose a real obligation on the government. Still, the bylaws of 1866 were a step towards devolving governance in Egypt away from the hands of a single ruler. In 1882 under Khedive Tawfik, a constitutional document was drafted and it paved the way for the 1923 constitution. The first 20th century constitution for Egypt is that of 1923. After the end of World War I, the 1919 Egyptian Revolution broke out calling for liberty, independence and democracy. This revolution resulted in the February 28, 1922 declaration which recognized Egypt as an independent state and terminated Egypt as a British protectorate. Based on this new status, a new Egyptian Constitution was promulgated in April 1923 by a 30-member legislative committee that included representatives of political parties, as well as national movement leaders. The 1930 constitution marked the beginning of a difficult period for the enfranchisement of the Egyptian people, as it discriminated against the citizenry in electing their representatives. Article 81 stated that voters had to own a specific amount of money to vote. These and other defects fed so much discontent that the 1930 constitution was invalidated in 1935 and Egypt revived the 1923 constitution, which remained valid until the 1952 Revolution. It adopted the parliamentary representative system based on separation of and cooperation among authorities. The Parliament was bicameral system made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Revolution of 1952 ended the monarchy. The ensuing Nasserite period witnessed a myriad of temporary constitutions and constitutional declarations. A committee was formed to draft a constitution. The committee drafted the 1954 constitution as a progressive document by emphasizing civil liberties, labor rights and social justice. However, the draft was rejected by the Revolutionary Council of 1952 and replaced instead by the constitution of 1956. The constitution of 1956 did not last for long. Two years later, Egypt and Syria joined a union known as the United Arab Republic (UAR) and a temporary constitution was drafted in 1958. This constitution was soon annulled and two were passed in 1962, one for Egypt and one for Syria. However, the union failed in 1961, and that's when Egypt drafted another temporary constitution. In 1971, when President Anwar Sadat took office, he moved towards the adoption of a new democratic constitution that would allow more freedoms; the return to a more sound parliamentary life, correct democratic practice and made Sharia "the principal source of legislation". The Permanent Constitution of Egypt was put into force after having been approved in a referendum on September 11, 1971. It comprised 211 articles as follows. Part one of the Constitution was entitled "The State" and comprised Articles (1 to 6). These articles stipulated that the Egyptian people are part of the Arab nation that the state's religion is Islam and that Arabic is its official language. Islamic Law (Sharia) was proclaimed the principal source of legislation and the Egyptian people the source of authority. Egypt's political system was defined as a multiparty system. Part two was entitled "Basic Constituents of The Society" and comprised Articles (7 to 39). They underlined the following: • Social solidarity is the foundation of society. • The State shall guarantee the people's right to work and education. Education is compulsory in the primary stage and the State shall work to extend mandatory education to other stages. • The State safeguards the interests of the people. Part three was entitled "Public Freedoms, Rights and Duties". It comprised Articles (40 to 63) and highlighted the following: • All citizens are equal before the law and have equal public rights and duties without discrimination on account of race, ethnicity, language, religion or creed. • Individual freedom is a natural right and shall not be compromised. • Freedom of belief and freedom of religious practice are guaranteed. • Freedom of opinion is guaranteed. • Extradition of political refugees is prohibited. • Citizens shall have the right to vote and express their opinions according to the provisions of the law. Part four was entitled "Sovereignty of the Law" and comprised Articles (64 to 72). It underlined the following: • The sovereignty of law shall be the basis of rule in the State. • Penalty shall be personal and there shall be no crime or penalty except by virtue of law. • A suspect is innocent until proven guilty in a court of law, in which they are granted the right to defense. • The right to litigation is inalienable for all, and every citizen has the right to refer to a competent judge. • The right to defense in person or by mandate is guaranteed. • Refraining to execute sentences or obstructing them by related civil servants is considered a crime punishable by law. Part five was entitled "System of Government" and consisted of eight chapters. Chapter One: Comprising Articles (73 to 85), dealt with the presidential election, the term of the presidency and presidential authorities, as well as the legislative authority. Chapter Two: Covering Articles (86 to 136), dealt with the People's Assembly, its competences and membership. Chapter Three: Comprising Articles (137 to 164), dealt with the executive authority; the President, the Cabinet, local administration and local councils and their authorities. Chapter Four: Covering Articles (165 to 173), dealt with the judicial system. Chapter Five: Comprising Articles (174 to 178), delineated the competences and authorities of the Supreme Constitutional Court. Chapter Six: Comprising Article 179, detailed the functions of the Socialist Public Prosecutor. Chapter Seven: Covering Articles (180 to 183), dealt with the Armed Forces and the National Defense Council. Chapter Eight: Comprising Article 184, dealt with the Police. Part six was entitled "General and Transitional Provisions". It comprised Articles (185 to 193) and dealt with the following: • The capital of the Arab Republic of Egypt is Cairo. • The law shall describe the State's national flag and emblem. • All laws and regulations implemented prior to the proclamation of this Constitution shall remain valid and in force. Part seven entitled "New Rulings", covering Articles (194 to 211) and consisted of two chapters. Chapter One dealt with the competences, formation and membership of the Shura Council (Egypt's Upper House of Parliament). Chapter Two dealt with The Press as follows: • Freedom of the press is guaranteed and press censorship is prohibited. • A Supreme Press Council shall deal with matters concerning the press and the law shall define its composition and competencies. A number of laws were further enacted as complementary to the Constitution. They were: • Law No. 73 of 1956 on the exercise of political rights. • Law No. 38 of 1972 on the People's Assembly. • Law No. 37 of 1972 amending laws on public freedoms • Law No. 40 of 1977 on political parties. • Law No. 33 of 1978 on protecting the home front and ensuring social peace. • Law No. 48 of 1979 on the Supreme Constitutional Court. • Law No. 120 of 1980 on the Shura Council. • Law No. 145 of 1980 on the funds of the Arab Socialist Union. The constitution has had a number of amendments and phases as follows: • 1971 – President Sadat passed a new constitution named “The Permanent Constitution of Egypt.” The country still preserved its socialist tendency in politics and economic system. • 1980 – President Sadat passed a few amendments; most notably passing the Islamic Law (Sharia) became the principal source of legislative rules. • 2005 – President Mubarak asked the parliament to amend Article 76 to allow multi-candidate presidential elections. However it was seen to have imposed restrictions on both partisan and independent presidential candidates. • 2007 – President Mubarak submitted a petition to the parliament to amend a total of 34 articles as part of his party's policies towards the democratization of the country's politics. Other notable amendments include the move towards capitalism, the adoption of an election system combining both party list and single candidate as well as the abolishment of the country's socialist institutions. • 2011 – On 10 February 2011, during the 2011 Egyptian revolution, former president Hosni Mubarak stated that he requested that Articles 76, 77, 88, 93 and 189 be amended and that Article 179 be removed. 2011 provisional constitution On 30 March 2011, the constitution was effectively voided as a new provisional constitution was passed by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. The new provisional constitution was drafted to operate as a working constitution in the transitional period following the January 25 revolution, until a new one is drafted and approved. The new provisional constitution included the most recent amendments, provisional articles defining the powers of the executive and judicial branches and paved the way for parliamentary elections in September and presidential elections in November. Additionally it directly stipulated the formation of a new constitutional drafting committee to write a new constitution. The constitutional amendments introduced under the rule of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces remained active until Mohamed Morsi came into power. A Constituent Assembly was formed from within the then mostly Islamist Parliament. On 10 April, Cairo's administrative court suspended the assembly, judging that it was "unrepresentative" for involving too few women, young people and minority representatives. On December 1, 2012, the draft Constitution was delivered to then president Mohamed Morsi, who put it to referendum on December 15. The draft was opposed by Egypt's civil powers; judges even refused to supervise the referendum. The Constitution was approved by 63.8%. The Constitution had been in effect only six months, when the June 2013 Revolution broke out. It was then suspended and a committee was formed to amend it. After the outbreak of the June 30 Revolution in 2013, there was a need for outlining a new constitution to complete building a modern and democratic state of Egypt, maintain public freedoms and safeguard the homeland against any threats that would jeopardize its national unity. Therefore, the 2014 constitution has been outlined by a 50-strong committee, led by former Arab League secretary general and former foreign minister Amr Moussa. The committee has grouped almost all segments of the Egyptian society including those of special needs together with women, revolutionaries, Copts and young people. It was tasked with amending the controversial articles of the 2012 Constitution, that was suspended in accordance with the political road map that was approved by Egypt's political and religious powers after June 30 Revolution. The Committee submitted the final draft of the Constitution to interim President Adli Mansour on December 3, 2013. A referendum on the new constitution was held on January 14-15 under a complete judicial supervision and it was approved by an overwhelming majority reaching about 98 percent of those who cast their ballots.

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Was the event widely referred to as the Jan. 6 Capitol riot truly an “insurrection,” or just a riot? Media outlets on the left and right reveal political bias in how they describe the events of Jan. 6. Many Americans remain divided on what took place on Jan. 6, 2021, at the U.S. Capitol. While both sides seem to agree on using the word “riot” when referencing the protesters who breached the U.S. Capitol, the left and right largely disagree as to whether the event qualifies as an “insurrection” or not. Left-rated voices and media outlets generally believe that it was an insurrection, and use the words “insurrection” and “attack” to describe the event. Conversely, many right-rated outlets and voices don’t use the word “insurrection” to describe Jan. 6. What results is a case of word choice bias: a type of media bias in which a publication or writer reveals their political perspective through the words or phrases they choose. Get AllSides in your Inbox The partisan split is reflected among the public, too: in a CBS (Lean Left) poll, 85% of Democrats said they view Jan. 6 as "an insurrection" or "trying to overthrow" the government, while only 21% and 18% of Republicans agreed, respectively. Media outlets AllSides rates on the left typically report on Jan. 6 as an insurrection. Major outlets on the left often use the word “insurrection” to describe Jan. 6 — including NPR (Lean Left bias), the Associated Press (Lean Left), CNN (Left), NBC (Lean Left), CBS (Lean Left), and ABC (Lean Left). One analysis piece from NPR (Lean Left bias) highlighted a late-night conference that occurred in the Oval Office on Dec. 18, 2020, between Trump and several White House officials. “Team Conspiracy,” as the NPR analysis labeled them, reportedly convinced the president that he should’ve won the 2020 election — suggesting several ideas such as ordering the U.S. military to immediately seize all voting machines. Trump concurred with this team’s perspective and tweeted, “Statistically impossible to have lost the 2020 election. Big protest in D.C. on January 6th. Be there, will be wild!” The NPR analysis concluded that Trump made a “fateful choice” during this meeting and that his “tweet essentially inspired right-wing extremists to mobilize — and become Trump's insurrection army.” The word “insurrection” is used here because the outlet seemingly sides with the House select committee’s belief that right-wing extremists saw themselves as preparing an insurrection for Trump. While the House select committee has presented new evidence that suggests the Capitol riot might have been a coordinated effort, left-and center-rated outlets have been using “insurrection” terminology long before the public hearings began. “Words matter,” read the headline of an Associated Press (Lean Left bias) analysis that was posted a week after the Jan. 6 Capitol riot. Staff members at the outlet were told on Jan. 7, 2021, that “protest was too mild a word” when referring to the gathering outside the Capitol. In its place, writers at the Associated Press were told that phrases like “mob,” “riot” and “insurrection” were appropriate. Days after the event, NPR issued a similar verdict, writing of its language choices, “By definition, "insurrection," and its derivative, "insurgency," are accurate. "Riot" and "mob" are equally correct. While these words are not interchangeable, they are all suitable when describing Jan. 6.” One analysis by Aaron Black at The Washington Post (Lean Left bias), titled “Yes, It Was an Insurrection,” highlighted how insurrection doubters have “cried hypocrisy” because the term wasn’t used to describe Black Lives Matter protests that turned violent in the summer of 2020. The key difference, according to the analysis, is that BLM protests “involved no effort to directly target government officials” or violently force “the replacement of an established government.” An insurrection “isn’t defined by the level of violence; it’s defined by its purpose.” “Even if you somehow accept that the Capitol riot wasn’t as violent as some made it out to be — which, I mean, we have the video evidence, and there were multiple deaths and tons of injuries — it clearly included large-scale violence. There needn’t be hundreds of people with guns or other arms for it to be an insurrection,” Blake wrote. On the one-year anniversary of the Capitol riot, news outlets reignited the debate surrounding the terminology used when describing the violent event. TIME Magazine (Lean Left bias) described an “insurrection” as a “violent uprising against an authority or government,” and then asserted that “it is clear” those storming the Capitol “were rising up against the government.” The analysis argued that those against using the word to describe the Capitol riots are combatting “being redefined and thusly marked with the presumption of guilt.” Certain left-rated fact-checkers, including one from PolitiFact (Lean Left), labeled claims from Sen. Ron Johnson (R-WI) and other skeptics who said the Jan. 6 Capitol riot “didn’t seem like an armed insurrection” as “ridiculous revisionist history.” Politifact noted that “video plainly shows the mob using all manner of makeshift weapons to attack police and force their way in [to the Capitol], including hockey sticks, flagpoles, fire extinguishers and a police shield stolen from an officer.” A debate over “why” the events of Jan. 6 occurred is reasonable, PolitiFact concluded, but the “what” question “shouldn't be debated. It was an armed insurrection.” Some participants in the Jan. 6 riot, including members of the Proud Boys and the Oath Keepers, were convicted of “seditious conspiracy.” The Justice Department said the defendants “directed, mobilized and led members of the crowd onto the Capitol grounds and into the Capitol, leading to the dismantling of metal barricades, destruction of property, breaching of the Capitol building, and assaults on law enforcement.” Many right-rated outlets do not use the word “insurrection” to describe Jan. 6. Some outlets have even published commentary and op-eds pushing back against the notion that Jan. 6 was an insurrection. In general, voices on the right argue that protesters were largely unarmed, had no plan to forcefully overthrow the government, did not kill anyone, and that most of those who breached the Capitol stood around taking pictures rather than engaging in any terroristic acts. In an op-ed published in the Springfield News-Leader (Center bias), Derek Snyder writes, “The word insurrection is a legal term,” quoting Black’s Law Dictionary definition that defines it as “a violent revolt against oppressive authority.” Snyder went on to note that an insurrection “requires an organized group that plans an attack to overthrow the government,” and argued the rioters storming the Capitol “weren’t acting as part of a coordinated rebellion” and had “no intent to topple the government.” Snyder concluded that they were “impassioned citizens at a rally that turned into a riot. It was shameful, but not an insurrection.” Jeffrey Scott Shapiro echoed Snyder’s sentiments in an op-ed published in The Wall Street Journal (Lean Right bias) titled, “Stop Calling Jan. 6 an ‘Insurrection’.” (The Wall Street Journal has also published perspectives from people arguing it was indeed an insurrection.) Shapiro noted that not a single defendant was charged with insurrection under 18 U.S.C. 2383 because it’s “a legal term with specific elements.” Shapiro listed other events in American history that he said represented true insurrections, like Shays’ Rebellion in 1787, the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794 and — most notably – the American Civil War. He concluded that misusing this term when referring to criminal accusations can result in “overreaching enforcement of the law and a chilling effect on free speech.” “The demonstrators who unlawfully entered the Capitol during the Electoral College count were unarmed and had no intention of overthrowing the U.S. constitutional system or engaging in a conspiracy “against the United States, or to defraud the United States,” Shapiro writes. “On the contrary, many of them believed—however erroneously—that the U.S. constitutional system was in jeopardy from voter fraud, and they desperately lashed out in a dangerous, reckless hysteria to protect that system.” Commentator Tucker Carlson (Right bias) said, “It was not even close to an insurrection. Not a single person in the crowd that day was found to be carrying a firearm – some insurrection. In fact, the only person who wound up shot to death was a protester.” Some on the right noted that protesters were charged with vandalism and trespassing, not insurrection. These are “exactly the kinds of charges leveled at other rioters,” said one writer from National Review (Right bias); they argued that these rioters “couldn’t have held on to a public library or a Chick-fil-A if they had tried.” Meanwhile, some voices on the right have argued that other recent political events do qualify as insurrection. An example of an “actual insurrection,” according to Jenna Ellis, was when Politico (Lean Left bias) leaked an initial draft majority opinion that revealed the Supreme Court had decided to strike down Roe v. Wade. The American Spectator (Right bias) published a piece titled, “The Real Insurrection: The BLM Riots,” in which contributing editor Jeffrey Lord points out the $1.5 million in damage and one death caused by a Capitol police officer to the approximated $1 billion in damage and 18 deaths caused by the Black Lives Matter riots in the summer of 2020. He writes that while there were 138 police officers injured at the Capitol, 574 riots in Summer 2020 resulted in more than 2,000 officers sustaining injuries. “What was taking place in all those American cities in 2020 was exactly a revolt against the civil authority in those cities,” he said. In brief, many voices on the left believe that the Capitol riot was a coordinated effort by Trump and his extremist base, and therefore meets the traditional definition of “insurrection.” Conversely, many voices on the right believe that the riot was an uncoordinated effort and that using the word “insurrection” is a sensational and factually incorrect description. The words used to describe certain events can be politically polarizing. At the same time, we also acknowledge the facts — this was a violent event that resulted in deaths and injuries. Using the word “riot” is justified considering how many protesters violently breached the Capitol. As mentioned earlier, “riot” has been used by both the left and right. It’s easier to see a clearer picture when you’re not caught inside a filter bubble of one-sided perspectives. Use our balanced newsfeed to get multiple perspectives and to decide for yourself what you think about the issues. Antonio Ferme is the Weekend News Curator for AllSides. He has a Center bias. This piece was reviewed and edited by Managing Editor Henry A. Brechter (Center bias), Director of Marketing and Media Bias Ratings Julie Mastrine (Lean Right bias), and Daily News Editor Joseph Ratliff (Lean Left bias).

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Owen used to run faster than 490 meters per minute. The highest he ever jumped was 4 feet, 6 inches. But then he got hurt. Owen is a 13-year-old horse. The injury happened last fall in Woodside, Calif. while he was competing in an equestrian competition, galloping over fixed obstacles during the cross-country phase. “We believe he hyperflexed his leg and tore his superficial digital flexor tendon,” says his owner, Simone van Ommeren-Akelman, a UC Davis student on the equestrian team. But Owen is far from finished. For treatment, van Ommeren-Akelman chose UC Davis, believing Owen would have the highest chance of rehabilitating properly under the care of Dr. Larry Galuppo. Galuppo is a professor and chief of equine surgery with a focus on using regenerative medicine techniques — e.g. stem cell therapy — to treat musculoskeletal injuries. During the fall of 2015, Galuppo treated Owen in the veterinary school’s Large Animal Clinic. He harvested stem cells from Owen’s sternum and twice injected them into the injured tendon, and into the artery in his leg once. Before van Ommeren-Akelman bought him four years ago, Owen suffered a similar injury, but she says the previous owner didn’t use stem cells. With this approach, Galuppo hoped to address both the old and new injuries. And Galuppo believes athletes might learn some things from horses: Think about football players who suffer neck injuries, a sprained hamstring or a torn ACL. These types of injuries can derail careers. For this reason, he and the veterinary school have teamed up with the UC Davis School of Medicine to propose a series of parallel clinical trials. The goal? To see how regenerative technology used on horses can be applied to athletes with similar injuries. “When we’re treating tendons, ligament injuries in racehorses and jumping horses, many of those injuries cross over to what they’re treating in soccer, football and baseball players,” Galuppo says. “A horse is more likely to injure his stifle, which is similar to the human knee, similar to what might be seen in a football player who makes a wrong turn on the AstroTurf.” The group recently submitted their proposal to the university’s Big Ideas program. In the coming months, they will meet with key stakeholders to gauge the level of interest and potential support. The university plans to make its final decision next summer. The Food and Drug Administration doesn’t approve of stem cell treatments on humans because there is limited evidence to back up their effectiveness. With the industry unregulated, many researchers and physicians claim stem cell therapy is unproven and potentially dangerous. Years ago, the high-profile stem cell clinics were in Europe, and athletes flew overseas to get the injections. These days, hundreds of clinics across the country offer treatments to patients — with no official standards in place. Galuppo says that could change if the university gets the greenlight. Regenerative therapies are still a relatively new, unknown field in sports medicine. Only in the past five to seven years has it really taken off, says Dr. Melita Moore, head team physician for the UC Davis Aggies teams and an assistant professor in the Department of Orthopaedics. Initially, doctors were performing autologous blood injections, which draw blood out and inject it back into tendons, ligaments and muscles to see if the injury will heal. That evolved into platelet rich plasma therapy, which uses platelets from the athlete’s own blood to treat inflammation and soft tissue injuries. Moore believes UC Davis could be the first institution in the country to have an approved clinical trial using banked stem cells in a young, athletic population. The concept could take time to catch on. Getting an injection of someone else’s stem cells might seem different from your own, but Moore says this would be no different than any other donation system. “Think about if you had to go to the hospital and get a pint of blood,” she says. “It’s that same concept, except you don’t have to match anything because a stem cell is just a blanket cell.” But the use of stem cells has been controversial since the beginning. Should stem cells be regulated as a drug? Or should they be judged differently because the cells used for injections come from the patients’ own bodies? What if they were to come from someone else’s body? Many athletes pay no mind to these questions. “Athletes are going to Germany, Korea and other offshore clinics, paying tens of thousands of dollars, and we have no idea what they’re getting,” Moore says. “It’s unregulated. We don’t have the clinical data to be able to support its use, quantify the healing response, prescribe the correct rehabilitation protocol, etc. because it’s not well-studied.” This is why a trial is so critical. Currently, UC Davis does not offer stem cell treatments to its patients or athletes. But the clinical trials they are pursuing using their Good Manufacturing Practice facility could help prove if and how this type of therapy works — and transform the use of regenerative therapies in the world of sports medicine, Moore says. A “blanket cell” refers to a type of stem cell known as mesenchymal stem cells. These MSCs, which come from bone marrow, are elongated fibroblasts known for their ability to morph into various cell types depending on their location: bone cells, cartilage cells, fat cells. “When we’re treating tendons, ligament injuries in racehorses and jumping horses, many of those injuries cross over to what they’re treating in soccer, football and baseball players.” Dr. Larry Galuppo, chief of equine surgery, UC Davis Veterinary School of Medicine In horses and humans, the hip is a prime site for MSCs. Because it contains a large marrow, doctors can draw a significant volume without causing any negative effect for the donor, according to Dr. Fernando Fierro, assistant adjunct professor with the stem cell program at UC Davis Health System. MSCs account for only about one in 100,000 of the various cells in bone marrow. But MSCs can multiply extremely fast in the right conditions. Fierro puts extracted marrow in a sterile plastic flat bottle, called a tissue culture flask. He then places the flask in an incubator at 100 degrees Fahrenheit with carbon dioxide levels at 5 percent and oxygen levels at 1 to 5 percent. In three to four weeks, as the other types of cells die off, MSCs double every day, growing to 1 million or more in what Fierro calls a “superdose of repair cells.” But these cells can’t grow forever. Unlike embryonic cells that have no time limit, MSCs can become old and stop dividing after a few months, so he usually keeps them in an incubator for no more than a month. Fierro calls these cells “architects” in the sense that, when injected, they often don’t repair the damaged area by replacing the missing or damaged cells, but direct other cells to the injury. They promote new blood vessels to grow and reduce inflammation, he says. Fierro works mostly with human cells. Human bone marrow can be purchased from many different vendors, and many researchers obtain fresh or frozen marrow this way. Of course, horses and humans are different animals. But equine treatments offer better comparisons to humans than mice, which have tiny bones. THE BEST OFFENSE Jim Kovach used to run — his best time for the 40-yard dash was 4.8 seconds. But then he got hurt. Kovach is a 60-year-old man. He was a 238-pound middle linebacker for the New Orleans Saints and San Francisco 49ers from 1979 to 1985. A ruptured ACL ended his football career, and stem cell therapy wasn’t an option at the time. “In all frankness, had it been available and approved by FDA, I would have tried it,” Kovach says. But Kovach was far from finished. With a medical degree from the University of Kentucky and a law degree from Stanford, Kovach started backing various startups and independent research institutes with a focus on regenerative medicine. “The idea was to develop therapies that were truly regenerative instead of just stop-gap approaches to treating sports injuries,” he says. “That was in the ‘90s. Sports medicine always lagged behind other areas.” Now Kovach is serving as a key advocate for UC Davis, using his experience to reach out to the stem cell industry and find sponsors to support the trials and researchers. He believes the clinical trials can provide a roadmap for how these therapies can be delivered in a safe, effective and efficient way. These days, he still deals with his own physical constraints. For his 60th birthday, his kids got him a Garmin fitness tracker to help him monitor his steps, heart rate and calories burned. But his running days are over. He can still walk on a golf course, he says. He does a lot of cycling, either outdoors or at his house in Marin County, on a stationary bike while watching the Giants game. “It’s amazing how quickly muscle atrophies,” he says. “That’s a real motivation. Even in my own hip and other joints, if I haven’t worked out, I have to get home and get on my bike. If you don’t exercise, you’re going to lose it. That’s how skeletal muscle is. It’s a blessing and a curse.” STEPS TO RECOVERY? The parallel clinical trials would help answer some crucial questions about stem cell therapy: Where is the best place to put the cells? Should they be delivered directly to the damaged site or injected into the bloodstream? How long do cells last after being transplanted? “These questions seem to be extremely relevant, but we don’t have the answers,” Fierro says. “There is a robust body claiming they’re safe and they don’t seem to be causing more damage. But how much are they helping? We still need to do a controlled trial to find out.” Fierro says the only reason there has been no scandal to this point is because there has been no major stem cell catastrophes. But he understands the “drug or no drug” debate. “Of course the doctor many times will use one part of the body to repair another part,” he says. “But in this case, you’re manipulating the cells a lot. It’s hard to argue that you are putting something back that was yours anyway, so there is some risk there.” Kovach doesn’t recommend athletes look to unregulated therapies at stem cell clinics. He wants athletes to have solid research and actual results to back up the treatments and he feels optimistic about future developments at UC Davis. Galuppo does too, but he emphasizes that the clinical trials are just one step toward recovery from injury. “There’s no miracle cure for musculoskeletal injuries,” Galuppo says. “We are using regenerative medicine therapies to help heal injuries and reestablish normal strength and function. Stem cells are just one of the many novel biological tools that are being used to enable athletes to return to full function.” The tool seems to be working for Galuppo’s equine patient. For the first six months after the injections, Owen started walking 20 minutes each day, and van Ommeren-Akelman iced his leg twice daily, wrapping it at night. By summer, Owen was walking for an hour a day and trotting for 11 minutes. “We are nine months into rehab,” van Ommeren-Akelman says. “He’s doing phenomenally. We think he’s going to make a full recovery.” Dr. Jan Nolta is a whirlwind of energy, and this July morning she is blitzing through UC Davis’ brand-new Institute for Regenerative Cures, a state-of-the-art lab where scientists and researchers are working on breakthrough discoveries and stem cell therapies. The person who finds the cure for HIV will have their name etched in medical history. It’s a hard pill to swallow for one man who has spent 40 years chasing a cure. A cure for HIV, built upon decades of his work, could very well be proven this year. Yet Dr. Gerhard Bauer’s name may be little more than a footnote in the arcane medical journal that publishes the breakthrough. This is the story of curing HIV.

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RAM1000 Knowledge and Morality The significance of various kinds of knowledge, the meaning of morality and ethics, the relationships between knowledge and morality, the fostering of individual virtues alongside the fostering of the social virtues, the principles of good governance, the use of the philosophy of the sufficiency economy in actual life, the fostering of public mind leading to an awareness of the need to conserve natural resources, to protect the environment and source of energy to the end of graduates will have the qualities of being knowledgeable and socially good persons who will take responsibility for Thai society. IEN1002 English Sentence and Vocabulary in General Use A study of basic sentences and vocabulary in general use, leading to an understanding of tenses and sentence structure. IEN2001 English Reading for Comprehension A study of the methods and ways of reading short paragraphs, focusing on words, phrases, sentence structure, prefixes, suffixes, contextual clues and dictionary usage. IIS1001 Martial Arts Mixed Martial Arts, Theories, Practices. Muscle Preparation for different types of martial arts. Conducting the way of life based on Martial Arts Philosophy. IIS1002 Dances and Wellness Different types of dancing and Practices. Wellness and daily life adaptation. IIS1003 Volunteering for Social Development The role of Thai monarchy, government and people in social development. Definitions, Concepts, Principles of volunteering works for social development. Approach and Process on creating volunteering works. Case studies of group and organization. IIT1004 Introduction to Computer for Business History of computer, hardware and software components of computer system, input and output devices, computer application in business, data administration, microcomputer technology and personal usage: word processing and database management system, social impacts and ethical issues on computer using. ITS1001 Information and Technology Searching A study of roles and importance of information, information sources, automated library, information storage and retrieval system, information technology, information network and internet for research and information dissemination. Research methodology, report writing and academic reference are also included. IMT1003 Basic Mathematics Sets, logics, relations and functions, real number system, vectors and matrices, counting principle and probability. IPS1001 General Psychology Study history of psychology, the psychological investigation, physiological basic of behaviors, sensation, perception, human development, learning, thinking, memory, emotion and motivation, intelligence, personality and social behavior etc. to apply for daily life. ITH1003 Thai Language and Culture Study Thai language, using of words, and sentences to effectively communicate; relevant aspects of the Thai culture and its unique characteristics. IAC1001 Principles of Accounting A study of the accounting development; basic accounting framework; the analysis and recording of accounting entries according to the accounting principles for merchandising and servicing firms; purposes and uses of journal; ledgers, adjusting and closing entries, working paper add the preparation of financial statements. IBS2101 Business Information and Communication A study of various forms of business information and communication. The use of technical terms and enable the students to understand business used in each business division. Analysis of business articles in various media in order to enhance English communication skill (listening, speaking, reading and writing) for business administration student. IEC1001 General Microeconomics A study of the nature and scope of basic economics, including consumer behavior, factors of production, marketing system, demand, supply, value and price, pricing in various kinds of market, the allocation or returns to the input in the form of interest, profit, rent and wages. A study of personal and national income, consumption, saving, investment, economic development, international trade, money and banking system, credit, inflation, deflation, public finance, monetary and fiscal policies, public debts, business cycle, and unemployment. IFN2101 Business Finance A study of the objective and functions of the financial manager, the principles of acquiring funds and the use of financial instruments; the allocation funds for operations in order to achieve the financial objectives and making financial decisions. IHM2101 Human Resource Management Study of Human resource management, Competency-base human resource management, human capital, strategic recruitment, development, performance management, company and retention talent employee, human resource and social responsibility, and business ethics, HR trends and innovation. ILW2016 Business Law Studies of laws relating to business such as juristic act, contract, and business organization for example partnership, company, and public company, prescribing offences related to registered partnership, limited partnership, companies, securities law, and commercial registration. Moreover this course examines the law regarding to accounting which are the Accounting Act B.E. 2543 and the Accounting Professions Act. B.E. 2547. IMG2101 Principles of Management A study of the managerial functions of planning, organizing, leading and controlling in business enterprises; individual behavior and group behavior in workplace and analysis of the ongoing process vital to achieving co-ordination among workforce in the attainment of company objective. IMG2102 Operations and Supply Chain Management A study of operation management which involves planning, controlling for production of goods and services. Moreover, it concern the area of production design, process and technology for operations, quality management, project management, forecasting, inventory management, capacity planning, resource requirement planning. It also aims to provide the knowledge of supply chain management from upstream industry to downstream industry in order to increase the effectiveness and sustainable competitive advantage. IMG3101 Strategic Management A study of meaning, significance and application of a strategic management process in business organizations. An analysis of both external and internal environments to figure out the power of various groups affecting internal operations. Determining an organizational direction, strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and strategic control as well analyzing the current issues influencing business decision making. A study of the principles of imposition of revenue tax, excise tax, and custom duties; tax filing and payment; tax appeals in each category; and problems in taxation. IMK2101 Principles of Marketing To study the definition, important, roles, marketing morality and functions of marketing that affect to economy and society, marketing institution, marketing environments, marketing systems, consumer behavior, market segmentation, marketing mix, specific marketing topics. IST2016 Business Statistics Introduction to mathematics and statistics, descriptive and inferential statistics, decision-making under certainty and uncertainty, linear programming, transportation problems, assignment problems, simulation technique, business applications. IBA3101 Global Business Management International business concepts and theories specialized global business topics. Knowledge in Global business research and analysis and International business planning. IBA3102 Digital Communication To study concepts, characteristics, forms, and methods of various kinds of media for digital communication including the uses and effect of digital media. IBA3103 International Business Law Students develop an advanced understanding of the law governing commerce and finance in today's international market. Students study areas such as corporate governance, international trade transactions and competition law. IBA3104 Intercultural Communication Students learn the basic elements of interpersonal communication and culture as the two relate to one another. Emphasis is given to the influence of culture on the interpretation of the communication act and to the communication skills that enhance cross-cultural communication. IBA3105 Cross-Cultural Management Meaning and root of culture, comparative culture, effect of culture on values, mindset, attitude, and motivation on organizational behavior and strategy. Challenges and role of expatriate in cultural management. IBA3106 Digital Business Information System Students will develop advanced business information system and technical skills to differentiate their career in the modern corporate world. This includes the strategic application of cloud computing, information security and other contemporary technologies. IBA3107 Global Strategy Focused on strategy and international competition. Explores the challenges that multinational executives face as they formulate, implement, test, and adapt a strategy to compete around the world. IBA3108 Digital Media Planning Deepen knowledge of digital buying and planning. Review the entire digital media buying and planning process from start to finish. IBA3109 Global Marketing Concept of global marketing and brand management. Global marketing communication strategies. In-depth global environmental analysis and examines approaches to operating in an increasingly interconnected world. The course also addresses new challenges in managing global marketing. IBA3110 Digital Marketing Basic understanding about digital marketing concepts, strategies, and implementation, including planning a website, website marketing, email and Search Engine Optimization (SEO) campaigns, Pay Per Click (PPC) campaigns and integrating digital marketing with traditional marketing. IBA3111 Global Social Enterprise Learn the practice of starting and growing social mission-driven for-profit and nonprofit venture. The role social enterprises create wealth in all its forms: economic value, social innovation and sustainability, and making a change in the communities. IBA3112 Digital Communication for Global Business Digital communication for global business and marketing. Basic global advertising and public relations. Web design for international customers. Design, approach, languages, and content for global business communications. In addition, students may be required to learn from the experiences of their study visits within or outside the institution. Students will do the professional practicing in organizations regarding business. The class lecturer shall provide the consultancy, supervision and evaluation of the study visits. IBA4101 Seminar in Global Business and Digital Communication Study the selected interesting topics in global business and digital communication for current situation. In addition, students may be required to learn from the experiences of their study visits within or outside the institution. Students will do the professional practicing in organizations regarding business. The class lecturer shall provide the consultancy, supervision and evaluation of the study visits. IBA4102 Global Entrepreneurial Mindset Theory and the way to make a global entrepreneurial mindset. Address what global entrepreneurs do in practice and how they assemble business value and opportunities with social networks. In addition, students may be required to learn from the experiences of their study visits within or outside the institution. Students will do the professional practicing in organizations regarding business. The class lecturer shall provide the consultancy, supervision and evaluation of the study visits. IBA4103 Business Startup in USA Understand the context of starting small business in USA by learning various case studies from different types of startup the country. Startup Business plan in USA. Success and failure cases from various industries and contexts. IBA4104 Business Startup in Asia Understand the context of starting small business in Asia by learning various case studies from different countries. Startup Business plan in Asia. Success and failure cases from various industries and contexts. IBA4105 Business Startup in Europe Understand the context of starting small business in Europe by learning various case studies from different countries. Startup Business plan in Europe. Success and failure cases from various industries and contexts. Number of Credits 1. General Education Courses 2. Specific Requirement Courses 2.1. Major Business Courses 2.2. Major Core Courses 2.2.1. Major Required Courses 2.2.2. Major Elective Courses 3. Free Elective Courses Please note that this curriculum shows the complete range of courses for this program and, as such, covers more subjects than one needs to graduate. Which courses out of this curriculum in fact are offered in a year is up to IIS-RU. |1. General Education Courses (30 Credits)| |Science and Mathematics (6 Credits)| |IIT1004 Introduction to Computer for Business||3 credits| |IMT1003 Basic Mathematics||3 credits| |Humanities (6 Credits): Choose IIS1001 or IIS1002| |ITS1001 Information and Technology Searching||3 credits| |IIS1001 Martial Arts||3 credits| |IIS1001 Martial Arts||3 credits| |Social Science (9 Credits)| |IPS1001 General Psychology||3 credits| |RAM1000 Knowledge and Morality||3 credits| |IIS1003 Volunteering for Social Development||3 credits| |Foreign Language (6 Credits)| |IEN1002 English Sentence and Vocabulary in General Use||3 credits| |IEN2001 English Reading for Comprehension||3 credits| |Thai Language (3 Credits)| |ITH1003 Thai language and Culture||3 credits| |2. Specific Requirement Courses (87 Credits)| |2.1 Major Business Courses (36 Credits)| |IAC1001 Principles of Accounting||3 credits| |IBS2101 Business Information and Communication||3 credits| |IEC1001 General Microeconomics||3 credits| |IFN2101 Business Finance||3 credits| |IHM2101 Human Resource Management||3 credits| |ILW2016 Business Law||3 credits| |IMG2101 Principles of Management||3 credits| |IMG2102 Operations and Supply Chain Management||3 credits| |IMG3101 Strategic Management||3 credits| |IMG3102 Taxation||3 credits| |IMK2101 Principles of Marketing||3 credits| |IST2016 Business Statistics||3 credits| |2.2 Major Core Courses (51 Credits)| |2.2.1 Major Required Courses (39 Credits)| |IBA3101 Global Business Management||3 credits| |IBA3102 Digital Communication||3 credits| |IBA3103 International Business Law||3 credits| |IBA3104 Intercultural Communication||3 credits| |IBA3105 Cross-Cultural Management||3 credits| |IBA3106 Digital Business Information System||3 credits| |IBA3107 Global Strategy||3 credits| |IBA3108 Digital Media Planning||3 credits| |IBA3109 Global Marketing||3 credits| |IBA3110 Digital Marketing||3 credits| |IBA3111 Global Social Enterprise||3 credits| |IBA3112 Digital Communication for Global Business||3 credits| |IBA4101 Seminar in Global Business and Digital Communication||3 credits| |2.2.1 Major Elective Courses (12 Credits)| |IBA4102 Global Entrepreneurial Mindset||3 credits| |IBA4103 Business Startup in USA||3 credits| |IBA4104 Business Startup in Asia||3 credits| |IBA4105 Business Startup in Europe||3 credits| |3. Free Elective Courses (6 credits)|

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Gladys Jamison couldn’t know this, but she was a girl coming of age in an exodus. Thirteen years old when her father moved her and her siblings to Brooklyn, she’d lost her mother five years before, in 1932. She was still reeling from her death. The daughter of farmers, Gladys grew up in Bowman, South Carolina, the nexus of a failed railroad line. Her parents were fortunate to own their land, but racism was a way of life. In town, there were public bathrooms Gladys could not use, fountains she could not drink from, waiting rooms she could not sit in. There was a school with freshly painted walls and new books on its shelves that she could not attend. Brooklyn in the late 1930s was a world of newness for her. Concrete sidewalks replaced the silty soil that would have floured her knees as she played on her family’s land. Gladys might have missed the steady clop-clop-clop of mule drawn wagons along rutted dirt roads, instead hearing the sputters and coughs of automobiles, the scrapes and squeals of subway cars. Rigid factory schedules replaced the gradual shift of the sun in measuring a day’s work. Blistering cold swept over memories of mild and easy winters. But she knew it was for a larger good. Never a warm nor loving man, Gladys’ father Eugene was strict and unbending, but he’d relocated his family in hopes of doing right by them—or at least, doing the best he could. In the 1930s, he was one of thousands. From the start of World War I into the early 1970s, six million blacks climbed into wagons, boarded trains or piled into automobiles, exiting the American South in a movement now known as the Great Migration. Families left towns and farms, moving into cities—Chicago, San Francisco, New York, and Philadelphia—beginning with black men, first seeking factory jobs left by war-bound whites, and women scrabbling for domestic work. They were both emigrants and refugees—families like Eugene Jamison’s, chasing opportunity and fleeing the Jim Crow South. But black Southerners did not find dreams waiting for them. They often found poverty. The jobs they were promised, if they panned out, were low-paying, yet demanded long hours and arduous, often dangerous work. They found discrimination. Legal or defacto segregation was often the case, and policies like redlining made it almost impossible for blacks to build wealth. Sometimes they found violence. Always, they found courage. The best place to learn about this era is The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration by Isabel Wilkerson, a compelling, comprehensive history. Another wonderful resource is The Great Migration: A City Transformed, an online project featuring audio-recorded firsthand stories of those who left the South to set down roots in Philadelphia. There is also a map showing what were once key Philadelphia sites for blacks who were part of the Great Migration. I retraced some of these Southerners’ steps, sharing them in a video. But I choose to speak with Gladys and share her story, because her past dovetails with Jacqueline Woodson’s beautifully-wrought novel, Another Brooklyn. In Woodson’s work of fiction, a young girl is separated from her mentally-unstable mother when her family moves from Tennessee to Brooklyn, New York. Her father, while he works to make ends meet and seeks his own sense of community, also converts to Islam. The novel's protagonist isn’t sure where her faith stands. Her identity is wrapped in her friendship with three other girls as childhood fades into adulthood in the early 1970s. In the novel, poetically rendered in the voice of character August, as well as in Gladys’ true-life story, told to me in a molasses-sweet drawl, losing one’s mother becomes an impetus for a family to leave the South. And like August’s father, Eugene Jamison isn’t someone to turn to. These men work hard to support their families, yet grapple with deep flaws, their spirituality complicating their children’s lives. Instead, August and Gladys rely on friendships to navigate the change from a familiar small town into the brisk, impersonal landscape of New York City. In both narratives, there is a sense of adolescents raising themselves. And isn’t that what makes a good coming of age story? Gladys first attended PS 35, a junior high school. She was struck that it was unsegregated, and that she shared the same classrooms with children of Jewish, Italian, Irish, Hispanic, and Asian backgrounds. But most of her friends, like her best friend Zelma, were black. Mostly, their parents mostly struggled to make a living, though some, like Gladys’ friend Savilla, came from established backgrounds. Gladys remembers Savilla’s beautiful home in Bedford-Stuyvesant. Others were high-achieving. Gladys’ friend Shirley, the class valedictorian, would one day become the first African-American congresswoman, and the first black candidate in a major party’s presidential nomination. When Gladys moved up to high school at PS 178, she found that most of her friends enjoyed more freedom than Gladys’ very devoutly religious, strict father allowed. Gladys was a strong believer in her Christian faith, but her father felt that any disobedience, such as breaking curfew, was a sin against God. Still, she found diversions. She would rent a bicycle for ten cents an hour, pedaling around her Fulton Street neighborhood. She and her friend Hilda would each pay a dime for a double feature at the theater on Howard Avenue, catching early shows so that Gladys could make curfew at dusk. She loved summer jaunts to Coney Island, where she got aboard the Ferris wheel and other spinning rides. She felt she never could have had experiences like this in segregated South Carolina. In her home state, ropes separated the “colored” strand of beachfront from whites-only sections. At Coney Island’s beach, rope lines only functioned as tethers for bathers to hang onto, a necessary thing. Gladys, like many other Southerners, couldn’t swim. But the first time she ventured into the surf, grasping the coarse rope, she became bold, easing into deeper waters as the cold waves pulsed over her waist and shoulders. When a giant, man-high wave rolled towards her, she knew she was in over her head, literally. The wave swallowed her whole, followed by another, and another. Clenching the rope, she panicked, desperate for air, but more waves crashed over her head until she could no longer hold her breath. Her hands weakened on the rope. The waves finally smoothed, letting her breathe and pull herself to the shallows. I will never let this happen again, she decided. Exhausted, gasping, and spitting up foam, she staggered onto the beach and plucked her clothes from the sand. Gladys’ friendships were a highlight of her girlhood, but they could not be enough. Her father drank. Heavily. One night, one of his friends supported Eugene Jamison up the steps, and after helping him into bed, he made advances at Gladys. She was able to push him out, but she was furious that her father, so severe with his children, could himself behave so recklessly, throwing her in harm’s way. I will never let this happen again, she decided, remembering her near-drowning. She hastily gathered some money and packed her suitcase, stepping out into the soft springtime night to hail a taxi. Finding a phone, she called her oldest brother Le Roy who lived in a small town an hour’s drive from Bowman. Then she boarded a train. In South Carolina, Gladys enrolled in Alston High School and worked in Le Roy’s general store, but her mind was back in Brooklyn. Men from the nearby lumber mill flirted with her, calling her "the pretty girl from New York." But Gladys ignored them and instead considered the letter a former teacher sent. The teacher wanted Gladys to come back, promising to help her find a job. Perhaps Gladys was in the midst of making a decision when the bell above the door rang, signaling another customer. Jordan Simmons Jr. was the son of a brickmason. His family owned a stately home on land that had been theirs since Reconstruction. The land off Pidgeon Bay Road in Summerville, South Carolina is still in that family. As a child, I played on that rambling acreage, my knees powdered with coarse, silty dirt. I’m part of the Simmons lineage. Living in another home on the property is my grandmother, Gladys Jamison Simmons Suddeth. She never made it back north, but her Brooklyn girlhood shaped her. She’s as sharp as flint and regrets nothing. There must have been so many childhoods unfolding in the loam, in the dust, in the red clay Southern soils, the same earth bedding the roads which led away. There must have been thousands of young people like Gladys Jamison, who followed their families as they followed their hopes. Young people brimming with creativity, resilience, and curiosity, remaking the culture around them, as every African Diaspora has done from time immemorial. I like to think of the Great Migration, an era fraught with turmoil and dizzying with anticipation, as America’s coming of age story. It shook loose what we’d always known. It raised us to be wise. **Check back every #OneBookWednesday during the Reading Period for some more One Book food-for-thought!** From the start of World War I into the early 1970s, six million blacks climbed into wagons, boarded trains or piled into automobiles, exiting the American South in a movement now known as the Great Migration. This excerpt from the book is very intriguing . I look forward to purchasing the book and reading it in the future Teressa Corinaldi - Coleman Branch Germantown Philadelphia Wednesday, November 29, 2017 I worked right there at Broad & South for 5 years and discovered so many things about the historical significance of some of the places that were highlighted in the video. It was amazing to find out how important that area was in regards to African American life & culture. Reading about the great migration and how it affected Philly has been very fulfilling and I look forward to reading this book to look at it from a different perspective. Andre Bracy - Philadelphia Tuesday, December 5, 2017 Very interesting story and information. I would like to learn more.

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Housing Conditions In The 1880's Of all the electoral divisions in the Dungarvan Union Ringville appears to have had the most serious problems as regards housing and public health. There are continuous references to these problems throughout the Minute Books up until the late 19th century. In August 1858 the relieving officer, Mr. Mahony, visited Ringville where he found 'several dwelling houses and premises adjoining very unclean and in an unwholesome condition.' The secretary of the Ringville Dispensary wrote to the Guardians in November 1859 looking for a second dispensary due to the large population and the extensive number of applications for tickets from the aged and infirm. The Guardians refused the request. In February 1860 the management of the Ringville dispensary district decided to rent a room as a dispensary depot. The room was rented from John Murphy at £2 per annum and he was employed as caretaker at six shillings and six pence a quarter. In November 1871 the Medical Officer submitted a report to the Guardians on the Ringville district. He recommended improvements at Ballinagoul Upper and Lower and at Helvick, areas which were 'very thickly inhabited by a young population.' To illustrate his point he told how he had just attended a poor woman in childbirth at Upper Helvick and that he had difficulty getting to the cabin as he had to wade through a 'slough of mire and filth.' In September 1872, the Medical Officer Dr. Richard Graves, reported on the Ringville district. He stated that there had been 38 cases of scarlet fever of a very malignant type. All the patients were treated in their homes as they had refused to enter the Workhouse infirmary. Dr. Graves warned that unless the cesspools, dung heaps and fish garbage were removed from the houses, disease would remain a constant problem. The Villiers Stuart family owned much of the property in the area and were always considered to have been good landlords. At their meeting in August 1882 the Guardians expressed their shock at the rumour that Henry Windsor Villiers Stuart had to have armed police escort him to his house at Dromana. It is interesting to note that he was the landlord most frequently mentioned in the Minute Books issuing eviction notices to his tenants. The Dungarvan Monthly Illustrated Journal of 1883 carried a detailed profile of Villiers Stuart which included the following piece: 'Deeply impressed with the almost uninhabitable condition of the houses in which the poor labourer is too often compelled to dwell, he has set himself to the task of endeavouring to have them furnished with a better class of houses, and at this moment there is a competition at the Cork Exhibition for a £50 prize, which Mr. Stuart has generously given for the best model of a labourer's cottage.' In spite of these sentiments it seems not much of an effort was made to improve the miserable housing conditions of his own tenants at Ring and Helvick. In 1886 Dr. Graves made a report on the Ringville area. In it he listed those who were keeping pigs in their houses. Graves was amused and concluded by observing that 'several of whom, (pigs) in the course of my inspection, I found comfortably asleep, being integral members of the family household.' Graves submitted a further report in September 1889 concerning the villages of Ballinagoul More and Beg, Knockenpower and Ring: 'the number of poor tenement houses in occupation in these villages is 77, of which 14 consist of but one apartment used in common in the kitchen and sleeping place, some of which are quite unfit for human habitation, and merely afford shelter to the inmates from wet and cold, being devoid of windows or chimneys, only a hole in the thatch to let out smoke.' Graves suggested that a metal tube be used as a chimney to allow smoke and stale air to escape. He described a group of about 30 houses at Lower Helvick and Ballyreilly as a worse class of cabins than those at Ballinagoul. All but two of this group were the property of Villiers Stuart. Later that month a Dr. Clements compiled a similar report on Ballinagoul. According to him there were 90 houses and a population of over 500: 'With one exception the houses in the village are all one storey thatched cabins. Each generally consists of two apartments, the common kitchen and the sleeping place - In the sleeping place the beds are crowded together as much as the space will admit, there is no chimney or other opening...and the small four-paned window is unopening and sealed virtually tight. The general arrangement of the houses is irregular, there is a small causeway along the side of the house in front, it is on this that the slops and the waste water are thrown...Dr. Graves considers it would be of great advantage to divert a portion of the stream at the head of the glen and allow it to come down this channel.' To prevent the frequent cases of typhus the Guardians decided that any fever patients should be sent in to the hospital in the Workhouse. The houses were to be whitewashed and disinfected and a 'scavenger' appointed to keep the channel free of dirt etc. The windows in the sleeping areas of the houses were to be repaired so that they could easily be opened. Villiers Stuart did not make any improvements to his houses at Lower Helvick and Ballyreilly as suggested by Dr. Graves. In April 1890 Graves reported that Villiers Stuart had repaired his houses at Ballinagoul but not his Helvick properties. The Guardians threatened Villiers Stuart with legal action if he did not carry out the repairs. In December 1889 Dr. Graves submitted a report on a fatal case of Typhus fever at Upper Helvick: 'The wife of a fisherman named Kelly - The woman was ill 10 days before I was called to visit her, when I saw her she was in a state of collapse, and died in 12 hours after - I trace the cause both to contagion and unpure surroundings...the husband has taken a summary method of getting rid of the infected bed clothes and bedding by throwing them over a cliff into the sea, and I am informed that he burned the clothes his poor wife wore. I had the cabin disinfected with sulphurous acid gas and chlorine, but would recommend that the house be whitewashed with quicklime and chloride of lime. There is a cluster of bad cabins in this small village which I think it would be very desirable to have limewashed.' The Labourer's Cottage Act 1882 Many of the larger landowners had made provision to provide decent housing for their labourers but the smaller farmers had not made many improvements. The Labourer's Cottages & Allotments Act of 1882 authorised the Land Commission to order farmers whose rents had been fixed under the legislation of the previous year to improve existing or build new cottages for their workers. If the farmers did not carry out these improvements within six months they could be brought to court. There was a £1 fine for each week after that date if improvements were not done. The new cottages were financed with cheap loans from the Board of Works under the Land Improvement Acts. In spite of the threat of fines there was a strong resistance among farmers to carrying out the works. Part of the problem was that if the labourers failed to prosecute, the responsibility lay with the Guardians who were largely composed of landowners and farmers who were unlikely to support the labourers. There were not many prosecutions around the country and farmers could avoid it by evicting their labourers. The Boards of Guardians could authorise the building of new cottages but the farmers often refused to provide suitable sites. In November 1883 committees were established in each division of Dungarvan Union to consider suitable sites for the building of labourer's cottages. P. Walsh, M. Walsh and J. Coughlan were appointed to the Divisions of Dromana, Dromore and Kereen. John Mulcahy, Anthony Power and John Crotty for Seskinane, Coumaraglin and Knockaunbrandaun. M. Carthy, Roger McGrath and a Mr. Landers for Carriglea. Captain Dawson and Mr. Condon for Colligan. Dr. Meany, Green and Curran for Ballinacourty and Dungarvan. The Clerk was asked to advertise for a plan of a twin cottage and a single cottage, each to contain a kitchen and two bedrooms. They were to be constructed of stone and mortar with a piggery, privy and ashpit in each. A four foot double or single fence enclosed ½ an acre around the cottage. Mr. Fitzgerald of Lismore designed the twin cottage and Mr. Barr the single cottage. Fitzgerald's double cottage cost £56.10.0 to build. By June 1888 31 cottages had been built in the Dungarvan Union at a cost of £1,700. The tenants paid three shillings and seven pence a month rent. An account by a visitor to Dungarvan published in a local journal in 1883 records the economic and bad physical appearance of the town at this time: 'In a town of 6,306 inhabitants...we never saw worse roads, dirtier streets, or such numbers of small cabins unfit for human habitation, not to speak of the few street lamps, lit with oil, in this nineteenth century! Commercially Dungarvan is not what it once was, the number of large empty stores and dilapidated buildings would alone be sufficient to prove this, if proof were needed. Her fisheries, once a source of enormous wealth, are now comparatively neglected...Emigration has carried off the bone and sinew of Dungarvan; the Workhouse is full, the rates are high and there are many starving poor in the numerous wretched little cabins.' Author: William Fraher

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African American Inventors Invented an Early-version Torpedo. Andre Reboucas was born in 1838 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He was trained at the Military School of Rio de Janeiro and became an engineer after studying in Europe. After returning to Brazil, Reboucas was named a lieutenant in the engineering corps in the 1864 Paraguayan War. During the war, as naval vessels became more and more integral, Reboucas designed an immersible device which could be projected underwater, causing an explosion with any ship it hit. The device became known as the torpedo. Invented the "Permanent Waving Machine." Marjorie Stewart Joyner was born in Monterey, Virginia on October 24, 1896, the granddaughter of a slave and a slave-owner. In 1912, an eager Marjorie moved to Chicago, Illinois to pursue a career in cosmetology. She enrolled in the A.B. Molar Beauty School and in 1916 became the first Black women to graduate from the school. Following graduation, the 20 year old married podiatrist Robert E. Joyner and opened a beauty salon. Joyner developed her concept by connecting 16 rods to a single electric cord inside of a standard drying hood. A women would thus wear the hood for the prescribed period of time and her hair would be straightened or curled. After two years Joyner completed her invention and patented it in 1928, calling it the “Permanent Waving Machine.” She thus became the first Black woman to receive a patent and her device enjoyed enormous and immediate success. It performed even better than anticipated as the curl that it added would often stay in place for several days, whereas curls from standard curling iron would generally last only one day. Created a Steam Engine for Warships. Benjamin Bradley was born around 1830 as a slave in Maryland. He was able to read and write, although at the time it was illegal for a slave to do so (he likely learned from the Master’s children). He was put to work in a printing office and at the age of 16 began working with scrap he found, modeling it into a small ship. Eventually, with an intuitiveness that seemed far beyond him, he improved on his creation until he had built a working steam engine, made from a piece of a gun-barrel, pewter, pieces of round steel and some nearby junk. Those around him were so astounded by his high level of intelligence that he was placed in a new job, this time at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. In his new position he served as a classroom assistant in the science department. He helped to set up and conduct experiments, working with chemical gases. He was very good at his work, impressing the professors with his understanding of the subject matter and also with his preparedness in readying the experiments. In addition to the praise he received, he also received a salary, most of which went to his Master, but some of which (about $5.00 per month) he was able to keep. Despite enjoying his job with the Naval Academy, Bradley had not forgotten his steam engine creation. He used the money he had been able to save from his job as well as the proceeds of the sale of his original engine (to a Naval Academy student) to build a larger model. Eventually he was able to finish an engine large enough to drive the first steam-powered warship at 16 knots. At the time, because he was a slave, he was unable to secure a patent for his engine. His master did, however, allow him to sell the engine and he used that money to purchase his freedom. Created a Laser Surgical Device. When Patricia Era Bath was born on November 4, 1942, she could have succumbed to the pressures and stresses associated with growing up in Harlem, New York. With the uncertainty present because of World War II and the challenges for members of Black communities in the 1940′s, one might little expect that a top flight scientist would emerge from their midst. In 1981 she began work on her most well-known invention which she would call a “Laserphaco Probe.” The device employed a laser as well as two tubes, one for irrigation and one for aspiration (suction). The laser would be used to make a small incision in the eye and the laser energy would vaporize the cataracts within a couple of minutes. The damaged lens would then be flushed with liquids and then gently extracted by the suction tube. With the liquids still being washed into the eye, a new lens could be easily inserted. Additionally, this procedure could be used for initial cataract surgery and could eliminate much of the discomfort expected, while increasing the accuracy of the surgery. Unfortunately, though her concept was sound, she was unable to find any lasers within the United States that could be adapted for the procedure (the majority of laser technology in the United States was dedicated to military purposes). She was able to find the laser probe she needed in Berlin, Germany and successfully tested the device which she described as an “apparatus for ablating and removing cataract lenses” and later dubbed it the “Laserphaco Probe.” Bath sought patent protection for her device and received patents in several countries around the world. She intends to use the proceeds of her patent licenses to benefit the AIPB. Patricia Bath retired from UCLA in 1993 and continues to advocate vision care outreach and calls for attention to vision issues. Her remarkable achievements as a Black woman make her proud, but racial and gender-based obstacles do not consume her. “Yes, I’m interested in equal opportunities, but my battles are in science.” George Washington Carver Invented Thousand of Uses for the Peanut George Washington Carver was born in 1860 in Diamond Grove, Missouri and despite early difficulties would rise to become one of the most celebrated and respected scientists in United States history. His important discoveries and methods enabled farmers through the south and midwest to become profitable and prosperous. In 1896 he received his master’s degree in agriculture and in 1897 discovered two funguses that would be named after him. At this point, the most pivotal moment of his life arose – he was summoned by Booker T. Washington to teach at Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. He was appointed director of agriculture and quickly set out to completely correct its wretched state. He was given a 20 acre shabby piece of land and along with his students planted peas on it. Like all legumes, the peas had nitrogen-fixing bacteria on their roots which took nitrogen from the air and converted it into nitrates which then worked to fertilize the soil. The depleted soil quickly became rich and fertile, so much so that he was able to grow 500 pounds of cotton on each acre of land he worked on. Carver soon instructed nearby farmers on his methods of improving the soil and taught them how to rotate their crops to promote a better quality of soil. Most of the staple crops of the south (tobacco and cotton) stole nutrients from the soil, but these nutrients could be returned to the soil by planting legumes. Thus, in order to improve the soil, Carver instructed the farmers to plant peanuts, which could be harvested easily and fed to livestock. The farmers were ecstatic with the tremendous quality of cotton and tobacco they grew later but quickly grew angry because the amount of peanuts they harvested was too plentiful and began to rot in overflowing warehouses. Within a week, Carver had experimented with and devised dozens of uses for the peanut, including milk and cheese. In later years he would produce more than 300 products that could be developed from the lowly peanut, including ink, facial cream, shampoo and soap. Invented Resistors for Pacemakers. Otis F. Boykin was born on August 29, 1920 in Dallas, Texas. After graduating high school, he attended Fisk College in Nashville, Tennessee. He graduated in 1941 and took a job as a laboratory assistant with the Majestic Radio and TV Corporation in Chicago, Illinois. He undertook various tasks but excelled at testing automatic aircraft controls, ultimately serving as a supervisor. Three years laster he left Majestic and took a position as a research engineer with the P.J. Nilsen Reseach Laboratories. Soon thereafter, he decided to try to develop a business of his own a founded Boykin-Fruth, Incorporated. Otis BoykinAt the time, the field of electronics was very popular among the science community and Boykin took a special interest in working with resistors. A resistor is an electronic component that slows the flow of an electrical current. This is necessary to prevent too much electricity from passing through a component than is necessary or even safe. Boykin sought and received a patent for a wire precision resistor on June 16, 1959. This resistor allowed for a specific amounts of current to flow through for a specific purpose and would be used in radios and televisions. Two years later, he created another resistor that could be manufactured very inexpensively. It was a breakthrough device as it could withstand extreme changes in temperature and tolerate and withstand various levels of pressure and physical trauma without impairing its effectiveness. The chip was cheaper and more reliable than others on the market. Not surprisingly, it was in great demand as he received orders from consumer electronics manufacturers, the United States military and electronics behemoth IBM. In 1964, Boykin moved to Paris, creating electronic innovations for a new market of customers. Most of these creations involved electrical resistance components (including small component thick-film resistors used in computers and variable resistors used in guided missile systems) but he also created other important products including a chemical air filter and a burglarproof cash register. His most famous invention, however, was a control unit for the pacemaker, which used electrical impulses to stimulate the heart and create a steady heartbeat. In a tragic irony, Boykin died in 1982 as a result of heart failure. Developed a 3-D Optical Illusion Device. As a child, Valerie Thomas became fascinated with the mysteries of technology, tinkering with electronics with her father and reading books on electronics written for adolescent boys. The likelihood of her enjoying a career in science seemed bleak, as her all-girls high school did not push her to take advanced science or math classes or encourage her in that direction. Nonetheless, her curiosity was piqued and upon her graduation from high school, she set out on the path to become a scientist. In 1976 Thomas attended a scientific seminar where she viewed an exhibit demonstrating an illusion. The exhibit used concave mirrors to fool the viewer into believing that a light bulb was glowing even after it had been unscrewed from its socket. Thomas was fascinated by what she saw, and imagined the commercial opportunities for creating illusions in this manner. In 1977 she began experimenting with flat mirrors and concave mirrors. Flat mirrors, of course, provide a reflection of an object which appear to lie behind the glass surface. A concave mirror, on the other hand, presents a reflection that appears to exist in front of the glass, thereby providing the illusion that they exist in a three-dimensional manner. Thomas believed that images, presented in this way could provide a more accurate, if not more interesting, manner of representing video data. She not only viewed the process as a potential breakthrough for commercial television, but also as scientific tool for NASA and its image delivery system. Created Processes to Innovate Internet Apps. The early life of Philip Emeagwali seemed destined for poverty in his native land of Nigeria. He was the oldest of nine children and his father, who worked as a nurse’s aide, earned only a modest income. As a result, at age 14, Philip was forced to drop out of school in Onitsha. Because he had shown such great promise in mathematics, his father encouraged him to continue learning at home. Every evening, Philip’s father would quiz him in math as well as other subjects. He would ask these questions in a rapid-fire manner, prompting Philip to think quickly on his feet. Eventually, Philip was tasked to answer 100 question in an hour, which to his father’s delight, he succeeded in. Unable to attend school, Philip instead journeyed to the public library, spending most of his day there. He sped through books appropriate for his age and moved up to college-level material, studying mathematics, chemistry, physics and English. After a period of study, he applied to take the General Certificate of Education exam (a high-school equivalency exam) through the University of London and he passed it easily. Encouraged by his success and newly found status, Emeagwali moved forward with further research and provided new theories and concepts for computer design. Many of these were based on the idea that computers were simply an extension of the function of nature and thus that they should be designed based on nature. One of his theories is aimed at exploring long-term effects of greenhouse gases and global warming. Emeagwali offered a new design for a computer based on honeycombs. Based on the theory of tessellated models, Emeagwali broke the Earth’s atmosphere into sections that resembled honeycombs created by bees. He reasoned that bees are able to use the most efficient methods to develop their honeycombs and that following principles of honeycomb design in a computer will allow it to work in an optimal fashion. He believes that his hyperball computer will allow for weather forecasting far into the future and for simulated global warming trends in order to address the problem.

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The Wiring Editor is a tool to create logical connections (wirings) between HSYCO's inputs and outputs. It can be used, for instance, to quickly and easily make a button turn on/off a light or control a dimmer or an automation or, again, activate a scenario. It provides for a set of functionalities which are often implemented in home automation installation without having to resort to complex programming. - 1 Inputs and Outputs - 2 Wirings - 3 Using the Interface - 4 Expert/Basic Mode - 5 Backups - 6 Inputs/Outputs Configuration Files Inputs and Outputs An input is something that triggers an event. It can be: a readable I/O Server's datapoint, a User event (e.g. an event triggered by a User button), a scheduler event or a group of inputs. Inputs are divided into 2 categories: - Binary (0/1) - those whose value can be "0" or "1" (e.g. a button), generally used to activate/deactivate an output or a scenario - those whose value correspond to a general numeric value (e.g. a sensor), used, for instance, to set an output to a specific level. An inputs group corresponds to the logical "or" of the inputs belonging to the group; i.e. whenever an input belonging to a group triggers an event, the group will trigger an event with same value. Input groups can be used, for instance, to activate a light from two different buttons. An output is something on which is possible to perform an action. It can be: a writable I/O Server's datapoint, a User event or a group of outputs. Outputs are categorized as: - they accept a value of "0" or "1". As an example, an On/Off output can be an I/O datapoint representing a light, but also a datapoint to arm/disarm an area of a security system - they are generally I/O datapoints to control a dimmable light; accept the values "on", "off" and levels values from "1%" to "100%" - they are generally I/O datapoints to control blind automations and accept the values "up", "down" and "stop". An output group connects together a set of outputs. Writing a value to an output group will result in writing that value in all the members of the group. As we will see later, output groups are also used as a target for scenarios. When the Wiring Editor is first used, it will display a list of inputs and outputs corresponding to the datapoints of the configured I/O Servers. Generally speaking, whatever is commonly used as input or output will be listed in the respective column. This table shows the I/O Servers for which inputs and outputs are automatically detected: |Domino||all input datapoints||all output datapoints| |Contatto||all input datapoints||all output datapoints| |MyHome||light and automation datapoints| |KNX||all datapoints excluding virtual ones||all datapoints including virtual datapoints| |HwgIO||all input datapoints||all output datapoints| For Domino and Contatto I/O Servers make sure to set the “detectevents” option to "true" in their configuration. This allows for the name of the corresponding module to be displayed in the interface for each datapoint. All inputs and outputs will have their names set to their datapoint ID and will have no value type defined. The first steps to do before creating wirings are: deleting from the lists all datapoints which will not be used here, adding any additional datapoint not originally included and assign a descriptive name and a value type to all inputs and outputs. After the first time that an input or an output will be added or removed, HSYCO will no longer automatically update the respective list if, for instance, new I/O Servers are added. Add a New Input/Output Datapoint To add a new input or output I/O datapoint, click on the “+” button on the top of the corresponding column: a pop-up will show. Select “IO Server datapoint” as type and insert the ID of the datapoint to be added, an user-friendly description and specify its value type. Press the “Add” button to add it to the list. Edit or Remove an Input/Output From the list, long-press on the item to be edited/removed until a pop-up shows up. To remove it click on the “Delete” button; to edit its name or value type, apply the changes and press "Save". Create an Inputs/Outputs Group To create a group click on the “+” button above the list: a pop-up will show. Select “Inputs group” as type, select the members of the group from the drop-down list, enter a name and click on “Add”. Use a User Button as Input To use a User button as input for the wiring editor, click on the “+” button on top of the inputs list: a pop-up will show. Select “User button” as type and enter the name parameter of the user button in the ID field. If the long-press functionality of the button will be used (e.g. to dim a light or to move a blind automation while it is pressed) remember to set the “Repeat” attribute of the user button to “enabled” in the Project Editor. Use a Scheduler as Input It is possible to use a scheduler as input, for instance to have a scenario activated at a specific time every day. Click on the “+” button on top of the inputs list and select “Scheduler” as type. Specify the ID of the scheduler to use, if the scheduler does not exist yet, just add a new ID that will be assigned to the scheduler. Enter a descriptive name and press on the “Add” button. The new input will appear in the inputs list. To create or modify the scheduler’s rules, long-press on the item in the list until the edit pop-up will show. From here it is possible to change the descriptive name of the scheduler or, by clicking on the “Edit scheduler” link, access to the linked scheduler and modify it. Close the pop-up once done. Generate a User Event as Output It is possible to generate a user event as output for a wiring. This allows for the possibility to execute complex actions when the output is activated. To this end, click on the “+” button on top of the outputs list: a pop-up will show. Select “User event” as type, input the ID of the event to be generated, assign it a name and specify the value type. A wiring represents a logical connection between one or more inputs and one output (which may be a group). It is mainly characterized by its output type, i.e. the value type of the output it acts on, based on which different functions are provided. The activation of a wiring occurs every time one of its inputs triggers an event and, depending on its function, will result in the modification of the output's status. To create a wiring click on the button labelled as "I ↔ O" on top of the wirings column. This wiring acts on "On/Off" outputs and provides the following functions: - to invert the value of the output when activating a single input. The option "on" specifies when to activate the wiring: if set to "1" or "0" the wiring will be activated when the input triggers an event with the specified value; if set to "change" the wiring will be activated at each input event - to control the output using 2 inputs: one for the "on" command and the other for the "off" command - to control the output with a single input used as push-button: the output will be activated only when the input is active (e.g. while the button is kept pressed), the following options can be specified: - Delay: set the delay period, in seconds, after which the command is sent to the output. If the input is active for a period shorter than the delay, no command will be sent - Hold: set the maximum time, in seconds, after which the output is deactivated - to have the output follow the state of an input This wiring acts on "Dimmer" outputs and provides the following functions: - to control the dimmer with a single input: a short activation of the input (e.g. short press on a button) will send on/off commands, while a long one (e.g. keeping a button held down) will dim up or down - to control the dimmer using 2 binary inputs: one for the "on" command (short activation) and to dim up (long activation) and the other for the "off" command (short activation) and to dim down (long activation) - to control the dimmer using 3 binary inputs: one to dim up, one to dim down, and the last one to toggle the on/off commands - to send a level command to the dimmer. It can be used to have the dimmer following the value of a level input or to set the dimmer to a fixed level when activating a binary input. The "ratio" option can be used to specify the multiplicative factor to apply to the value of the input. Use this option for adjustments between different scales or to set the fixed level if the wiring activation is triggered by a binary input This wiring acts on "Blind" outputs and provides the following functions: - to control the blind automation with a single binary input: a short activation of the input (e.g. short press on a button) will activate the blind (with direction up or down depending on the current position) and will keep the blind to roll until the end is reached or the input is activated again. Keeping the input active for longer than a second (e.g. keeping a button held down) will activate the blind until the input is released. If the "Manned" option is checked the output will be activated only while the input is active, i.e. to move a blind automation it will be required to keep the input button held down; the functionalities activated by short activations of the input will be disabled. - to control the blind using 2 inputs: one for the "up" command and the other for the "down" command. A short activation of the input will keep the blind to roll until the end is reached or the input is activated again, while keeping the input active for longer than a second will activate the blind until the input is released. As before, the "Manned" option disables the short-activation functions - to control the blind using 3 inputs: one to send the "up" command, one to send the "down" command, and the last one to stop the movement of the blind A scenario wiring is used to set an output (most likely an output group) to a pre-recorded state when an input is activated. Follow these steps to create a scenario: - Most probably you will want to create a scenario involving more than one device, thus we need to create a group with all the outputs we want to act on. It can be an heterogeneous group: its output members can have different value type. For instance a common “exit” scenario will act on all lights and blinds in the house. If you want to create a scenario involving only an output, ignore this step - Set the output(s) to the state you want to record. For instance, for the “exit” scenario, turn off all the lights and dimmers and close the blinds. - Create a scenario wiring by choosing the activating input and the target output. If a scheduler is selected as input, it is possible to select wether to activate the scenario when the scheduler is activated (On) or when it is deactivated (Off). This is to ease the process of having two different scenarios associated to the same scheduler: one for its activation and one for its deactivation. When the scenario wiring is created, the current status of the output(s) is recorded and displayed in a pop-up. To edit the recorded state of the output(s), access the edit panel of the wiring with a long-press and click on "Record" when the output(s) are set to the new wanted state. Using the Interface A click on any of the items in the three columns (inputs, outputs or wirings) will show all the elements connected to it. For instance, to see which wirings are acting on an output, click on the output itself: the wirings column will show only the wiring acting on it and the inputs column only the inputs activating those wirings. To reset the interface click on the output again. By default the wiring editor is set to “expert mode”, i.e. all the provided functionalities are enabled. It is possible to disable the possibility of adding, editing and deleting I/O datapoint inputs and outputs to avoid the risk of having the user acting on sensible datapoints. To this end, go to HSYCO's Settings > System > Extra and add the parameter "wiringExpertMode" and set its value to "false". The user will still be allowed to create groups, but only from the already available inputs and outputs. The backups list will show all the saved backups ordered by date. To load a previously saved backup, click on the corresponding item in the list and give a confirmation. Inputs/Outputs Configuration Files To ease the process of filtering the input and output I/O datapoints to be listed in the wiring editor, it is possible to list the datapoints’ IDs in configuration files to be added in a folder named "wiring" located in the root folder of HSYCO: whitelist.in.txt: list of the IDs of all the inputs to be added whitelist.out.txt: list of the IDs of all the outputs to be added blacklist.in.txt: list of the IDs of all the inputs not to be added blacklist.out.txt: list of the IDs of all the outputs not to be added The blacklist files are to be used to have the Wiring Editor list all inputs/outputs automatically detected except for the specified ones. It is possible to have the whitelist files automatically filled with all the automatically discovered inputs and outputs. To this end just place an empty file in the "wiring" folder named “whitelist.in.txt” and/or “whitelist.out.txt”. The changes made to these configuration files will only have effect on restart. The blacklist files have higher priority w.r.t. the whitelist files, i.e. if an ID is listed in both files, the corresponding datapoint won’t appear in the wiring editor.

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How Much Should A Puppy Eat Once weaned, dogs begin to grow and will therefore need a specialized food source. This is sometimes labelled on the packaging as ‘‘. These are foods with a highenergy content and varied nutrients that also tend to stimulate the animal’s natural defences which are so necessary at the developmental age. You can get advice at the veterinary centre or in specialised shops regarding the most appropriate foods according to the type of dog as different breeds may require specialised foodstuffs. The average recommended amounts in these cases are usually: - 2 to 3 month old puppies will receive from 150 to 200 grams per day in 4 servings. Due to their age, they should be supplied with a soft diet or one where the food is mixed with water. Consult your veterinarian for specifications. - 4 to 6 month old puppies should receive 250 grams per day in 3 servings. - 6 month old puppies should be given 300 or 400 grams per day in 2 servings. - 8 month old puppies should be given 300 grams per day in 2 servings. In giant dog breeds additional calcium should be supplied in the diet to support the rapid growth that these animals undergo. Consult your usual animal expert regarding what supplements you should offer your dog according to its breed, other than the usual ones found in their food. How Much Should I Feed Puppies Feeding puppies is quickly changing as they grow. Up to 8 weeks, puppies should only rely on their mothers milk. Afterward, you can start introducing specially-formulated food for puppies to them. Some puppies take a bit longer to accommodate the new food so make you eat enough in this essential growth stage. Can Some Dogs Be Allergic To Eggs Dogs tend to be allergic to proteins in food. Since eggs have protein, dogs can become allergic to eggs. Signs that your dog is having an allergic reaction include gastrointestinal issues like vomiting and diarrhea. Sometimes they can have skin issues like itchiness around the ears, paws, and other areas. If you see any of these signs, seek help from your local veterinarian. For more information about food allergies in dogs, please refer to Cummings Veterinary Medical Center at Tufts University. You May Like: Iams Veterinary Formula Skin And Coat Plus Response Fp Determine The Quantity And Schedule How much should my dog eat? We are almost there, but unfortunately, there is some math involved here:Select the amount of calories/cups per day from your dog foods feeding guideline. Dont forget to factor in your pups activity level in making this determination.Subtract the number of calories you are feeding your dog in snacks.Determine how often you feed your dog. Most people feed their dogs twice per day, but there is no hard and fast ruleso consult your veterinarian if you have questions. Divide the number of daily meals from the recommended daily feeding amount determined in steps a and b above, and voila, you have your per-meal serving size. Keep Your Diabetic Dog Lean The quantity of foodâor more specifically, the number of caloriesâshould be geared toward keeping your dog at a lean body weight, or returning your dog to a lean body weight if it is obese or overweight. Though diabetes is not caused by being overweight, dogs that are overweight or obese are less healthy than those that are kept lean. You May Like: Iams Skin And Coat Plus Response Fp Diet In Diabetes Treatment For Your Dog Regulating the blood glucose levels is the key to controlling and treating the symptoms of diabetes. Without a properly controlled diet, keeping the blood glucose levels within acceptable limits is impossible. This is because any food that your dog eats has a direct impact on its blood glucose levels. The types or quantities of food will cause differing reactions. How Much Should I Feed A Dog With Specific Health Issues These recommendations are general guidelines aimed at healthy dogs. If your pup has other health issues like kidney or liver problems, obesity or gastritis, their meal schedule and food amounts will change. As long as the dog food is nutritionally complete and balanced and has the AAFCO guidelines on it, you’ll be fine. Marty Becker, veterinarian at North Idaho Animal Hospital. In such cases, your best option is consulting with a trusted veterinarian. They will evaluate your dog and recommend a feeding plan suited to their needs. PRO TIP: If your dog has special health needs, ask your vet about choosing food tailored to their needs instead of regular food. Nowadays you can find specialty foods created to fit weight-loss plans, sensitive stomachs and even low-sodium diets. Also Check: Iams Veterinary Formula Intestinal Plus Cat Puppy And Growing Dogs Feeding Schedule Not only will puppies require a different kind of feeding schedule, but they also will require a lot more attention to ensure they are adjusting well to new foods. Amidst all the craziness that comes with raising a young pup, you are probably wondering just how much dog food a puppy requires. For the first eight weeks, puppies should freely nurse on their mothers milk whenever they want. After the first four weeks, they can start incorporating small amounts of watered-down dry food, which will help them transition off their mothers milk. After eight weeks, puppies should be eating nutrient-rich food twice a day. How Often Should I Be Feeding My Dog It is recommended that you feed your adult dog twice a day, once in the morning and again in the evening. If you wish to divide their daily food into 3-4 smaller meals, this is also acceptable. This way they have time to digest their food and keep their metabolic clock ticking over. Puppies should be fed more often using the following guide, or what has been recommended by your Greencross Vet. Also Check: What Dog Food Is Killing Dogs Vet Approved Puppy Feeding Guide These are exciting times! As you prepare for your new family member and all the fun times ahead, many of your questions will involve feeding time. Feeding is a crucial factor in your pups current and future health. As puppies are growing, they require different quantities and nutrients than adult dogs, getting it right will allow them to develop in the healthiest way possible. To help you find your way, we consulted our team of veterinarians to prepare this puppy feeding guidebut first, remember to follow you veterinarian’s advice. Th Week Of Pregnancy To Birth |Back to top| During the last third of pregnancy the puppies are growing very quickly, roughly doubling in size each week. This puts enormous demands on the mother, and her diet will have to be bolstered to compensate. Although extra food would do the job, the mother’s stomach capacity will be significantly reduced due to the presence of the puppies, so it is much better to continue to feed the same amount but switch to a higher energy food. Some companies produce specific foods for pregnant and nursing bitches, but any puppy food or high energy diet would be just as effective. As her stomach volume continues to decrease, it is often wise to feed the mother several, smaller meals per day for the last 1-2 weeks of pregnancy . Don’t Miss: How To Make Homemade Dog Food For Kidney Failure Monitor Your Dogs Weight When feeding your dog, you should regularly monitor any changes that you notice. Some people like to weigh their dog. But, you can also use a visual assessment! You should be able to feel but not see your dogs ribs, and when you look down on them, they should have a defined waist. Of course this will vary a little between each breed. So, if unsure, check with your vet. How Much Raw Food Should I Feed My Dog Dogs cant talk, but they sure do have their own ways of letting us know that theyre excited to eat. Some do the raw dinner dance, others get vocal, and others even bring us their food dish. But when it comes to feeding time, switching your dog to a raw food diet can lead to some questions about the amount of food you need to give him. This handy guide will help you figure out how much you should be feeding your dog so you can feel more confident that youre not overfeeding, and youll always make sure he gets the nutrients he needs. Also Check: Iams Veterinary Formula Intestinal Plus Puppy How Often To Feed Your Pup Puppies should be fed three to four times a day therefore if you are currently feeding ¾ a cup of puppy food twice a day you should consider spacing it out by feeding ½ cup three times a day. Smaller meals are easier to digest for the puppy and energy levels dont peak and fall so much with frequent meals. At around six months you may start feeding twice a day for convenience but because your dog is a mixed large breed dog I would recommend sticking with a 3-4 times a day feeding schedule if possible to minimize the risk of gastric dilatation volvulus. - One 34 lb. Bag – Purina Pro Plan Brand Large Breed Dry Puppy Food, Chicken and Rice Formula - Made with high-quality protein, including real chicken - Natural sources of glucosamine help support his developing joints and cartilage Can I Feed My Dogs Bones And Other Food Scraps Our vets advise owners not to feed bones, leftovers, bits of meat and other scraps, because: - Bones can get stuck in your dogs throat, and splinters can damage the stomach and intestines. - Human food isnt always good for dogs: some, like chocolate and grapes, are poisonous. - Dogs who get scraps may refuse to eat their normal food without them. - It unbalances the dogs regular diet and they can get overweight. - Your dog may misbehave during your mealtimes, as they think theyre going to get food, too. - Too many vegetables can cause wind. Not a problem for your dog, but it could be for you! - Fatty foods can cause stomach upsets, which can be as serious as painful pancreatitis. - Human foods contain lots of extra calories for our pets. To a medium-sized dog, eating one fried egg is like a person eating two ring donuts. Don’t Miss: How To Make Homemade Dog Food For Kidney Failure What Sort Of Feeding Schedule Works Free-feeding, or leaving food available to dogs at all times, is often not recommended by veterinarians. For multi-species or multiple-dog households, free-feeding makes it difficult to account for different diets and to track each dogs intake. Additionally, free feeding can lead to obesity when dogs overeat. Sticking to a schedule can help your canine companion avoid grazing, feel like part of the family, and can encourage good mealtime behavior. You should plan a feeding schedule by consulting with your veterinarian. Provide Comfort Items For Bedtime For dogs that need lots of support, place your dog’s favorite toy or blanket in their crate to help create an inviting and safe environment. Some dogs prefer warmth while other dogs prefer cool beds youll want to experiment with lighting, toys, blankets, beds, or areas where they sleep to create the optimal place for your dog to sleep through the night. Recommended Reading: How To Make Homemade Dog Food For Kidney Failure Remembering To Regularly Check In On Your Puppys Feeding Regime Ensures Your Pup Develops At A Healthy Rate And Enjoys All The Nutrients They Need Our in-house nutritionists answer frequently asked questions about feeding puppies up to 6 months below How many times should I feed my pup every day? Most puppies will happily dine on 3 meals per day until they are 6 months old. Stick to a timely routine of breakfast, lunch and dinner. How much food does my pup need? Make sure youre feeding the right amount. A simple rule of thumb is to feed your puppy 20g per 1kg of body weight per day. So, if you have a puppy weighing 5kg, they will need 100g per day. Why is it important to get feeding right at this early stage? Making sure your puppy eats the right amount of healthy, wholesome food from an early age helps protect them against developing common health problems later in life caused by being overweight or eating too much of the wrong ingredients. Help! My puppy isnt eating enough! If your puppy temporarily loses their appetite or suffers an upset tummy, try not to panic. This is common as they adapt to their new environment. As they settle in and get used to their surroundings, meal times will improve. Can I introduce treats and extras to my puppys diet? Be mindful of treats and extras. Using your puppys food as a treat will be adequate at this early stage. How can I make mealtimes engaging and fun? Stuffing a Kong with some of your dogs daily kibble is a perfect way to make meal times more fun. Normal dry kibble can be soaked to make stuffing easier. How can I tell if my pups poo is normal? To 8 Weeks: What To Feed Puppy At 6 Weeks As time passes, gradually reduce the milk replacer in the puppy food mixture. By the end of the 8 weeks, the puppy should be fully weaned and eating solids entirely. You need to keep a routine and feed puppies that are 6-8 weeks old 3 – 4 X a day. Dr. Clayton Greenway’s puppy feeding schedule includes putting food out for 20 minutes and taking it away to encourage healthy eating habits. This also helps you monitor if your puppy is eating well. Dr. Greenway says that you dont want to turn your puppy into a grazer. In the future, you may have to give a supplement or medication, and you want to put that in that single meal. Read Also: Is Iams Dog Food Any Good Skin And Coat Problems |Back to top| Constant scratching or chewing/licking of the skin, especially around the paws is sadly very common in dogs. It can itself be stressful, uncomfortable and often painful for the dog which is bad enough but more often than not it is also a sign of bigger problems under the surface. Food and digestive health play a major role in almost all skin problems so if your dog has skin sensitivities, be sure to check out our comprehensive guide to feeding itchy dogs here. How Do I Figure Out How Much I Should Feed My Dog Figuring out how much to feed your dog is a little tricky, because breed, age, size, energy level, and health all factor into how often dogs should eat and how much. As you might suspect, larger breedslike Great Danes and mastiffsweigh more and therefore require more calories per day than medium and small breed dogs. Veterinarians and board-certified veterinary nutritionists are expert sources of information about what and how much your dog should eat. A vet will decide how many calories your dog needs by looking at his current weight, his body condition , and the type of food hes eating. You can do that, too, by using an online calculator. Recommended Reading: Where To Buy Royal Canin Gastrointestinal Low Fat Dog Food Puppy Feeding Chart By Weight And Age Here’s a Puppy Feeding Chart measured in cups. Again, these measurements are guidelines only. Consult a vet to make sure that your doggie’s receiving the right diet for their breed, size, weight, and age. 1 1/3 2 1/2 cups 1 2 cups 1 1/2 2 2/3 cups 1 2 cups 3 1/3 4 1/2 cups 2 2/3 3 2/3 cups 2 2 3/4 cups 4 1/2 5 2/3 cups 3 2/3 4 1/2 cups 2 3/4 3 1/3 cups Got More Questions Contact Us If you have any questions that aren’t answered on our website, feel free to open a live chat below and we’d be glad to help! If our chat is unattended, please leave your contact details. We reply fast! Also Check: Where Is Merrick Dog Food Manufactured Determine Your Dogs Body Condition One way to determine whether your dogs weight is ideal is to use the system used by many veterinarians. The body condition scoring system lets you use sight and touch to determine where your dog stands in relation to ideal body weight. For most dogs, this means ribs, spine, and hip bones are easily felt there is a visible abdominal tuck and a small amount of fat can be felt under the skin. What Are The Nutritional Requirements For Dogs The six basic nutrients are water, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. These essential nutrients are required as part of the dogs regular diet and are involved in all of the basic functions of the body. The minimum dietary requirement has been established for many nutrients. The maximum tolerable amounts of some nutrients are known, and results of toxicity have been established. What is less understood is what may happen over time with marginal deficiencies or excesses. Nutritional guidelines have been developed by the Association of American Feed Control Officials . AAFCO guidelines are the general basis for the nutritional content of commercial pet foods. Make sure that your dogs food meets the AAFCO standards. Keep in mind that these are guidelines and your dog may need more or less depending on his health status. Speak to your veterinarian for more information on specific nutrients that your particular dog may need. Don’t Miss: Who Makes Dr Pol Dog Food

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A continuity equation or transport equation is an equation that describes the transport of some quantity. It is particularly simple and powerful when applied to a conserved quantity, but it can be generalized to apply to any extensive quantity. Since mass, energy, momentum, electric charge and other natural quantities are conserved under their respective appropriate conditions, a variety of physical phenomena may be described using continuity equations. Continuity equations are a stronger, local form of conservation laws. For example, a weak version of the law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed—i.e., the total amount of energy in the universe is fixed. This statement does not rule out the possibility that a quantity of energy could disappear from one point while simultaneously appearing at another point. A stronger statement is that energy is locally conserved: energy can neither be created nor destroyed, nor can it "teleport" from one place to another—it can only move by a continuous flow. A continuity equation is the mathematical way to express this kind of statement. For example, the continuity equation for electric charge states that the amount of electric charge in any volume of space can only change by the amount of electric current flowing into or out of that volume through its boundaries. Continuity equations more generally can include "source" and "sink" terms, which allow them to describe quantities that are often but not always conserved, such as the density of a molecular species which can be created or destroyed by chemical reactions. In an everyday example, there is a continuity equation for the number of people alive; it has a "source term" to account for people being born, and a "sink term" to account for people dying. Any continuity equation can be expressed in an "integral form" (in terms of a flux integral), which applies to any finite region, or in a "differential form" (in terms of the divergence operator) which applies at a point. A continuity equation is useful when a flux can be defined. To define flux, first there must be a quantity q which can flow or move, such as mass, energy, electric charge, momentum, number of molecules, etc. Let ρ be the volume density of this quantity, that is, the amount of q per unit volume. The way that this quantity q is flowing is described by its flux. The flux of q is a vector field, which we denote as j. Here are some examples and properties of flux: The dimension of flux is "amount of q flowing per unit time, through a unit area". For example, in the mass continuity equation for flowing water, if 1 gram per second of water is flowing through a pipe with cross-sectional area 1 cm2, then the average mass flux j inside the pipe is (1 g/s) / cm2, and its direction is along the pipe in the direction that the water is flowing. Outside the pipe, where there is no water, the flux is zero. If there is a velocity fieldu which describes the relevant flow—in other words, if all of the quantity q at a point x is moving with velocity u(x)—then the flux is by definition equal to the density times the velocity field: For example, if in the mass continuity equation for flowing water, u is the water's velocity at each point, and ρ is the water's density at each point, then j would be the mass flux. (Note that the concept that is here called "flux" is alternatively termed "flux density" in some literature, in which context "flux" denotes the surface integral of flux density. See the main article on Flux for details.) The integral form of the continuity equation states that: The amount of q in a region increases when additional q flows inward through the surface of the region, and decreases when it flows outward; The amount of q in a region increases when new q is created inside the region, and decreases when q is destroyed; Apart from these two processes, there is no other way for the amount of q in a region to change. Mathematically, the integral form of the continuity equation expressing the rate of increase of q within a volume V is: In the integral form of the continuity equation, S is any closed surface that fully encloses a volume V, like any of the surfaces on the left. S can not be a surface with boundaries, like those on the right. (Surfaces are blue, boundaries are red.) q is the total amount of the quantity in the volume V, j is the flux of q, t is time, Σ is the net rate that q is being generated inside the volume V per unit time. When q is being generated, it is called a source of q, and it makes Σ more positive. When q is being destroyed, it is called a sink of q, and it makes Σ more negative. This term is sometimes written as or the total change of q from its generation or destruction inside the control volume. In a simple example, V could be a building, and q could be the number of people in the building. The surface S would consist of the walls, doors, roof, and foundation of the building. Then the continuity equation states that the number of people in the building increases when people enter the building (an inward flux through the surface), decreases when people exit the building (an outward flux through the surface), increases when someone in the building gives birth (a source, Σ > 0), and decreases when someone in the building dies (a sink, Σ < 0). ρ is the amount of the quantity q per unit volume, j is the flux of q, t is time, σ is the generation of q per unit volume per unit time. Terms that generate q (i.e., σ > 0) or remove q (i.e., σ < 0) are referred to as a "sources" and "sinks" respectively. This general equation may be used to derive any continuity equation, ranging from as simple as the volume continuity equation to as complicated as the Navier–Stokes equations. This equation also generalizes the advection equation. Other equations in physics, such as Gauss's law of the electric field and Gauss's law for gravity, have a similar mathematical form to the continuity equation, but are not usually referred to by the term "continuity equation", because j in those cases does not represent the flow of a real physical quantity. In the case that q is a conserved quantity that cannot be created or destroyed (such as energy), σ = 0 and the equations become: Taking the divergence of both sides (the divergence and partial derivative in time commute) results in but the divergence of a curl is zero, so that But Gauss's law (another Maxwell equation), states that which can be substituted in the previous equation to yield the continuity equation Current is the movement of charge. The continuity equation says that if charge is moving out of a differential volume (i.e., divergence of current density is positive) then the amount of charge within that volume is going to decrease, so the rate of change of charge density is negative. Therefore, the continuity equation amounts to a conservation of charge. If magnetic monopoles exist, there would be a continuity equation for monopole currents as well, see the monopole article for background and the duality between electric and magnetic currents. In fluid dynamics, the continuity equation states that the rate at which mass enters a system is equal to the rate at which mass leaves the system plus the accumulation of mass within the system. The differential form of the continuity equation is: If the fluid is incompressible (volumetric strain rate is zero), the mass continuity equation simplifies to a volume continuity equation: which means that the divergence of the velocity field is zero everywhere. Physically, this is equivalent to saying that the local volume dilation rate is zero, hence a flow of water through a converging pipe will adjust solely by increasing its velocity as water is largely incompressible. In computer vision, optical flow is the pattern of apparent motion of objects in a visual scene. Under the assumption that brightness of the moving object did not change between two image frames, one can derive the optical flow equation as: t is time, x, y coordinates in the image, I is the image intensity at image coordinate (x, y) and time t, V is the optical flow velocity vector at image coordinate (x, y) and time t Energy and heat Conservation of energy says that energy cannot be created or destroyed. (See below for the nuances associated with general relativity.) Therefore, there is a continuity equation for energy flow: q, energy flux (transfer of energy per unit cross-sectional area per unit time) as a vector, An important practical example is the flow of heat. When heat flows inside a solid, the continuity equation can be combined with Fourier's law (heat flux is proportional to temperature gradient) to arrive at the heat equation. The equation of heat flow may also have source terms: Although energy cannot be created or destroyed, heat can be created from other types of energy, for example via friction or joule heating. If there is a quantity that moves continuously according to a stochastic (random) process, like the location of a single dissolved molecule with Brownian motion, then there is a continuity equation for its probability distribution. The flux in this case is the probability per unit area per unit time that the particle passes through a surface. According to the continuity equation, the negative divergence of this flux equals the rate of change of the probability density. The continuity equation reflects the fact that the molecule is always somewhere—the integral of its probability distribution is always equal to 1—and that it moves by a continuous motion (no teleporting). Quantum mechanics is another domain where there is a continuity equation related to conservation of probability. The terms in the equation require the following definitions, and are slightly less obvious than the other examples above, so they are outlined here: With these definitions the continuity equation reads: Either form may be quoted. Intuitively, the above quantities indicate this represents the flow of probability. The chance of finding the particle at some position r and time t flows like a fluid; hence the term probability current, a vector field. The particle itself does not flow deterministically in this vector field. This section presents a derivation of the equation above for electrons. A similar derivation can be found for the equation for holes. Consider the fact that the number of electrons is conserved across a volume of semiconductor material with cross-sectional area, A, and length, dx, along the x-axis. More precisely, one can say: Mathematically, this equality can be written: Here J denotes current density(whose direction is against electron flow by convention) due to electron flow within the considered volume of the semiconductor. It is also called electron current density. Total electron current density is the sum of drift current and diffusion current densities: Therefore, we have Applying the product rule results in the final expression: The key to solving these equations in real devices is whenever possible to select regions in which most of the mechanisms are negligible so that the equations reduce to a much simpler form. In general relativity, where spacetime is curved, the continuity equation (in differential form) for energy, charge, or other conserved quantities involves the covariant divergence instead of the ordinary divergence. For example, the stress–energy tensor is a second-order tensor field containing energy–momentum densities, energy–momentum fluxes, and shear stresses, of a mass-energy distribution. The differential form of energy–momentum conservation in general relativity states that the covariant divergence of the stress-energy tensor is zero: However, the ordinarydivergence of the stress–energy tensor does not necessarily vanish: The right-hand side strictly vanishes for a flat geometry only. As a consequence, the integral form of the continuity equation is difficult to define and not necessarily valid for a region within which spacetime is significantly curved (e.g. around a black hole, or across the whole universe). There are many other quantities in particle physics which are often or always conserved: baryon number (proportional to the number of quarks minus the number of antiquarks), electron number, mu number, tau number, isospin, and others. Each of these has a corresponding continuity equation, possibly including source / sink terms. One reason that conservation equations frequently occur in physics is Noether's theorem. This states that whenever the laws of physics have a continuous symmetry, there is a continuity equation for some conserved physical quantity. The three most famous examples are: The laws of physics are invariant with respect to time-translation—for example, the laws of physics today are the same as they were yesterday. This symmetry leads to the continuity equation for conservation of energy. The laws of physics are invariant with respect to space-translation—for example, the laws of physics in Brazil are the same as the laws of physics in Argentina. This symmetry leads to the continuity equation for conservation of momentum. The laws of physics are invariant with respect to orientation—for example, floating in outer space, there is no measurement you can do to say "which way is up"; the laws of physics are the same regardless of how you are oriented. This symmetry leads to the continuity equation for conservation of angular momentum.

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CNC Plasma Cutting and Engraving: What is plasma? To Properly explain how a plasma cutter works, we must begin by answering the basic question “What is plasma? In its simplest terms, plasma is the fourth state of matter. We commonly think of matter having three states: a solid, a liquid, and a gas. Matter changes from one state to the other through the introduction of energy, such as heat. For example, water will change from a solid (ice) to its liquid state when a certain amount of heat is applied. If the heat levels are increased, it will change again from a liquid to a gas (steam). Now, if the heat levels increase again, the gases that make up the steam will become ionized and electrically conductive, becoming plasma. A plasma cutter will use this electrically conductive gas to transfer energy from a power supply to any conductive material, resulting in a cleaner, faster cutting process than with oxyfuel. The plasma arc formation begins when a gas such as oxygen, nitrogen, argon, or even shop air is forced through a small nozzle orifice inside the torch. An electric arc generated from the external power supply is then introduced to this high pressured gas flow, resulting in what is commonly referred to as a “plasma jet”. The plasma jet immediately reaches temperatures up to 40,000° F, quickly piercing through the work piece and blowing away the molten material. Plasma cutting is a process that cuts through electrically conductive materials by means of an accelerated jet of hot plasma. Typical materials cut with a plasma torch include steel, Stainless steel, aluminum, brass and copper, although other conductive metals may be cut as well. Plasma cutting is often used in fabrication shops, automotive repair and restoration, industrial construction, and salvage scrapping operations and General signage applications. Due to the high speed and precision cuts combined with low cost, plasma cutting sees widespread use from large-scale industrial CNC applications down to small hobbyist shops. Our Machine Bed / Cut size is 1200mm x 120000mm – Any items larger than that we will outsource this for you…… CNC Laser Cutting: Laser cutting is a technology that uses a laser to cut materials, and is typically used for industrial manufacturing applications, but is also starting to be used by schools, small businesses, and hobbyists. Laser cutting works by directing the output of a high-power laser most commonly through optics. The laser optics and CNC (computer numerical control) are used to direct the material or the laser beam generated. A typical commercial laser for cutting materials involved a motion control system to follow a CNC or G-code of the pattern to be cut onto the material. The focused laser beam is directed at the material, which then either melts, burns, vaporizes away, or is blown away by a jet of gas, leaving an edge with a high-quality surface finish. Industrial laser cutters are used to cut flat-sheet material as well as structural and piping materials. Our Machine Bed / Cut size is 1200mm x 900mm – Any items larger than that we will out source this for you…… Safe Cutting Materials: Many woods Avoid oily/resinous woods. Be very careful about cutting oily woods, or very resinous woods as they also may catch fire. Plywood/Composite woods . These contain glue, and may not laser cut as well as solid wood. MDF/Engineered woods These are okay to use but may experience a higher amount of charring when cut. Paper, card stock Cuts very well on the laser cutter, and also very quickly. Cardboard, carton Cuts well but may catch fire. Watch for fire. Cork Cuts nicely, but the quality of the cut depends on the thickness and quality of the cork. Engineered cork has a lot of glue in it, and may not cut as well. Avoid thicker cork. Acrylic/Lucite/Plexiglas/ PMMA . Cuts extremely well leaving a beautifully polished edge. Thin Polycarbonate Sheeting (<1mm) Very thin polycarbonate can be cut, but tends to discolor badly. Extremely thin sheets (0.5mm and less) may cut with yellowed/discolored edges. Polycarbonate absorbs IR strongly, and is a poor material to use in the laser cutter. Watch for smoking/burning Delrin (POM) Delrin comes in a number of shore strengths (hardness) and the harder Delrin tends to work better. Great for gears! Kapton tape (Polyimide) Works well, in thin sheets and strips like tape. Mylar Works well if it’s thin. Thick mylar has a tendency to warp, bubble, and curl Gold coated mylar will not work. Solid Styrene Smokes a lot when cut, but can be cut. Keep it thin. Depron foam Used a lot for hobby, RC aircraft, architectural models, and toys. 1/4″ cuts nicely, with a smooth edge. Must be constantly monitored. Gator foam Foam core gets burned and eaten away compared to the top and bottom hard paper shell. Not a fantastic thing to cut, but it can be cut if watched. Cloth/felt/hemp/cotton They all cut well. Our lasers can be used in lace-making. Not plastic coated or impregnated cloth! Leather/Suede Leather is very hard to cut, but can be if it’s thinner than a belt (call it 1/8″) Real leather only! Not ‘pleather’ or other imitations .. they are made of PVC. Magnetic Sheet Cuts beautifully Fine for cutting. Beware chlorine-containing rubber! Carbon fiber mats/weave, that has not had epoxy applied Can be cut, very slowly. You must not cut carbon fiber that has been coated!! Coroplast (‘corrugated plastic’) Difficult because of the vertical strips. Three passes at 80% power, 7% speed, and it will be slightly connected still at the bottom from the vertical strips. All the above “cuttable” materials can be engraved, In addition, you can engrave: Glass Green seems to work best…looks sandblasted. Flat glass, bottles glasses and Ceramic tiles Anodized aluminum Vaporizes the anodization away. Painted/coated metals Vaporizes the paint away. Stone, Marble, Granite, Soapstone, Onyx. Gets a white “textured” look when etched. NEVER CUT THESE MATERIALS: PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride)/vinyl/pleather/artificial leather Emits chlorine gas when cut! Thick ( >1mm ) Polycarbonate/Lexan, Cuts very poorly, discolors, catches fire Polycarbonate is often found as flat, sheet material. The window of the laser cutter is made of Polycarbonate because polycarbonate strongly absorbs infrared radiation! This is the frequency of light the laser cutter uses to cut materials, so it is very ineffective at cutting polycarbonate. Polycarbonate is a poor choice for laser cutting. It creates long stringy clouds of soot that float up, ruin the optics and mess up the machine. ABS Melts / Cyanide ABS does not cut well in a laser cutter. It tends to melt rather than vaporize, and has a higher chance of catching on fire and leaving behind melted gooey deposits on the vector cutting grid. It also does not engrave well (again, tends to melt). Cutting ABS plastic emits hydrogen cyanide, which is unsafe at any concentration. HDPE/milk bottle plastic Catches fire and melts , It gets gooey. It catches fire. Don’t use it. PolyStyrene Foam Catches fire It catches fire quickly, burns rapidly, it melts, and only thin pieces cut. This is the #1 material that causes laser fires!!! PolyPropylene Foam Catches fire Like PolyStyrene, it melts, catches fire, and the melted drops continue to burn and turn into rock-hard drips and pebbles. Epoxy burn / smoke Epoxy is an aliphatic resin, strongly cross-linked carbon chains. A CO2 laser can’t cut it, and the resulting burned mess creates toxic fumes ( like cyanide! ). Items coated in Epoxy, or cast Epoxy resins must not be used in the laser cutter. Fiberglass Emits fumes It’s a mix of two materials that cant’ be cut. Glass (etch, no cut) and epoxy resin (fumes) Coated Carbon Fiber Emits noxious fumes A mix of two materials. Thin carbon fiber mat can be cut, with some fraying – but not when coated. Any foodstuff ( such as meat, seaweed ‘nori’ sheets, cookie dough, bread, tortillas! CNC Routing Service – Now Also available in house on various materials in 2D or 2.5D – Our bed / cutting size is 1200mmx600mm. 3D Printing – Now Also available in house – Our Bed / Printing size is 200mmx280mm. Regards to our Laser Cutting / Engraving / Plasma Cutting / Routing / 3D Printing Services, Please get in contact with us for a Quote. We able to also supply various materials – Send us your design or let us do a design for you. Please note redrawing or creating a design for you may reflect extra charges depending on time spent creating each unique custom design your heart desires!

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To get relief from head and neck cancer you should know the causes and treatment properly. Here is everything to let you know about it. Head and neck cancer is a group of diseases that develop inside or near the throat, voice box, nose, sinuses, or mouth. All these cancers begin when the cells in the head or neck part go out of control and crowd the normal cells. This makes it harder for the body to function normally. Cancer cells in the head or neck spread to other parts of the body, sometimes traveling to the lungs where they can grow. Tobacco and alcohol are among the leading causes of head and neck cancer. Worldwide, this cancer causes more than 650,000 cases and 330,000 deaths annually. What is Head and Neck Cancer? Cancer is the sum of the various diseases that initially form inside the cell. Cancer cells, in turn, grow and break down to form mutable or innumerable new cells. Simply put, cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells, which attacks and damages the surrounding cells and tissues. Head and neck cancers are a combination of cancers of the mouth, nose, throat, larynx, sinuses, or salivary glands. The head and neck surround various organs, such as the mouth, nose, brain, salivary glands, sinuses, throat, and lymph glands. Thus, there are 6 most common types of these cancers that account for 6 percent of all cancers worldwide. Most of it is in the mouth, and older men have the highest risk of developing this cancer. Men are about three times more likely to get the disease than women. According to the part of the body, the head and neck cancers are classified where they occur. Head and neck cancer naturally include: - Laryngeal cancer - Nasopharyngeal cancer - Hypopharyngeal cancer - Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer - Salivary gland cancer - Oropharyngeal cancer - Tonsil cancer Laryngeal cancer starts in the voice box. It puts a cap on your bones when you eat or drink to prevent food and fluids from entering. It is a type of throat cancer and one of the most common forms of head and neck cancer. Patients with laryngeal cancer need voice rehabilitation after treatment to learn how to speak again. Nasopharyngeal cancer is a type of throat cancer. It happens at the time of growing cells in the nasopharynx, the upper part of the throat. This type of cancer is rare and affects less than a million people in North America each year. Nasopharyngeal cancer is often caught in its later stages because the disease does not cause symptoms in the early stages. Hypopharyngeal cancer is a type of throat cancer. It starts at the bottom of the throat on the side and back of the voice box which is the lower part of the throat that surrounds the garage. This part is also called a gullet. Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer It forms just behind the nose where air enters the throat. This type of cancer can develop in the air-filled areas around the nasal cavity called the paranasal sinuses. Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses cancers are uncommon. Salivary Gland Cancer The glands produce saliva to break down food where salivary gland cancer is found. It is similar to other abnormal cancers. This cancer is formed in the mouth. Oral cavity includes the inner lining of the lips and cheeks, the lining of the lips, the teeth, the gums, the front of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, and the roof of the mouth. It is a very common cancer in men. Oropharyngeal cancer forms in the oropharynx, just behind the mouth. It includes the tonsils, the back of the roof of the mouth, and the side and back walls of the throat. Tobacco and alcohol use can increase the risk of this cancer in any person. Some people may get tonsil cancer due to lifestyle choices or any other situation. You are more likely to get tonsil cancer if you drink alcohol or smoke, get infected with the virus HPV or HIV, or be older than 50 years or older. If you are a human being or have received an organ transplant, you are more likely to get tonsil cancer. Symptoms of Head and Neck Cancer: Due to the different structures present in the head and neck area, the signs and symptoms of head and neck cancer depend on the structure being affected. Cancer of the head and neck involves many body parts. However, there are some common signs and symptoms, which are: - Swelling of the neck - Chronic cough - Weight loss (10% of total body weight) Dysphagia (swallowing problems) - Increased lymph glands in the neck area - Numbness of the mouth There can be many causes of head and neck cancer. Any cell in our body can become cancerous due to mutations. These mutations can occur for a variety of reasons. Among those reasons, some common reasons are the followings: - Chewing tobacco or drink - Excess alcohol - Eating inadequate food - Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Epstein-Barr virus - Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation - Lack of nutrition - Dust, metal particles - Exposure to radioactive substances and harmful X-rays. How to Diagnose? Head and neck cancer has an advantage, it can be diagnosed at an early stage. Usually a medical history with proper clinical examination helps in diagnosis. The common or conventional tests are: - Physical examination: Oral and nasal cavities, throat, neck, and tongue are examined with the help of small mirrors and/or light. The doctor may get lumps or swelling in the neck, lips, gums, and chin - Biopsy, endoscopy - Blood or urine test - CT scan: It is a combination of detailed images of the neck and the internal organs of the head - MRI: It is a powerful magnet that attaches to a computer. It also makes detailed pictures of the inside of the head and neck - PET Scan: It is a specially modified and appropriate method. Cancer cells or suspicious cells absorb it and it appears as a dark spot on the scan - Oral cavity examination which usually includes physical examination - Examination of salivary or salivary glands - Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity examination - Pharyngeal examination - Lymph node and upper part of the neck. Risk Factors of Head and Neck Cancer There are some things that multiply the risk of head and neck cancer. Awareness of these issues is important. We have many things on our heads and necks. This includes laryngeal cancer. Smoking plays a major role here. In addition, tobacco, betel leaf if we use, we chew them for a long time in the tongue, leave them, from there the gums, the tongue, the back of the tongue — they all have a direct connection with cancer. They have less to do with cancer of the respiratory tract and esophagus. Smoking is mostly responsible for this. Our food habits and some drugs are also responsible. Smoking and tobacco, white leaves, betel leaf, betel nut, etc. are mainly increasing the risk factors of head and neck cancer. Head and Neck Cancer Treatments Once the head and neck cancer is diagnosed, the doctor begins immediate treatment. There are some common medical procedures that we have mentioned below. According to the medical examination report, the doctor fixes the person’s medical procedure. The type of therapy varies depending on the severity, stage, and other ancillary factors. Surgery is the most common type of treatment even for this cancer. In general, the main goal is to completely eliminate cancer or infected cells. Radiation therapy is one of the most common types of treatment. There are different types of radiation therapy, one of which is proton therapy. Topical docetaxel-based chemotherapy is extremely effective. It is used in advanced cancers of the head and neck. Therapy: It is extremely effective in treating mucosal dysplasia and minor cancers of the head and neck. This method uses certain drugs or ingredients to attack specific cancer cells without targeting normal cells. The latest version of the Head and Neck Tumor Guide uses proton therapy as one of the standard treatments for head and neck tumors. Proton therapy can be selected based on tumor location, clinical stage, physician experience, and nursing support assessment. Proton therapy is currently the most advanced radiotherapy method for tumors that work by destroying the DNA of cancer cells. It is protected from radiation, thereby reducing unwanted complications and side effects. Benefits of Proton Therapy - Reduces short-term and long-term side effects - It has been shown to be effective against adult and childhood cancers - Tumors and cancer cells reduce the risk of damage to nearby healthy tissues and organs - Treatment reduces the chances of developing a minor tumor - Patients treated with radiotherapy can also be re-prototyped and used for recurrent tumors - The treatment dose may be higher than X-ray radiotherapy and there is room to increase the dose - Improve the lifestyle during and after treatment. What Type of Cancer Proton Therapy Actually Treats? - Recurrent head and neck cancer - Base cancer of the scalp - Laryngeal cancer - Oral cancer - Throat cancer - Salivary adenocarcinoma - Sinus cancer - Hypopharyngeal cancer - Oropharyngeal carcinoma - Tongue cancer - Tonsil cancer Cancer is a disease that a single method cannot control. There are three main treatments for cancer: surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. A lot of the time here the three need to be put together. A lot of the time you just have to understand the place and do the surgery. Many times it is possible to understand the place only by doing radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, it is not possible to control it with one treatment. Essential Tips to Reduce the Risk of Head and Neck Cancer: - Avoid drinking frequent or heavy alcohol - Do not combine the use of alcohol and tobacco - Do not return to smoking or drinking after treatment - Avoid prolonged sun exposure - Maintain good oral hygiene at home and see your dentist regularly - Be aware of the dangers of HPV - Fine particle filter. Head and neck cancer is caused by a variety of factors that you know about. However, along with the diagnosis, the causes you should investigate so that you can avoid them later. We have to give up some of these foods that cause cancer. Avoiding smoking, tobacco use, chewing gum for a long time, etc. can prevent complex diseases like head and neck cancer.

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Streetcar operations on S. Carrollton Avenue in 1913 weren’t all that different than they are today. Streetcar Operations 1913 New Orleans Railway and Light Company (NORwy&Lt) #383, outbound on St. Charles Avenue, 1913. Workers surround the car as they do street repairs. The streetcar heads to Carrollton Station as it ends a run on the Prytania line. NORwy&Lt #383 is a single-truck, Ford, Bacon, and Davis (FB&D) streetcar. So these streetcars dominated street rail in New Orleans from 1894, through the 1920s. One FB&D streetcar remains, NORTA #29, the “sand car.” If you see a streetcar running on the St. Charles line that doesn’t look like the classic arch-roofs, it’s likely #29. The photographer of this image is unidentified, possibly a file photo owned by NOPSI. Ford, Bacon, and Davis NORwy&Lt #383 took to the streets in 1894. Both the New Orleans and Carrollton Railroad (NO&CRR) and the New Orleans City Railroad (NOCRR) purchased FB&D streetcars. Ford, Bacon, and Davis was an engineering firm. The streetcar operators hired them to help improve the city’s streetcar operations. Electrification required a number of changes. So, as the engineers worked on the system as a whole, they learned a lot about running streetcars here. They designed a single-truck streetcar that would work in all neighborhoods. So, by 1913, the date of this photo, FB&Ds operated in New Orleans for almost twenty years. That’s nothing for a streetcar, of course. They’re built for 70+ years of operation. Electrification presented a number of challenges for the streetcar companies. The costs of generating power and running wires along the streetcar routes bankrupted the companies. The city stepped in, helping to re-organize the system. They formed a holding company, New Orleans Traction Company, in 1897 that combined the existing operators. That evolved into a second incarnation of the New Orleans City Railroad Company in 1899. Yet another re-org took place in 1905, when the New Orleans Railway and Light Company took over. By 1922, that company became New Orleans Public Service, Incorporated (NOPSI). NOPSI exists to this day, as Entergy New Orleans. Entergy gave up streetcar operations in 1983, when they turned the transit system over to the New Orleans Regional Transit Authority. The large building in the background is Leland University. It was founded in 1870 as Leland College, a school of higher learning for free Black men. The school sustained serious damage in the hurricane of 1915, and moved to Baker, Louisiana. Canal Street 1958 is a view from the roof of the Jung Hotel. Canal Street 1958 Franck Studios photo of Canal Street, looking inbound towards the river. The Franck Studios photographer stands on the rooftop of the Jung Hotel, at 1500 Canal. Krauss Department Store stands in the 1201 block to the left, with the Hotel New Orleans in the 1300 block on the right. The Saenger Theater is across Basin Street from Krauss, with the iconic buildings of the 901 block (Audubon Building, Kress, and Maison Blanche) in the background, left. The studio shot this photo in 1958 or 1959. Krauss in the 1950s This photo offers a great view of the expansion progress of Krauss. The original store, built by Leon Fellman in 1903, consists of the two-story section fronting Canal Street. Fellman acquired the property in 1899. He built that first 2-story section and leased it to the Krauss Brothers. The brothers acquired the property behind the building, along Basin Street. In 1911, they built a five-story expansion. You can see the line/seam after four windows on each floor. Leon Heymann (the “Krauss Brother-in-Law”) built the third portion of the store in 1921. Heymann continued expanding the store until it filled the block between Canal and Iberville Streets. While HNOC dates this picture at “approximately 1955,” the streetcar tracks narrow it down for us. Note the two-track configuration in the Canal Street neutral ground. With streetcar operation limited to Canal and St. Charles, the city ripped up the two outside tracks on Canal. The lines using those tracks had been converted to buses by 1948. So, Canal operated on the two tracks running from Liberty Place to City Park Avenue. One block of the inbound outside track remained, between Carondelet Street and St. Charles Avenue. St. Charles streetcars turned for their outbound run on that track. The city planted the palm trees in this photo as part of the 1957 “beautification project.” They also built planter boxes along the neutral ground. Unfortunately, those palm trees only lasted about three years, because of a couple of cold winters. Looking down Canal in 1926 reveals many of the buildings still standing on the city’s main street. Looking down Canal Canal Street, looking towards the river from the 1000 block. Franck Studios shot this photo between 1926 and 1929. The old-style lampposts on Canal Street date the photo prior to 1930. The poor condition of the neutral ground also indicates this was shot before the 1930 beautification program. To the left, the building at the corner of Canal and Burgundy in the 1001 block flows into the Audubon, Kress, and Maison Blanche buildings in the 901 block. On the right, the buildings of the 1000, 900, and 800 blocks flow together. Back to the left, the Godchaux Building stands prominently in the 500 block, with its cupola and rooftop water tower. An electric sign advertising the Orpheum Theater, hangs across the Canal Street. Arch roof streetcars 821 and 813, operate on the N. Claiborne and St. Charles lines. St. Charles ran in belt service with Tulane at this time. The neutral ground held five tracks at this point. This enabled streetcars to connect and switch as needed at Rampart Street. The area between Rampart and Basin streets served as a busy terminal area, as various lines converged, offering riders connections to the railroad stations.The Canal/Esplanade cars, along with the West End line, operated on the inside tracks. Lines coming inbound to Canal popped up for a block, traveled the outside tracks for a block, then turned for their outbound runs. NOPSI discontinued and demolished all of the remaining 800-series streetcars in 1964. While HNOC suggests the date at 1926 to 1929, the presence of streetcars narrows it down a bit. Since motormen and conductors struck NOPSI from July to October, 1929, this photo likely dates before that time. Behind the first set of streetcars stand a set of “Palace” cars. These larger streetcars from the American Car Company, operated in belt service on Canal and Esplanade. The Palace cars also ran out to West End, on that line. The 1929 transit strike in New Orleans snarled downtown traffic for over four months. 1929 Transit Strike Photo of Canal Street, looking towards the river, July, 1929. The photographer stands at Canal and Rampart Streets, at the lake end of the 1000 block. The Audubon Building and Maison Blanche Department Store loom over the 901 block, on the left. A jitney bus, the light-colored vehicle in traffic on the right, offers what little service New Orleans Public Service, Incorporated (NOPSI) could offer, with all the streetcars locked up in their barns. The antenna tower above MB is the transmitter for WSMB Radio. Empty neutral ground Streetcars remained off the streets from July 1 to July 4th, 1929. NOPSI tried to run streetcars using strikebreakers on Saturday, July 5th, but picketers and their supporters wouldn’t allow the cars to exit the barns, after the first streetcar departed Canal Station. That streetcar rolled this route, down Canal Street, followed by a massive crowd. The strikers burned that streetcar when it reached the ferry terminal. Maison Blanche 1929 The MB building was twenty-one years old at the time of the 1929 transit strike. This photographer captured two signs on the building. The store’s name runs vertically on the lake side of the building. The roof displays the store’s name and its tagline, “Greatest Store South” on the roof. The MB building is about ten years old in this photo. Doctors, dentists, and other professionals occupied the office building. The transit strike created problems for those tenants. Without public transit, it was difficult to get to the doctor. While grandma would hop on the Desire line or the St. Charles-Tulane belt, no streetcars meant someone had to drive her to Maison Blanche. Look at that traffic on either side of the “Canal Street Zone.” On the retail side, the lack of public transit put the hurt on the Canal Street stores. Marks Isaacs, D. H. Holmes, Maison Blanche, all the way up to Krauss Department Store. Again, look at that traffic. In that first week of July, 1929, the retailers were furious. That the strike continued for four months did permanent damage to NOPSI and public transit in New Orleans. The 1929 transit car strike left a lot of Palace car damage. Palace car damage Photo of New Orleans Public Service, Incorporated (NOPSI) streetcar 625, an American Car Company “Palace” streetcar, photographed on 2-July-1929, showing damage by vandals. The motormen and conductors operating the city’s streetcars struck NOPSI on 1-July-1929. Those workers inflicted a great deal of damage to streetcars, tracks, and stations overnight, 30-June/1-July, and into 2-July. This photo, taken by Franck Studios, is part of a series documenting that damage for NOPSI’s lawyers. NOPSI 625’s roll board indicates it last operated on the West End line, likely on 30-June. The operator parked the streetcar at Canal Station. That station stood on the original site of the New Orleans City Railroad Company’s car and mule barns, built in 1861. By the 1920s, several of the original buildings remained. The public notices like the one tacked up on the end of the streetcar went out on 11-July-1929, so that may specifically date this photo. The 1929 Strike The Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America, Division No. 194, negotiated with transit managers for NOPSI for several years, in the run-up to 1-July-1929. Talks broke down that Summer, and the union called for a strike. The motormen and conductors took destructive actions overnight. They vandalized a number of streetcars, particular at Canal Station, along with track on Canal Street. They also vandalized the station itself. While the story of the invention/creation of the po-boy sandwich offers a romanticized version of the four months of the strike. It’s clear, however, that the circumstances were anything but romantic. While the violence of the first two days of the strike subsided, it picked up again by 5-July. NOPSI decided not to operate any streetcars from 1-4 July. On 5-July-1929, NOPSI brought in strike-breakers in an attempt to restore streetcar service. One Palace streetcar departed Canal Station that Saturday morning. Crowds of union members and their supporters blocked Canal Station and the other streetcar barns after that first streetcar left. The lone streetcar traveled down Canal Street to Liberty Place. The crowd followed it, eventually surrounding the car. They pulled the strike breakers off the car and set it on fire. The Canal Lakeshore bus took over for the West End line. Canal Lakeshore bus Photo of Canal Street, showing Flxible buses operating on the various “Canal Street” lines, after the conversion of the Canal line to buses in 1964. NOPSI cut back streetcar operations on Canal Street to a single block, on what was the inbound outside track. Arch roof streetcars on the St. Charles line, like the one in the photo. I can’t make out which of the 35 remaining 1923-vintage streetcars makes the turn on the left side. If you can sort it out, let me know. The photographer stands in the “Canal Street Zone,” just on the river side of St. Charles Avenue. Post-streetcar Canal buses The official name for the line NOPSI 314 rolls on in this photo is, “Canal – Lakeshore via Pontchartrain Boulevard.” Here’s the route. - Canal Street and the river - “Canal Street Zone” lakebound to Claiborne Avenue - Merge into auto lanes at Claiborne, continue outbound to City Park Avenue - Left turn at City Park Avenue - Right Turn at West End Blvd. - Left turn under the Pontchartrain Expressway (later I-10) overpass at Metairie Road. - Right turn onto Pontchartrain Boulevard - Continue outbound on Pontchartrain Boulevard - Right-turn on Fleur-de-lis Avenue (prior to I-10) - Curve around on Pontchartrain Blvd, go under I-10, continue to Fleur-de-Lis. Left turn onto Fleur-de-Lis. (after I-10) - Lakebound on Fleur-de-Lis to Veterans - Right on Veterans to West End Blvd. - Left on West End to Robert E. Lee Blvd. (Now Allen Toussant Blvd.) - Right on Toussaint to Canal Blvd. - Left on Canal Blvd to bus terminal at the lake. - Depart Canal Blvd terminal, riverbound. - Right turn on Toussaint to Pontchartrain Blvd. - Pontchartrain Blvd to Veterans, right turn on Veterans - Left turn on Fleur-de-Lis - Fleur-de-Lis back to Pontchartrain Blvd. - Pontchartrain Blvd to City Park Avenue - Left on City Park Avenue, the right onto Canal Street - Canal Street, riverbound to the river. This route, was one of the main killers of the Canal streetcars. Air-conditioning all the way into town. No change from West End to the streetcar at City Park Avenue. Canal buses in the 1970s By the time I rode the Canal buses in the 1970s, on my way to and from Brother Martin, I could hop on any of the three Canal lines, to get to City Park Avenue. Canal Cemeteries ended at City Park Avenue. Canal-Lake Vista and Canal-Lakeshore split there, but all I needed was to get to the outbound Veterans bus.

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Communication derives from the Latin term ‘communicare’ meaning to share or impart and to make common. In contemporary English usage, it refers to interactive processes that create shared meaning. Meaning is shared within and across a wide array of contexts and media, ranging from intrapersonal self-talk through dyads and groups all the way up to international computer and broadcast networks. In the simplest forms of Communication messages are sent from a sender to a receiver via a medium. In more complex forms feedback loops link receivers back to senders and enable interactive exchange. As senders express ideas they are encoded into symbolic forms such as language and images which are decoded as the receiver interprets their meaning. The plural form, Communications, is used to refer to transmission patterns and networks. Where a Communication perspective focusses on people sharing meaning or content, a Communications perspective draws attention to data flow issues and send/receive protocols. Birds and higher mammals communicate via vocalized signals, where a more or less standardized call is made to announce the existence of an immediate situation or condition, such as discovery of a new food source or the approach of a predator. Early human communication developed animal signalling into symbolism, where participants use standardized vocal patterns to Italic textrepresentItalic text things and conditions that are not necessarily in effect at that particular time. Symbolic thought and exchange, the ability to reflect on and collaboratively address the not-here and not-now, is the evolutionary branch that distinguishes human from animal communication. Specialised fields focus on various aspects of communication, and include - Mass Communication - Communication Studies - Organizational Communication - Small Group Theory - Conversation Analysis - Cognitive Linguistics - Discourse Analysis Communication as a named and unified discipline has a history dating back to ancient Greek Socratic dialogues, in many ways making it the first and most contestatory of all early sciences and philosophies. Seeking to define "communication" as a static word or unified discipline may not be as important as understanding communication as a family of resemblances with a plurality of definitions as Ludwig Wittgenstein had put forth. Some definitions are broad, recognizing that animals can communicate, and some are more narrow, only including human beings within the parameters of human symbolic interaction. Nonetheless, communication is usually described along three major dimensions: - form, and With the presence of "communication noise" these three components of communication often become skewed and inaccurate. Between parties, communication content includes acts that declare knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, including gestures (nonverbal communication, sign language and body language), writing, or verbal speaking. The form depends on the symbol systems used. Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target can be oneself, another person (in interpersonal communication), or another entity (such as a corporation or group). There are many theories of communication, and a commonly held assumption is that communication must be directed towards another person or entity. This essentially ignores intrapersonal communication (note intra-, not inter-) via diaries or self-talk. Interpersonal conversation can occur in dyads and groups of various sizes, and the size of the group impacts the nature of the talk. Small-group communication takes place in settings of between three and 12 individuals, and differs from large group interaction in companies or communities. This form of communication formed by a dyad and larger is sometimes referred to as the psychological model of communication where a message is sent by a sender through channel to a receiver. At the largest level, mass communication describes messages sent to huge numbers of individuals through mass media, although there is debate if this is an interpersonal conversation. The following model of communication has been criticized and revised. Our indebtedness to the Ancient Romans in the field of communication does not end with the Latin root "communicare". They devised what might be described as the first real mail or postal system in order to centralize control of the empire from Rome. This allowed for personal letters and for Rome to gather knowledge about events in its many widespread provinces. In the last century, a revolution in telecommunications has greatly altered communication by providing new media for long distance communication. The first transatlantic two-way radio broadcast occurred on July 25, 1920 and led to common communication via analogue and digital media: - Analog telecommunications include traditional Telephony, radio, and TV broadcasts. - Digital telecommunications allow for computer-mediated communication, telegraphy, and computer networks. Communications media impact more than the reach of messages. They impact content and customs; for example, Thomas Edison had to discover that hello was the least ambiguous greeting by voice over a distance; previous greetings such as hail tended to be garbled in the transmission. Similarly, the terseness of e-mail and chat rooms produced the need for the emoticon. Modern communication media now allow for intense long-distance exchanges between larger numbers of people (many-to-many communication via e-mail, Internet forums). On the other hand, many traditional broadcast media and mass media favor one-to-many communication (television, cinema, radio, newspaper, magazines). The adoption of a dominant communication medium is important enough that historians have folded civilization into "ages" according to the medium most widely used. A book titled "Five Epochs of Civilization" by William McGaughey (Thistlerose, 2000) divides history into the following stages: Ideographic writing produced the first civilization; alphabetic writing, the second; printing, the third; electronic recording and broadcasting, the fourth; and computer communication, the fifth. While it could be argued that these "Epochs" are just a historian's construction, digital and computer communication shows concrete evidence of changing the way humans organize. The latest trend in communication, termed smartmobbing, involves ad-hoc organization through mobile devices, allowing for effective many-to-many communication and social networking. The following factors can impede human communication: - Not understanding the language - Verbal and non-verbal messages are in a different language. This includes not understanding the jargon, acronyms or idioms used by another sub-culture or group. - Not understanding the context - Not knowing the history of the occasion, relationship, or culture. - Intentionally delivering an obscure or confusing message. - Inadequate attention to processing a message. This is not limited to live conversations or broadcasts. Any person may improperly process any message if they do not focus adequately. - Improper feedback and clarification - In asynchronous communication, neglecting to give immediate feedback may lead to larger misunderstandings. Questions and acknowledgment such as ("what?") or ("I see") are typical feedback mechanisms. - Lack of time - There is not enough time to communicate with everyone. - Physical barriers to the transmission of messages, such as background noise, facing the wrong way, talking too softly, and physical distance. - Medical issues - Hearing loss and various brain conditions can hamper communication. - World-views, religions, and cultural differences may discourage one person from listening to another. - Fear and anxiety associated with communication is known by some Psychologists as communication apprehension. Besides apprehension, communication can be impaired via processes such as bypassing, indiscrimination, and polarization. The following factors can impede technological communication; - Bad network coverage can stop text messaging and phone calls being made. - Power failure can stop emails, text messages, and other communication based which relies on electricity to function. - Other technical difficulties. Other examples of communication Almost all communication involves periods of silence or an equivalent (e.g. spaces in written communication). However, computer or electronic communication is less reliant on such delimiters. In certain contexts, silence can convey its own meaning, e.g. reverence, indifference, emotional coldness, rudeness, thoughtfulness, humility etc. Also see the Prisoners and hats puzzle - Jungle drums - Smoke signals - Morse code - Semaphore (use of devices to increase the distance "hand" signals can be seen from by increasing the size of the movable object) - Voyager Golden Record (sent on Voyager 1 into interstellar space) - Art (including the dramatic arts) - Written and spoken language - Hand signals - Body language - Territorial marking (animals such as dogs - stay away from my territory)(and when you place a back pack in a desk in a class room or a purse on the you want to site in at church or putting a name plate on the door of your office - see discussion page) - Pheromones communicate (amongst other things) (e.g. "I'm ready to mate") - a well known example is moth traps, which contain pheromones to attract moths. A language is a system of arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures or written symbols which communicate thoughts or feelings. Human spoken and written languages can be described as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars by which the symbols are manipulated. The word "language" is also used to refer to common properties of languages. Language learning is normal in human childhood. Most human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. There are thousands of human languages, and these seem to share certain properties, even though many shared properties have exceptions. Humans and computer programs have also constructed other languages, including constructed languages such as Esperanto, Ido, Interlingua, Klingon, programming languages, and various mathematical formalisms. These languages are not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages. Mass communication refers to communications in mass society, or with very large numbers of people, through various mass media, which is a term used to denote, as a class, that section of the media specifically conceived and designed to reach very large audiences (typically at least as large as the whole population of a nation state). The term was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks and of mass-circulation newspapers and magazines (which date somewhat earlier to the yellow journalism and circulation wars of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. The mass-media audience has been viewed by some commentators as forming a mass society with special characteristics, notably atomization or lack of social connections, which render it especially susceptible to the influence of modern mass-media techniques such as advertising and propaganda. Telecommunication is the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. Today this process almost always involves the sending of electromagnetic waves by electronic transmitters but in earlier years it may have involved the use of smoke signals, drums or semaphores. Today, telecommunication is widespread and devices that assist the process such as the television, radio and telephone are common in many parts of the world. There is also a vast array of networks that connect these devices, including computer networks, public telephone networks, radio networks and television networks. Computer communication across the Internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging, is just one of many examples of telecommunication. Teleconferencing and videoconferencing, conferences over telephones and webcams respectively, also fall into this category. Animal communication is any behaviour on the part of one animal that has an effect on the current or future behaviour of another animal. of animal communication, called zoosemiotics (distinguishable from anthroposemiotics, the study of human communication) has played an important part in the development of ethology, sociobiology, and the study of animal cognition.This is quite evident as humans are able to communicate with animals especially dolphins and other animals used in circuses however these animals have to learn a special means of communication. Animal communication, and indeed the understanding of the animal world in general, is a rapidly growing field, and even in the 21st century so far, many prior understandings related to diverse fields such as personal symbolic name use, animal emotions, animal culture and learning, and even sexual conduct, long thought to be well understood, have been revolutionized.

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The idea that human actions are bringing natural systems close to breakdown, threatening livelihoods and financial stability, is making asset managers think harder about nature risk and the environmental dependencies in investee companies. This episode of The AIQ Podcast asks what we know about the state of our planet. As climate change accelerates, oceans acidify, deforestation and soil erosion continue and species are lost, we explore how much investors and financial regulators understand about nature risk – and why it matters. Tune in to learn more about: - Why nature matters to economies and markets - How climate change and biodiversity must be addressed together - Why underestimating nature risk could be costly, and how creating more sustainable relationships with the natural world could drive investment opportunities Nature risk: What we know, and why we should care The unexpected arrival of a frog in a washing machine in the English city of Cambridge recently led to a new discovery: a parasitic worm never seen before. This particular worm had travelled more than ten thousand kilometres inside the frog, hidden in a suitcase carried by a traveller returning from Mauritius. The worm became one of more than 500 new species recognised by the Natural History Museum in London in 2020. It was added to a long list of officially recognised life forms, made up of around 8.7 million species. Other finds included a monkey, several snakes, bees, beetles, barnacles and seaweeds. These discoveries illustrate a vitally important ecological point: despite some enormous breakthroughs in science, there are many, many things we don’t know about the natural world. “Understanding the natural history of species is crucial to understanding those assets widely. But as a planet, we don’t know more than half of what we have got!” That was Professor Andy Purvis, Life Sciences Research Leader at The Natural History Museum, explaining how much we have to learn in the museum’s 2021 Annual Science Lecture. We are in the foothills when it comes to understanding our planet, where a single millilitre of sea water – about the size of a sugar cube – might contain one million bacteria and ten million viruses. But we do know Earth needs diversity to maintain the complex balance between different lifeforms. And, apart from these extraordinary new discoveries, we know are living through a period of rapid environmental destruction and species loss – all accelerated by our own actions. This is now proving a significant threat for the global economy and some of the world’s most vulnerable people, according to Elizabeth Maruma Mrema executive secretary of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity. Elizabeth Maruma Mrema “The loss of biodiversity – of species of plants, animals, microorganisms and genetic diversity – is both an ecological and economic emergency. The businesses that we finance, invest in and insure depend on biodiversity.” Because each species on the planet contains irreplaceable genetic information, and because each life form is linked to many others in a complex web, there may be costs for future generations if we do not care for other living things. Biologists Andrew Beaty and Paul Erlick warn about this in their book Wild Solutions: How Biodiversity is Money in the Bank. Andrew Beaty and Paul Erlick “If species are like safe deposit boxes, we are destroying the contents before looking inside.” So, Earth needs worms living in frogs. It needs bacteria in the soil to clean water, plants to fuel and sequester carbon, pollinating insects so fruits can reproduce, birds to spread seeds and animal predators to control weightings in the food chain. Nature provides another important service as well: psychological relief. It can calm us in hectic times. The natural world is a larder, an energy factory, a water tower, air-conditioning unit, and a fertiliser and pesticide producer. It delivers cleaning and recycling services and flood control. It is increasingly used for design inspiration, in bio-mimicry, to feed ideas into research projects, when human imagination fails. But outside traditional societies, these benefits have been undervalued and underappreciated for years – partly because of the way we look at the world. “We have really made a mess of things by creating models of growth and development in which nature does not appear at all!” That was Professor Partha Dasgupta from the University of Cambridge explaining one vital problem. There are no models being used by treasuries, central banks or international organisations like the World Bank that show the human economy embedded in and dependent on nature – which it quite clearly is. That approach has contributed to a world where the demand for natural resources far exceeds supply. Humans are simply using too many resources to build and make – and not cleaning up. It’s nothing less than disastrous, Dasgupta believes. Professor Partha Dasgupta “This is a crisis situation. There’s no question about it. The gap between demand and supply is increasing. It’s large already but it’s increasing. And that’s coming from a variety of studies in earth sciences, ecological sciences, environmental sciences and a few contributions from an economist as well….This cannot go on because these systems are very non-linear.” The Canadian Conservationist Harvey Locke agrees. Locke is a leading thinker on landscape conservation, and now responsible for taking the International Union for Conservation of Nature forward in exploring global biodiversity goals. “Look at the size of the global economy. It’s just enormous compared to what it was 50 or 100 years ago. Wow, did that work! Except – we're now destroying the context for all human life, including the economy. We're changing the climate, we're destroying the oceans with overfishing, we've over-cleared the land, we’ve caused an extinction crisis and forecasts suggest we could lose up to a million species. That's like throwing all the rivets out of all the aeroplanes and saying: ‘Let's continue to fly’. We just can't continue this way. We’ve got to change.” Breaking the cycle needs a shift in strategy. One of the big ideas is for humans to do less, to commit to leaving large swathes of land and ocean alone, so that ecosystems can recover. Locke recently set this out in a paper titled ‘A Nature-Positive World’. The proposal, to halt and then reverse the loss of nature, was picked up by members of the G7 before COP26, the last international climate conference. “Trudeau, Biden, Merkel, Johnson and Macron all signed this thing saying the world must not only be net zero or carbon neutral; the world must also be nature positive. In other words, we have to halt extinctions and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030 and protect at least 30 per cent by 2030. So, that’s how these ideas are starting to come together on the global stage.” But will people really ever agree not to use large parts of the planet? And how we will we deal with the tricky question of how we manage the rest? The success of conservation movements worldwide is patchy, and the world failed to meet any of the last set of biodiversity targets agreed in Aichi in Japan in 2010. But the mood seems to be changing after COVID-19 and recent climate-related disasters. There is growing understanding of the close relationships between climate and biodiversity risk – because the natural world sequesters carbon – and more appreciation of vulnerabilities, system-wide. For example, leading central banks have begun stress testing, to see how much of the loan books held by large financial institutions are exposed to nature. The process has thrown up some very large numbers, according to David Craig, co-chair of the Taskforce on Nature-Related Financial Disclosures. “The Dutch have done it, the Brazilian government have done it and the French government are doing it. And they found 40 to 50 per cent of bank loan books are exposed to nature. That’s considerable, particularly if you marry it with the size and scale of environmental degradation, where we are losing around a football pitch of primary rainforest every six seconds.” “When you start putting that together, I think this is switching, if I am blunt and honest, from “‘Let's love the pandas” to a serious assessment of economic risk.” But the process is not straightforward, because there are no simple, standardised metrics which capture the state of the planet. In each and every location, the challenges are different. It’s not like looking at climate and measuring warming gases, where there is a single measure used everywhere. Assessing nature impacts is much, much more complex, according to Eugenie Mathieu, Earth lead at Aviva Investors. “It is much harder for policymakers and investors to assess a company’s impact on nature than its carbon emissions. For example, a major chocolate manufacturer might have 500,000 farmers in its supply chain. How can we measure the impact of each? How many trees were felled for new plantations? How many insects were killed by their pesticides? The difficulty is that biodiversity impacts are entirely local. It relates to how many trees are cut down, how you pollute the waterways and manage waste. It is unlike the carbon emitted into the atmosphere, where we have a common metric – carbon dioxide equivalent – and you can estimate the carbon footprint pretty accurately from readily available data. In that case, you can look at how much fuel was used to get a product to market and how many tonnes of fertiliser were applied.” Nevertheless, some companies, like the cement producer Holcim, are already pledging to become nature positive, setting targets to improve biodiversity in quarries and reducing water consumption. But it’s early days, because the concept is so difficult to measure and prove. Meanwhile, polling suggests few companies are giving nature risk the attention it deserves. For instance, of the 9,700-plus companies recently surveyed by CPD, only half of one percent said they were thinking strategically about nature risk. In contrast, 97 per cent said they had climate risk on the radar. That failure could prove an expensive mistake. Those causing environmental damage could be hit with legal costs. There might be direct costs for those that don’t understand the vulnerabilities in their supply chains and reputational costs for those that heedlessly degrade the natural world. Meanwhile, the TNFD is attempting to fast-track an agreement on a framework for nature-risk accounting, so companies can incorporate a view on their exposure to natural assets into their accounts. The idea is that this will encourage organisations to focus on how changing conditions in the natural world might impact their financial performance, with the ultimate goal of channelling investment towards more sustainable outcomes. “One of the things we are looking at in our risk management framework is: how do we identify the natural assets that revenue is dependent on or assumed in the cost base. A few companies have a tiny line that accounts for, say, water used. But if that water source disappeared, it is likely to cost a lot more to replace it. So: how we do think about the natural asset on the balance sheet?” The TNFD’s early work is based around the four pillars already established by the Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures. Around ‘governance’, ‘strategy’, ‘risk management’ and ‘metrics and targets’. “When you start talking about externalities that you have not factored into your business models, the asset managers start taking that very seriously, because they know they have regulatory, financial and fiduciary responsibilities to factor in such externalities. They are thinking: We need to focus on this and start doing it quickly.” It is important to realise this is not just vague and conceptual. For example, humans have a shocking record of eating species into extinction. If we look closely at Japanese fisheries, catches have been drifting down for more than 15 years. Situations like this have dangerous implications for investors, if the decline in stocks is masked. Here’s John Willis, Planet Tracker’s Director of Research, explaining the problem: “Fishing ports fail, their catches fails, consumption falls. That’s all pretty obvious. Look at the whole seafood supply chain. Then all the company’s financials collapse… But they didn’t! And the reason they didn’t is that management is not completely stupid. They started cost cutting. They started acquiring to get around it. But you eventually get to a stage where you’ve played every financial trick you can, and you are out of options. And that is what has happened now.’ Outside fisheries and agriculture, many other companies are exposed to dwindling supplies of water, as the amount of the planet affected by drought has more than doubled in the past 40 years. It’s thought some agri-businesses and consumer products companies could be subject to big earnings hits – 40 per cent or more of pre-tax earnings – from water scarcity. Other earnings impacts might come for companies using waterways for transport; think of how the low water level in the Rhine forced chemicals producer BASF to shut some operations in 2018 when it couldn’t obtain raw materials. And, if water scarcity becomes more of a problem, it is fair to expect polluters will face more scrutiny, leaving them open to fines and litigation. What about the positive side of the coin? There could be opportunities for companies developing technologies that use resources sparingly, delivering nature-friendly solutions and targeting sustainable development. These are all growth areas being explored by researchers, entrepreneurs, and investors. “We see opportunities for investors allocating capital to transition leaders in their respective industries – companies that are moving in the right direction in terms of their management of natural capital and environmental risk. We need to engage with them to move further and faster. We believe companies doing the right thing now should outperform in the long run, as measured by financial returns and the overall impact on nature.” That was Julie Zhaung, portfolio manager at Aviva Investors. Her colleague and co-manager, Jonathan Toub, sees specific opportunities in agri-food production, an area responsible for high levels of carbon and methane emissions, loss of biodiversity, depletion of the soil and heavy water use. “We have around one third of the entire surface of the earth used for cropping or animal husbandry, but those activities use around three quarters of all available freshwater. Rather than more intensive farming, we need precision and regenerative agriculture, with more efficient use of fertilisers and irrigation.” Reducing food waste is another priority, Toub believes, in an extraordinarily wasteful chain. “One third of the food produced for human consumption, around 1.3 billion tonnes, is lost through supply-chain issues or from food simply being thrown away. This is enormously costly given the drain on the land as well as the fuel, water, seeds, fertiliser and man hours that have gone into producing the food. We need to improve the efficiency of agricultural production and supply chains urgently.” There are so many uncertainties in an environment where nature and climate appear to be locked in a vicious cycle. But if there is one positive takeaway from this alarming situation, it must surely be that the penny has finally dropped: more people seem to be waking up to the fact it is not possible to keep clearing, burning, building, consuming, and dumping waste without being more mindful about the consequences. But real change will only begin when we shift our attitudes to the natural world. Let’s end with a look at how Gretchen Daily, the Bing professor of environmental science at Stanford University, described the challenge in a recent lecture at MIT. “Rather than an all-you-eat buffet, we need to have a sense of scarcity and we need some table manners. We need to be investing in our life support systems rather than seeing them as a set of one-time, exhaustible resources.” If you would like to find out more about the views of the leading analysts and academics featured in this piece, please go to AIQ’s Investment Thinking at www.avivainvestors.com/aiq. Thanks for joining us.

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The History of Sewing 17,500 BC – First Sewing Needles With Eyes Archaeologists and anthropologists have discovered sewing needles with eyes dating back to 17,500 BC, which were likely made of bone, and used to sew skins and furs. 202 BC-220 AD – Han Dynasty Uses Sewing Needles and Thimbles Although some ancient sewing needles date back nearly 25,000 years ago, during the last ice age, Chinese archaeologists found something interesting that dates back to 202 BC. Sewing needles, along with the oldest thimbles in recorded history, were found in the tomb of a government official from the Han Dynasty. Even in ancient history, sewing was an important part of life– and more advanced than we might think. 1200 – Buttons Become Popular in Europe Due to the Crusades, Europeans encountered many other cultures. As a result, Europeans began using buttons and button holes to fasten their clothing. Soon after, buttons became a driving force in the clothing industry in Europe. 1730 – Cotton Spun by Machinery In 1730, cotton thread was spun by machinery in England. This introduced cotton thread to a much broader audience, and it spread “like wildfire” across the British Colonies and the world at large. 1730 – Needle Factory Founded in Aachen, Germany Stephan Beissel founded an early needle factory in Aachen Germany, a town then famous for its needle-makers guild. 1755 – Charles Weisenthal takes out patent for mechanical sewing needle Charles Weisenthal, a German immigrant living in London, took out a patent for a needle meant for mechanical sewing in 1755. No record of any machine to accompany the needle has ever been found, but this is recognized as one of the first events that would culminate in the sewing machine. 1776 – Betsy Ross sews first American flag By all accounts, Betsy Ross was an expert tailor and seamstress. By 1776, she was a widow running her own upholstery business. She had done prior work for General George Washington, and she impressed a secret committee from the First Continental Congress with her ability to craft a five-pointed star with the right folds and one snip of the scissors. In late May or early June of 1776, she finished sewing the first American flag. 1790 – Thomas Saint patents early sewing machine Though his machine was never built, a London cabinetmaker successfully patented a crude sewing machine in 1790. Thomas Saint also built plans for his machine, which were not discovered until the 1800s. It would not work without modification, but it was an important step on the road to the sewing machine. “No useful machine ever was invented by one man; and all first attempts to do work by machinery, previously done by hand, have been failures. It is only after several able inventors have failed in attempt, that someone with the mental power to combine the efforts of others with his own, at last produces a machine that is practicable. Sewing machines are no exception to this.” – James Edward Allen Gibbs, inventor and sewing machine innovator. 1812 – Brass Buttons Mass Produced in America In 1812, The Waterbury Button Company began mass producing brass buttons for American military uniforms. 1812 marked the start of a renewed war between England and the United States, and brass buttons became popular for American military uniforms, as well as popular for domestic and import use among civilians. Brass buttons were a strong commodity throughout the 1800s, and are still used in sewing to this day. 1812 – James and Patrick Clark Mass Produce Cotton Thread for Sewing In 1812, England was being blockaded by Napoleon’s warships, which led to a silk shortage. As a nation used to luxury goods, they soon found themselves in quite a bind. Their luxury needs weren’t being met because of the embargo, and they lacked sewing thread almost entirely. Enter James and Patrick Clark of Clark and Co, based out of Paisley, Scotland. The Clark family came up with a way to twist cotton threads together, producing an excellent thread for sewing. Their thread was the first such material mass produced for sewing, in fact. England, and the rest of the world, appreciated their efforts. 1830 – Barthelemy Thimonnier invents first practical sewing machine In 1830, Barthelemy Thimonnier was awarded a patent by the French government for his sewing machine. Though he initially imagined an embroidery machine, he found its true purpose as a sewing machine. It was practical and efficient, used a barbed needle, and was built almost entirely out of wood. At some point, he had a factory running with 80 machines. He also sold his sewing machines for commercial use, and ran one of the first-ever garment factories, throughout his tumultuous life. 1831 – French Tailors Riot Over Barthelemy Thimonnier’s Sewing Machines Though his patented sewing machine changed the world and he ran what was likely the world’s first sewing factory, Barthelemy Thimonnier had his fair share of detractors. Many French tailors were afraid Thimonnier’s invention and his factories spelled the doom of their livelihood. On January 20, 1831, some 200 hungry and fearful French tailors set fire to Thimonnier’s factory and his mostly-wooden sewing machines. Reportedly, Thimonnier never fully recovered from the after-effects of the riot. 1834 – Walter Hunt Invents First Lockstitch Sewing Machine In 1834 (or 1833, according to some accounts), prolific American inventor Walter Hunt created the first lockstitch sewing machine. Hunt’s sewing machine is said to be the first that didn’t mimic the movements of the human hand– instead, it was a curved, eye-pointed needle machine that passed the thread through fabric in an arc motion. On the other side of the fabric, a loop was made while a second thread, carried by a shuttle, ran on a track and passed back through the loop. The lockstitch was born. Though his design was brilliant, Hunt did not patent his machine. He worried it would put seamstresses out of business and cause unemployment. That was a real concern in the sewing industry (see 1831 above), so his fears were not unfounded. Hunt also invented the safety pin, a predecessor to the Winchester repeating rifle, road sweeping machinery, nail making machinery, and a safer household oil lamp, among other inventions. 1844 – Elias Howe invents modern sewing machine Though many other brilliant inventors produced mechanical sewing equipment, most Americans claim that Elias Howe, from Massachusetts, invented the first modern sewing machine in 1844. Unfortunately, the machine didn’t catch on immediately, even though it amazed people in sewing competitions, where it out-sewed some of American’s finest tailors. Howe left America for England to sell his design, which did not end well. When he returned to America, he found several entrepreneurs, including Isaac Singer (yes, that Singer), making money off of his patent. Though Howe eventually made his fortune, it was a hard-won battle. 1851 – First Singer sewing machine patented On August 12th, 1851, Isaac Merritt Singer patented what’s known as the first modern and practical sewing machine. Though patent and legal disputes abounded around this time, Singer was eventually able to formalize an affordable payment plan for his machines, bringing them into many American households. 1874 – Husqvarna Begins Sewing Machine Production Though they’re known for their excellent Viking sewing machines, Husqvarna was not always in the sewing business. Prior to 1872, Husqvarna produced high-quality rifles and other military armaments for the Swedish Crown. In 1872, orders for military hardware stopped coming in, so Husqvarna had to adapt. In 1874, they turned their formidable steel forging and metal bending skills toward making many household items, including pots, pans, and bicycles. Soon enough, however, their sewing machines took the spotlight. As it turns out, Viking has always been a warrior brand. 1880 – First electric sewing machine 1880 marked the first time in recorded history an electric motor was affixed to a sewing machine. These motors were added to retrofitted sewing machines, invented and implemented by Philip Diehl, a contractor who worked for Singer. 1889 – First practical electric sewing machines sold for mass market In 1889, Singer introduced a sewing machine that could be purchased with an already built-in electric motor. This was the first electric sewing machine intended for home use. 1900 – Heinrich Stoll creates the flat bed purl knitting machine In 1900, hosiery was in great demand. Germany’s Heinrich Stoll met that demand with his flat purl-knitting machine. Stoll’s machine was both efficient and powerful, resulting in more than enough knitwear to go around. 1910 – Circular bed purl knitting machine invented By 1910, knitting machines had come a long way. Many were automatic and motorized. They still couldn’t produce the foot and length of a stocking in one single production step, but the invention of the circular bed purl knitting machine allowed the length (or tube) of a stocking to be completed in one step. The foot was then knit onto the length, which was standard practice until the 1970s. 1920’s – “Portable” electric sewing machine popularized The first practical electric sewing machine was invented by Singer in 1889, but electric sewing machines didn’t become portable until the 1920s. Though they were technically portable, these machines were both heavy and expensive. Sewing machines became much more lightweight in the 1930s. 1932 – PFAFF 130, the Universal Tailoring Machine, Released The PFAFF 130 was a high-performance zig-zag sewing machine, and it is still used widely by serious sewers who appreciate classically-built machines. It saw many industrial uses in its early days, and was used by many professional tailors and seamstresses. The 130 came about in 1932, but didn’t reach American shores until much later. The Necchi is widely considered the first zig-zag machine that came to America for home use (see below), but the PFAFF 130 was equally important. Likely because of its German origins, It didn’t make it to American shores until after World War II. Though it is very heavy by today’s standards, the 130 was a high-speed and high-performance portable machine, used widely by the Merchant Marines after WWII because it was very effective at mending sales. Because of its versatility and popularity, it was known as the universal tailoring machine. Overall, the PFAFF 130 is one of the most important sewing machines in history. It set a high bar for Pfaff’s future products– a bar they reach or exceed to this very day. 1947 – The Necchi introduces zig-zag sewing for home use Prior to the Necchi, zig-zag sewing machines only saw industrial use. Zig-zag sewing is used when straight stitches just won’t do. It’s used to reinforce buttonholes, stitch stretchable fabrics, and for transitional project work such as temporarily joining two pieces of fabric, edge-to-edge. Necchi brought zig-zag sewing into the home. 1949 – Heinrich Mauersberger invents the sewing-knitting technique and his “Malimo” machine. The Malimo machine, which creates textile substrates through a stitch-bonding process at the speed of a sewing machine, was invented by Heinrich Mauersberger in 1949. Mauersberger got the idea from his wife, who repaired a piece of underwear by stitching both across, and up and down the damaged fabric. The Malimo, in its various stages, bonded support fabrics to other fabrics, for the composite industry. Karl Mayer also produced notable Malimo machines. The Malimo was constantly upgraded and repurposed, and some versions of the Malimo machine are still used today. 1950’s – Portability and Variety Although portability and other sewing machine innovations began in the late 1940s, with the Necchi, sewing machines really started becoming lighter and more versatile in the 1950s. The Elna, a Swiss zig-zag machine from 1950, was made from a lightweight alloy and only weighed 19 pounds– much lighter than its 40+ pound predecessors. It also had a free-arm, ran quiet, and was featured in a new color: green. Elna made further waves in 1952. The Elna Supermatic was the first machine to use cams or discs that were interchangeable, allowing for a wide variety of stitches. 1978 – Singer Invents first computer-controlled sewing machine Singer introduced the Touchtronic 2001, the world’s first computer-controlled machine, in 1978. 2013 – The Great British Sewing Bee airs In 2013, BBC Two graced us with one of the best sewing-related TV shows ever created. The Great British Sewing Bee, judged by May Martin and Patrick Grant, both sewing industry experts. The show pits sewing enthusiasts of all ages against one another in a series of tough challenges. Contestants often use vintage sewing machines, such as the Singer 201. For people who love sewing, it is the show to watch. Very quick and helpful with my sewing machine. Fixed what they could so I could finish my project and then ordered the part I needed. Thank you so much! Will always go to you guys for any help. Bought a machine and had two older ones serviced. They are the best. I just wouldn’t go anywhere else now.

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Malaria, which is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, is still one of the worst infectious human diseases. The parasites have developed resistance against previously effective drugs and new strategies to combat malaria are urgently needed. Scientists from Heidelberg are investigating the molecular interactions between the parasite and the host with the goal to develop new approaches for treating and bringing malaria under control. Around 120 years ago, Ronald Ross, a British military physician living in India, and Giovanni Batista Grassi, a zoologist from Italy, discovered independently from each other that malaria was transmitted by mosquitoes. Ross was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1902 for this discovery, and was knighted in 1911. Ross discovered sporozoites, the infectious stages of one-celled parasites of the genus Plasmodium, in the salivary glands of malaria-infected female mosquitoes. The sporozoites are transmitted to the bloodstream of the human host when the mosquito pierces human skin. Generations of scientists have since explored the complex life cycle of the parasites and ways to combat the disease. Although much progress in malaria control has been made in recent decades, the World Malaria Report published by the World Health Organisation on 28th November 2017 shows that there were still an estimated 216 million people infected with malaria tropica in 2016. Malaria tropica is a particular dangerous form of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. In the same year, around 445,000 people died of the disease, especially children in Africa. The World Malaria Report 2017 states that although the number of malaria-free countries has continued to increase, worldwide progress in the prevention of malaria diseases and deaths has stalled. Innovative methods are urgently needed to gain control of the disease. Major stages of the malaria pathogen life cycle As important as the pioneering work of Sir Ronald Ross in the transmission of malaria was, knowledge of the life cycle of the unicellular Plasmodium parasite was, at that time, still in its infancy. The sporozoites disappeared from human blood within a few minutes of infection. It took another half century to discover that the parasites could persist in the liver cells without causing disease symptoms. After infecting liver cells, the sporozoites mature into schizonts, which go through several cell division rounds (schizogony), resulting in the release of merozoites. These return into the bloodstream and infect red blood cells (erythrocytes), where they persist in a specially formed vacuole and secrete numerous proteins into the cytoplasm of the host cell, thereby changing the cells’ properties in favour of the parasite. The parasite feeds mainly on the haemoglobin of the host cells, and grows into a schizont, which ruptures and releases a large number of merozoites. After one to two days (in the case of malaria quartana after three days), the erythrocytes rupture and release merozoites into the blood. These can once again invade erythrocytes and repeat the cycle. The merozoites are released from the blood cells almost synchronously and cause the fever attacks that are a characteristic hallmark of malaria. These periodic fever attacks are the reason why malaria is also called “intermittent fever”. After multiple schizogony cycles, the merozoites differentiate into gamonts from which the male and female germ cells (gametocytes) develop. When ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal from a person that is infected with malaria, the gametocytes enter the digestive tract of the mosquito where fertilisation takes place. The zygotes become mobile and invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts. The oocysts grow, undergo meiosis and after several cell divisions (sporogony), rupture and release up to a thousand sporozoites into the haemolymph (fluid that circulates in the mosquito's body), from where they make their way into the mosquito’s salivary glands. This perpetuates the life cycle of the Plasmodium parasite. Only a few parasites are able to invade the human skin during a blood meal of a mosquito. From there, the parasites travel at enormous speed into the blood vessels, enter the liver and hide in the hepatocytes. On their way into the liver, they move around ten times faster than the phagocytes of the immune system. They simply run away from them, as Friedrich Frischknecht from the Centre for Infectious Diseases at the Heidelberg University Hospital has impressively demonstrated. Frischknecht and his co-workers are investigating the molecular mechanism of the amazing gliding movement of the sporozoites and, by restricting the parasite’s ability to move, they hope to be able to prevent the parasite from spreading and triggering malaria. Despite decades of research and huge investments from international development programmes such as the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative, no satisfactory vaccine against malaria is yet available. As already described, Frischknecht and his colleagues have produced genetically attenuated parasites through targeted modifications that have the potential to serve as the basis for an effective vaccine. Another strategy is being pursued by immunologist Prof. Dr. Hedda Wardemann from the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) in Heidelberg. She explained: "Ideally, a vaccine will destroy the sporozoites in the blood before they are able to reach the liver. This would stifle malaria infection from the very onset.” Although the number of sporozoites is too low to effectively stimulate the immune system, the scientists were able to isolate memory B cells that were directed against Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites in the blood of people from high-risk malaria areas. Such memory B cells form the memory of the immune system. They carry antibodies that they do not release into the blood on their surface. However, renewed contact with the pathogen can, at a later stage, lead to the production of large quantities of antibodies. Wardemann's research group has now identified the amino acid sequences of a sporozoite protein against which the antibodies of the memory cells are directed and which could serve as the basis of a new vaccine. The asexual reproductive capacity of the parasite by way of schizogony is highly effective. 20,000 tiny merozoites can be released from a single sporozoite when it enters a liver cell and grows into a schizont. According to Frischknecht, up to 40 percent of all erythrocytes can be infected if the schizonts are able to enter the bloodstream and undergo further schizogony cycles in the red blood cells. This corresponds to a total of more than 10 billion parasites with a mass of half a kilogramme. For decades, chloroquine has been considered the antimalarial drug of choice. It kills the schizonts in the erythrocytes by preventing the degradation product that is produced when the parasite digests the haemoglobin from being rendered harmless. The first chloroquine-resistant plasmodia were observed in 1957. Today, chloroquine is largely ineffective against the causative agent of malaria tropica, Plasmodium falciparum, anywhere in the world. In the last ten years, a combination therapy (ACT) with the plant drug artemisinin has been used successfully worldwide, so that the number of malaria deaths has decreased sharply. Meanwhile, Plasmodium falciparum strains that are resistant to this therapy have also emerged and already spreading rapidly across South East Asia. New antimalarial therapeutics are therefore urgently needed. Prof. Dr. Michael Lanzer, director of the Department of Parasitology at the Centre for Infectious Diseases at Heidelberg University Hospital, and his team are investigating the development of chloroquine resistance. This resistance is the result of gene mutations of the pathogen that have spread independently in two areas – from South East Asia from where the resistance spread throughout tropical Africa, and in the Amazon lowland. Lanzer uses his extensive expertise in areas such as resistance mechanisms, antigen variations and ion and membrane transport processes in malaria parasites in the development of novel drugs. In cooperation with the biotechnology company 4SC in Martinsried, the researchers from Heidelberg have developed a promising low molecular weight active substance (SC83288), which targets calcium transport proteins in the intracellular membranes of Plasmodium falciparum. SC83288 has proven its efficiency in curing P. falciparum infections in a humanised mouse model and can now be used in clinical trials to treat severe malaria. Therapeutic approach against malaria by inhibiting helper proteins Lanzer was instrumental in turning Heidelberg into a focal point of modern malaria research in Europe. At the Centre for Infectious Diseases alone, eight research groups are working on the biology of plasmodia, their transmission through Anopheles and strategies to combat the disease. In October 2017, Dr. Jude Przyborski, one of Lanzer’s former doctoral students, returned to Heidelberg on a Heisenberg scholarship to accept a position as group leader of a group of researchers focused on a transport system that plasmodia form in the erythrocytes. The researchers have found that an adhesion protein (EMP1) that is secreted by the parasite is incorporated into the membrane of erythrocytes, presumably with the help of chaperones (helper proteins). This helper protein ensures that the blood cells adhere to the wall of blood vessels. "Usually, red cells are transported to the spleen, where old and damaged cells are removed," Przyborski explained. By sticking to the blood vessels, blood cells that are infected with plasmodia escape this control. A completely new approach for treating malaria tropica would open up if it were possible to counteract the adhesive ability of erythrocytes by inhibiting the chaperones. Michael Lanzer considers Przyborski's research area to be an ideal complement to the current research groups of his department: "While we are mainly focused on the interaction between the infected blood cell and its host, Jude Przyborski works at the cellular level." The only way to achieve long-lasting success against the parasite, whose sophisticated mechanisms help it to evade host control effectively, is to combine strategies that target different sensitive sites in the malaria cycle. This is the only way to bring one of humanity’s most devastating epidemics under control. Frischknecht F, Matuschewski K: Plasmodium Sporozoite Biology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med (2017), doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025478 Triller G, Scally SW, Costa G, Pissarev M, Kreschel C, Bosch A, Marois E, Sack BK, Murugan R, Salman AM, Janse CJ, Khan SM, Knappe SH, Adegnika AA, Mordmüller B, Levashina EA, Julien J-P, Wardemann H: Natural Parasite Exposure Induces Protective Human Anti-Malarial Antibodies. Immunity (2017), dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2017.11.007 Pegorano S, Duffey M, Otto TD, Wang Y, Rösemann R, Baumgartner R, Fehler SK, Lucantoni L, Avery VM, Moreno-Sabater A, Mazier D, Vial HJ, Strobl S, Sanchez CP, Lanzer M: SC83288 is a clinical development candidate for the treatment of severe malaria. Nature Communications 8 (2017), doi: 10.1038/ncomms14193 Przyborski JM, Nyboer B, Lanzer M: Ticket to ride: export of proteins to the Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocyte. Molecular Microbiology (2016) 101, 1-11

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Like It r lump It, technology Is In our world, and members of Generations Y and Z don’t know life without It. According to 2011 Nielsen statistics,teenagers send and receive around 3,700 texts a month ; that’s about 125 a dally Before your head stops spelling, assume that some of those 3,700 texts are to family members. Even the Evil Technology Giant has its benefits. To name Just a few: * Coordination of busy schedules: No more stranding a child at school or a parent at the airport. Text, phone or e-mail lets someone know plans have changed. Safety: In a crazy world, you ant to know where your family is and that they have a way to reach in trouble. * A “new connectedness”: Testing has opened doors between parents and teens. Dry. Gene Berries, a child psychiatrist at Massachusetts General Hospital, said testing gives teens “optimal distance” from parents, allowing for communication that wouldn’t happen otherwise. However, there’s no doubt technology within family life has Its conflicts. And the conflicts have only Increased as the Internet and social media have Joined distractions such as TV, the cell phone and the computer. Read on for five major negative effects and how you can manage these challenges. First up, hitting the books! 5: School Performance Kids who get too much “screen time” through watching lots of TV, surfing the Internet and playing video games tend to perform poorly at school. Researchers have found the brain releases dopamine, a chemical related to attention and focus, when kids watch TV or play video games something that gives the child a “stimulus surge. ” With too much screen time, kids get desensitizing and can’t focus on something like a book without that super-stimulating effect. Don’t waste your time! Order your assignment! Another study examined boys aged 6 to 9 and the relationship between video games and their excelling reading skills. The boys didn’t seem to have any underlying reading problems; researchers speculate that their desire to play video games Just surpassed the time they devoted to reading and writing, bringing down their abilities. So, what’s a parent to do, especially with computers a part of school curriculum these days? * American Academy of Pediatrics recommends one to two hours per day for children over two, and none for kids younger. Talk with and read to your children along with the quality time spent, this puts your kids in a language-rich environment. Be involved in their academics, even on the computer. Watching your child do his math online lets you encourage him, help him and see his problem-solving skills in action. 4: Quality Time Family Dinner: Good for your Heart and Head Dinner is usually when people eat most of their daily veggie requirements, so it’s usually more heart-healthy than other meals. But did you know it’s also good for your noggin? According to a Psychology Today article, these get-together help strengthen the brain’s frontal lobe, the area that deals with high mental functions. Family inners also help alleviate daily stress everyone has, shielding the parts of our brain that deal with emotion and memory. TAKE THE QUIZ Between responding to e-mails during kids’ activities,testing at meals, and constant phone time while driving, parents use technology almost as much as teens. This dynamic creates feelings of Jealousy and distress in children since they now have to compete for both their parents’ time and focus. The family dinner is a perfect example of technology affecting quality time. Traditionally a haven from the outside world and a chance to reconnect, today’s dinner is often a frenzied event where embers tend to be distracted during the meal by the computer, cell phone or TV. Or they can’t wait to finish to get back to these devices. Often, parents are Just as guilty as their kids. Here’s an alarming fact: A group of children, aged 4-6, were asked whether they’d want to watch TV or hang out with their dad. Dear old dad lost out! According to an A. C. Nielsen report, 54 percent of kids preferred to spend time with the TV. It’s a sad commentary when Bagman or Barney, however educational, wins out over quality time with a parent, especially for young children who think their parents are still “cool. So what’s the answer? Schedule one-on-one time with children and take family dinner hour seriously. One mother insists that all family members put their electronic devices in a basket when they come through the door and retrieve them only after dinner is over. 3: A Less Empathetic Generation Make sure your teen is spending time with friends in reality as well as virtually. Mage Credit: Supersaturates/Brand X Pictures/Thinking’s TAKE THE QUIZ A benefit of a family is that children learn the give and take of society how to interact with other people, the importance of the individual and the group, and how o communicate. However, with the inundation of technology in all facets of life, parents run the risk of raising a generation who can’t relate to other people. Children with unlimited gaming, computer and TV time may not get enough interpersonal face-to-face interaction needed to develop proper social skills. A Wall Street Journal article called this “silent fluency,” the ability to read cues like tone, body language and facial expressions. E-mail and texts don’t convey empathy, tone or subtext the way face-to-face or phone conversations do. While the effects are still being Rosen, a well-known psychologist, has studied the psychology of Faceable interaction and feels that while it can be good practice for introverted kids to get comfortable talking to peers, it is no substitute for real-world interaction. “Our study showed that real-world empathy is more important for feeling as though you have solid social support,” he writes. Although those who had more virtual empathy did feel more socially supported, the impact was less than the real-world empathy. ” So, if your child seems to spend most of her time on social media or testing, encourage her to talk to r make plans with friends. Or at least, with you. 2: Blurred Boundaries Once upon a time, a family’s biggest technological nuisance was the phone ringing during dinner or late at night. Twenty-four hour TV programming, the Internet and cell phones didn’t permeate the inner sanctum of the home. School stayed at school, work stayed at work, and those boundaries weren’t crossed except in an emergency. That was then; this is now. For adults, work doesn’t end Just because you leave the office; in fact, companies equip their people with smart phones and laptops so employees are accessible 2417. Physicians are used to getting emergency calls, but now there are insurance emergencies, technology emergencies, sales emergencies, accounting emergencies and the list continues. Likewise, schools send out e-mails – announcements about homework and events so kids are getting “business” as well as social messages when they’re at home. Once the walls between home and the outside world come down, it’s hard to build them back up again. But, you can make it better. It goes back to setting limits; your child’s social life won’t implode if she doesn’t answer 50 texts that night. Also, minimize the double standard. If you limit screen time for kids, do the same for yourself. You don’t want to lose your Job over it, but consider how much work you do at home because you “have to” versus what you do because you can and your computer’s right there. 1: The “Inside” Generation Don’t Just send your kids outside to play Join them from time to time! Mage Credit: stockpot,Townsfolk TAKE THE QUIZ More than ever before, parents have to encourage, coax or even force their children to get outside and play. Kids spend more time inside because of school, homework, irking parents and other factors dictating their schedules, but when they have free time, how do they spend it? Author Richard Love coined the phrase “nature deficit disorder,” describing the younger generation’s disconnect with nature. How often do you see kids playing in the woods, building forts or rolling down grassy hills? A University of Michigan 2004 study said kids play outside two hours less a week than two decades ago, choosing instead to spend the extra time watching TV, on the computer, reading or Just doing nothing. Technology isn’t exactly great for our health either. In 2004, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention said childhood obesity had tripled since 1980 in the U. S. A. One of the most technologically advanced countries also has one of the highest shares of obese people in the world not a correlation of which to be proud. However, parents can manage their kids’ “inside” get them outside. And from time to time, go with them for a bike ride or a walk. Sending your kids outside while you sit inside and text or send e-mails Just “sends” the wrong message. Young people exposed to modern technology for more than four hours a day are less keel to display high levels of “wellbeing” than those limiting access to less than 60 minutes, it emerged. Figures from the Office for National Statistics found that the use of video games and social networking had a number of advantages, including enhancing existing friendships and allowing shy children to communicate. But it warned of negative effects for young people exposed for technology for too long during the normal school day. The conclusions come Just days after a leading academic warned that a generation of children risks growing up with obsessive rationalities, poor self-control, short attention spans and little empathy because of an addiction to social networking websites such as Twitter. Baroness Greenfield, professor of pharmacology at Oxford University, said a decline in physical human contact meant children struggled to formulate basic social skills and emotional reactions. Young people’s brains were failing to develop properly after being overexposed to the cyber world at an early age, she claimed. According to figures quoted by the ONES, almost 85 per cent of children born in 2000/01 have access to a computer and the internet at home. Some 12 per cent have their own computer and the same proportion had a personal mobile phone. Separate data showed that six per cent of children aged 10-to-1 5 used online coatrooms or played games consoles for more than four hours on an average school day. But the report – published as part of an ongoing investigation into national wellbeing – said: “While playing games consoles and chatting on social media sites can enhance children’s recreational and networking experiences, there are risks with excessive usage. ” It added: “Children in the I-J who had access to computer games, games consoles and internet use at mom for less than an hour on a normal school day also reported better well-being than those who used these facilities for four hours or more. Children who spend too much time chatting on line may also be at risk of unwanted attention and harassment. ” The report said that children exposed to technology for lengthy periods of time were at greater risk of being targeted by cyber bullies and “perverted individuals”. There was also a danger of “obesity because of lack of physical activity’, said the ONES. Impact on Education Funny as it may sound, Google is God for students. Many of you might have stumbled upon this page hunting on what to write as an essay on ‘Negative Impact of Technology on Education and Society’. Well, there you have it all, a full-fledged essay. Yes, I do agree that there isn’t a source of information better than the Internet, and perhaps, can never be. However, don’t you think it has made students extremely students are supposed to submit college assignments online. As a result, students spend a good hour searching for the best stuff on this platform that has virtually every information in this world. CTR+C, CTR+V, CTR+S… Assignment done. The negative impact of technology on students is known universally. Kids today know more than anyone about the latest gadgets, gizmos, etc. Well, even I would like to confess that I know more about the latest cell phones than my dad does! Kids know how to operate them, play games in it, and get used to them. Gone are those days when leisure time was about creative recreational activities. Video games, Palpitations, phones, and Androids are the new thing! And then we blame ourselves for not being creative enough. I totally support the fact that information technology has made our life unbelievably say. Yes, it has.

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|Youth wing||Rote Jungfront| |Membership||130,000 by 1929| |Politics of Germany The Roter Frontkämpferbund German: [ˈʁoːtɐ ˈfʁɔntˌkɛmpfɐˌbʊnt], "Alliance of Red Front-Fighters"), abbreviated RFB, was officially a non-partisan and legally registered association, but in practice a paramilitary organization under the leadership of the Communist Party of Germany during the Weimar Republic. The first local groups of the RFB were established in July 1924 and Ernst Thälmann was elected the first leader of the federal committee during the first nationwide meeting in February 1925 in Berlin. Die Rote Front (English: The Red Front) was the newspaper of the RFB. The greeting of “Rot Front!” (English: Red Front!) while rising a clenched fist was responsible for the expression Rotfront, often used among friends and foes to refer to the organization instead of using the entire title of the alliance. The clenched fist "protecting the friend, fighting off the enemy" (German: "schützend den Freund, abwehrend den Feind") was the symbol of the RFB used on all its insignias and its registered trademark since March 1, 1926. Founded as a proletarian defense organization for the working class, over the years the RFB engaged more and more in violent street fights with the police, the Nazi party's Sturmabteilung (SA) as well as other political rivals and after their participation in the bloody protests following the ban to celebrate the International Workers' Day in Berlin 1929, during which more than 30 people were shot and killed by the police, the organization was banned in 1929 and all its assets confiscated by the government. At the time of the ban, the RFB had close to 130,000 members of which a large part continued their activities illegally or in local successor organizations such as the Kampfbund gegen den Faschismus (English: Fighting-Alliance Against Fascism), while others retired from the political scene. Contrary to a self-perpetuating legend spread by later historians, defections to the SA were rare . After the takeover of the political power in Germany by the Nazis in 1933, former RFB-members were among the first arrested and incarcerated in the concentration camps of the Sturmabteilung (SA). The Nazis were seeking revenge on their former rivals and many of the Red Front-Fighters lost their lives in the Nazi prisons. Of those who survived or were able to avoid arrest, many followed the call of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) and joined the Centuria Thälmann of the International Brigades to fight against the Nationalists led by General Francisco Franco. During World War II former Red Front-Fighters were fighting within the ranks of the soviet Red Army against Nazi Germany. After the end of World War II former RFB-members such as Erich Honecker and Erich Mielke were actively involved in the creation of the first police and military units of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). In East Germany the traditions of the RFB were carried on in the Arbeiterkampfgruppen (English: Combat Groups of the Working Class) and the Nationale Volksarmee (English: National People's Army ), while the Federal Republic of Germany in West Germany enforced the ban of 1929 and prosecuted former Red Front-Fighters admitting to their activities as members of the RFB. Until 1923 the Communist Party of Germany could depend on the Proletarian Hundreds (German: Proletarische Hundertschaften) to secure their meetings and demonstrations. After the ban of this proletarian defense organization in 1923, the Communist Party of Germany was in need to protect their political activities against attacks from the police and right-wing paramilitary organizations such as the Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten and the Sturmabteilung. During the 9th national conference of the Communist Party of Germany in April 1924 it was decided to form a new defense organization, under the name Roter Frontkämpfer-Bund. The goal was to attract non-communist workers and lead them as a united front. The incidents in the City of Halle/Saale on May 11, 1924, where 8 workers were killed and 16 seriously wounded by shots fired by the police during a demonstration, the decision was made public to all local organizations of the party and soon after the first local RFB-groups were formed. Most of these first RFB-units were located in industrial cities, seaports and other traditional strongholds of the working class. While many RFB-groups were under the leadership of a member of the Communist Party of Germany, most Red Front-Fighters were non-party members and some were even members of the Social Democratic Party of Germany or other political organizations. 98% of the RFB-members belonged to the working class and only 1% had received a higher education. A large part of the RFB-members were former front-fighters as they had served as soldiers on the battlefields of World War I and some had later been actively involved in the November Revolution of 1918. The number of members grew constantly and reached their peak with close to 130,000 members at the time of the ban in 1929. - April 1925: 40,450 members in 558 local groups (49% non-party members) - June 1925: 51,630 members in 826 local groups (53% non-party members) - February 1926: 68,392 members in 1,120 local groups (55% non-party members) The larger part of its members did not join the RFB because of political ideologies, they were mostly hard working people without any political education who simply believed that it was the right organization to fight for better living conditions. While the essential connection within the Nazi’s Sturmabteilung for instance, was achieved by their military orientation, within the RFB there was a higher level of social homogeneity. The sense of a common bond, achieved through the constant propagation of a class-consciousness, the feeling of solidarity and camaraderie, the cohesion within the group was what made the RFB fascinating for many. It was also not uncommon for members of the often internal strife-torn Sturmabteilung (SA) or the Reichsbanner to change sides and join the RFB. At the time of the ban in 1929, only 30% of the RFB-members were actually members of the Communist Party of Germany and 70% were non-party or members of other parties. For its younger members between the ages of 16 and 21 the RFB initially formed the Roter Jungsturm (English: Red Young-Storm) who was renamed into Rote Jungfront (RJ) (English: Red Young-Front) in 1925 to avoid similarities with the stormtroopers of the Nazis Sturmabteilung and to underline their goal of a united front. 40% of the local RFB-groups had a section of the RJ. To honor the sailors of the imperial navy who fought during the November Revolution of 1918, in May 1925 the RFB founded the Rote Marine (RM) (English: Red Navy) with sections in all major port cities. The Rote Marine was also considered an elite unit. Since 1925 the female members were organized in the Roter Frauen und Mädchen Bund (RFMB) (English: Alliance of Red Women and Girls). The federal leader was Clara Zetkin and at the time of ban in 1929 the RFMB had about 4,000 members. The RFB's structure was a bottom to top organization. The local groups elected the regional leadership and the regional leaders elected the federal committee. - 1. Bundesführung (English: Federal Committee) - 2. Gauführung (English: Regional Committee) - 3. Ortsgruppe (X Abteilungen) (English: Local Group (with several divisions, depending on the member strength of the local group)) - 3.1. Abteilung (X Kameradschaften) (English: Division made up of X Comradeships) - 3.2. Kameradschaft (3 Züge, ca. 100 Mann) (English: Comradeship made up of 3 Platoons, approx. 100 men) - 3.3. Zug (4 Gruppen, ca. 35 Mann + 1 Zugführer) (English: Platoon made up of 4 Groups, approx. 35 men plus 1 platoon leader) - 3.4. Gruppe (8 Mann + 1 Gruppenführer) (English: Group made up of 8 men plus 1 group leader) Bundesführung (English: Federal Committee) - Ernst Thälmann (1. Federal Leader) - Willy Leow (2. Federal Leader, Organizational and Technical Manager) - Alfred Oelßner (Treasurer) - Ernst Schneller - Hans Jendretzky - Fritz Selbmann - Werner Jurr - Albert Schreiner (Chief Editor “Rote Front”) - Curt Steinbrecher RFB-Gaue (English: Regional Sections of the RFB) - Thüringen (Thuringia) - Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony) - Nordwest (Northwest) - Ruhrgebiet (Ruhr district) - Niederrhein (Lower Rhine) - Mittelrhein (Middle Rhine) - Hessen-Waldeck (Hesse-Waldeck) - Hessen-Frankfurt (Hesse-Frankfurt) - Saargebiet (Saar district) - Pommern (Pomerania) - Ostpreußen (East Prussia) - Oberschlesien (Upper Silesia) - Schlesien (Silesia) - Ostsachsen (East Saxony) - Westsachsen (West Saxony) - Nord-Bayern (North Bavaria) - Süd-Bayern (South Bavaria) "Protection and Security" A large part of the RFB activities were directed on supporting the political propaganda work of the Communist Party of Germany (German: Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD)), the Rote Hilfe (English: ”Red Help”) and other proletarian organizations such as workers unions. In most cases they provided a security-service for the various events but also participated in the active agitation. Hardened by their harsh work and living conditions, the RFB men were not afraid of using their fists and soon became respected by the police and political rivals who tried to disrupt rallies. It was not uncommon for street parades and protest marches to be escorted by police and RFB men in a mutually respectful distance. While the ‘‘Red Front Fighters’’ were trying to keep eventual provocateurs from disrupting the ongoing manifestations and had an interest in a successful propaganda event, the police in most cases was looking for a reason to break up the demonstrations of the Communists and often used excessive force against the rally participants at the slightest sign of trouble. Numerous events ended in mass brawls between the police and members of the ‘‘RFB’’ leaving injured on both sides and in some cases dead demonstrators shot by the police. Almost all of the incidents led to the arrest and sentencing of many RFB men. Arrested RFB members could depend on the Rote Hilfe (English: ”Red Help”) for legal support and also, in case of sentencing to prison, for financial support of their families during the time they were unable to work. During the years of its existence the rivalry between the warring organizations such as the Sturmabteilung, the Stahlhelm and the Reichsbanner grew constantly and violence intensified. Since the strategy of the Sturmabteilung (SA) was especially designed to take the political fight to the streets and provoke rivals wherever they could, violent encounters between members of these two organizations soon became a part of everyday life. The SA purposely opened new haunts in working-class districts in which a large part of the population were ‘‘red’’, meaning they supported either the Social Democratic Party of Germany ‘‘SPD’’ or the Communist Party of Germany ‘‘KPD’’ but not the ‘‘brown’’ Nazi Party the Sturmabteilung (SA) stood for. For their rallies the Sturmabteilung almost exclusively chose locations within these districts, knowing that especially the RFB men were not willing to let these provocations go by quietly and many events from either side resulted in violent mass brawls. Attacks on a single member or smaller groups on the streets were often retaliated against with attacks by entire RFB units at known meeting points or favourite hangouts of the Sturmabteilung. Overall the mostly young and often out-of-work ruffians from the Sturmabteilung had a tough time against the ‘‘Red Front Fighters’’ until the RFB was banned in 1929. Especially in larger industrial areas where a high percentage of working class people lived, reportedly the single call “RFB is here!” (German: ”RFB ist da!”) at the door of a pub filled with SA men would cause panic among those present. RFB men were not only present at meetings, rallies or other events but also helped out in their neighbourhoods whenever a strong hand was needed. During the years of the Depression in the late 1920s and early 1930s many workers for instance could not pay the rent on their poor dwellings on time. Whenever a landlord tried to throw out the residents, members of the RFB would show up and try to prevent the police or the landlord’s representatives from putting their neighbours out on the street. Police reports of the time acknowledge the fact that in many cases the trained fists of the RFB men were a more powerful weapon than the truncheons of the police. ”Social Justice and Peace” As anchored in its statues, the ‘’RFB’’ was an anti-militaristic organization and therefore many of its activities were directed against the re-armament of the German military. The RFB and other organizations for instance protested against the spending of billions of Reichsmark for the purchase of armoured warships by the government of the Weimar Republic and demanded the use of these resources to improve the social welfare system. Most public manifestations were openly directed against the politics of the German government and their involvement with powerful German industrials. They demanded the preservation of peace and denounced plans for a new war. Most members of the ‘’RFB’’ also supported the call of the left-wing ‘’KPD’’ for a change of the social system to the role model of the young Soviet Union. The ‘’RFB’’ therefore was soon considered an ‘’enemy of the state’’, leading to several temporary bans of its announced parades and meetings. Other RFB events included propaganda marches in rural areas to get poor farmers and agricultural workers to join their cause. |Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roter Frontkämpferbund.|

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The Liquidity Trap: An Alternative Explanation for Today's Low Inflation From January 2009 to December 2013, the Federal Reserve's balance sheet grew by approximately $3.5 trillion due to the large-scale asset purchase (LSAP) policies implemented to aid the ailing economy after the Great Recession. These unconventional monetary policies, also known as quantitative easing (QE), increased credit availability in the private lending markets and put downward pressure on real interest rates. During normal times, for each 1 percent increase in the growth of money, inflation increases by 0.54 percent, based on a linear regression of the inflation rate on money growth for the precrisis period. Money supply (M0) increased 40.29 percent between December 2008 and December 2013, or about 8 percent per year on average. Under this pace of annual money growth, we would have seen inflation of 4.3 percent per year, or a price level increase of at least 40 percent in 2013 compared with the price level in 2008. But this did not happen. Thus, in contrast with many people's expectations, the injection of $3.5 trillion into the economy has not caused any significant inflation or increases in the price level. Why? From their first implementation, LSAPs were declared by the Fed's Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) to be a new policy tool to boost the economy after the target federal funds rate had already been reduced to a range between 0 and 25 basis points. The media and some Fed officials expressed concern about inflation becoming rampant because of the large amount of money that was being injected into the economy. But those fears have not materialized. On the contrary, it wasn't long before policymakers' anxiety focused on the possibility of falling into a Japanese-style deflation. (See figure.) Several reasons have been provided for the persistently low inflation. For example, Fed Chair Janet Yellen said in 2009 when she was still president of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco that inflation would not take hold during a recession because of little pressure for prices and wages to increase given that resources through the economy were underused. Others say the unusually low inflation stems from the weakening of the money multiplier, as banks continue to hold excess reserves instead of extending more credit through loans. Still others point to the FOMC's increased communications and forward guidance in anchoring future inflation expectations, as well as to the knowledge that the LSAPs will eventually be reversed. There also exists an alternative explanation for the generally unanticipated disinflation or low inflation levels—the liquidity trap. Conventionally, the expansion of the money supply will generate inflation as more money is chasing after the same amount of goods available. During a liquidity trap, however, increases in money supply are fully absorbed by excess demand for money (liquidity); investors hoard the increased money instead of spending it because the opportunity cost of holding cash—the forgone earnings from interest—is zero when the nominal interest rate is zero. Even worse, if the increased money supply is through LSAPs on long-term debts (as is the case under QE), investors are prompted to further shift their portfolio holdings from interest-bearing assets to cash. On one hand, if the increase in money demand is proportional to the increase in money supply, inflation remains stable. On the other hand, if money demand increases more than proportionally to the change in money supply due to the downward pressure LSAPs exert on the interest rate, the price level must fall to absorb the difference between the supply and demand of money. That is, the increase in aggregate demand for real money balances then has to be accommodated by an overall decrease in the price level for any given money supply in the goods market. Therefore, the lower the interest rate through LSAPs, the lower the price level (due to the disproportionately higher money demand). The Fed's policy to pay positive interest rates on reserves can only reinforce the problem by making cash more attractive as a store of value. Economist Yi Wen (the co-author of this article) showed last year that large-scale asset purchases by the Fed at the current pace could reduce the real interest rate by 2 percentage points, but would have an insignificant effect on aggregate employment and fixed capital investment, would reduce the aggregate price level significantly, and would put severe downward pressure on the inflation rate—thanks to firms' portfolio adjustments between cash and financial assets in a liquidity trap. Risks of Declining Inflation Not only high inflation, but low inflation can be bad for the economy. Low inflation makes cash more attractive to investors as a store of value, everything else equal. This makes the liquidity trap easier to occur and gives the Fed less room to reduce the real interest rate as desired during a recession. Furthermore, quantitative easing through LSAPs can reinforce the liquidity trap by further reducing the long-term interest rate. In other words, more monetary injections during a liquidity trap can only reinforce the liquidity trap by keeping the inflation rate low (or the real return to money high). Therefore, the correct monetary policy during a liquidity trap is not to further increase money supply or reduce the interest rate but to raise inflation expectations by raising the nominal interest rate. If LSAP policies are reversed and the money supply decreases as the Fed sells assets in the marketplace, the nominal interest rate will increase and investors will be more likely to shift their portfolios away from cash toward interest-bearing assets. If demand for money decreases more than proportional to the decrease in money supply due to upward pressure on the interest rate, inflation will increase. In other words, only when financial assets become more attractive than cash can the aggregate price level increase. Of course, this type of policy-reinforced liquidity trap would take place only if the economy is in a deep recession in the first place. If the economy is not in a recession, monetary injections should lead to more inflation instead of less inflation because a lower interest rate generally reduces people's incentive to save and increases their incentive to spend. The irony is that expansionary monetary policy is often called for only when the economy is in a recession. This policy dilemma makes economics a dismal science. One way to escape from it is to use expansionary fiscal policy (as suggested by the economist John Maynard Keynes). However, with the already high level of government debt across industrial countries, it takes courage and vision to implement bold expansionary fiscal policies. Inflation Expectations and LSAPs Inflation started declining in early 2012 and was significantly below FOMC members' forecasts in 2013. Since the beginning of this year, the committee has slowed the pace of LSAPs as broad economic activity has improved, but the target federal funds rate will remain near the zero lower bound for a longer period. Inflation is expected to continue being stable and move toward the 2 percent target rate of the FOMC as the economy improves, but it will not increase much until the demand for money decreases and the effects of the liquidity trap wane. - "Normal times" refers to the postwar period prior to the Great Recession (1960-2007). The effect of changes in the money supply (M0) on headline consumer price index (CPI) inflation during this time frame was calculated using a linear regression model. [back to text] - The implications are similar if we use the total monetary base (M0 + bank reserves) instead of M0. During normal times, inflation increases 0.26 percent for every 1 percent increase in money base growth. So, since the money base grew 123 percent during the five-year period from December 2008 to December 2013, inflation would have been 6.3 percent per year on average. [back to text] - See Bullard. [back to text] - See Yellen. [back to text] - See Fawley and Wen on the decline of the money multiplier and monetary aggregates. [back to text] - As Andolfatto and Li note when describing the effect of QE in Japan during the 2000s, "even large changes in the monetary base are not likely to have any inflationary consequences if people generally believe the program will be reversed at some future date." [back to text] - For related discussion on this alternative, see Haltom and Krugman. [back to text] - Ricketts and Waller describe the Fed's policy tools to avoid runaway inflation, including paying a positive interest rate on excess reserves. [back to text] - See Wen. [back to text] - See Wen and Wu for an empirical study of the powerful effects of fiscal policies in China that helped China to escape the Great Recession after the financial crisis in 2007-08. [back to text] Andolfatto, David; and Li, Li. "Quantitative Easing in Japan: Past and Present." Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Synopses, 2014, No. 1, Jan. 10, 2014. See http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/es/article/10024. Bullard, James. "Seven Faces of 'The Peril.' " Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, September/October 2010, Vol. 92, No. 5, pp. 339-52. Fawley, Brett; and Wen, Yi. "Low Inflation in a World of Securitization." Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Synopses, 2013, No. 15, May 31, 2013. See http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/es/article/9801. Haltom, Renee. "Liquidity Trap." Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Region Focus, First Quarter 2012, p. 10. See www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/region_focus/2012/q1/pdf/jargon_alert.pdf. Krugman, Paul. "Monetary Policy in a Liquidity Trap." The New York Times, Opinion Pages, April 11, 2013. Blog post. See http://nyti.ms/19ONWJZ. Ricketts, Lowell R.; and Waller, Christopher J. "The Rise and (Eventual) Fall in the Fed's Balance Sheet." Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The Regional Economist, January 2014, Vol. 22, No. 1. See www.stlouisfed.org/publications/regional-economist/january-2014/the-rise-and-eventual-fall-in-the-feds-balance-sheet. Wen, Yi. "Evaluating Unconventional Monetary Policies—Why Aren't They More Effective?" Working Paper 2013-028B, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2013. See http://research.stlouisfed.org/wp/2013/2013-028.pdf. Wen, Yi; and Wu, Jing. "Withstanding Great Recession like China." Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Working Paper 2014-007A. Yellen, Janet. "A View of the Economic Crisis and the Federal Reserve's Response." Presentation to The Commonwealth Club of California in San Francisco on June 30, 2009.

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Below is a list of resources that may help trans and gender diverse people, their families, educators and cisgender people wanting to learn more about the trans and gender diverse experience. While I’ll do my best to update this list, please let me know if any of these links don’t work. Bear in mind that there may be content on some of these sites that is not age appropriate for children, and that these links will take you away from my page and on to sites with content that I have not created or endorsed. While I have divided these websites by country, some of the resources will be useful to people in any country. If you have any suggestions for websites and resources that you think should be on this list, please contact me through this website. The Safe Schools program is a wonderful resource for schools, and for young LGBTI people and their families. The Safe Schools team work with Australian schools to create a safe and welcoming environment for LGBTI students. Safe Schools resources which were removed by the federal government due to pressure from Australian anti-LGBTI lobby groups are now being provided by the Victorian state government on this website: http://www.education.vic.gov.au/about/programs/health/Pages/safe-schools-coalition.aspx I particularly want to highlight the ‘All of Us’ resources, aimed at year 7 and 8 students (though some of the activities can be adapted for younger or older children), a collection of short videos and teaching activities designed to assist students in understanding gender diversity, sexual diversity and intersex topics. The glossary and inclusive language list at the end of the booklet is excellent and I highly recommend it for those who are new to the concept of diverse gender and sexual identities. Transgender Victoria (TGV) is an Australian organisation dedicated to achieving justice, equity and quality health and community service provision for transgender people, their partners, families and friends. TGV provides advice and referrals to trans people, offers training and support to workplaces and service providers, raises awareness about things that matter to the trans community, and liaises with the media to communicate the trans community’s perspective. Ygender is a peer led social support and advocacy group for trans/gender diverse young people. Cisgender allies and family members of trans and gender diverse people may like to take a look at their Ally Project (http://www.allyproject.org/). Minus18 is Australia’s largest youth led organisation for gay, lesbian, bisexual and trans youth. Run by more than 40 youth volunteers, Minus18 offers online support and resources, mental health and peer mentoring support, and social activities for LGBTI young people. Minus18 have created a resource called OMG I’m Trans, a useful resource for young transgender and gender diverse people (https://minus18.org.au/index.php/resource-packs/omg-i-m-trans) They run another project, Gender Is Not Uniform (https://minus18.org.au/index.php/resource-packs/gender-is-not-uniform), and provide a guide to pronouns (https://minus18.org.au/index.php/resource-packs/pronouns) This website has an extensive list of services for transgender children and their families throughout Australia. The website can also put you in touch with support groups for parents. Transcend is a parent led support network and information hub for transgender children and their families in Australia. Gender Diversity Australia offers social support for the transgender, intersex, and gender diverse community in Australia. Their Facebook group is a great place to socialise and get advice and support. It is one of the most active gender community discussion groups in Australia. The Zoe Belle Gender Collective provides online support, referrals, recommendations and resources for the greater trans and gender diverse community in Victoria, Australia. They are also in the process of collating resources on a national scale. The Gender Centre offers services and support to transgender and gender diverse people, their partners, families and friends in New South Wales. They also act as an education, support, training and referral/resource centre. I recommend their documentary ‘In their Shoes’, available on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MDuVbsg0eMo A Gender Agenda works to increase public awareness and understanding of sex and gender diversity issues. In addition to training and education, they provide advocacy and support services, information and resources and are actively engaged in human rights and law reform. The AGMC Inc is a peak body for individuals/groups from a Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex and Queer multicultural background. A community organisation that supports and promotes equality for ‘rainbow’ families (parents and prospective parents who identify as lesbian, gay, bi, transgender or intersex, and their children). This site contains links to books and resources, support and playgroups, and regular events for rainbow families. I recommend this poster developed by the Rainbow Families Council. While it doesn’t specifically mention trans and gender diverse parents and grandparents, it does encourage acceptance of diverse families generally, and is a colourful and simple resource that young children can understand (http://www.glhv.org.au/files/Poster_people.pdf) Pride in Diversity is Australia’s first and only national not-for-profit employer support program for all aspects of LGBTI workplace inclusion. Resources can be purchased from their online shop. The National Center for Transgender Equality is a social justice advocacy organization providing a powerful transgender advocacy presence in Washington, D.C. They work at the local, state, and federal level to change laws, policies and society. You may find their terminology list helpful, as well as the ‘52 things you can do for Transgender Equality’ list (my favourite is #2!) Visit http://www.transequality.org/about-transgender for these resources. The Transgender Law Center works to change law, policy, and attitudes so that all people can live safely, authentically, and free from discrimination regardless of their gender identity or expression. They produce a resource ‘Beyond the Binary’, which provides students and their allies with practical and accessible tools to support their efforts to make schools safe and welcoming for all students regardless of gender identity (http://transgenderlawcenter.org/issues/youth/beyond-the-binary) The Trans Youth Family Allies (TYFA) work to educate and inform schools, healthcare professionals, service providers and communities about discrimination on the basis of gender identity or gender expression, and form alliances with organisations and individuals to help achieve support services for transgender and gender variant children. Gender Spectrum provide consultation, training and events designed to help families, educators, professionals, and organizations understand and address the concepts of gender identity and expression. They offer a huge range of resources for families with trans and genderqueer or nonbinary children, and for schools. The Gender Inclusive Schools Toolkit and ‘Rethinking Schools – It’s OK to be neither’ (https://www.genderspectrum.org/resources/education-2/) may be useful to educators. Trans Student Educational Resources supply trans resources including some eyecatching graphic resources (http://www.transstudent.org/graphics). They also train teachers, collaborate with other advocacy organisations, host and support events for trans people, help create transgender policies, and promote trans awareness in the media. Straight For Equality, a national outreach and education project created by PFLAG (Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays) to empower and educated new straight allies. Their website links to a terminology list and two resources that may be useful to families and allies of trans people: Our Trans Loved Ones and Guide to Being a Trans Ally. The Human Rights Campaign is the largest civil rights organization working to achieve equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Americans. This page contains links to news, campaigns and resources. Their Welcoming Schools project offers many useful resources for educators, including ‘Schools in Transition’ (http://www.welcomingschools.org/pages/support-gender-expansive-transgender-students/). GLAAD works with print, broadcast and online news sources to bring people stories from the LGBT community that build support for equality. And when news outlets get it wrong, GLAAD is there to respond and advocate for fairness and accuracy. Their ‘Transgender FAQ’ and ‘Tips for Allies’ are simple and clear, and may be helpful to those just learning about trans and gender diverse identities. Lambda Legal is the oldest and largest national legal organization whose mission is to achieve full recognition of the civil rights of LGBTI people and those with HIV through impact litigation, education and public policy work. You can find information on trans rights on their website at www.lambdalegal.org/issues/transgender-rights and a great resource called ‘Bending the Mold: An Action Kit for Transgender Students’ at www.lambdalegal.org/publications/bending-the-mold The TransYouth Project aims to help scientists, educators, parents, and children better understand the varieties of human gender development. They are leading the first large-scale, national, longitudinal study of development in gender nonconforming, transgender, and gender variant youth. They are recruiting children aged 3–12 who are transgender, gender nonconforming, siblings of gender nonconforming children, as well as control participants (those who are gender conforming) from across the USA for this longitudinal study. Their links page will direct you to organisations supporting transgender children in the USA. The Rainbow List is a bibliography of books with significant gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, or queer/questioning content, and which are aimed at youth, birth through age 18. The list is intended to aid youth in selecting high-quality books that were published between July 2014 and December 2015. The list also is intended to aid as a collection development or readers’ advisory tool for librarians serving children and young adults. UK AND IRELAND Stonewall campaigns for the equality of lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans people across Britain. They have a good glossary of terms and their education resources page (http://www.stonewall.org.uk/our-work/education-resources) contains excellent resources for both primary and secondary educators. GIRES provides a range of resources and services to trans and gender diverse people in the UK. I particularly like their ‘penguin stories’ for young children who are trans and non-binary, and the ‘Kids of Trans Resource Guide’ for older children of trans and gender diverse parents, both available at http://www.gires.org.uk/support/explaining-to-children. Gendered Intelligence works predominantly with the trans community and those who impact on trans lives; they particularly specialise in supporting young trans people aged 8-25. Their Knowledge Is Power project has sections on pronouns and self-care. They also have a ‘Gender Variance in Primary Schools’ DVD and resources on bullying of trans and gender diverse students (http://genderedintelligence.co.uk/professionals/resources). Rainbow Teaching is a volunteer run project aimed at supporting teachers in LGBTQIA+ inclusive teaching. The volunteers are LGBTQIA+ members of the teaching and academic communities who are all passionate about equality and inclusion. They have a good list of terms & some excellent educational resources. The Scottish Transgender Alliance works to improve gender identity and gender reassignment equality, rights and inclusion in Scotland. The Nonbinary Inclusion Project is a grassroots organisation fighting for the inclusion and recognition of nonbinary people in law, media and everyday life within the UK. Mermaids provides an online support group for gender variant children and teenagers (aged up to 19), also offering support for parents, carers and others. They also have annual residentials for trans children and their families. TENI promote the equality and wellbeing of trans people in Ireland, focusing on healthcare, employment, education and legislation. They offer support services, advocacy, workshops and training, and a range of good resources on their website.

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The philosophical project of understanding self-control has its roots in ancient efforts to explain intentional actions. In De Motu Animalium (701a7-8), Aristotle asks: “How does it happen that thinking is sometimes followed by action and sometimes not, sometimes by motion, sometimes not?” A proper answer requires understanding, among other things, how it happens that we sometimes act in accordance with our deliberative better judgments and sometimes fail to do so, pursuing instead courses of action at odds with those judgments. The Philosophy and Science of Self-Control (PSSC) project aims to support research that bears on this issue and the topic of self-control in general. The chief aim of this project is to provide incentives and opportunities for collaborative philosophical and scientific research on self-control. The goal of fostering this collaboration is to improve our knowledge of self-control and how to enhance it, in part by developing a more integrated and complete understanding of the topic. Similar collaboration among scientists and philosophers has been a fruitful strategy for tackling other topics in recent years, such as the scientific and philosophical work on free will and moral judgment that has issued from such collaboration. This project aims for the same kind of progress for work on self-control. Central to the project is a set of funding competitions to support informed and collaborative research on self-control in science and philosophy. Other components include two conferences, a summer seminar, a cluster grant program, and post-doctoral fellowship opportunities. The funding competitions support research along two dimensions: Dimension 1: Philosophy of Self-Control In philosophy, questions about self-control are important for debates about action explanation, the power of intentions, mental causation, agency, free will, and moral responsibility. See the list below for some sample questions. Dimension 2: Integrated Science and Philosophy of Self-Control Controlled studies are directly relevant to important questions about self-control. Both philosophers and scientists from such fields as neuroscience and social psychology rely on hard evidence to explore questions such as those that appear below. 1. What overarching theory or theories best organize and explain the range of phenomena addressed in the contemporary scientific literature on self-control? Sub-questions include the following: - Investigations of self-control employ such terms as “self-regulation,” “willpower,” “inhibition,” “executive function,” “working memory,” “goal-setting,” and “planning,” among others. How are these phenomena related to each other? What are the most plausible theoretical frameworks for integrating these phenomena, and how might we arbitrate empirically between competing frameworks? - People appear to exercise self-control regarding a range of things, e.g., desires, urges, emotions, habits, motoric responses, thoughts, memories, attention, and more. How should we understand the relationship between exercises of self-control across these various domains? Is there a unified mechanism or faculty that subserves control in all these domains, or are there multiple distinct self-control mechanisms? If the latter, in what ways might these distinct mechanisms be linked? 2. Self-control is often understood to involve a conflict between automatic and effortless processing, on the one hand, and deliberate and effortful processing on the other. On this construal, certain impulses manifest themselves in behavior unless the person exercises self-control by inhibiting the impulse through more deliberative thought. Are there cases of self-control (or failure to exercise self-control) that show this model to be deficient? If so, what are these cases? Can the model be improved to handle these other cases, and if so, how? Similarly, self-control is frequently characterized as the process of choosing to act so as to sacrifice smaller and proximal gains for the sake of larger, distal rewards. As before: Are there cases of self-control (or failure to exercise self-control) that show this model to be deficient? If so, what are these cases, and can the model be revised to incorporate them? 3. Do at least certain kinds of self-control draw upon a resource that can be depleted and replenished in the short-term, and strengthened by long-term use? Much contemporary research suggests that this is true, hence the name for the phenomenon, “ego depletion.” But there are challenges to this view. Can these challenges be met? Suppose they can: Can this resource be understood in careful, nonmetaphorical detail? 4. Exercises of self-control appear sometimes to take the form of maintaining resolutions to perform or avoid certain kinds of behavior. Maintenance of such resolutions, in turn, seems to require that we not revise these resolutions inappropriately. If this is correct, how might we improve our ability to maintain such resolutions; in particular, how might we improve our ability to avoid reconsidering resolutions we have made (which improvement might include an enhanced ability to distract ourselves)? 5. How ought we to understand, and how can we enhance, self-control of the sort that requires implementation over long periods of time? Relevant sub-questions here include the following: - Some recent research has focused on anticipatory actions such as avoiding problems and developing good work habits. Rather than relying on willpower to resist temptation when it occurs, one can prepare in advance to avoid temptations. How do these processes work? And are people that we tend to characterize as having high self-control more likely to display control in this sense instead of the kind of control manifested in cases of overcoming temptation? - Are there distinct stages that characterize the behavior of self-controlled people? If so: What are these stages? (For example, might success on this front best be characterized as including both effective goal-setting and effective goal-striving?) How can people improve in each of these stages? Might strategies that effectively enhance one stage be detrimental to another? What techniques are most successful in improving self-control overall, i.e., in enhancing each of the stages so as to maximize overall self-control? - Researchers have introduced the construct of intentional self-regulation (ISR), which encompasses more than self-governance constructs like soft skills, impulse control, delay of gratification, and grit; ISR involves selecting and managing positive and important life goals, using strategies for obtaining the resources for engaging in the executive functions required to optimize the chances of reaching selected goals, and having the ability to compensate effectively in the face of failure or of a blocked or lost goal. How might work on ISR be extended and enhanced? For example, what inter-individual differences exist (and what are the bases for these differences) in the system of relationships among ISR, ecological assets, thriving, and risk/problem behaviors? What assets, for individuals of what characteristics or backgrounds, are linked to positive human development in the face of particular facets of ISR? How do individuals’ scores for ISR and their level of thriving relate to the scores of others in their social networks, such as mentors or peers? - There is evidence that people can intentionally modify some of their dispositions (or “emotional styles”) in ways that enhance control in the long-term, for example, in becoming more resilient or more attentive. Are there additional ways, not yet discovered, in which people can improve and thereby enhance their self-control in similar ways? If so, what techniques are best suited to enhancing these kinds of control? 6. What underlying trait or traits best explain (at least in part) the reliable personality differences in self-control between individuals? 7. Are there hitherto underexplored factors that are relevant to understanding self-control and its exercise? If so, how might these factors be relevant? (Such factors may include, but need not be limited to, stress, context, first-person perspective, “hot” and “cool” representations of the objects of desire and how they are generated, the resistance or modification of “reflective” desires (as opposed to the resistance of habit-based desires so as to satisfy reflective desires), etc. 8. How can measures and methods for investigating self-control be improved? - As above, perhaps some self-controlled people do not (primarily) use effortful inhibition of automatic impulses as a means of promoting self-control. They may instead use alternative means of self-control, such as pre-commitment and cognitive counter-active mechanisms. Although there are numerous measures of inhibition, less has been done to develop and validate appropriate methods and tools to assess these alternative means (assuming they are employed). What are some effective methods and tools for doing so? - What methodological innovations might be used to further work on ISR (explained above)? Much of the work on ISR has been through the SOC (selection, optimization, compensation) questionnaire, and such work would presumably benefit from investigation via ecological or experimental observations, interviews, expert ratings, etc. 9. How might a more sophisticated understanding of self-control illuminate potentially related concepts such as free will, agency, reductionism, the self, etc.? And how might beliefs about the latter phenomena influence the degree and kind of self-control we have? Example sub-questions here might include the following: - Does recent empirical work on agency and free will, including work on beliefs about and experience of agency and free will, bear significantly on our understanding of self-control, or vice versa? (For example: Do subjects who believe that they do not have free will tend to have less self-control? If so, why?) - According to the “divided mind” view of self-control, exercises of willpower aren’t performed by the person as a whole, but rather are undertaken by only part of the person in which only a strict subset of his or her full set of desires are active. What implications would the truth of such a view have for the nature of persons, selves, and agency? - Do certain conceptions of selves correlate with enhanced (or diminished) self-control? (For example, does having a concept of the self as less unified over time correlate with less self-control?) - Suppose that acceptance of certain scientifically plausible positions tends to reduce self-control. Might there be other ways of teaching or framing these positions – accurately, of course – that do not have this effect? - How much influence do people’s beliefs about their capacity for exercising self-control have on their actual capacity for doing so? (Recent research suggests that such beliefs are highly influential.) 10. What influences do meaningful frameworks have on self-control? For example, there is evidence that religious people have higher self-control than non-religious people; if so, what factors are responsible for this? (For example, does the perception of a temptation as “sinful” make it more likely to be overcome? If so, why?) Non-religious meaningful frameworks, such as an understanding that a self-control task is being done for the benefit of a loved one or one’s community, may be of interest here as well. 11. What effects do contemplative practices have on self-control? Do practices wherein subjects focus attention on specific objects differ in their influence from practices that encourage open-minded attention? What are the advantages of different practices in these respects? Furthermore, what are the neuroscientific underpinnings of these practices in short-term and long term changes in brain activity? Can neurofeedback techniques be developed to enhance the efficiency of training? If so, are there risks or detriments involved with these alternatives to the traditional approaches? 12. Are there ways of enhancing self-control that lead to epistemological improvements, such as reductions in cognitive biases or improvements to working memory? If so, what are these ways? And what implications does this have for other epistemological issues, e.g., for our thinking about rationality and justification? 13. Weakness of will has been a perennial topic within philosophy and other disciplines. What is the best account of weakness of will, and which strategies are the most effective for overcoming it? Relevant sub-questions here include the following: - Is weakness of will best understood as action contrary to one’s better judgment, or as action contrary to some prior resolution and due to an inappropriate shift in judgment? - Are weak-willed actions best explained by appeal to an inappropriate shift in the person’s judgment about what it is best to do? - Is weakness of will a natural kind? - How might progress on the sub-questions above lead to enhancements to self-control? (For example: Suppose weakness of will is not a natural kind. Would a successor concept enable better understanding of lapses in self-control and better techniques for avoiding these? Or suppose that weakness of will is typically characterized by inappropriate shifts in judgment; how can agents guard against such shifts?) 14. Why, and how, is self-control valuable? Relevant sub-questions here can include the following: - Is the value of self-control instrumental only or intrinsic as well? - What specific benefits does self-control confer? For example: Does having better or worse self-control correlate strongly with other character virtues? How might it be incorporated into a system of virtue ethics? Does it correlate with higher measures of human flourishing? - A distinction is sometimes drawn between continence, a state characterized by the ability to control one’s immoral impulses (resist immoral desires, e.g.), and temperance, a state in which immoral impulses simply aren’t experienced (and thus there is no need to inhibit them). How can scientific methods or recent findings illuminate the difference between these two states, the factors that influence each of them, and the techniques that are effective at enhancing each? 15. What are the costs associated with self-control and its exercise? (For example, recent research suggests that improvement in certain kinds of mental control, such as enhanced focus, is accompanied by a reduction in creativity.) Can one be too self-controlled? (Hyperopia research, for example, suggests that some people are overly concerned about future outcomes and so fail to enjoy short-term rewards appropriately, which suggests that it is possible to have an excess of self-control.) What considerations and techniques are available for determining and implementing the proper amount of self-control in one’s life—for determining whether and how to balance one’s self-regulatory behaviors? Philosophy of Self-Control. The PSSC project offers funding to support philosophical work on these questions and other questions about self-control. (See “Grants” page.) Integrated Science and Philosophy of Self-Control. The PSSC offers funding to support work from teams consisting of both philosophers and scientists who will study these questions and other questions about self-control in an interdisciplinary way. All teams must have at least one philosopher and at least one scientist as members. (See “Grants” page.)

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As you may already know, bedsores can be a serious problem in nursing homes. You might know some basic information regarding bedsores. However, if you believe that your loved one has developed a bedsore, you need additional information regarding the type of bedsore that your loved one faces and how it should be treated. Here, you can get all of the information that you need about the four bedsore stages. One of the most common forms of injury that a person can sustain in a nursing home is a bedsore. This is also known as a pressure sore. A bedsore is an injury to skin and tissue underneath skin caused by extensive pressure on a part of the body. Bedsores generally develop when a person does not move for long periods of time. If nursing home employees neglect residents, bedsores are a common development. Bedsores commonly develop in areas such as: - Shoulder blades. These body parts are common areas where bedsores develop. This is because there isn’t a lot of fat or muscle to protect the bone from pressure. How Bedsores Form When the body experiences pressure with no relief, blood flow to tissue and skin is limited. When this happens, tissue and skin cells will become damaged and can eventually die. Friction can aggravate or worsen a bedsore. This may occur when your loved one tries to move or a care provider attempts to move your parent. Another factor in nursing homes that contribute to bedsores is known as shear. Shear is when two forces are moving in opposite directions. For example, in a hospital bed that is elevated, your loved one might begin slipping. Your loved one’s skin will start pulling in a downward direction, but the bones will stay put. This force can create a bedsore. Some residents are at higher risk for bedsores than others. Individuals whose physical health limits their mobility and ability to change positions. Bedsores occur in several stages and are characterized based on their severity. Stage One Bedsore If you, your loved one, or a nursing home staff member catches a bedsore early on, it will likely be a stage one bedsore. The good news if your loved one is diagnosed with a stage one bedsore is that this is the mildest form of bedsore, and compared to the other stages, a stage one bedsore can be treated fairly easily. A stage one bedsore is characterized by the fact that it is not an open wound. Your loved one will not have any tears in the skin around the bedsore if it is a stage one bedsore. Another good sign is that most stage one bedsores are not at risk for infection. While infection is possible with a stage one bedsore, it is not as common as with the more severe stages of bedsores. Identifying a Stage One Bedsore Even though a stage one bedsore is a mild form of a bedsore, or pressure sore, it can still be very painful to your loved one if developed. Your loved one may complain of an area of skin that is warm to the touch, tender, and of a different texture than the surrounding skin (softer or firmer). Most stage one bedsores appear red in color, but not all bedsores have this characteristic. Some might be blue or purple in color. Any patch of skin that is a different color than the patient’s normal skin color could be a pressure sore. One discerning characteristic is that the bedsore does not “blanch.” This is a term for what happens to healthy skin when it is pinched or touched firmly. If you pinch your skin together and let it go, it should turn a whitish color. This is because you are cutting off circulation and preventing blood flow to the skin. When blood returns to the area, the skin will return to its normal color. A bedsore will not blanch, and will remain the same color when pressed or pinched. Treating a Stage One Bedsore The earlier that a bedsore is identified, the easier it can be treated. For this reason, it is important to discuss bedsores with your loved one during your frequent visits to the home. The following actions can be taken to treat a stage one bedsore: - Relieve the pressure on the bedsore. This can be done by moving the patient consistently to ensure that one area is not receiving too much pressure. Pressure can also be relieved with the use of specially padded bedding, foam pillows, and other special cushions. - Avoid friction by lightly powdering the patient’s skin or bedding. Special medical tools can also be used to avoid friction. - Good nutrition is essential to helping bedsores heal. Make sure that your loved one is consuming a balanced diet to assist in this process. - Clean the bedsore. Most stage one bedsores are first cleaned with a saltwater solution and then wrapped in special gauze made specifically for bedsores. Be sure that whoever is cleaning the bedsore is gentle, as this skin is very sensitive. - Consult with a doctor. To make sure that a proper diagnosis is made and your loved one receives the best treatment possible, you should talk to a doctor. This information should help you identify and treat a stage one bedsore if your loved one develops this issue. If a bedsore develops, be sure to consult with the nursing home staff and your loved one to determine if the sore could have been avoided. Stage Two Bedsore If a stage one bedsore does not receive treatment early on, it can turn into a stage two bedsore. One of the major differences between a stage one bedsore and a stage two bedsore is that a stage one bedsore is not an open wound, while a stage two bedsore is. A stage one bedsore will only affect the first few layers of skin, while a stage two bedsore extends deeply into the skin. While you can identify a stage one bedsore by an irritated or red patch of skin, a stage two bedsore will appear as a blister, a scrape, or an ulcer on the skin. Furthermore, a crater can develop underneath the skin and the bedsore can fill up with puss or blood. This can damage your loved one’s skin and ultimately kill skin cells beyond recovery. The stage two bedsore will feel very painful for your loved one and if it does not get treated, it can develop into a stage three or even a stage four bedsore. This process can occur quickly, so it is important to identify and treat a stage two bedsore as soon as possible. If you suspect that your loved one has developed a bedsore, a professional should look at the area in question. A doctor should examine your loved one and can make the final determination of the stage that the bedsore is in and the best treatment methods. A doctor should consider any allergies that the patient has, the level of skin breakdown, and the level of discomfort that the patient feels before proceeding with a diagnosis and treatment options. Treating a Stage Two Bedsore While stage one bedsores are relatively easy to treat, stage two bedsores become more complicated. However, the good news is that the stage two bedsore is not as difficult to treat as the stage three or four bedsore, and with proper treatment, your loved one should heal well. A stage two bedsore will need more attention than a stage one bedsore. Dressings should be changed regularly, and medication could help to reduce puss, prevent infection, or treat infection. At this stage, surgery is generally not required, but it can be an option if the bedsore is not healing or if it continues to worsen. If you think that your loved one’s stage two bedsore might turn into a stage three bedsore, please proceed to our blog post on stage three bedsores for more information. Stage Three Bedsore A stage two bedsore can heal before it progresses to the third stage if the proper precautions are taken. Some ways to prevent this type of bedsore include: - Rotating a patient every few hours to prevent pressure on certain parts of the body. - Physical therapy to increase mobility. - Promoting a healthy lifestyle, such as eating a balanced diet, maintaining proper hygiene, and staying hydrated. - Using powder and foam to alleviate pressure in bed. - Properly cleaning and dressing the wound. What is a Stage Three Bedsore? Bedsores will not heal on their own, so a mild bedsore will continue to progress until it does severe damage to a patient. A bedsore in the third stage indicates that something has gone wrong in your loved one’s care. To allow a stage three bedsore to occur, the nursing home staff has not properly prevented a bedsore from forming or treated a bedsore that has been identified. A stage three bedsore will appear as a more severe form of the stage two bedsore. A stage two bedsore will wear away skin, and a third stage bedsore will then reveal dead or dying skin. The outer area of the bedsore might be black because the skin is rotting away. This skin will be damaged beyond repair. Because the wound will be so deep in a stage three bedsore, fat tissue might be visible. However, one discerning factor between this stage and stage four bedsore is that in a stage three bedsore, bone, and tendon will not be exposed. While this will be a terrible sight to see, your loved one’s pain level might actually be reduced due to the nerve damage characterized by this stage. Treating a Stage Three Bedsore A stage three bedsore will likely do permanent damage to your loved one. It is important to take immediate action to minimize this damage and heal the wound. Proper steps to take include: - Alleviating pressure by alternating the patient between sitting and laying positions frequently. - Using the right types of cushions to alleviate pressure. Never use a ring shaped cushion. - Making sure that the bedsore remains dry. Sweat, saliva, unclean sheets, or other liquids will aggravate the bedsore and increase the likelihood of infection. - Leaving the area alone. The bedsore should be properly dressed and this dressing should be changed, but the skin should not be massaged or touched more than necessary. - Prescribing medication for infections. - Considering surgery as an option to remove dead tissue that might promote the growth of bacteria. - Consulting a doctor to determine the best treatment methods for your loved one. Stopping a bedsore at the third stage is the best way to help your loved one at this time. If you suspect a stage three bedsore, you should contact a professional as soon as possible. Stage Four Bedsore A stage three bedsore can become a stage four bedsore if it is not treated properly. One of the major differences between these types of bedsores is that a stage four bedsore shows exposed bone, tendon, and ligament, while a stage three bedsore will only show exposed tissue. This distinction makes the fourth stage bedsore deeper than the third stage bedsore. Oftentimes, more skin is damaged as a result of a stage four bedsore, and dead or rotten skin is more prevalent. Dead or dying skin can also extend farther than the bedsore wound itself if a bedsore reaches the fourth stage. Skin might be dying under surrounding areas of the bedsore, even if it appears to be healthy on the surface. Stage Four Bedsore Treatment Unfortunately, most elderly patients are not healthy enough to fully recover from stage four bedsores. For this reason, stage four bedsores are generally managed, but not necessarily healed. The damage is oftentimes too severe at this stage for a patient to make a full recovery. However, efforts can be made to preserve or improve a patient’s quality of life and prevent any life threatening issues related to the bedsore. A few common ways to minimize pain and damage include: - Properly dressing the wound and keeping it dry. - Moving the patient to ensure that pressure does not increase on one area of the skin. - Using cushions to alleviate aggravation. - Getting surgery to remove dead tissue or skin so as to avoid infection. Other options for removing dead skin tissue include biological debriding procedures, natural enzymes, manmade enzymes, ultrasounds, special dressings, and more. - Utilizing negative pressure therapy. While negative pressure therapy works better for some patients than for others, this is an option that you might want to consider. Negative pressure therapy removes all dead tissue to help new, healthy tissue form. - Prescribing medication. Medication can be used to prevent or cure infection and relieve your loved one’s pain. - Using air fluidized therapy. Air fluidized beds can help to prevent bedsores and alleviate pressure on deep bedsores. Bedsores are common in nursing homes. This is sometimes due to the inattention of nurses and other staff members. If residents are not consistently cared for, bedsores can develop. Residents should be moved, stretched out, and allowed to walk to prevent this issue. The consequences of this ailment can be minor or severe. They range from discomfort and pain, to something as serious as death. This is because bedsores that are left untreated for long periods of time can become infected. This can weaken your loved one’s immune system. Ulcer infections and bone infections can be serious. You should be constantly checking in on your loved one to make sure that bedsores don’t develop. If bedsores do develop, you need to find out immediately. This will prevent them from worsening and impacting your loved one’s health. If your loved one is the victim of a stage four bedsore, the first order of business is finding a way to manage this injury to avoid serious, life threatening complications. Once your loved one is receiving treatment, you need to consider how a stage four bedsore occurred. Stage four bedsores are most likely the result of carelessness or negligence on the part of staff members. You might consider taking legal action if this is the case.

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It is fashionable at present to regard this incident and the other instance of David's sparing Saul, when in his power, as two versions of one event. But it if not improbable that the hunted outlaw should twice have taken refuge in the same place, or that his hiding-place should have been twice betrayed. He had but a small choice of safe retreats, and the Ziphites had motive for a second betrayal in the fact of the first, and of its failure to secure David's capture. The whole cast of the two incidents is so different that it is impossible to see how the one could have been evolved from the other, and either they are both true, or they are both unhistorical, or, at best, are both the product of fancy working on, and arbitrarily filling up, a very meagre skeleton of fact. Many of the advocates of the identity of the incident at the bottom of the two accounts would accept the latter explanation; we take the former. Saul had three thousand men with him; David had left his little troop 'in the wilderness,' and seems to have come with only his two companions, Ahimelech and his own nephew, Abishai, to reconnoitre. He sees, from some height, the camp, with the transport wagons making a kind of barricade in the centre -- just as camps are still arranged in South Africa and elsewhere, -- and Saul established therein as in a rude fortification. A bold thought flashes into his mind as he looks. Perhaps he remembered Gideon's daring visit to the camp of Midian. He will go down, and not only into the camp, but 'to Saul,' through the ranks and over the barrier. What to do he does not say, but the two fierce fighters beside him think of only one thing as sufficient motive for such an adventure. Abishai volunteers to go with him; no doubt Ahimelech would have been ready also, but two were enough, and three would only have increased risk. So they lay close hid till night fell, and then stole down through the sleeping ranks with silent movements, like a couple of Indians on the war-trail, climbed the barricade, and stood at last where Saul lay, with his spear, as the emblem of kingship, stuck upright at his head, and a cruse of water for slaking thirst, if he awoke, beside him. Those who should have been his guards lay sleeping round him, for a 'deep sleep from Jehovah was fallen upon them.' What a vivid, strange picture it is, and how characteristic of the careless discipline of unscientific Eastern warfare! The tigerish lust for blood awoke in Abishai. Whatever sad, pitying, half-tender thoughts stirred in David as he looked at the mighty form of Saul, with limbs relaxed in slumber, and perhaps some of the gloom and evil passions charmed out of his face, his nephew's only thought was,' What a fair mark! what an easy blow!' He was brutally eager to strike once, and truculently sure that his arm would make sure that once would be enough. He was religious too, after a strange fierce fashion. God-significantly he does not say 'Jehovah'; his religion was only the vague belief in a deity-had delivered Saul into David's hands, and it would be a kind of sin not to kill him. How many bloody tragedies that same unnatural alliance of religion and murderous hate has varnished over! Very beautifully does David's spirit contrast with this. Abishai represents the natural impulse of us all -- to strike at our enemies when we can, to meet hate with hate, and do to another the evil that he would do to us. David here, though he could be fierce and cruel enough sometimes, and had plenty of the devil in him, listens to his nobler self, which listens to God, and, at a time when everything tempted him to avenge himself, resists and overcomes. He is here a saint after the New Testament pattern. Abishai had, in effect, said, 'Thou shalt love thy neighbour, and hate thine enemy.' David's finely-tuned ear heard, long before they were spoken on earth, the great Christian words, 11 say unto you, Love your enemies; do good to them that hate you.' He knew that Saul had been 'rejected,' but he was 'Jehovah's anointed,' and the unction which had rested on that sleeping head lingered still. It was not for David to be the executor of God's retribution. He left himself and his cause in Jehovah's hands, and no doubt it was with sorrow and pitying love, not altogether quenched by Saul's mad hate, that he foresaw that the life which he spared now was certain one day to be smitten. We may well learn the lesson of this story, and apply it to the small antagonisms and comparatively harmless enmities which may beset our more quiet lives. David in Saul's 'laager,' Stephen outside the wall, alike lead up our thoughts to Jesus' prayer,' Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do.' The carrying off of the spear and the cruse was a couch of almost humour, and it, with the ironical taunt flung across the valley to Abner, gives relief to the strain of emotion in the story. Saul's burst of passionate remorse is morbid, paroxysmal, like his fits of fury, and is sure to foam itself away. The man had no self-control. He had let wild, ungoverned moods master him, and was truly 'possessed.' One passion indulged had pushed him over the precipice into insanity, or something like it. Let us take care not to let any passion, emotion, or mood get the upper hand. 'That way madness lies.' 'He that hath no rule over his own spirit is like a city that is broken down, without walls.' And let us not confound remorse with repentance 'The sorrow of the world worketh death.' Saul grovelled in agony that day, but tomorrow he was raging again with more than the old frenzy of hate. Many a man says, 'I have played the fool,' and yet goes on playing it again when the paroxysm of remorse has stormed itself out. David's answer was by no means effusive, for he had learned how little Saul's regrets were to be trusted. He takes no notice of the honeyed words of invitation to return, and will not this time venture to take back the spear and cruse, as he had done, on the previous occasion, the skirt of Saul's robe. He solemnly appeals to Jehovah's righteous judgment to determine his and Saul's respective 'righteousness and faithfulness.' He is silent as to what that judgment may have in reserve for Saul, but for himself he is calmly conscious that, in the matter of sparing Saul's life, he has done right, and expects that God will deliver him 'out of all tribulation.' That is not self-righteous boasting, although it does not exactly smack of the Christian spirit; but it is faith clinging to the confidence that God is 'not unrighteous to forget' his servant's obedience, and that the innocent will not always be the oppressor's victim. What a strange, bewildered, self-contradictory chaos of belief and intention is revealed in poor, miserable Saul's parting words! He blesses the man whom he is hunting to slay. He knows that all his wild efforts to destroy him are foredoomed to failure, and that David 'shall surely prevail'; and yet he cannot give up fighting against the inevitable, -- that is, against God. How many of us are doing the very same thing -- rushing on in a course of life which we know, when we are sane, to be dead against God's will, and therefore doomed to utter collapse some day! 'And Saul answered, I am sore distressed; for the Philistines make war against me, and God is departed from me.'-1 Samuel xxviii.15. Among all the persons of Scripture who are represented as having fallen away from God and wrecked their lives, perhaps there is none so impressive as the giant form of the first king of Israel. Huge and black, seamed and scarred with lightning marks of passions, moody and suspicious, devil-ridden and lonely, doubting his truest friends, and even his son, striking blindly in his fury at the gracious, sunny poet- warrior who shows so bright, so full of resource, so nimble, so generous, by contrast with the heavy strength of the moody giant, and ever escapes the javelin that quivers harmlessly in the wall, with an inevitable destiny hanging over his head, and at last creeping to 'wizards that peep and mutter,' and dying a suicide, with his army in full flight and his son dead at his feet -- what a course and what an end for the chosen of the Lord, on whom the Spirit of the Lord came with the anointing oil, and gave him a new heart for his kingly office. I know not anywhere a sadder story: and I know not where human lips ever poured out a more awful wail -- like a Titan in his rage of pain -- than these words of our text. Bright hopes and fair promise, and much that was good and true in performance -- all came to this. A few hours more and the 'battle went sore against Saul, and the archers hit him, and he was greatly distressed by reason of the archers.' Madness, despair, defeat, death, all were the sequel of, 'Because thou hast rejected the commandment of the Lord, the Lord hath also rejected thee from being king.' A true soul's tragedy! Let us look together at its course, and gather the lessons that lie on the surface. We have neither space nor wish here to enter upon the many points of minute interest and curiosity which are in the story. We have to be contented with large outlines. I. At the bright dawn. The early story gives us many traits of beauty in Saul's character. Not only physical strength but a winning personality are apparent. His modesty and humility when Samuel salutes him are made plain. And we are distinctly told that as he turned away from Samuel, 'God gave him another heart,' by which we are to understand not 'regeneration' but an inspiration, that equipped him for his office. How many a man finds that sudden elevation ruins him! But often it evokes what is good, brings an entire change of disposition, as with 'Harry of Mon-mouth.' But it was not only his new responsibility which brought into action powers that had previously been dormant. New circumstances, no doubt, did something, but Saul's 'new' heart was God's gift. The story of the beginning of his reign reveals a very noble and lovable character. We can but mention his modesty in hiding among the stuff, his disregard of the murmurs of those who would not do homage ('made as though he had been deaf'), his return, as it would seem, to his home-life and farm-work, his chivalrous boldness and warlike energy, which sprung at once to activity on the call of a great exigency in Jabesh-Gilead, his humane and sweet repression of the people's desire, in their first flush of pride in their soldier king, to slay his enemies, and his devout acknowledgment that not he but God has wrought this salvation. So for the first year of his reign all went well. How much of divine influence a man may have and yet fling it all away! How unreliable a thing mere natural goodness is! How much apparent goodness may coexist with deep-seated evil! How bright a beginning may darken into a tempestuous day! How seeds of evil may lurk in the fairest character! How little one can be judged by part of his life! How it is not the possession, but the retention, of goodness and devout impressions that makes a man good. II. The gathering clouds. The acts recorded as darkening the fair dawn of Saul's reign may seem too trivial to deserve the stern retribution that followed them, but small acts may be great sins. The first of them was his offering sacrifices without authority, an act which Samuel stigmatised as wanton, deliberate disobedience to 'the commandment of the Lord thy God.' Next came his rash and absurd laying of a curse on any soldier who should eat food before evening, and his consequent mad determination to kill Jonathan, for 'taking a little honey' on the end of his rod. Next came his flagrant disobedience to the divine command transmitted to him through Samuel, to 'smite Amalek, and utterly destroy all that they have, and spare them not,' We shudder at such ferocious extermination, but we are to remember that Saul was moved by no pity, but by mere lust for loot, and tried to deceive God, in the person of His representative Samuel, by the lie that the people had coerced him, and that the motive for preserving the best of the cattle was to sacrifice them to the Lord. Samuel's blaze of indignation gave the world the great word: 'Behold, to obey is better than sacrifice.' Putting all these acts together, we have the sad picture of a character steadily deteriorating. He is growing daily more self-willed and impatient of the restraint of God's commanding will. He is chafing at his position as a viceroy, not an absolute sovereign. He is becoming tyrannical, careless of his subjects' lives, intolerant of opposition, remonstrance, or advice. The tragedy of his decadence is summed up in Samuel's stern word: 'Because thou hast rejected the word of the Lord, He hath also rejected thee from being king.' Trivial acts may show great and deep-seated evil. A small swelling under the arm-pit is the sign of the plague and the precursor of swift death. The master-sin is disobedience, self-willed departure from God. That disobedience may be as virulently active in a trifle as in a deed that men call great. Self-will is the tap root of all sin, however labyrinthine the outgrowth from it. Disobedience honeycombs a soul. The attractive early traits in Saul's character slowly perhaps but steadily, disappeared. The fair morning sky was heavy with thunder-clouds by midday, and they all began with a light fleecy film that none noticed at first. III. The long eclipse. 'An evil spirit from the Lord troubled him, and the Spirit of God departed from him.' Modern psychologists would call Saul's case an instance of insanity brought about by indulgence in passion and self-will. Is there any reason why the deeper, more religious explanation should not be united with the scientific one? Does not God work in the working of 'natural' phenomena? What we nowadays call insanity is not very far off from a man who habitually indulges in passionate self will, and spurns God from any authority over his life. What were Saul's characteristics now? The story tells of bursts of ungovernable fury, of unslumbering and universal suspicions, of utter misery, seeing enemies everywhere and complaining, 'None of you hath pity upon me,' of ferocious cruelty and gloomy despair, of paroxysms of agonising but transient remorse. It is an awful picture, and it grimly teaches lessons that we shall be wise to write deeply on our hearts. What a ruin a man makes of himself! How hideous a godless soul is! What unhappiness is certain if we dismiss God from ruling our lives! How useless remorse is unless it leads to repentance! IV. The stormy sunset. The scene at Endor makes one's flesh creep. No more tragic picture of failure and despair was ever painted. The greatest dramatists, whose creations move the terror and pity of the world, have imagined no more heart-touching figure. It matters very little -- nothing at all in fact -- either for the dramatic force or for the religious impressiveness of the scene, whether the woman 'brought up' Samuel, or whether she was as much awed as Saul was, by the coming up of 'an old man' covered with the well-known 'mantle.' The boding prophecy of to-morrow's defeat and death filled yet fuller the cup that had seemed to be already full of all misery. And that collapse of strength in the huddled figure, prostrate in the witch's den, may well stand for a prophecy of what will be the upshot at the last of a self-will that boasts of its own power, and tries to shake off dependence on God.

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Millions miss a meal or two each day. Help us change that! Click to donate today! There are divers psalms which are thought to have been penned in the latter days of the Jewish church, when prophecy was near expiring and the canon of the Old Testament ready to be closed up, but none of them appears so plainly to be of a late date as this, which was penned when the people of God were captives in Babylon, and there insulted over by these proud oppressors; probably it was towards the latter end of their captivity; for now they saw the destruction of Babylon hastening on apace (Psalms 137:8), which would be their discharge. It is a mournful psalm, a lamentation; and the Septuagint makes it one of the lamentations of Jeremiah, naming him for the author of it. Here I. The melancholy captives cannot enjoy themselves, Psalms 137:1; Psalms 137:2. II. They cannot humour their proud oppressors, Psalms 137:3; Psalms 137:4. III. They cannot forget Jerusalem, Psalms 137:5; Psalms 137:6. IV. They cannot forgive Edom and Babylon, Psalms 137:7-9. In singing this psalm we must be much affected with the concernments of the church, especially that part of it that is in affliction, laying the sorrows of God's people near our hearts, comforting ourselves in the prospect of the deliverance of the church and the ruin of its enemies, in due time, but carefully avoiding all personal animosities, and not mixing the leaven of malice with our sacrifices. |The Sorrows of Captivity.|| | 1 By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion. 2 We hanged our harps upon the willows in the midst thereof. 3 For there they that carried us away captive required of us a song; and they that wasted us required of us mirth, saying, Sing us one of the songs of Zion. 4 How shall we sing the LORD's song in a strange land? 5 If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget her cunning. 6 If I do not remember thee, let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth; if I prefer not Jerusalem above my chief joy. We have here the daughter of Zion covered with a cloud, and dwelling with the daughter of Babylon; the people of God in tears, but sowing in tears. Observe, I. The mournful posture they were in as to their affairs and as to their spirits. 1. They were posted by the rivers of Babylon, in a strange land, a great way from their own country, whence they were brought as prisoners of war. The land of Babylon was now a house of bondage to that people, as Egypt had been in their beginning. Their conquerors quartered them by the rivers, with design to employ them there, and keep them to work in their galleys; or perhaps they chose it as the most melancholy place, and therefore most suitable to their sorrowful spirits. If they must build houses there (Jeremiah 29:5), it shall not be in the cities, the places of concourse, but by the rivers, the places of solitude, where they might mingle their tears with the streams. We find some of them by the river Chebar (Ezekiel 1:3), others by the river Ulai,Daniel 8:2. 2. There they sat down to indulge their grief by poring on their miseries. Jeremiah had taught them under this yoke to sit alone, and keep silence, and put their mouths in the dust,Lamentations 3:28; Lamentations 3:29. "We sat down, as those that expected to stay, and were content, since it was the will of God that it must be so." 3. Thoughts of Zion drew tears from their eyes; and it was not a sudden passion of weeping, such as we are sometimes put into by a trouble that surprises us, but they were deliberate tears (we sat down and wept), tears with consideration--we wept when we remembered Zion, the holy hill on which the temple was built. Their affection to God's house swallowed up their concern for their own houses. They remembered Zion's former glory and the satisfaction they had had in Zion's courts, Lamentations 1:7. Jerusalem remembered, in the days of her misery, all her pleasant things which she had in the days of old,Psalms 42:4. They remembered Zion's present desolations, and favoured the dust thereof, which was a good sign that the time for God to favour it was not far off, Psalms 102:13; Psalms 102:14. 4. They laid by their instruments of music (Psalms 137:2; Psalms 137:2): We hung our harps upon the willows. (1.) The harps they used for their own diversion and entertainment. These they laid aside, both because it was their judgment that they ought not to use them now that God called to weeping and mourning (Isaiah 22:12), and their spirits were so sad that they had no hearts to use them; they brought their harps with them, designing perhaps to use them for the alleviating of their grief, but it proved so great that it would not admit the experiment. Music makes some people melancholy. As vinegar upon nitre, so is he that sings songs to a heavy heart. (2.) The harps they used in God's worship, the Levites' harps. These they did not throw away, hoping they might yet again have occasion to use them, but they laid them aside because they had no present use for them; God had cut them out other work by turning their feasting into mourning and their songs into lamentations,Amos 8:10. Every thing is beautiful in its season. They did not hide their harps in the bushes, or the hollows of the rocks; but hung them up in view, that the sight of them might affect them with this deplorable change. Yet perhaps they were faulty in doing this; for praising God is never out of season; it is his will that we should in every thing give thanks,Isaiah 24:15; Isaiah 24:16. II. The abuses which their enemies put upon them when they were in this melancholy condition, Psalms 137:3; Psalms 137:3. They had carried them away captive from their own land and then wasted them in the land of their captivity, took what little they had from them. But this was not enough; to complete their woes they insulted over them: They required of us mirth and a song. Now, 1. This was very barbarous and inhuman; even an enemy, in misery, is to be pitied and not trampled upon. It argues a base and sordid spirit to upbraid those that are in distress either with their former joys or with their present griefs, or to challenge those to be merry who, we know, are out of tune for it. This is adding affliction to the afflicted. 2. It was very profane and impious. No songs would serve them but the songs of Zion, with which God had been honoured; so that in this demand they reflected upon God himself as Belshazzar, when he drank wine in temple-bowls. Their enemies mocked at their sabbaths,Lamentations 1:7. III. The patience wherewith they bore these abuses, Psalms 137:4; Psalms 137:4. They had laid by their harps, and would not resume them, no, not to ingratiate themselves with those at whose mercy they lay; they would not answer those fools according to their folly. Profane scoffers are not to be humoured, nor pearls cast before swine. David prudently kept silence even from good when the wicked were before him, who, he knew, would ridicule what he said and make a jest of it, Psalms 39:1; Psalms 39:2. The reason they gave is very mild and pious: How shall we sing the Lord's song in a strange land? They do not say, "How shall we sing when we are so much in sorrow?" If that had been all, they might perhaps have put a force upon themselves so far as to oblige their masters with a song; but "It is the Lord's song; it is a sacred thing; it is peculiar to the temple-service, and therefore we dare not sing it in the land of a stranger, among idolaters." We must not serve common mirth, much less profane mirth, with any thing that is appropriated to God, who is sometimes to be honoured by a religious silence as well as by religious speaking. IV. The constant affection they retained for Jerusalem, the city of their solemnities, even now that they were in Babylon. Though their enemies banter them for talking so much of Jerusalem, and even doting upon it, their love to it is not in the least abated; it is what they may be jeered for, but will never be jeered out of, Psalms 137:5; Psalms 137:6. Observe, 1. How these pious captives stood affected to Jerusalem. (1.) Their heads were full of it. It was always in their minds; they remembered it; they did not forget it, though they had been long absent from it; many of them had never seen it, nor knew any thing of it but by report, and by what they had read in the scripture, yet it was graven upon the palms of their hands, and even its ruins were continually before them, which was ann evidence of their faith in the promise of its restoration in due time. In their daily prayers they opened their windows towards Jerusalem; and how then could they forget it? (2.) Their hearts were full of it. They preferred it above their chief joy, and therefore they remembered it and could not forget it. What we love we love to think of. Those that rejoice in God do, for his sake, make Jerusalem their joy, and prefer it before that, whatever it is, which is the head of their joy, which is dearest to them in this world. A godly man will prefer a public good before any private satisfaction or gratification whatsoever. 2. How stedfastly they resolved to keep up this affection, which they express by a solemn imprecation of mischief to themselves if they should let it fall: "Let me be for ever disabled either to sing or play on the harp if I so far forget the religion of my country as to make use of my songs and harps for the pleasing of Babylon's sons or the praising of Babylon's gods. Let my right hand forget her art" (which the hand of an expert musician never can, unless it be withered), "nay, let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth, if I have not a good word to say for Jerusalem wherever I am." Though they dare not sing Zion's songs among the Babylonians, yet they cannot forget them, but, as soon as ever the present restraint is taken off, they will sing them as readily as ever, notwithstanding the long disuse. |The Sorrows of Captivity.|| | 7 Remember, O LORD, the children of Edom in the day of Jerusalem; who said, Rase it, rase it, even to the foundation thereof. 8 O daughter of Babylon, who art to be destroyed; happy shall he be, that rewardeth thee as thou hast served us. 9 Happy shall he be, that taketh and dasheth thy little ones against the stones. The pious Jews in Babylon, having afflicted themselves with the thoughts of the ruins of Jerusalem, here please themselves with the prospect of the ruin of her impenitent implacable enemies; but this not from a spirit of revenge, but from a holy zeal for the glory of God and the honour of his kingdom. I. The Edomites will certainly be reckoned with, and all others that were accessaries to the destruction of Jerusalem, that were aiding and abetting, that helped forward the affliction (Zechariah 1:15) and triumphed in it, that said, in the day of Jerusalem, the day of her judgment, "Rase it, rase it to the foundations; down with it, down with it; do not leave one stone upon another." Thus they made the Chaldean army more furious, who were already so enraged that they needed no spur. Thus they put shame upon Israel, who would be looked upon as a people worthy to be cut off when their next neighbours had such an ill-will to them. And all this was a fruit of the old enmity of Esau against Jacob, because he got the birthright and the blessing, and a branch of that more ancient enmity between the seed of the woman and the seed of the serpent: Lord, remember them, says the psalmist, which is an appeal to his justice against them. Far be it from us to avenge ourselves, if ever it should be in our power, but we will leave it to him who has said, Vengeance is mine. Note, Those that are glad at calamities, especially the calamities of Jerusalem, shall not go unpunished. Those that are confederate with the persecutors of good people, and stir them up, and set them on, and are pleased with what they do, shall certainly be called to an account for it against another day, and God will remember it against them. II. Babylon is the principal, and it will come to her turn too to drink of the cup of tremblings, the very dregs of it (Psalms 137:8; Psalms 137:9): O daughter of Babylon! proud and secure as thou art, we know well, by the scriptures of truth, thou art to be destroyed, or (as Dr. Hammond reads it) who art the destroyer. The destroyers shall be destroyed, Revelation 13:10. And perhaps it is with reference to this that the man of sin, the head of the New-Testament Babylon, is called a son of perdition,2 Thessalonians 2:3. The destruction of Babylon being foreseen as a sure destruction (thou art to be destroyed), it is spoken of, 1. As a just destruction. She shall be paid in her own coin: "Thou shalt be served as thou hast served us, as barbarously used by the destroyers as we have been by thee," See Revelation 18:6. Let not those expect to find mercy who, when they had power, did not show mercy. 2. As an utter destruction. The very little ones of Babylon, when it is taken by storm, and all in it are put to the sword, shall be dashed to pieces by the enraged and merciless conqueror. None escape if these little ones perish. Those are the seed of another generation; so that, if they be cut off, the ruin will be not only total, as Jerusalem's was, but final. It is sunk like a millstone into the sea, never to rise. 3. As a destruction which should reflect honour upon the instruments of it. Happy shall those be that do it; for they are fulfilling God's counsels; and therefore he calls Cyrus, who did it, his servant, his shepherd, his anointed (Isaiah 44:28; Isaiah 45:1), and the soldiers that were employed in it his sanctified ones,Isaiah 13:3. They are making way for the enlargement of God's Israel, and happy are those who are in any way serviceable to that. The fall of the New-Testament Babylon will be the triumph of all the saints, Revelation 19:1. These files are public domain and are a derivative of an electronic edition that is available on the Christian Classics Ethereal Library Website. Henry, Matthew. "Complete Commentary on Psalms 137". "Henry's Complete Commentary on the Whole Bible". https://www.studylight.org/ the Week of Proper 15 / Ordinary 20

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Listeriosis is a sporadic bacterial infection that affects a wide range of animals, including humans and birds. Encephalitis or meningoencephalitis in adult ruminants is the most frequently recognized form. Listeriosis is seen worldwide, more frequently in temperate and colder climates. There is a high incidence of intestinal carriers. Etiology and Epidemiology of Listeriosis in Animals Listeria monocytogenes is a small, motile, gram-positive, nonspore-forming, extremely resistant, diphtheroid coccobacillus that grows in a wide temperature range 4°–44°C (39°–111°F). Its ability to grow at 4°C is an important diagnostic aid (the “cold enrichment” method) for isolation of the organism from brain tissue but not from placental or fetal tissues. Primary isolation is enhanced under microaerophilic conditions. It is a ubiquitous saprophyte that lives in a plant-soil environment and has been isolated from at least 42 species of domestic and wild mammals and 22 species of birds, as well as fish, crustaceans, insects, sewage, water, silage and other feedstuffs, milk, cheese, meconium, feces, and soil. The natural reservoirs of L monocytogenes appear to be soil and mammalian GI tracts, both of which contaminate vegetation. Grazing animals ingest the organism and further contaminate vegetation and soil. Animal-to-animal transmission occurs via the fecal-oral route. Listeriosis is primarily a winter-spring disease of feedlot or housed ruminants. The less acidic pH of spoiled silage enhances multiplication of L monocytogenes. Outbreaks typically occur ≥10 days after feeding poor-quality silage. Removal or change of silage in feed rations often stops the spread of listeriosis; however, feeding the same silage months later may result in new cases. Pathogenesis of Listeriosis in Animals Listeria organisms that are ingested or inhaled tend to cause septicemia, abortion, and latent infection. Those that gain entry to tissues have a predilection to localize in the intestinal wall, medulla oblongata, and placenta or to cause encephalitis via minute wounds in buccal mucosa. The various manifestations of listeriosis occur in all susceptible species and are associated with characteristic clinical syndromes: encephalitis or meningoencephalitis in adult ruminants, abortion and perinatal mortality in all species, septicemia in neonatal ruminants and monogastric animals, and septicemia with myocardial or hepatic necrosis (or both) in poultry Listeriosis . Listeric encephalitis affects sheep, cattle, goats, and occasionally pigs. It is essentially a localized asymmetric infection of the brain stem that develops when L monocytogenes ascends the trigeminal nerve. Clinical signs vary according to the function of damaged neurons but often are unilateral and include depression (ascending reticular activating system), ipsilateral weakness (long tracts), trigeminal and facial nerve paralysis, and less commonly, circling (vestibulocochlear nucleus), excitement, and recumbency. Septicemic or visceral listeriosis is most common in monogastric animals, including pigs, dogs, cats, domestic and wild rabbits, and many other small mammals. These animals may play a role in transmission of L monocytogenes. This form of disease is also found in young ruminants before the rumen is functional. Although rare, septicemia has been reported in older domestic ruminants and deer. The septicemic form affects organs other than the brain, the principal lesion being focal hepatic necrosis. The uterus of all domestic animals, especially ruminants, is susceptible to infection with L monocytogenes at all stages of pregnancy, which can result in placentitis, fetal infection and death, abortion, stillbirths, neonatal deaths, metritis, and possibly viable carriers. The metritis has little or no effect on subsequent reproduction; however, Listeria may be shed for 1 month or longer via the vagina and milk. Infections acquired via ingestion tend to localize in the intestinal wall and result in prolonged fecal excretion. It has been postulated that contaminated silage results in latent infections, often approaching 100% of the exposed herd or flock; however, clinical signs of listeriosis may be seen in only a few animals. Clinical Findings of Listeriosis in Animals Encephalitis is the most readily recognized form of listeriosis in ruminants. It affects all ages and both sexes, sometimes as an epidemic in feedlot cattle or sheep. The disease course in sheep and goats is rapid, and death may occur 24–48 hours after onset of clinical signs; however, the recovery rate can be up to 30% with prompt, aggressive treatment. In cattle, the disease course is less acute, and the recovery rate approaches 50%. Lesions are localized to the brain stem, and the clinical signs indicate dysfunction of nerve nuclei, including those of the third to seventh cranial nerves. Initially, affected animals are anorectic, depressed, and disoriented. They may propel themselves into corners, lean against stationary objects, or circle toward the affected side. Facial paralysis with a drooping ear, deviated muzzle, flaccid lip, and lowered eyelid often develops on the affected side, as well as lack of a menace response and profuse, almost continuous, salivation; food material often becomes impacted in the cheek because of paralysis of the masticatory muscles. Terminally affected animals fall and, unable to rise, lie on the same side; involuntary running movements are common. Listeric encephalitis may recur on the same premises in successive years. The number of animals clinically affected in an outbreak usually is <2%; however, in exceptional circumstances 10%–30% of sheep in a flock may be affected. Listeric abortion usually occurs in the last trimester without prior clinical signs. Fetuses usually die in utero, but stillbirths and neonatal deaths also occur. The abortion rate varies and may reach 20% in sheep flocks. Fatal septicemia of the dam secondary to metritis is rare. Encephalitis and abortion usually do not occur simultaneously in the same herd or flock. However, the clinical pattern in affected sheep in the UK has been changing; abortions, encephalitis, and diarrhea are increasing, and outbreaks of abortions and encephalitis occur together in the same flock. Listeriosis is relatively uncommon in pigs, with septicemia occurring in those <1 month old and encephalitis in older pigs; it has a rapid, fatal course of 3–4 days. In listeric encephalitis, there are few gross lesions except for some congestion of meninges. Histopathologic lesions are confined primarily to the pons, medulla oblongata, and ventral spinal cord. In septicemic listeriosis, small necrotic foci may be found in any organ, especially the liver. In calves that die at age <3 weeks, in addition to focal hepatic necrosis, there is frequently marked hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. Gross findings in aborted fetuses typically include slight to marked autolysis, clear to blood-tinged fluid in serous cavities, and numerous small necrotic foci in the liver. Necrotic foci may be found in other viscera such as the lung and spleen. Shallow erosions, 1–3 mm in diameter, may be evident in abomasal mucosa; however, autolytic changes may mask these lesions. Gram-stained smears of abomasal contents reveal numerous gram-positive, pleomorphic coccobacilli. Diagnosis of Listeriosis in Animals Suspected based on clinical signs of asymmetric brain-stem dysfunction with depression Confirmed by means of bacterial culture or immunofluorescence assay Samples of lumbosacral CSF can be collected with the patient under local anesthesia. In cases of listeriosis, the CSF has an increased protein concentration (0.6–2 g/L [normal 0.3 g/L]) and a mild pleocytosis composed of large mononuclear cells. Listeriosis is confirmed only by isolation and identification of L monocytogenes. Specimens of choice are brain tissue from animals with CNS involvement and aborted placenta and fetus. If primary isolation attempts fail, ground brain tissue should be held at 4°C (39°F) for several weeks and recultured weekly. Occasionally, L monocytogenes has been isolated from spinal fluid, nasal discharge, urine, feces, and milk of clinically ill ruminants. Serology analysis is not used routinely for diagnosis, because many healthy animals have high Listeria titers. Immunofluorescence assay testing is effective to rapidly identify L monocytogenes in smears of samples obtained from dead animals or aborted fetuses and from samples of milk, meat, and other sources. Listeriosis can be differentiated from pregnancy toxemia in ewes Pregnancy Toxemia in Sheep and Goats Pregnancy toxemia, the most common metabolic disorder of pregnant small ruminants, occurs during the final stage of gestation as the result of inappropriate metabolism of carbohydrates and fats... read more or ketosis in cattle Ketosis in Cattle via careful clinical examination, CSF testing and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations well below 3 mmol/L. Furthermore, facial and ear paralysis are absent in pregnancy toxemia or ketosis. In cattle, the unilateral signs of trigeminal and facial nerve paralysis (often subtle) help differentiate listeriosis from bovine spongiform encephalopathy Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy , thrombotic meningoencephalitis ( see Histophilosis Histophilosis ), polioencephalomalacia Polioencephalomalacia , sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis Sporadic Bovine Encephalomyelitis , and lead poisoning Lead Poisoning . Rabies Rabies must always be considered in the list of differential diagnoses for listeriosis. Animals with brain abscesses and coenurosis ( see Cestodes Causing CNS Disease in Animals Cestodes Causing CNS Disease in Animals Taenia multiceps multiceps is an intestinal parasite of canids (especially dogs, foxes, and jackals) and occasionally humans. Intermediate hosts include sheep, goats, deer, antelope,... read more ) present with circling, contralateral blindness, and proprioceptive deficits; however, they show no cranial nerve deficits. Vestibular disease is common in growing ruminants; these animals typically show ipsilateral spontaneous nystagmus or strabismus, and they remain bright and alert without trigeminal nerve dysfunction. Treatment and Control of Listeriosis in Animals Administration of parenteral procaine penicillin G or oxytetracycline Recovery from listeriosis depends on early, aggressive antimicrobial treatment. The survival rate with treatment is lower in cattle exhibiting recumbency, excitement, and a weak or absent menace reflex. L monocytogenes is susceptible in vitro to penicillin (the drug of choice), ceftiofur, oxytetracycline, erythromycin, and trimethoprim/sulfonamide. High doses are required because of the difficulty in achieving minimum bactericidal concentrations in the brain. Penicillin should be administered at a dosage of 22,000 U/kg wt every 12 hours for 1-2 weeks. The treatment should be initiated with potassium penicillin IV and followed with procaine penicillin G given IM. Intravenous oxytetracycline (16.5 mg/kg per day) is also effective and results in high plasma oxytetracycline concentrations that facilitate attaining effective antimicrobial concentrations in the brain stem. Supportive therapy, including fluids and electrolytes, is required for animals having difficulty eating and drinking. Administration of high-dose dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, IV) at first examination is considered beneficial by some veterinarians; however, it is controversial because it may depress cell-mediated immunity and will cause abortion during the last two trimesters in cattle and after day 135 in sheep. Results with vaccines have been equivocal, which together with the sporadic nature of the disease, lead to questions about the cost versus benefit of vaccination. In an outbreak, affected animals should be segregated. If silage is being fed, use of the particular silage should be discontinued on a trial basis. Spoiled silage should be avoided. Corn ensiled before being too mature and grass silage containing additives are likely to have a more acidic pH, which discourages multiplication of L monocytogenes. Zoonotic Risk of Listeriosis All material from suspected clinical cases of listeriosis carries the risk of zoonotic infection and should be handled with caution. Aborted fetuses and necropsy of septicemic animals present the greatest hazard. Humans have developed fatal meningitis, sepsis, and papular exanthema on the arms after handling aborted material. Pregnant animals and women should be protected from infection because of danger to the fetus, with possible abortion, stillbirth, and infection of neonates. Although listeriosis in humans is rare (upper estimate of 12 cases per million population per year), mortality can reach 50%. Most human cases involve older patients, pregnant women, or immunocompromised individuals. In ruminants with meningoencephalitis, L monocytogenes is usually confined to the brain and presents little risk of transmission, unless the brain is handled during necropsy. L monocytogenes can be isolated from milk of mastitic, aborting, and apparently healthy cows. Excretion in milk is usually intermittent but may persist for many months. Infected milk is a hazard, because the organism may survive certain forms of pasteurization. Listeria also have been isolated from the milk, as well as cheeses, from sheep and goats. L monocytogenes most commonly causes an asymmetric infection of the brain stem of ruminants eating poor quality silage. Infected animals respond well to parenteral treatment with procaine penicillin G or oxytetracycline if treatment begins early in the disease course. For More Information The Center for Food Security and Public Health: Listeriosis fact sheet Bandelj P, Jamnikar-Ciglenecki U, Ocepek M, Blagus R, Vengust M. Risk factors associated with fecal shedding of Listeria monocytogenes by dairy cows and calves. J Vet Intern Med. 2018 Sep;32(5):1773-1779.

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By the end of this section, you will be able to: - Identify the various court cases, policies, and laws that outline what interest groups can and cannot do - Evaluate the arguments for and against whether contributions are a form of freedom of speech How are lobbying and interest group activity regulated? As we noted earlier in the chapter, James Madison viewed factions as a necessary evil and thought preventing people from joining together would be worse than any ills groups might cause. The First Amendment guarantees, among other things, freedom of speech, petition, and assembly. However, people have different views on how far this freedom extends. For example, should freedom of speech as afforded to individuals in the U.S. Constitution also apply to corporations and unions? To what extent can and should government restrict the activities of lobbyists and lawmakers, limiting who may lobby and how they may do it? Interest Groups and Free Speech Most people would agree that interest groups have a right under the Constitution to promote a particular point of view. What people do not necessarily agree upon, however, is the extent to which certain interest group and lobbying activities are protected under the First Amendment. In addition to free speech rights, the First Amendment grants people the right to assemble. We saw above that pluralists even argued that assembling in groups is natural and that people will gravitate toward others with similar views. Most people acknowledge the right of others to assemble to voice unpopular positions, but this was not always the case. At various times, groups representing racial and religious minorities, communists, and members of the LGBT community have had their First Amendment rights to speech and assembly curtailed. And as noted above, organizations like the ACLU support free speech rights regardless of whether the speech is popular. Today, the debate about interest groups often revolves around whether the First Amendment protects the rights of individuals and groups to give money, and whether government can regulate the use of this money. In 1971, the Federal Election Campaign Act was passed, setting limits on how much presidential and vice-presidential candidates and their families could donate to their own campaigns. The law also allowed corporations and unions to form PACs and required public disclosure of campaign contributions and their sources. In 1974, the act was amended in an attempt to limit the amount of money spent on congressional campaigns. The amended law banned the transfer of union, corporate, and trade association money to parties for distribution to campaigns. In Buckley v. Valeo (1976), the Supreme Court upheld Congress’s right to regulate elections by restricting contributions to campaigns and candidates. However, at the same time, it overturned restrictions on expenditures by candidates and their families, as well as total expenditures by campaigns. In 1979, an exemption was granted to get-out-the vote and grassroots voter registration drives, creating what has become known as the soft-money loophole; soft money was a way in which interests could spend money on behalf of candidates without being restricted by federal law. To close this loophole, Senators John McCain and Russell Feingold sponsored the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act in 2002 to ban parties from collecting and distributing unregulated money. Some continued to argue that campaign expenditures are a form of speech, a position with which two recent Supreme Court decisions are consistent. The Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission and the McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission cases opened the door for a substantially greater flow of money into elections. Citizens United overturned the soft money ban of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act and allowed corporations and unions to spend unlimited amounts of money on elections. Essentially, the Supreme Court argued in a 5–4 decision that these entities had free speech rights, much like individuals, and that free speech included campaign spending. The McCutcheon decision further extended spending allowances based on the First Amendment by striking down aggregate contribution limits. These limits put caps on the total contributions allowed and some say have contributed to a subsequent increase in groups and lobbying activities. With his Harper’s Weekly cartoon of William "Boss" Tweed with a moneybag for a head, Thomas Nast provided an enduring image of the corrupting power of money on politics. Some denounce "fat cat" lobbyists and the effects of large sums of money in lobbying, while others suggest that interests have every right to spend money to achieve their objectives. Read about the rights that corporations share with people. Should corporations have the same rights as people? The Koch Brothers Conservative billionaires Charles and David Koch have become increasingly active in U.S. elections in recent years. These brothers run Koch Industries, a multinational corporation that manufactures and produces a number of products including paper, plastics, petroleum-based products, and chemicals. In the 2012 election, the Koch brothers and their affiliates spent nearly $400 million supporting Republican candidates. Many people have suggested that this spending helped put many Republicans in office. The Kochs and their related organizations planned to raise and spend nearly $900 million on the 2016 elections. Critics have accused them and other wealthy donors of attempting to buy elections. However, others point out that their activities are legal according to current campaign finance laws and recent Supreme Court decisions, and that these individuals, their companies, and their affiliates should be able to spend what they want politically. As you might expect, there are wealthy donors on both the political left and the right who will continue to spend money on U.S. elections. Some critics have called for a constitutional amendment restricting spending that would overturn recent Supreme Court decisions. Do you agree, as some have argued, that the Constitution protects the ability to donate unlimited amounts of money to political candidates as a First Amendment right? Is spending money a form of exercising free speech? If so, does a PAC have this right? Why or why not? Regulating Lobbying and Interest Group Activity While the Supreme Court has paved the way for increased spending in politics, lobbying is still regulated in many ways. The 1995 Lobbying Disclosure Act defined who can and cannot lobby, and requires lobbyists and interest groups to register with the federal government. The Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007 further increased restrictions on lobbying. For example, the act prohibited contact between members of Congress and lobbyists who were the spouses of other Congress members. The laws broadened the definition of lobbyist and require detailed disclosure of spending on lobbying activity, including who is lobbied and what bills are of interest. In addition, President Obama’s Executive Order 13490 prohibited appointees in the executive branch from accepting gifts from lobbyists and banned them from participating in matters, including the drafting of any contracts or regulations, involving the appointee’s former clients or employer for a period of two years. The states also have their own registration requirements, with some defining lobbying broadly and others more narrowly. Second, the federal and state governments prohibit certain activities like providing gifts to lawmakers and compensating lobbyists with commissions for successful lobbying. Many activities are prohibited to prevent accusations of vote buying or currying favor with lawmakers. Some states, for example, have strict limits on how much money lobbyists can spend on lobbying lawmakers, or on the value of gifts lawmakers can accept from lobbyists. According to the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act, lobbyists must certify that they have not violated the law regarding gift giving, and the penalty for knowingly violating the law increased from a fine of $50,000 to one of $200,000. Also, revolving door laws also prevent lawmakers from lobbying government immediately after leaving public office. Members of the House of Representatives cannot register to lobby for a year after they leave office, while senators have a two-year "cooling off" period before they can officially lobby. Former cabinet secretaries must wait the same period of time after leaving their positions before lobbying the department of which they had been the head. These laws are designed to restrict former lawmakers from using their connections in government to give them an advantage when lobbying. Still, many former lawmakers do become lobbyists, including former Senate majority leader Trent Lott and former House minority leader Richard Gephardt. Third, governments require varying levels of disclosure about the amount of money spent on lobbying efforts. The logic here is that lawmakers will think twice about accepting money from controversial donors. The other advantage to disclosure requirements is that they promote transparency. Many have argued that the public has a right to know where candidates get their money. Candidates may be reluctant to accept contributions from donors affiliated with unpopular interests such as hate groups. This was one of the key purposes of the Lobbying Disclosure Act and comparable laws at the state level. Finally, there are penalties for violating the law. Lobbyists and, in some cases, government officials can be fined, banned from lobbying, or even sentenced to prison. While state and federal laws spell out what activities are legal and illegal, the attorneys general and prosecutors responsible for enforcing lobbying regulations may be understaffed, have limited budgets, or face backlogs of work, making it difficult for them to investigate or prosecute alleged transgressions. While most lobbyists do comply with the law, exactly how the laws alter behavior is not completely understood. We know the laws prevent lobbyists from engaging in certain behaviors, such as by limiting campaign contributions or preventing the provision of certain gifts to lawmakers, but how they alter lobbyists’ strategies and tactics remains unclear. The need to strictly regulate the actions of lobbyists became especially relevant after the activities of lobbyist Jack Abramoff were brought to light. A prominent lobbyist with ties to many of the Republican members of Congress, Abramoff used funds provided by his clients to fund reelection campaigns, pay for trips, and hire the spouses of members of Congress. Between 1994 and 2001, Abramoff, who then worked as a lobbyist for a prominent law firm, paid for eighty-five members of Congress to travel to the Northern Mariana Islands, a U.S. territory in the Pacific. The territory’s government was a client of the firm for which he worked. At the time, Abramoff was lobbying Congress to exempt the Northern Mariana Islands from paying the federal minimum wage and to allow the territory to continue to operate sweatshops in which people worked in deplorable conditions. In 2000, while representing Native American casino interests who sought to defeat anti-gambling legislation, Abramoff paid for a trip to Scotland for Tom DeLay, the majority whip in the House of Representatives, and an aide. Shortly thereafter, DeLay helped to defeat anti-gambling legislation in the House. He also hired DeLay’s wife Christine to research the favorite charity of each member of Congress and paid her $115,000 for her efforts. In 2008, Jack Abramoff was sentenced to four years in prison for tax evasion, fraud, and corruption of public officials. He was released early, in December 2010. Jack Abramoff (center) began his lifetime engagement in politics with his involvement in the 1980 presidential campaign of Ronald Reagan (left) while an undergraduate at Brandeis University and continued it with his election to chair of the College Republican National Committee in a campaign managed by Grover Norquist (right). Abramoff thus gained unique access to influential politicians, upon which he capitalized in his later work as a DC lobbyist. Since his release from federal prison in 2010 after being convicted for illegal lobbying activity, Abramoff has become an outspoken critic of the lobbying industry. Some argue that contributing to political candidates is a form of free speech. According to this view, the First Amendment protects the right of interest groups to give money to politicians. However, others argue that monetary contributions should not be protected by the First Amendment and that corporations and unions should not be treated as individuals, although the Supreme Court has disagreed. Currently, lobbyist and interest groups are restricted by laws that require them to register with the federal government and abide by a waiting period when moving between lobbying and lawmaking positions. Interest groups and their lobbyists are also prohibited from undertaking certain activities and are required to disclose their lobbying activities. Violation of the law can, and sometimes does, result in prison sentences for lobbyists and lawmakers alike. - How might disclosure requirements affect lobbying? - How might we get more people engaged in the interest group system? - Are interest groups good or bad for democracy? Defend and explain your answer. - Why does it matter how we define interest group? - How do collective action problems serve as barriers to group formation, mobilization, and maintenance? If you were a group leader, how might you try to overcome these problems? - Is it possible to balance the pursuit of private goods with the need to promote the public good? Is this balance a desired goal? Why or why not? - How representative are interest groups in the United States? Do you agree that "all active and legitimate groups have the potential to make themselves heard?" Or is this potential an illusion? Explain your answer. - Evaluate the Citizens United decision. Why might the Court have considered campaign contributions a form of speech? Would the Founders have agreed with this decision? Why or why not? - How do we regulate interest groups and lobbying activity? What are the goals of these regulations? Do you think these regulations achieve their objectives? Why or why not? If you could alter the way we regulate interest group activity and lobbying, how might you do so in a way consistent with the Constitution and recent Supreme Court decisions? Licenses and Attributions

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The Golden Calf - Part 2 INTRODUCTION TO PARASHAT HASHAVUA PARASHAT KI TISA The Golden Calf (Part 2) By Rav Zvi Shimon The Ramban (Rabbi Moshe ben Nachman, Spain, 1194-1274) agrees with the Ibn Ezra that the sin of the golden calf was not idolatry in the pure sense of the term. However he rejects Ibn Ezra's interpretation that the calf was a corporeal manifestation of God. Instead the Ramban suggests that the golden calf was meant to be a replacement for Moses. ... they wanted another Moses, saying: "Moses, the man who showed us the way from Egypt until now,... he is now lost to us; let us make ourselves another Moses who will show us the way at the commandment of God." This is the reason for their mentioning, "Moses, the man that brought us up," rather than saying "the God who brought them up," for they needed a man of God... ... they did not want the calf to be for them in place of a god who killeth and maketh alive, whom they would take upon themselves to serve as a deity; instead, they wanted to have someone in place of Moses to show them the way. And this was the apology of Aaron. He argued that "they merely told me that I should make them elohim who would go before them in your place, my lord, because they did not know what had happened to you and whether you would return or not. Therefore they needed someone who would show them the way as long as you were not with them, and if perchance you would return they would leave him and follow you as before." And so indeed it happened, for as soon as the people saw Moses, they immediately left the calf and rejected it, and they allowed him to burn it and scatter its powder upon the water, and no one quarreled with him at all. Similarly you will note that he did not rebuke the people nor say anything to them, and yet when he came into the camp and he saw the calf and the dancing, they immediately fled from before him; and he took the calf and burnt it [and scattered its powder upon the water] and made them drink of it, and yet they did not protest at all. But if the calf were to them in place of a god, it is surely not normal that a person should let his king and god be burnt in fire. (Ramban 32:1) The Ramban offers several textual supports for his interpretation. The people predicate their request on Moses' absence. They want a replacement for Moses, not a god. Their passivity upon Moses' return and destruction of the calf is also proof that they did not regard it as a god. Had they regarded it as a god they would certainly have protested. Why were the people so adamant about finding a replacement for Moses? How did they expect an idol to fill the gap left by the disappearance of Moses? Rabbi Hirsch (Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch, Germany, 1808-1888) offers the following explanation: It was the demigod nature of the man Moses which was the necessary link for their connection with God, and his presence the pledge for the Divine protection. As then, they saw the initiative for the relation of Moses to God, in Moses, and not in God, they thought that even after the supposed departure of Moses, they would be able to exercise some similar compelling influence on God by means of some object which they would put in his place. They had not yet completely and clearly absorbed the Jewish conception that Man has free access directly to God, without the necessity of any intermediary, and that the one and only necessary condition is acting in obedience to the behests of God. (Hirsch 32:1) The people's connection to God was through Moses. When they lost their leader, they feared their link with God was in jeopardy. They did not yet recognize the capacity of every individual to independently connect and communicate with God. Both the Bechor Shor (Rabbi Yoseph Ben Yitzchak Bechor Shor, France, 12 century) and the Chizkuni (Rabbi Chizkiya ben Manoach, France, mid-thirteenth century) agree with the Ramban that the function of the golden calf was to replace Moses as the leader of Israel. They interpret the word 'elohim' in the people's request, "make us a god" (32:1) not as a god but rather a judge and leader. They also offer an explanation for why Aaron agreed to make an idol, an act which involved great risk and danger of pure idolatry. Why not designate himself or some other influential figure as a replacement for Moses? The Chizkuni and the Bechor Shor (see 32:2) suggest that Aaron feared the possibility of a conflict, a power struggle, which would erupt upon Moses' return. He feared that the replacement for Moses would not step down when Moses would return and this would lead to a division of the people into rival camps, each supporting a different leader. He himself was unwilling to serve as leader so as not to betray Moses. He therefore decided to create a harmless figurehead which could be disposed of with little opposition when Moses would return. Otherwise, Aaron feared the people would designate a king to lead them instead of Moses (see Chizkuni 32:22). To summarize, the commentators disagree as to the nature of the request by the people for an idol. They can be divided into two main groups: those, such as Rashi and the Rasag, who regard the golden calf as a form of pure idolatry, and those, such as the Ibn Ezra, Kuzari, Ramban, Chizkuni, Bechor Shor and Shadal, who reject this idea. In the first group, Rashi is of the opinion that Aaron was coerced into making the idol while Rasag maintains that it was a plot to differentiate between the idolaters and those of true faith. In the latter group of commentators, the Ibn Ezra and the Kuzari posit that the calf was a corporeal manifestation of God while the Ramban, Chizkuni, and the Bechor Shor regard it as a replacement for Moses. We must now attempt to answer two questions according to each of the interpretations offered by the commentators: 1. Why did Moses command the Levites to go slay their kin, three thousand Israelites in total? 2. Why was God angry at Aaron as evidenced by the verse: "And the Lord was angry enough with Aaron to have destroyed him, so I also interceded for Aaron at that time" (Deuteronomy 9:20). According to Rashi and Rasag who regard the calf as pure idolatry, it is clear that the idolaters were deserving of a harsh punishment for rebelling against God. Why, though, was God angry at Aaron? Rashi interpreted that Aaron was forced into making the idol by the threatening mob who had killed Hur. According to this interpretation, perhaps Aaron was at fault for succumbing to the intimidation of the mob. According to Rasag, Aaron purposefully led the idolaters astray so as to prevent the majority from being influenced by their insurrection. The Rasag, cited by the Ibn Ezra, claims that Aaron's fault was that he himself didn't do away with the idolaters and waited for Moses to do so. It was his responsibility to stop the idolaters immediately. I would like to offer an alternative explanation for Aaron's culpability according to the interpretation of the Rasag. Aaron's fault might be his willingness to sacrifice and totally condemn the few for the sake of the many. Aaron should not have given up on the minority. The majority of the commentators are of the opinion that the golden calf was not idolatry but rather an image representing God or a replacement for Moses. What according to them was the reason for Moses' command to kill the worshipers of the calf? After all, they were not involved in idolatry. According to the Ibn Ezra, the majority did not commit idolatry but a few misunderstood and related to the calf as a god exclaiming, "This is your god, O Israel, who brought you out of the land of Israel"(32:4). It was only the idolaters who were killed. Aaron was responsible for causing the misunderstanding which led to the idol worship. Even though this was obviously not his intention, he is nevertheless held responsible for the downfall of those who . The Ramban agrees that although this was not Aaron's or the people's original intention, they nevertheless committed idolatry. However, in contrast to the Ibn Ezra, the Ramban interprets that the majority were involved in theological and ideological idolatry but only the few actually performed an act of idolatry: Now most of the people shared in the sin of the incident of the calf, for so it is written, "And all the people pulled off the golden pendants." And were it not for this [participation of theirs in the incident], the anger [of God] would not have been directed against them to destroy them all. For even though the numbers of those who were killed for this sin and those smitten by God were few [in comparison to the total number of the people, this was because] most of them shared in the sin only in their evil thought [and not in action]. (Ramban 32:7) It is due to their theological mutiny that God wished to destroy them all. However only those who committed physical idolatry by offering sacrifices to the calf were killed. The Ramban explains that Aaron was aware that the people began regarding the calf as a god. He therefore announced a feast to God to redirect their worship to the true God: "When Aaron saw"(32:5)- "The meaning of this verse is that Aaron saw them set on evil, intent upon making the calf, and he arose and built an altar and proclaimed, "Tomorrow shall be a feast to the Eternal," so that they should bring offerings to the Proper Name of God upon the altar which he built to His Name, and that they should not build altars to the shameful thing [the calf], and that their intent in the offerings should be [to none] save unto the Eternal only. (Ramban 32:5) Although Aaron attempts to correct the horrendous mistake of the people he is not totally successful and is thus held responsible for the actions of those who had gone astray. Both the Ibn Ezra and the Ramban believe that those killed in the sin of the golden calf were guilty of idolatry. However certain commentators reject even this suggestion. They find it inconceivable that any of the Israelites could actually believe the calf to be a god. What then was the sin which brought about their death? The Chizkuni (32:8) offers two explanations of the sin of the golden calf. The first is that the people rebelled against Moses, the leader chosen by God and assigned themselves an alternative leader. The second explanation is that they transgressed the prohibition: "You shall not make for yourself a sculptured image, or any likeness of what is in the heavens above, or on the earth below" (20:4). According to the Chizkuni this prohibition, the second of the ten commandments, forbids not only the worship of a foreign God, but also the worship of God through an idol. Even though they were not worshipping another god they were nevertheless severely punished for disobeying God's command and making an image, an idol. Aaron intended the calf to be a temporary replacement for Moses, but the people regarded it as an image representing God, which is forbidden. [The Netziv (Rabbi Naphtali Zvi Yehuda Berlin, Lithuania, 1817-1893) rejects this interpretation. In his opinion the second commandment prohibits only the worship of a different god and the belief that a different force governs the world. The prohibition of making an image as an intermediary for the worship of God was given only after the sin of the golden calf. Its source is the verse: "With me, therefore, you shall not make any gods of silver , nor shall you make for yourselves any gods of gold"(20:20)] Shadal offers a different explanation for the harsh punishment meted out in the sin of the golden calf. Those killed did not actually commit idolatry. However due to the close similarity between the actions performed in the sin of the golden calf and the actual prohibition of idolatry, Moses decided to punish them in the harshest of manners in order to frighten the people of Israel and insure that they would never commit idolatry as practiced amongst all the nations of the period. Moses, at this formative stage in the nation's development, wished to give a warning to future generations to beware of idolatry and to not imitate the ways of the idolatrous world. The Sforno (Rabbi Ovadia Sforno, Italy, 1470-1550) offers a different explanation of Moses' anger at the people. He focuses on the verse which describes Moses' reaction upon descending from the Mountain: "As soon as Moses came near the camp and saw the calf and the DANCING, he became enraged; and he hurled the tablets from his hands" (32:19). The Torah emphasizes that it was less the calf which angered Moses than the behavior of those worshipping the calf. Rashi cites a midrash on the word 'letzachek' (translated "to dance") describing the behavior of the people: "Letzachek" - "This implies incest...and the shedding of blood...and here Hur was killed." (Rashi 32:6) The midrash describes a severe moral disintegration among the people to the point of the committing of the worst of sins. Even if we put aside this midrash and relate solely to Scripture, it is clear that the people were behaving in a wild and uncontrollable manner. They were immersed in revelry and behaving in a wanton fashion. Moses was more concerned by the culture of idolatry then by theological mutiny. The behavior associated with idolatry, the total loss of self-restraint and the absence of any rational moral guidance are the antithesis of the Torah's outlook. It is not the golden calf but rather the behavior accompanying it which cause Moses to shatter the tablets and punish those involved so severely.

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21 Feb. 1752–17 May 1831 Nathaniel Rochester, revolutionary leader, merchant, and land developer, was born in Westmoreland County, Va., the son of John and Hester Thrift Rochester. His siblings were William, John, Ann, Phillis, and Esther (or Hester). The Virginia farm had been the American home of the family since 1689, when Nathaniel's forebear, Nicholas Rochester, migrated from his English home in the county of Kent. It was located near the birthplaces of both George Washington and James Monroe, and later developments in Nathaniel's career indicate a possibility that he may have been acquainted with Monroe during his boyhood. Widowed when Nathaniel was four, his mother married Thomas Cricher, who moved the family to Granville County, N.C., in 1763. Young Rochester grew to manhood in his new home and attended the school of the Reverend Henry Pattillo, where he evidently was an apt pupil. In 1768 he obtained employment with James Monroe, a Scottish merchant in Hillsborough, the seat of Orange County, and his progress was rapid and rewarding. Within two years he was made clerk of the vestry of St. Matthew's Parish, and in 1773 he became a partner with Monroe and John Hamilton in a Hillsborough store. This venture prospered but the business was liquidated in 1775 because of problems connected with the approach of the Revolution. Rochester cast his lot with the Patriots and immediately became involved in political and military affairs. In 1775 he was named to the Committee of Safety for Orange County and on 20 August attended the Third Provincial Congress as a borough representative of Hillsborough. He was also appointed a major in the militia, a justice of the peace, and paymaster of the battalion of minutemen in the district of Hillsborough. The following year, he was assigned the command of two companies of infantry and one of cavalry to follow Colonel James Thackston in pursuit of the Tories marching to join the British at Wilmington. En route his force captured five hundred Tories retreating from the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge. Having no place to imprison such a number, the major paroled all except fifty officers, whom he turned over to Colonel Alexander Martin at Cross Creek. In 1776 Rochester represented Orange County in the Fourth Provincial Congress meeting at Halifax. He was also elevated to the rank of colonel in the North Carolina Continental Line, appointed commissary general of military stores, and assigned to serve with Thomas Burke and Cornelius Harnett on the Committee of Claims and Military Accounts. Named to a commission to establish a gun factory near Hillsborough, he led a wagon train to Philadelphia to obtain iron for the enterprise. In the same year, he was rendered unfit for military duty by a serious illness and resigned his command; however, his role in politics was not affected, for in 1777 Orange County elected him as its representative in the first General Assembly of the state of North Carolina. Later that year he resigned to serve the county as clerk of court and was commissioned as a supervisor for the building of a new courthouse as well as to assist in establishing an academy in the Hillsborough area. In 1778 he resigned as clerk because the fees collected were insufficient to cover the necessary expenses of the office and entered into a mercantile venture in Hillsborough in partnership with Colonel Thomas Hart and James Brown. The business was successful and Rochester began to invest his earnings in real estate, a practice he continued throughout his life. When the occupation of Hillsborough by the British army became a probability in 1780, the business was liquidated and Hart moved his family to Hagerstown, Md., for safety. The affluent Colonel Hart offered to back his former partner in business in Philadelphia, and the twenty-eight-year-old Rochester accepted. On his arrival in the Pennsylvania city in 1781, he was almost immediately stricken with smallpox. After a lengthy convalescence he abandoned his plans to settle in Philadelphia and joined Hart in Hagerstown, where the two became partners in a flour mill, a nail and rope factory, a bank, and a farm. Rochester lived in Maryland for thirty years; during that time he made two business trips to Hillsborough, was elected to the Maryland legislature, and served as postmaster, judge, sheriff, presidential elector, and vestryman of St. John's Protestant Episcopal Parish. In 1788 he married Sophia Beatty and eventually became the father of twelve children: William Beatty, Nancy Barbara, John Cornelius, Sophia Eliza, Mary Eleanor, Thomas Hart, Catherine Kimball, Nathaniel Thrift, Anna Barbara, Henry Elie, Ann Cornelia, and Louisa Lucinda. There are many Rochester descendants in the United States today. In 1810, after Hart had moved to Kentucky, Rochester closed his Maryland firm and moved to Dansville, N.Y., where he built a paper mill. Four years later, he moved to Bloomfield, N.Y., where he conducted a banking business and served again as a presidential elector. At this time he purchased a tract of one hundred acres on the Genessee River and laid it out in lots for a town that he named Rochesterville. In 1818 he established his residence in the settlement, the name of which was changed to Rochester, by which the city into which it developed is known today. For the rest of his life, Rochester was engaged in developing the town he had created and was active in its financial and political life. He was responsible for the creation of Monroe County with his town as the county seat. In addition, he served in the New York legislature, was one of the founders of St. Luke's Protestant Episcopal Church, and amassed a comfortable fortune from his various business interests. A stalwart influential Jeffersonian Republican in politics, Rochester made his last public speech in 1828 while campaigning for John Quincy Adams and against Andrew Jackson for the presidency of the United States. He was first buried in the Buffalo Street Cemetery in Rochester, but later his remains were transferred to the Mount Hope Cemetery in the same city. The Hagerstown Trust Company, in Hagerstown, Md., owns an excellent portrait of the colonel painted when he was a young man. The Rochester Historical Society owns a portrait of Rochester at age seventy, one of Mrs. Rochester at age thirty, and several portraits of various members of the Rochester family. Nathaniel Rochester's greatest asset was the confidence he inspired in all who knew him, a trust he rewarded with scrupulous honesty, an industrious application of his abilities, exemplary moral conduct, and the valuable contribution of his own ingenuity. Because of this characteristic and its results, he is honored today in the four states where he resided as a Patriot, a pioneer, and a founder. Nathaniel Rochester is now acknowledged to have made money as a slave trader before his migration to New York and brought his own slaves north when he moved. In 2004, the University of Rochester purchased a 1790 account book from Rochester's descendants that detailed transactions and dealings in slave trade. The notebook is now among Nathaniel Rochester Family papers at the University's special collections department. Walter Clark, ed., State Records of North Carolina, vols. 12–13, 19, 24 (1895–1905). Records of Orange County, N.C. (Courthouse, Hillsborough). Nathaniel Rochester, A Brief Sketch of the Life of Nathaniel Rochester, Written by Himself for the Information of His Children, vol. 3 (Rochester Historical Society Publication Fund Series, 1924). William L. Saunders, ed., Colonial Records of North Carolina, vol. 10 (1890). Durward T. Stokes, "Nathaniel Rochester in North Carolina," North Carolina Historical Review 38 (October 1961). "Nath'l Rochester 1752-1831." N.C. Highway Historical Marker G-56, N.C. Office of Archives & History. https://www.ncdcr.gov/about/history/division-historical-resources/nc-highway-historical-marker-program/Markers.aspx?sp=Markers&k=Markers&sv=G-56 (accessed June 4, 2013). McKelvey, Blake. "Col. Nathaniel Rochester." Rochester History 24, no. 1 (Jauary 1962). 1-23. http://www.rochester.lib.ny.us/~rochhist/v24_1962/v24i1.pdf (accessed June 4, 2013). "Sheriff Nathaniel Rochester's Records, Washington County, 1804-1806." Western Maryland's Historical Library. http://www.whilbr.org/Rochester/index.aspx (accessed June 4, 2013). Nathaniel Rochester Family Papers 1777-1888. Department of Rare Books, Special Collections and Preservation. River Campus Libraries, University of Rochester. http://www.lib.rochester.edu/index.cfm?page=1044 (accessed June 4, 2013). Netsky, Ron. "Portrait of a Slave Trader." City Newspaper, February 11, 2004. https://www.rochestercitynewspaper.com/rochester/portrait-of-a-slave-trader/Content?oid=2128459 Nolte, Marily S. et al. " 'We Called Her Anna' :Nathaniel Rochester and Slavery in the Genesee Country." Rochester History, Vol.71: No. 1 (Spring 2009). Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County. http://www.rochester.lib.ny.us/~rochhist/v71_2009/v71i1.pdf RocPX. "Nate, not very happy looking..." Photograph. Flickr. January 17, 2008. https://www.flickr.com/photos/niwru/2201127218/ (accessed June 4, 2013). 1 January 1994 | Stokes, Durward T.

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Modern Monetary Theory Exploring Economics, 2020 Modern Monetary Theory Author: Nathalie Freitag Academic Review: Dr. Dirk Ehnts Translated from German by Jorim Gerrard Table of contents1. The theory2. The banking system3. The interbank market4. The role of the central bank5. The sectoral balances and fiscal policy implications6. The problems of the euro area and economic policy design7. Other recent policy proposals built on MMT8. Literature Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) is a school of monetary and macroeconomic thought that focuses on the analysis of the monetary and credit system, and in particular on the question of credit creation by the state. It is based on the ideas of post-Keynesianism and Chartalism, the latter of which was founded by Georg Friedrich Knapp (Ehnts 2020). MMT criticizes three essential misconceptions of monetary theory that arose in the neoclassical period and is thus to be understood as an alternative to the neoclassical conception of money. The first new finding is that banks engaged in lending business are themselves able to "create" bank deposits and therefore do not simply act as intermediaries, as is widely assumed. In the meantime, even Deutsche Bundesbank has confirmed this view. Second, the central bank sets the interest rate and not the money supply, which means that the assumption that the central bank controls the money supply has to be discarded. Accordingly, the interbank market should no longer be understood as a capital market either. Thirdly, it is stated that a "sovereign" state cannot go bankrupt, unlike private households and companies.1 Thus, the state can in fact "create" money through its own central bank and "destroys" it when receiving taxes. Furthermore, public debts correspond with a part of private wealth, which justifies countercyclical intervention by the state. Public debt is thus fully reflected in private assets. Public debt is nothing else but the amount of outstanding tax credits (also called money) in the form of cash and bonds (which carry an interest rate) in the hands of the private sector. In this context, the MMT advocates an anti-cyclical economic policy, in which it should be the task of the state to stabilise the economy and safeguard employment in times of economic crises by increasing government spending. The MMT claims to describe the modern money and credit system from a balance sheet perspective in an empirically verifiable way. Double-entry bookkeeping is used as a method of abstraction, whereby statements about the monetary system and its functioning are only made if they can be represented in bookkeeping records of different balance sheets. Thus, verifiable statements can be made about, among other things, credit creation or instruments of the central bank or fiscal policy. As a scientific theory, the MMT is therefore primarily descriptive, although economic policy design and reform measures can be derived. The banking system The MMT contradicts the prevailing economic opinion that banks act as "intermediaries". According to this widespread view, it is the task of commercial banks to pass on savings deposits as loans to willing borrowers. A compensatory interest rate mechanism ensures that the supply of credit corresponds to the demand for credit. This implies that a bank can only lend to the extent that its savings deposits or central bank balances are available. MMT, like Post-Keynesian theory, supports the thesis of endogenous credit creation as a characteristic of modern monetary systems and falsifies the hypothesis of the neoclassical "piggy bank" described above. According to this hypothesis, banks do not pass on existing savings, but grant loans solely on the basis of collateral and the creditworthiness of the debtor - quasi "out of nowhere", but based on legal contracts. If these criteria for granting a loan are met, the bank credits the borrower's account with the corresponding amount. The amount of the central bank or savings deposits held by the bank in question is irrelevant. The bank therefore evidently does not lend any money that is already available and does not have to borrow money from the central bank beforehand. The bank itself can "create" new money, as long as no other debt is simultaneously repaid by the loan. Lending is therefore primarily a balance sheet extension; i.e. the loan is, on the one hand, a claim of the bank and on the other hand a liability for the borrower. The amount that is credited to the borrower's account is, in turn, a receivable from the customer or a liability to the bank, as the following balance sheets show: Endogenous money creation can thus be regarded as the cornerstone of the credit cycle since in a first step production and in a second step consumption must be pre-financed. Since, due to the interest burden, loans are only taken out to pay for expenditures, such as investments, the increased demand for credit or the increased granting of credit leads in turn to increased expenditures. Expenditure creates additional income. In the case of net borrowing, the bank credit created then leads to higher liabilities and receivables in the entire system. As a result, the commercial banks have to increase their minimum reserves with the central bank, which in turn increases the amount of central bank money to accommodate. Ex post, modern and orthodox credit theory is thus in agreement. However, this happens only in the last step, which has led to misinterpretation of the modern credit industry. The interbank market In this context, a further point of criticism of current textbook economics lies in a misguided view of the interbank market. The interbank market is not a capital market whose task is to pass on deposits. The interbank market serves to enable the settlement of payments between banks. Banks are forced to do this because of the transactions of their customers. For example, if a bank has liabilities to another bank, the latter would first have to borrow reserves from the central bank against collateral and could then transfer these reserves to the creditor bank. However, banks have tended to delay these so-called reserve transfers. In this context, the banks had increasingly granted each other interbank the possibility to use loans to avoid settlement, whereby the transfers of outstanding central bank reserves were simply shifted into the future. Since the participating banks also have the possibility of purchasing reserves directly from the central bank, usually at very favourable rates, the interest rate for these interbank loans must always be based on the current key interest rate. The level of central bank reserves will initially remain unaffected by these interbank loans. Thus, MMT also presents a more differentiated picture in its analysis of the interbank market in the TARGET2 debate (Ehnts 2016, p.117 ff.). Spanish real estates, for example, were not financed by German savings, as wrongly assumed, but as a result of loans granted by Spanish banks. The Spanish current account deficit merely reflects higher imports on the Spanish side due to relatively high incomes. The role of the central bank Contrary to widespread opinion, the central bank does not, therefore, determine the money supply. It can only try to stimulate or dampen commercial banks' lending via the interest rates of refinancing transactions. However, how much credit is granted to the private sector depends solely on how much credit is demanded. On the demand side, there are households and companies that want to buy a property or make investments, for example. Nothing can force the private sector to borrow. On the other hand, the central bank is legally obliged to grant loans to the commercial banks for the appropriate amount with sufficient collateral. The central bank can therefore neither determine nor control the money supply. It can only try to influence the amount of investment by setting interest rates. This influence works rather poorly in the context of the current "investment fatigue" of the euro area. And here too, the MMT provides a comprehensive analysis of the interrelationships and makes the corresponding recommendations, this time on the fiscal policy side: despite historically low-interest rates, it is clear that private investment is no longer responding to the central bank's key interest rate policy. MMT sees the cause is a structural weakness in demand, which can only be remedied by increasing government spending (or reducing working hours). In this way, the government can counteract the demand gap in the private sector. MMT stresses that expenditure, on the one hand, leads to revenue on the other and is an accounting approach to macroeconomics. We collect and categorize articles, videos and e-learning materials and make them publicly available. For this, we rely on your support. The sectoral balances and fiscal policy implications In macroeconomic terms, an economy consists of three sectors: the private sector, the public sector and the external sector ("rest of the world"). The basic sectoral equation derived from this results in the fact that, for example, the private sector can only build up surpluses (savings) if another sector is indebted to the same extent. From the perspective of the world economy, the "rest of the world" cannot assume this position, since the current account of the world economy as such must be in balance. Only the state remains, whose task it is, therefore, to stimulate the economy through an anti-cyclical fiscal policy. With the help of active employment policy and the state as the "employer of last resort", income is created, which generates private consumption and further promotes production. The problems of the euro area and economic policy design In this context, the MMT draws attention to the current failures in the economic policy design of the Eurozone, where member countries are de facto indebted in foreign currency. The ECB has only recently started to indirectly guarantee the liquidity of the countries. National governments are therefore more or less forced to compete with private investors in the financial markets. Another problem in this context is that the single currency has eliminated the exchange rate as an instrument for restoring competitiveness and demand management. On the other hand, a possible devaluation of one's own currency would mean that exports would become relatively cheap on the one hand and imports relatively expensive on the other. Exports of domestic goods and services would increase, whereas imports of foreign goods would be curbed. Domestic production would be boosted and economic growth generated. According to the MMT, austerity policy and the associated reduction in government spending are not effective means of combating a recession. The eurozone only returned to moderate growth rates after the end of the austerity policy, so that an economic recovery is more likely to result from the end of the policy of cuts rather than from successful implementation. MMT advocates have diverging opinions as regards the future of the Eurozone. Some, like Bibow (2013) and Ehnts (2016), propose to create a Euro Treasury. Cruz-Hidalgo et al. (2019) argue that Euro Treasury and Job Guarantee should be introduced in the Eurozone at the same time, Ehnts and Paetz (2019) urge the Eurozone countries to reconsider the role of public debt and change the design of the Eurozone accordingly. Mitchell (2017) is rather critical of the Euro and the European Union and judges the project a failure. Other recent policy proposals built on MMT The most prominent policy proposal based on MMT is the Green New Deal proposed by US representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez. It is a huge infrastructure project to create a socio-ecological transformation of the US economy. The Green New Deal for Europe is also inspired by MMT. In the context of the US, Kelton (2020) has argued in her new book that the US government should spend with a view to results, not with a view to deficits or debt. She is an economic advisor to Bernie Sanders. Tcherneva (2020) of Bard College (NY) argues that a Job Guarantee should be introduced in order to pull people out of unemployment and in order to increase macroeconomic stability. Bibow, Jörg. 2013. Lost at Sea: The Euro Needs a Euro Treasury, Levy Economics Institute, Working Paper No. 780 Esteban Cruz-Hidalgo, Dirk Ehnts, Pavlina R. Tcherneva. 2019. Completing the Euro: The Euro Treasury and the Job Guarantee, Revista de Economía Crítica 27, S. 100-111 Ehnts, Dirk. 2016. Modern Monetary Theory and European Macroeconomics, Routledge. Ehnts, Dirk. 2017. Modern Monetary Theory und europäische Makroökonomie. Berliner Debatte Initial 28 (3), S. 89-102. Ehnts, Dirk und Michael Paetz. 2019. Die Modern Monetary Theory: Staatsschulden als Steuergutschriften, Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung 88(4), S. 77-90 Ehnts, Dirk. 2020. Geld und Kredit: eine €-päische Perspektive, Metropolis, 3. Auflage. Fullwiler, Scott. 2008. Modern Central Banking Operations, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1658232. Kelton, Stephanie. 2020. The Deficit Myth: Modern Monetary Theory and the Birth of the People’s Economy, Public Affairs. Mitchell, William, Randall Wray and Martin Watts. 2019. Macroeconomics, Red Globe Press. Mitchell, William. 2017. Dystopie Eurozone: Gruppendenken und Leugnung im großen Stil, Lola Books. Mitchell, William and Thomas Fazi. 2017. Reclaiming the State: A Progressive Vision of Sovereignty for a Post-Neoliberal World, Pluto Press. Mosler, Warren. 2017. Die sieben unschuldigen, aber tödlichen Betrügereien der Wirtschaftspolitik, Lola Books. Sahr, Aaron. 2017. Keystroke-Kapitalismus. Ungleichheit auf Knopfdruck, his Verlag. Tcherneva, Pavlina. 2020. The Case for A Job Guarantee, Polity Books. Wray, Randall. 2015. Modern Money Theory: A Primer on Macroeconomics for Sovereign Monetary Systems, Palgrave Macmillan, 2. Auflage. Wray, Randall. 2018. Modernes Geld verstehen, lola books. This is the case as long as the state does not fix the exchange rate, promise to deliver gold or other commodities and is not indebted in foreign currency to a significant extent.

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portrait of a man in a red turban Having previously posted on my blog about Jan van Eyck’s self portrait, Man in a Red Turban, I since discovered Van Eyck’s source of inspiration for the painting, a book authored in 1354 by Henri de Grosmont, First Duke of Lancaster; its title: Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines (The Book of Holy Medicines). A translation of the text into modern English by Catherine Batt was published in 2014 by ACMRS (Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies). The painting is housed at the National Gallery, London. The NG’s website provides a high-res image, some key facts and a brief description. Wikipedia also publishes a page with details, particularly about the inscription on the frame of the painting. It’s very likely Van Eyck possessed or had access to a copy of this book that can be described as a literary form of confession and penitence. Written in the first person, the text also serves as a mirror for self examination by the reader. It focuses on the narrator’s spiritual wounds in a physical sense. Body parts, particularly those associated with the five senses, are described as gateways for the seven cardinal sins: pride, greed, anger, envy, lust, gluttony and sloth. Healing grace ministered by Christ the doctor, accompanied by his mother Mary, is compared allegorically with a variety of medicinal remedies used by the people in Henry’s time. As a mirror of reflection, the book is echoed in Van Eyck’s self-portrait made with the aid of a mirror. The painter presents himself as both sinner and penitent. The modified chaperon is contoured in ways that refer to the passion and death of Jesus, particularly his denial by Peter, the disciple who had been entrusted earlier with the mission to build Christ’s church on earth and pasture his flock. After Jesus was arrested and taken into custody, Peter denied he knew him three times when questioned. At the third denial Peter wept bitterly when he remembered the words Jesus had spoken to him earlier: “Before the cock crows, you will have disowned me three times” (John 13:38). Van Eyck has portrayed himself as a rooster staring out from darkness. The red chaperon represents the bird’s comb, the black coat its body, the sharp nose its beak, while the piercing, hooded eyes keep careful watch on all who come near to its roost. For Christians, the cockerel also symbolises Christ’s resurrection. By turning the chaperon 90 degrees clockwise it can be seen how Van Eyck has depicted the rooster’s head and beak, as well as it’s comb or ‘crown’. Other forms connected to the Passion can also be made out. Another image to emerge at this angle is Christ crucified. It depicts his suspension from the cross, hanging by his left arm, and his bowed head capped or crowned. A third image is Mary, the mother of Jesus, resting her head against the rooster. When viewed at the normal angle the turban reveals the presentation of the ‘Lamb of God’. Also, when the images of the Lamb and Mary resting her head are united, the combination is recognised as a ‘Pieta’, a subject in Christian art depicting Mary cradling her crucified Son. The mother of Jesus and the Lamb of God enfolded in Jan van Eyck’s turban. Henry de Grosmont describes his heart as a whirlpool that swallows up all the sins of the world. Van Eyck has translated this as the passion and death of Christ whose self-sacrifice as the Lamb of God takes away or “swallows up” the sins of the world. Christ’s crucifixion and the Lamb of God are outlined in the “whirlpool” or “turbulent” presentation of the red turban. Jan was not slow to embed word-play in to his paintings. “Whirl and “world” is another example. Some observers may insist that Jan’s head-cover is actually a chaperon, but the artist’s intention was two-fold, both chaperon and turban. Van Eyck also embedded the reference to chaperon as implied in “chaperone”, a person who accompanies and takes care of another individual or group, and in this instance the most obvious reference is the outline of the mother of Jesus who accompanied her Son on his way to Calvary, stood by him during his crucifixion, and was there to receive his body when it was taken down from the cross. The painting reflects Christ’s call for all to carry their cross and follow him. A similar message is mirrored in The Book of Holy Medicines In which Henry de Grosmont – “weak from his wounds and bodily sickness that he has lost his wits” – expresses his desire to be healed of his delirium, delusions and sinful thoughts in mind, body and spirit by meditating on the passion of Christ. Grosmont’s remedy for healing his delirium is both practical and metaphorical. It was to place a cockerel on one’s head, “all split and dismembered and fully spread out, with the blood still hot […] the blessed cockerel who sang for us at dawn when we were in darkness and in shadows. […] I am the weak delirious wretch, and our precious Jesus Christ is the cockerel…” (translation by Catherine Batt, The Book of Holy Medicines, p217). This remedy explains why Van Eyck has depicted the turban as the cockrel on his head. Batt also points to another treatise, Liber de Diversis Medicinis, which “recommends in cases of madness, a black cockerel, to be applied for three days”. This may also be the reason why Van Eyck is painted wearing a black coat. Another description Grosmont applies to his heart is to liken it to a fox’s den of earth where the sinful creature of mischief retreats and hides during the day only to appear again at night under the cover of darkness to pursue its wicked vices. Grosmont relates how his eyes and ears, nose and mouth are all portals to the fox’s lair, his heart. Apart from his portrayal as a cockerel, Van Eyck presents himself as an image of a fox. The entrance to his lair is the fox-trimmed collar; the small triangle shape depicts the white markings seen on a fox’s throat; his sharp nose points to the animal’s long snout, and his clamped thin lips to the long line of the fox’s mouth when closed. Van Eyck’s observant eyes depict those of a watchful fox eying its prey – the red cockrel disguised in the artist’s turban. Already mentioned is that the cockerel represents Christ. In this portrait the fox represents the Galilean ruler Herod Antipas. The combination of cockerel and fox refers to the passage from Luke’s gospel (13 : 32). When warned by some Pharisees that Herod meant to kill him, Jesus responded, “You may go and tell that fox this message: Learn that today and tomorrow I cast out devils and on the third day attain my end…” He was speaking about his three days in the tomb and resurrection on the third day. Grosmont also relates his sins and heart to “when a salmon wants to reproduce and have its young, it swims far from the sea, upstream towards the mountains and changes its nature completely.” In other words, the nature of sin is regarded as deadly, once it has entered and reached the heart via the senses. Jan van Eyck portrays himself as both cockerel and fox. Fox photo © Paul Cecil An observaant eye as a spawning ground for salmon and sin. In this instance Van Eyck depicts an observant eye as the spawning ground for salmon, the portal where sin enters his heart. His eyelid is shaped as a ‘leaping’ salmon. The eye and its pupil can be understood as the egg and food sac, and the small highlights the gravel that covers the egg. One corner of the eye is seemingly the point of entry for salmon to spawn; the other corner is bloodshot and represents the sinful wound. One of the seven ‘deadly’ sins Grosmont warns about in detail is “Lady Sloth”, a creature of comfort and laziness who arrives at the gate of his ear pleading to enter and once inside is reluctant to leave the castle that is his body. Sloth encourages the body to rest and tend to the needs of the soul “some other day”. Grosmont confesses to the Lord he has badly conducted the defence of his castle and guarded his heart, the tower stronghold, even less so. In Van Eyck’s self-portrait the sin of Sloth is expressed as the animal of the same name noted for its slowness and hanging upside down on trees. He depicts it as the shape in the turban showing Christ crucified, hanging on a tree. The feature covers Van Eyck’s ear, the gate where Grosmont allowed sloth to enter his castle. Christ is also considered as a gate to a heavenly kingdom and his Church on earth, his body, as a holy temple which the gates of Hell can never prevail against (Matthew 16 : 18). Unlike Sloth whose work is never completed, Christ hangs upright on the tree and confesses that his redemptive mission on earth is achieved. His final words before lowering his head and giving up his spirit were: “It is accomplished” (John 19 : 30). Mary the mother of Jesus also has a role in Grosmont’s treatise. She is presented as a “most sweet Lady” who dresses and bandages the wounds of the sinner. The bandages of “Mary’s Joys” is portrayed as Van Eyck’s “bandaged” turban, and Mary as a chaperone accompanying Jesus, shown as the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world (John 1 : 29). Jan van Eyck’s self-portrait is not the only painting the artist is associated with that has embedded references from The Book of Holy Medicines. The Three Marys at the Tomb is another work that testifies to Grosmont’s confession, so also is the Agony in the Garden folio from Les Très Riche Heures du Duc de Berry. • Posts on my catchlight.blog about the Portrait of a Man in a Red Turban are at the following links: Christ and the Sloth depicted hanging from a tree Mary the mother of Jesus as the ‘most sweet Lady”. • Next page... Botticelli’s Uffizi Adoration

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Even though the economy is a largely unpredictable and uncontrollable entity, the government has various tools at its disposal which can be used to regulate the booms and busts of the business cycle. The most important of the tools available are monetary and fiscal policy. Monetary policy is implemented by the Federal Reserve and it consists of manipulating interest rates through open market operations. Fiscal policy, on the other hand, is based off of the level of taxes that are imposed on citizens by the government. In order for the economy to run smoothly both tools need to be used effectively by the institutions that control them. Currently, the Federal Reserve which is headed by chair Janet Yellen is pursuing a policy of low interest rates in hopes of stimulating the now recovering economy. In November the people of the United States will elect a new president and thus we will have a new tax policy in place. Hopefully, this tax policy will complement the efforts of the Fed and allow for a better recovery than what we have seen so far. So who is the best person for the job when it comes to taxes? Ultimately that is for the voters to decide, but a breakdown of each of the nominee’s plan and an analysis of their effectiveness would probably make the decision a lot easier. Hillary Clinton (Democrat): The prospective democratic nominee has said that if she were to win the presidency she would expand existing social programs such as Social Security and federal student aid, as well as create new programs like paid family and medical leave. All of this would, of course, require a substantial amount of money which would be raised by collecting more taxes. Secretary Clinton has said that she plans on increasing taxes on individuals and business incomes. In addition to this she has also proposed the following measures: a cap on itemized deductions at 28 percent, enacting the “Buffet rule” which was established during President Obama’s tenure, implementing a 4 percent surtax on individuals earning more than $5 million each year, restoring the estate tax to where it was in 2009, and limiting or eliminating various deductions for individuals and corporations. The tax plan will increase current tax revenue by $494 billion over the next ten years on a static basis and by $191 billion during the same time period on a dynamic basis. All of the secretary’s policies are meant to increase revenue except for one: changing the long-term capital gains schedule. She hopes that doing this will encourage more investments in the future, even if it does mean less tax money coming in. As far as the economy goes, experts say that the plan would reduce the country’s GDP by one percent in the long run, which translates to a 0.8 percent reduction in wages and 311,000 fewer full-time jobs. This is said to be the result of implementing a higher marginal tax rate on capital, labor, and individuals earning more than $5 million each year. Clinton’s plan is all based on the rich “paying their fair share” and they certainly will if she gets into the oval office. According to the Tax Foundation, her tax plan will make it so that, on a static basis, those who constitute the top 10 percent of earners will see a 0.7 percent reduction in their after tax incomes and those who make up the top 1 percent will see a 2.7 percent reduction. Everyone else will, at the very least, will see a decrease of 0.9 percent. Even though Clinton says she will go after the very rich, everyone will lose. This means that everyone will have less money to spend on goods and services and, being that consumption is the biggest driver of economic growth, this will not help the recovery but instead it will slow it down. We need a president that understands that a healthy economy does more for everyone than a variety of expensive social programs, and it seems as though Clinton will not be that president. I understand the importance of helping out the lower and middle classes through social services, but most economists agree that the best way to help is by increasing their discretionary income, not reducing it. Overall, the former Secretary’s plan seems to be a continuation of President Obama’s policy; this means that nothing is going to go terribly wrong, but the current economic situation will not get tremendously better either. Donald Trump (Republican): It seems that in almost every aspect, Trump’s proposed tax policy differs from that of his main opponent Hillary Clinton. His website has a whole section dedicated to the “tax reform that will make America great again.” In this section he states his four main goals when it comes to tax policy: tax relief for the middle class, simplifying the tax code, growing the American economy, and creating tax policy that does not add to the national debt or deficit. He goes into further detail by promising that if elected President then… - Single individuals earning less than $25,000 or married individuals jointly earning $50,000 will not have to pay any income tax at all. According to the campaign, this policy would affects 75 million households. - The tax code will be simplified by reducing the number of tax brackets from seven to four—zero percent, 10 percent, 20 percent, and 25 percent - The marriage penalty and the Alternative Minimum Tax will be done away with - There will be no more than a 15 percent tax on business income no matter the size of the firm - The “death tax” will be eliminated Obviously, all of this makes it so that the government would collect substantially less in tax revenue. The Tax Policy Center reported in their analysis of Donald Trump’s tax plan that his policy would “reduce federal revenues by $9.5 trillion over its first decade.” This largely has to do with the fact that everyone would be getting a tax cut, especially the very rich. The top 0.1 percent of taxpayers would receive a tax cut of $1.3 million on average, which is 19 percent of after tax income. Middle-income households, by comparison, would see a $2,700 cut, or 4.9 percent of after tax income. The philosophy behind all of this is that reducing taxes for everyone would increase their incentive to work, save, and invest thereby stimulating economic growth. This means that Donald Trump’s policies would line up very well with that of the Federal Reserve. By this I mean that, unlike Hillary Clinton whose tax plan would run counter to the Feds policy of low interest rates, Trump’s tax plan would move in the same direction of stimulating the economy. This sounds like a good thing but it may not be worth the tremendous loss in revenue. Of course, Trump does not plan on expanding or creating social programs like Clinton so he would not need as much money coming into the government as she does, but $9.5 trillion is a lot to lose even for the most anti-government conservatives. Gary Johnson (Libertarian) Now, I know that the Libertarian Party and their nominee Gary Johnson do not have much of a chance of reaching the oval office, but I thought it would be interesting to look at the tax policy they proposed called the Fair Tax Plan. The Fair Tax Plan involves eliminating the personal income tax, social security tax, Medicare tax, capital gains tax, self-employment tax, estate tax, and the alternative minimum tax and instead imposing a sales tax on goods and services of around 30 percent. As a result of this system being put into place, the IRS would be abolished. The main problem with this plan is that it’s all theoretical; it has never been tested out in the real world. The idea behind the tax is that it will allow business to keep more of the money they earn thereby allowing them to grow faster than they would under the current tax policy. Also, the fact that there would no longer be any capital gains tax would mean more investment. Proponents of the Fair Tax Plan are typically individuals who are wealthier and who want smaller government. They believe that income taxes and other similar measures constitute an unjust exercise of governmental power. Perhaps they are right in some ways, but this does not excuse the fact that the plan would likely be detrimental to the U.S. economy Most mainstream economists agree that the plan is not viable since it penalizes the lower and middle classes and favors the rich, and because it discourages spending which is the most important contributor to economic growth. Therefore, even though it may seem fairer, it most likely would not be more efficient. I completely understand that people feel it is unfair that the government take away money that they earned, but the alternative is economic collapse, something which nobody wants. Glossary of Terms: - Cap on itemized deductions – this limits the ability of individuals to decrease their taxable income - The Buffet Rule – a minimum tax rate of 30 percent on individuals making more than $1 million a year - Surtax – an additional tax on something already tax - Static Basis – without accounting for decreased economic output in the long run - Dynamic Basis – accounting for decreased economic output in the long run - Marginal Tax Rate – the percentage of tax applied to your income for each tax bracket in which you quality - Long Term Capital Gains Rate – a tax on a qualifying investment owned for longer than 12 months and then sold - Marriage Penalty – a tax penalty that comes from filing your taxes jointly with your spouse - Alternative Minimum Tax – a supplemental incometax imposed in addition to baseline income tax for certain individuals, corporations, estates, and trusts that have exemptions or special circumstances allowing for lower payments of standard income tax. - Death Tax – another name for the estate tax, otherwise known as the inheritance tax Hillary Clinton Campaign: https://www.hillaryclinton.com/issues/ Donald Trump Campaign: https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/tax-reform The Tax Policy Center: http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/publications/analysis-donald-trumps-tax-plan/full Gary Johnson Campaign: https://garyjohnson2016.com/issues/ Money Crashers: http://www.moneycrashers.com/fair-tax-act-explained-pros-cons/

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ALerT - Awareness Learning Tools for Data Sharing Everywhere ALerT - Awareness Learning Tools for Data Sharing Everywhere The project Awareness Learning Tools for Data Sharing Everywhere (ALerT) concerns sharing of personal data and how these data are used by commercial companies and other entities in the digital environments. Advancements in information technology have made people less aware of the collection and usage of personal data. As a result, individuals rarely have clear knowledge of what information other people and firms store about them or how that information is used. Sometimes the applications and services that we use are personalized, and hence useful to us, but unwanted use is also common. ALerT’s objective is to investigate how to evoke reflection about sharing of personal data and privacy with serious games and scenario tools. ALerT will develop tools for evoking awareness about personal information in digital environments. - By using serious games or simulations, can we evokeawareness about personal information, and the information is used? - Can we develop tools that monitor sharing of data, tools that take into account privacy? - How should we visualize data, that is what is happing to data back-stage? In ALerT we combine serious game techniques with experimental methods from psychology and decision science, with knowledge on privacy and digital rights. The interdisciplinary project team includes experts from ICT, serious games techniques, security, privacy, education, psychology and decision science. The partners are NTNU, UiB, Forbrukerrådet (the Norwegian Consumer Council) and Norwegian Computer Center (NR). Report (in Norwegian): Norwegian citizens and sharing of personal data. Results from two national surveys. ALerT received funding from IKTpluss/Research Council Norway for 2017. For 2017 the activities have been an European Survey in 10 countries, a workshop with youth at upper-secondary schools, and a workshop together with the Research Council of Norway in Brussel with digital rights- and privacy experts. We presented the results and key-findings for the Research Council Norway and an international panel in December, and was awarded funding for 2018-2021. In 2017 we have formed an Advisory Group lead by dr. Lothar Fritsch, Karlstad University. The additional members of the Advisory Group are; Jolanda Girzl, Director Konsument Europa/ECC Sweden, Marit Hansen, Data Protection Commissioner of Schleswig-Holstein and leader of Independent Centre of Privacy Protection/ULD, and Dr. Tor Endestad, Department of Psychology, and leader of the EBIG-lab and FRONT neurolab at the University of Oslo. John Waterworth is a senior professor of informatics at Umeå University, Sweden. He has a PhD in experimental psychology. He will contribute to the work on choice experiments user behavior in the project. From 2019, the ALerT-team will include a Postdoctoral fellow at UiB and a PhD fellow at NTNU. The following papers have been presented: Tjostheim, I. & Fritsch, L. (2018) Similar Information Privacy Behavior in 60-65s vs. 50-59ers - Findings From A European Survey on The Elderly. Proceedings of the Mobile Privacy and Security for an Ageing Population workshop at the 20th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI) 2018; September 3, 2018, Barcelona, Spain, Barcelona: University of Bath; Cranfield University; Northumbria University, Newcastle; University of Portsmouth, 2018. Fritsch, L., Tjostheim, I. & Kitkowska, A. (2018) I’m Not That Old Yet! The Elderly and Us in HCI and Assistive Technology. Proceedings of the Mobile Privacy and Security for an Ageing Population workshop at the 20th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI) 2018; September 3, 2018, Barcelona, Spain, Barcelona: University of Bath; Cranfield University; Northumbria University, Newcastle; University of Portsmouth, 2018. Bergen, E., Solberg, D. F., Sæthre, T. H. & Divitini, M. (2018) Supporting the co-design of games for privacy awareness. The 21th International Conference on Interactive Collaborative Learning (ICL2018). Kos, Greece, 25-28, September 2018 Leister, W. & Tjostheim, I. (2018) Which Generation Shows the Most Prudent data Sharing Behaviour? at Amsterdam Privacy Conference (APC2018), 4.- 8. October 2018. In June, the Norwegian Consumer Council published the report Deceived by design. The report shows that for sharing of personal data, companies have little intention in giving the users actual choices. In Facebook, Google and Windows 10 you can change the settings and reduce the sharing of data, but you will get a warning. They threaten the users with loss of functionality or deletion of the user account if the user does choose this option. These service providers employ numerous tactics in order to push consumers toward sharing as much data as possible. In many homes smart speakers are used, but consumers are not always aware of the privacy implications of this technology. Many application uses location data. Google, with google maps and other services is one of major players in this area. In November, the Norwegian Consumer Council (NCC) published the report Every Step You Take that document that "consumers are deceived into being tracked when they use Google services. This happens through a variety of techniques, including withholding or hiding information, deceptive design practices, and bundling of services." One of the claims is that Google may be violating the new European GDPR privacy law. UiB has recruited a post-doctoral fellow that will work on decision behavior and choice expriments in the project. His name is Angelo Pirrone. At NTNU the PhD-fellow Patrick Jost started April 1. He will work on serious games. Some findings are published in a report based on two studies with Norwegian citizens about sharing of personal data. Topic 1 – data sharing Forbrukerrådet, January 14.2020). Out of Control. How consumers are exploited by the online advertising industry. https://fil.forbrukerradet.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2020-01-14-out-... Tjostheim, I., Waterworth, J.A. (2020) Predicting personal susceptibility to phishing. In: Rocha, Á., Ferrás, C., Montenegro Marin, C.E., Medina García, V.H. (eds.) ICITS 2020. AISC, vol. 1137, pp. 564–575. Springer, Cham (2020). Toresson L., Shaker M., Olars S., Fritsch L. (2020) PISA: A Privacy Impact Self-assessment App Using Personas to Relate App Behavior to Risks to Smartphone Users. In: Stephanidis C., Antona M. (eds) HCI International 2020 - Posters. HCII 2020. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1226. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50732-9_79 Topic 2 – public concerns about the tech future Tjostheim I., Waterworth J.A. (2020) Inverting the Panopticon to Safeguard Privacy in Ambient Environments: An Exploratory Study. In: Streitz N., Konomi S. (eds) Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions. HCII 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 12203. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50344-4_25 Kalimeri K., Tjostheim I. (2020) Artificial Intelligence and Concerns About the Future: A Case Study in Norway. In: Streitz N., Konomi S. (eds) Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions. HCII 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 12203. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50344-4_20 Vanessa Ayres-Pereira, Angelo Pirrone, Ingvar Tjostheim, Gisela Böhm (2020) Privacy Concern and Privacy-Protective Behavior: The Privacy Paradox in the Context of Mobile Applications, The 6th Society for Risk Analysis - Europe Nordic Chapter conference, Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania. Nordmenn og deling av persondata Topic 3 – Games for privacy awareness and behavior change Erlend Bergen, E., Solberg, D. F., Sæthre, T. H. & Divitini, M. (2020) Supporting the Co-design of Games for Privacy Awareness, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, ISSN 2194-5357, e-ISSN 2194-5365 Jost, P. , Böhm, G. Divitini, M. & Tjostheim, I. (2020) ALerT – Learning about Privacy at the Time of data Sharing Everywhere. The Climate Action, 2020 - ercim-news.ercim.eu. https://ercim-news.ercim.eu/images/stories/EN121/EN121-web.pdf#page=33 Jost, P. & Divitini, M. (2020) The Challenge Game Frame: Affordance oriented Co-Creation of Privacy Decision Games. ECGBL 2020 14th European Conference on Game-Based Learning. ISSN 2049-0992 , e-ISSN 2049-100X Jost, P. (2020) The Quest Game-Frame: Balancing Serious Games for Investigating Privacy Decisions. Proceedings of the 11th Scandinavian Conference on Information Systems (SCIS2020) ISBN: 978-91-88947-82-6 Jost, P. & Divitini, M. (2020) Game elicitation: exploring assistance in delayed-effect supply chain decision making. NordiCHI '20: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society, Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, ISBN: 978-1-4503-7579-5 Jost, P. (2020) Because it is Fun: Investigating Motives of Fake News Sharing with Exploratory Game Quests, Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Cognition and Exploratory Learning in the Digital Age (CELDA 2020) ISBN: 978-989-8704-22-1 Jost, P. (2020) Pedagogical agents: Influences of artificially generated instructor personas on taking chances, NIKT: Norsk IKT-konferanse for forskning og utdanning, ISSN 1892-0713 , e-ISSN 1892-0721 Karen Maria Nyvol (2020) Game Concept: Dark Pattern (a game based on One Night Ultinate Werewolf), Master thesis, NTNU, June 2020. Please contact Senior Research Scientist and project-leader Ingvar Tjostheim (+47 97 57 30 87) for more information.

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There is a saying that goes like “even a broken clock is right twice a day”. In the same spirit, even a QO-100 station, which is installed with a fixed dish aiming to Es’hail 2, can sometimes be used for observing the Moon, as it happens to pass in front of the beam. My station has a 1.2m offset dish with a GPSDO disciplined LNB. There are a few things that can be done when the Moon passes in front of the beam of the dish, such as measuring moon noise (though the increase in noise is only of around 10K with such a small dish), or receiving the 10GHz EME beacon or other EME stations. Therefore, it is interesting to know when these events happen, in order to prepare the observations. I have made a simple Jupyter notebook that uses Astropy to compute the moments when the moon will pass through the beam of the dish (say, closer than 1º to the position of Es’hail 2 in the sky). Of course, the results are highly dependent on the location of the groundstation, so these are only valid for my groundstation and perhaps other groundstations in Madrid. Other people can run this notebook again using their data. It turns out that each year the Moon passes roughly a dozen times in front of the dish beam. The next observation for me is on May 16. The separation in degrees between the centre of the Moon and the centre of the dish beam can be seen in the figure below. This notebook can be used to plan for transits of other astronomical objects, but besides the Moon and the Sun, there are no other objects that are visible at 10GHz with a small dish. It is well known when the Sun passes in front of the beam, since this disturbs communications with GEO satellites. This is called Sun outage and it happens during a few days around the equinoxes (a few weeks sooner or later, depending on the latitude of the station). On the other hand, the transits of the Moon happen throughout the whole year, at rather unpredictable moments, so I think this notebook is quite useful to plan observations. As you may know, I am on a scientific expedition in Antarctica until mid-February. Currently I am in the Spanish base Gabriel de Castilla, where we have relatively good satellite internet access. As I have some free time here, I have updated the DSLWP-B camera planning to reflect the upcoming observations announced by Wei Mingchuan BG2BHC on 2019-02-03 14:30 and 2019-02-04 08:20. As we can see in the figure below, the Earth will be very near to the centre of the image, since there is a new Moon on February 4 (recall that the DSLWP-B camera points away from the Sun, so the Earth is visible on the camera when there is a new Moon, as the Earth is then opposite to the Sun, as seen from the Moon). The observation times have been selected taking into account the orbit around the Moon, so that the Moon is also visible on the image. On February 3 the Moon should be completely visible inside the camera field of view. On the contrary, on February 4, the Moon will only be partially visible inside the frame. The figure below shows the angular distance between the centre of the Earth and the rim of the Moon. This kind of graph can be used to compute the times when the Earth crosses the Moon rim, allowing us to take an “Earthrise” image. There is an Earthrise event on February 4, during the time when the Amateur payload is active. Generally, an image is taken whenever the Amateur payload powers up, but in this case it could be possible to command the payload manually to take an image near the Earthrise event. The figure below shows in detail the Earthrise event, with both edges of the Earth plotted. It seems that a good time to take the Earthrise image is on 2019-02-04 10:00 UTC. It is again the beginning of the month, which means that the Earth will be in view of the Inory eye camera on board DSLWP-B. As usual, I have updated my camera planning notebook to compute the location of the Moon and Earth, as seen from the camera. Wei has already scheduled observations on 2018-12-06 11:20 UTC and 2018-12-07 08:30 UTC. On each of these observations, an image will be taken at the start of the observation and the UHF transmitter will be activated for 2 hours. I have used the 20181128 tracking file from dslwp_dev as orbital state for the calculations. As the date of the observations comes nearer, I might rerun the computations with updated ephemeris data, but this time it doesn’t seem critical to estimate the orbit with precision. In November, there were occultations of the Earth behind the lunar disc, and the times for these depended a lot on the orbital state. In December there will be no occultations, however. The figure below shows the prediction for the camera view in the scheduled observations. On the 6th, the Earth will come close to the edge of the Moon. On the 7th, the Earth will be closest to the camera centre since we started planning and taking images in October. Now that the planned dates are closer, it is good to rerun the calculations with a newer orbital state. It turns out that there has been an important change in the mean anomaly, which shifts all the predictions by a few hours. I have spoken in other occasions about planning the appropriate times to take pictures with the DSLWP-B Inory eye camera. In the beginning of October there was a window that allowed us to take images of the Moon and Earth. A lunar month after this we have new Moon again, so it is an appropriate time to take images with the camera. This time, the Moon will pass nearer to the centre of the image than on October, and at certain times the Earth will hide behind the Moon, as seen from the camera. This opens up the possibility for taking Earthrise pictures such as the famous image taken during the Apollo 8 mission. I have updated my camera planning Jupyter notebook to compute the appropriate moments to take images. The image below shows my usual camera field of view diagram. The vertical axis represents the angular distance in degrees between each object and the centre of the image (Assuming the camera is pointing perfectly away from the Sun. In real life we can have a couple degrees of offset). The red lines represent the limits of the camera field of view, which are measured between the centre and the nearest edge, and between the centre and one corner. Everything between these two lines will only appear if the camera rotation is adequate. Everything below the lower line is guaranteed to appear, regardless of rotation. We see that between November 6th and November 9th there are four times when the camera will be able to image the Earth and the Moon simultaneously. On the 6th it is almost guaranteed that the Earth will appear inside the image, and on the 9th it depends on the orientation of the camera. On the 7th and 8th it is guaranteed that the Earth will be in the image. To compute appropriate times for taking an Earthrise picture, I have made the graph below. This shows the angular distance between the Earth and the rim of the Moon. If the distance is negative, the Earth is hidden by the Moon. We see that the Earth hides behind the lunar disc on each of the four days mentioned above. In the figures below, we zoom in each of the events. In this level of zoom we can plot the “inner” and “outer” Earth rim, so we can see when the Earth is partially hidden by the Moon. On November 6th the situation is the most interesting in my opinion. It turns out the the Earth will not even hide completely between the Moon. In theory, a tiny sliver will remain visible. Also, it will take more time for the Earth to hide behind the Moon and then reappear. As we will see, the next days this will happen faster. Here, it takes 15 minutes for the Earth to hide, and another 15 minutes to reappear. It spends 10 minutes almost hidden. It can be a good idea to take a series of 10 images with an interval of 5 minutes between each image, and spanning from 12:40 UTC to 13:30 UTC, to get a good coverage for this event. On November 7th the Earth goes deeper into the lunar disc, taking 5 minutes to hide, spending 70 minutes hidden, and taking 10 minutes to reappear. On November 8th the Earth goes even deeper into the lunar disc. It takes around 7 minutes to hide, spends 105 minutes hidden and takes 10 minutes to reappear. On November 9th the configuration is quite similar to November 7th, but the hiding speed is slower. It takes 15 minutes to hide, spends 100 minutes hidden and takes 15 minutes to reappear. Overall, I think that the best would be to take a good series of images on November 6th, since this shallow occultation is a rarer event. The challenge will be perhaps to download all the images taken during these days. On average, I think we are downloading around 2 new images per 2 hour activation, taking into account repeats due to lost blocks and dead times. DSLWP-B is able to store 16 images onboard, and every time the UHF transmitter comes on, a new image is taken, overwriting an old image (more information in this post). Thus, if we take many images during these days, we have the danger of overwriting some when trying to download them over the next few days. Perhaps a good strategy is to arrange for a series of 10 images to be taken on the 6th, and then programming the UHF transmitter to take an image as the Earth comes out of its occultation on the 7th, 8th and 9th. In this way, the 2 hour periods of these three days can be used to download some of the images taken on the 6th, and there are still 3 images of margin in the buffer in case something goes wrong during the downloads over the next few days. In my previous post I showed that during the DSLWP-B observation on 2018-10-27 17:20 UTC, the orbit of DSLWP-B would take it behind the Moon. This doesn’t happen every orbit (read as every day, since the orbit period is around 22 hours). It depends on the angle from which the orbit is viewed from Earth, and hence on the lunar phase. Knowing beforehand when DSLWP-B will hide behind the Moon allows to perform radio occultation studies. These consist in measuring the RF signal from DSLWP-B as it gets blocked by the lunar disc. Interesting phenomena such as diffraction can be observed. I have calculated the occultations that will be visible from the Dwingeloo radiotelescope in the remaining part of this year. In my previous post, I wondered about what was the field of view of the Inory eye camera in DSLWP-B. Wei Mingchuan BG2BHC has answered me on Twitter that the field of view of the camera is 14×18.5 degrees. However, he wasn’t clear about whether these figures are measured from the centre of the image to one side or between two opposite sides of the image. I guess that these values are measured from the centre to one side, since otherwise the total field of view of the camera seems too small. Here I measure the field of view of the camera using the image of Mars and Capricornus taken on August 4, confirming that these numbers are measured from the centre of the image to one side, so the total field of view is 28×37 degrees.

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Osteoarthritis is the leading medical condition for which persons use alternative therapies.1 Patients often seek alternative therapies after having side effects or gaining incomplete relief of symptoms with conventional medications. Alternative therapies used for the treatment of osteoarthritis include herbs, supplements, and nondrug modalities such as exercise, physical therapy, acupuncture, and electromagnets. Unlike manufacturers of conventional medications, the herbal and supplement industry is not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA); therefore, supplement composition (i.e., proportion of active ingredient in a preparation) usually varies. Physicians should be familiar with evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of alternative modalities used to treat osteoarthritis, so they can provide their patients with accurate and up-to-date information. Glucosamine sulfate, which is derived from oyster and crab shells, is a popular treatment for osteoarthritis symptoms. In vitro studies2 have shown that glucosamine stimulates cartilage cells to synthesize increased amounts of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycan ground substance. High dosages of glucosamine have been shown to have mild anti-inflammatory effects in animal models.3 No published studies document arthroscopic improvement in arthritic cartilage with glucosamine use in humans. Most human clinical trials4–7 have been relatively short term and have had varied results. A recent meta-analysis, funded by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), concluded that glucosamine may show some efficacy over placebo in relieving painful symptoms.8 [Evidence level A, meta-analysis] A recent Cochrane Review concluded that current evidence from clinical trials (1) does not analyze the long-term effectiveness and toxicity of glucosamine; (2) does not differentiate which joints and which levels of severity of osteoarthritis warrant this therapy; (3) does not differentiate which dosage and route of administration are best; and (4) does not demonstrate whether glucosamine modifies the long-term progression of osteoarthritis.9 [Evidence level B, systematic review of lower-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs)] In addition, 75 percent of the trials analyzed in the Cochrane Review9 used one brand exclusively, thus failing to shed light on the numerous other preparations available. There have been no published studies documenting arthroscopic regeneration of articular cartilage following glucosamine administration. Glucosamine is supplied in tablets and capsules. The usual dosing schedule for glucosamine is 1,500 mg per day in three divided doses9 (Table 1). Research suggests that the supplement must be taken for at least one month before improvement in symptoms can be expected to occur.8 Glucosamine has been shown to be well tolerated, with few significant side effects (mainly gastrointestinal discomfort) compared with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). |Agent||Usual dosage||Side effects of drug interactions| |Glucosamine9||1,500 mg per day in three divided doses||Gastrointestinal discomfort*| |Chondroitin8||1,200 mg per day in three divided doses||Gastrointestinal discomfort| |SAMe17||400 to 1,200 mg per day||Gastrointestinal discomfort, mainly diarrhea| |DMSO31||Daily application of 25% topical gel||Skin rash, pruritus| |Avocado/soybean unsaponifiables34||300 mg per day||None| |Exercise||30 to 60 minutes of low-impact exercise||—| Like glucosamine, chondroitin’s mechanism of action in osteoarthritis may involve both anti-inflammatory properties and substrate provision for proteoglycan synthesis. However, as with glucosamine, the role of substrate provision is theoretic and has not been proved to affect cartilage regeneration or repair. Two recently published meta-analyses indicated that chondroitin may be superior to placebo in reducing the pain of osteoarthritis.8,12 [Reference 12—Evidence level A, meta-analysis] One of these analyses8 cautioned that study results may have been exaggerated by publication bias related to the manufacturer’s sponsorship. The second meta-analysis12 found chondroitin to be superior to placebo in reducing the painful symptoms of osteoarthritis, but researchers cautioned that trials with larger cohorts of patients and over longer periods must be conducted to substantiate these claims. However, these studies suggest that chondroitin improves the symptoms of osteoarthritis. Comparison of chondroitin with NSAIDs has shown that patients with osteoarthritis have fewer gastrointestinal side effects with chondroitin. Chondroitin is well tolerated; it appears to have a slower onset of action but to work longer than NSAIDS.13 Overall, chondroitin may offer a safe alternative in the treatment of the symptoms of osteoarthritis. The usual dosing schedule for chondroitin is 1,200 mg per day in three divided doses (Table 1). As with glucosamine, research indicates that the supplement must be taken for at least one month before any symptom relief occurs.8 The use of glucosamine and chondroitin together for the treatment of osteoarthritis has become extremely popular; however, there is little evidence that this combination is any more effective than either supplement alone.14 A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial15 studied the effect of a combination of glucosamine, chondroitin, and manganese ascorbate on osteoarthritis of the knee and lower back. The combination was given for 16 weeks to 34 men in the United States Navy. A significant improvement was found in subjects who had knee symptoms but not in those with low back symptoms. No significant side effects were reported. Currently, the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), which is part of the NIH, is conducting the Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial (GAIT), which will compare the efficacy of glucosamine, chondroitin, a glucosamine/chondroitin combination, a cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor (celecoxib), and placebo in the treatment of knee pain associated with osteoarthritis. S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is a naturally occurring compound found in all living cells that is commercially produced in yeast-cell cultures. A methyl donor, it is important in methylation reactions that aid in the production of cartilage proteoglycans.16 SAMe has been available by prescription in Europe since 1975, where it is used to treat arthritis and depression.17 A number of studies have found SAMe to be more effective than placebo in improving pain and stiffness related to osteoarthritis.18–22 However, many of these studies were nonrandomized, uncontrolled, and unblinded, and some were flawed statistically. No studies documenting disease arrest or reversal are found in the literature.17 There is, however, some evidence that SAMe is often as effective as NSAIDs, with a lower incidence of side effects.18,21–27 A new agent promoted for osteoarthritis treatment is cetyl myristoleate, a material synthesized from cetyl alcohol and myristoleic acid. The rationale for its use in osteoarthritis stems from the hypothesis that cetyl myristoleate may inhibit the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism and, therefore, decrease production of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Physicians should hesitate to advocate the use of this product until higher-quality clinical evidence has been published. Ginger (Zingiber officinale), obtained from the root of the ginger flower, has been used in Ayurvedic medicine (a traditional Hindu system of medicinal practices using combinations of herbs, purgatives, rubbing oils, etc.) for the treatment of inflammation and rheumatism. It is believed that ginger inhibits prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis.22 A recent randomized trial28 comparing ginger and ibuprofen showed greater efficacy of ibuprofen and no significant difference between ginger and placebo. No side effects or drug interactions have been reported. Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) One study31 conducted in Germany examined the effect of percutaneous treatment with DMSO in patients with osteoarthritis. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, daily use of a 25-percent gel preparation of DMSO for three weeks resulted in improvement in pain symptoms during activity and at rest. These results have not been replicated in any trials in the United States. Side effects include skin rash and pruritus; drug interactions are unknown.29 DMSO is available as a gel, liquid, or roll-on. The element boron plays a key role in the chemical make-up of bones and joints through its effects on calcium metabolism. In areas of the world where dietary boron intake is usually 1 mg or less per day, the estimated incidence of osteoarthritis ranges from 20 to 70 percent, while in areas of the world where boron intake is 3 to 10 mg per day, the incidence of osteoarthritis is only zero to 10 percent.32 Evidence from one small, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial33 suggests that boron supplementation may benefit patients with osteoarthritis. A recent Cochrane review34 focusing on osteoarthritis attempted to identify evidence for several herbal products, including tipi, capsaicin, reumalex, and avocado/soybean unsaponifiables. For the most part, this review found only sparse and insufficient studies of these products. However, avocado/soybean unsaponifiables in a 300-mg daily dosage did reduce NSAID use and provide long-term symptomatic relief in two well-done clinical trials of three and six months. Patients with osteoarthritis of the hip appeared to attain a greater degree of benefit.34 Several systematic reviews of RCTs suggest that exercise and physical therapy result in a reduction of disability and pain in patients with osteoarthritis. However, blinding of such trials is problematic, and the participants in these trials may not have been representative of the general population.35 A 1997 NIH Consensus Statement36 on acupuncture listed osteoarthritis as one of the disorders “for which the research evidence is less convincing but for which there are some positive clinical trials.” Proponents of acupuncture have argued that proper acupuncture modalities were not used in these trials. Although acupuncture has been promoted as a safe therapy, significant infections have occurred, including human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis, as a result of the use of unsterilized needles.37 As shown in in vitro studies, electromagnetic fields stimulate chondrocyte proliferation and increase synthesis of proteoglycan.38,39 Two recent RCTs40,41 of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy for knee osteoarthritis showed this treatment to be superior to placebo in reducing symptoms. More research in this area is needed.

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Bryan Stevenson, executive director of the Equal Justice Initiative, recently surveyed U. S. patterns of violent racial oppression following the end of slavery. Pointing to South Africa, Rwanda, and Germany as countries that, for the sake of healing, confronted their own histories of racial oppression, he called upon America to follow their examples: “We can’t change our past, but we can acknowledge it and better shape our future.” (1) He adds that, “in America, we barely acknowledge the history and legacy of slavery, we have done nothing to recognize the era of lynching, and only in the last few years have a few monuments to the Confederacy been removed in the South.” Stevenson presumably is calling upon Americans both to remember their history of oppressing black people and to fight racism. However, many white people who do acknowledge historical truths are silent as to the outcome and impact of racial oppression. They are the intellectual heirs of many southerners without slaves, northerners who tolerated slavery, and later Americans who went along with lynchings, judicial perversions, and Jim Crow. The question is: why have great numbers of whites in the United States never engaged on the side of justice for black people? White people aspiring to fix racial injustice in the United States are on a rocky road. Woven into the fabric of their society are the mores and practices of capitalism. These bear on human relationships notable for competition, notions of the inevitability of losers, free rein for individual prerogatives, and the measuring stick of monetary worth. When it comes to solidarity with an underclass, a majority of white Americans have usually looked the other way. And white Americans, and maybe blacks, have been leery about challenging their society’s established order, which includes class divisions. They fear repercussions. The idea here is that the association of racial oppression with capitalism led to its becoming a fixture within U. S. society. A survey of both the capitalist nature of slavery and capitalist modes of repression after the Civil War serves to document the use of racial oppression for preserving the capitalist status quo. In both eras, white people readily accepted the kinds of violent racial oppression cited by Mr. Stevenson. Recycling old justifications, later generations continued to abuse black people. The Slavery System A giant entrepreneurial machine was operating in the southwestern U. S. frontier of the early 1800s. Its bare- bones story is of land seized from Native Americans, cotton plantations multiplying, slaves producing cotton, cotton being processed in England, great wealth accumulating, and the wherewithal being created for U. S. industrialization. In 1836 cotton production accounted for “almost half of the economic activity of the United States” and “More than half of all American exports between 1815 and 1860 consisted of cotton,” with almost 80 percent of it heading for Great Britain. (2) Between 1800 and 1860 cotton production increased by a factor of 130; “Planter entrepreneurs … became the richest class of white people in the United States.” (3) Historian Edward Baptist also reports in The Half Has Never Been Told that “two million slaves worth over $1 billion” represented “the biggest pool of collateral” in the United States, “20 percent of private U. S. wealth,” and “the most liquid part of that wealth.” Moreover, profits derived from slavery and cotton production were reinvested to create “the world’s second industrial revolution.” In fact, cotton enabled the United States to develop “the fastest growing economy in the world.” (4) Walter Johnson tells how land “upriver” from New Orleans “was materially subservient to the caprice of speculators in distant markets,” such that, “The cords of credit and debt – of advance and obligation – that cinched the Atlantic economy together were anchored together with the mutually defining values of land and slave: without land and slaves, there was no credit, and without slaves, land itself was valueless.” (5) Lending by the Bank of the United States (BUS) in the lower Mississippi Valley was 16 times greater in 1832 than was the case in 1824. The infusion of capital financed a “massive expansion of the internal slave trade.” The movement of slaves from coastal to southwestern states fueled the “boom times.” Baptist explains that, “The well-connected [Isaac] Franklin firm drew up to $40,000 at a time from the BUS to buy slaves in the East …[A]bout 5 percent of all the commercial credit handled by the BUS in 1831-35 passed through … this single slave partnership.” (6) Modern and Worldwide South Carolina’s senator John C. Calhoun was the lead ideologist for slavery and cotton interests. Baptist credits Calhoun’s theories as being “modern, tailored to a market economy.” Calhoun measured “people as factors of production” and “believed that entrepreneurs should be able to wield private property without restraint.” “Enslavers … saw themselves as … running a highly successful innovative sector of the world economy.” (7) Historian Sven Beckert describes a gala event in Manchester, England. The celebrating Chamber of commerce members had created “a global web of agriculture, commerce, and industrial production. Merchants brought raw cotton from around the world and took it to British factories, home to two thirds of the world’s cotton spindles. An army of workers spun than cotton into thread and wove it into finished fabrics; then dealers sent those wares out to the world’s markets.” (8) Beckert’s book, Empire of Cotton, is about the “rise and fall of the European – dominated empire of cotton. But because of the centrality of cotton, its story is also the story of the making and remaking of global capitalism and with it if the modern world.” It “offers a history of capitalism in action.” (9) He notes that, “enterprising entrepreneurs and powerful statesmen in Europe recast the world’s most significant manufacturing industry by combining imperial expansion and slave labor with new machines and wage workers.“ Actually, “cotton made possible both the birth of capitalism and its subsequent reinvention.” Beckert maintains that, “It was on the back of cotton, and thus on the back of slaves, that the US economy ascended in the world.” (10) The modern historians were echoing Karl Marx, that most serious student of capitalism. “Direct slavery is just as much the pivot of bourgeois industry as machinery, credits, etc.,” Marx wrote in 1846; “Without slavery you have no cotton; without cotton you have no modern industry. It is slavery that has given the colonies their value; it is the colonies that have created world trade, and it is world trade that is the pre-condition of large-scale industry.” Marx later remarked that “[T]he slave-holding states in the United States of North America . . . are associated with a world market based on capitalist production.” And, “The fact that we now not only call the plantation owners in America capitalists, but that they are capitalists, is based on their existence as anomalies within a world market based on free labor.” (11) “Free” Blacks Kept in Check As W. E. B. Dubois reported in his Black Reconstruction, “The slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward slavery.” (12) Southern landowners, eager to restore the cotton economy, reasserted control. They improvised, because now they had to cope with laborers seeking wages or land of their own to farm. The former Confederate elite worried that black workers might follow the path of white northern counterparts who were then agitating for better lives. During Reconstruction, formerly enslaved blacks had already asserted themselves politically. White political leaders responded by inflaming racial prejudice in order to facilitate repression. Northern politicians, the media, and other opinion-shapers launched a virulent anti-black propaganda campaign in order to subjugate blacks and, not least, to ward off incipient black – white unity in labor struggles. Studies show that racist attitudes can be turned off and on. Writing in 1948, sociologist Oliver Cromwell Cox holds that U. S. race relations “are definitely not caste relations. They are labor – capital – profits relationships.” (13) For analyst Adolph Reed Jr., race is a “social category.” (14) Reed cites the example of amicable relations between white indentured servants and the relatively few African slaves working in 18th century Virginia. Governmental rules differentiating the two groups were lacking, that is, until colonial authorities applied repressive regulations solely to African slaves. They did so because fewer indentured servants were arriving, plantations were requiring more labor, and poor whites were restive. Later, as U. S. slavery peaked, slave-owners cut back on racist rhetoric and provocations; they already possessed ample power over their slaves, quite enough for forcing slaves to produce and for warding off rebellions. (15) Cox explains the outburst of racism after slavery’s end: “[I]n the United States the race problem developed out of the need of the planter class, the ruling class, to keep the freed Negro exploitable. To do this, the ruling class had to do what every ruling class had to do; that is, develop mass support of the policy. Race prejudice was and is the convenient vehicle … Race prejudice in the United States is the socio-attitudinal matrix supporting a calculated and determined effort of a white ruling class to keep some people or peoples of color and their resources exploitable.” (16) Stevenson calls upon white people to acknowledge the truth about racial oppression and to act accordingly. But he may find few takers. Many white Americans, including political leaders, harbor underlying suspicions that actions taken to achieve real equality for black people may somehow be destabilizing. For them, such initiatives may contain the seeds of a resistance carrying the potential for shaking up the established, or capitalist, order of things. And, Americans in great numbers, blacks and whites alike, identity with economic expansion, gratification of individual initiative, and possibilities for accumulation, all hallmarks of U. S. capitalism. Violent racial oppression may have gotten a pass from the fact that its tenure in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries coincided with the U. S. economic and political rise in the world. Capitalism’s association with racial oppression says a lot about how to end it. Resistance informed by moral outrage, or dedication to human rights, has achieved much, but not enough; black people are still being exploited and oppressed. Such victimization will only end, it seems, when the basics of the exploitative capitalist system change. To the point: let horror at the brutalities of an overarching system dedicated to greed be joined with horror at the slave’s suffering, at a police shooting of a black man, at the black defendant railroaded to prison. The time is now for carrying out the fight to end racial oppression within the framework of a larger struggle, the one to replace capitalism. Addendum: How one family tolerated, and carried out, racial oppression Putting out his call for acknowledging and taking responsibility, Bryan Stevenson could have been speaking directly to my own family. We are whites and most family members have neither spoken out against racial injustice nor dealt with ancestors’ leading roles in perpetrating the worst abuses of slavery. The mother of my maternal grandfather was the great niece of the slave trader Isaac Franklin, mentioned above. She was the foster daughter of John Armfield, Franklin’s slave –trading partner. When he died in 1846, Isaac Franklin, the South’s wealthiest man, owned six plantations in Louisiana (one would become Angola Prison); another in Gallatin, Tennessee; hundreds of slaves; and thousands of acres in Texas. According to Smithsonian Magazine, “Franklin & Armfield put more people on the market than anyone—perhaps 25,000—broke up the most families and made the most money. About half of those people boarded ships in Washington or Norfolk, bound for Louisiana, where Franklin sold them. The other half walked from the Chesapeake to the Mississippi River, 1,100 miles.” (17) The Franklin & Armfield firm maintained its headquarters and a “slave pen” in Alexandria, Virginia. On his father’s side, my grandfather was the grandson of someone who migrated from Harford County, Maryland to Mississippi where, in the early 19th century, he became a planter, merchant, and land speculator. Other Harford County people, related by marriage to my own family, did likewise. They were joining in on the national project of making good in the Mississippi Valley. - Edward E. Baptist, The Half Has Never Been Told, (Basic Books, NY, 2014), 322; Sven Beckert, Empire of Cotton, (Vintage Books, NY, 2015), 119 - Baptiste, op. cit., 142-143 - , 245, 312, 113 - Walter Johnson, River of Dark Dreams, (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA and London, 2013), 2, 87 - Baptiste, op. cit., 238-239 - , 300 -301, 346 - Beckert, cit., ix - , xi, xv - , xi, xx,119 - The excerpts from Marx are taken from his The Poverty of Philosophy: A Reply to M. Proudhon’s Philosophy of Poverty, Grundrisse, and Theories of Surplus Value, Part III. They appear together at http://www.sojournertruth.net/marxslavery.pdf - E. B. Dubois, Black Reconstruction in America, (The Free Press /Simon & Schuster, New York, 1998), 30 - Oliver Cromwell Cox, Race: a Study in Social Dynamics, (Monthly Review Press, NY, 2000), 21 (“published previously as the final section (Chapter 16 – 25) of the author’s “Caste, Class, and Race,” 1948) - Cox, op. cit., 170 - , 170

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It’s been a few months since I’ve shared some original intervention ideas for mental health. Within the music therapy world, we don’t often have the opportunity to share ideas and build off of one another. I think it’s important to create a resource for other music therapists to see each other’s work and ideas, which is the purpose of my Ideas & Resources page. Any of my ideas below, I give you permission to use because it is important that we support one another. Plus, I often find that I need inspiration and new ideas to spark my own creativity when I’m feeling burnt out on particular session plans and interventions. For those of you who aren’t MTs, consider this an inside look as to what some music therapy groups look like and their purposes. INTERVENTION RESOURCE #11 “Draw What You Hear“ Goals: To increase creative expression; self-awareness; communication skills Intervention: I begin this session by asking patients to rate themselves on their ability to listen. I prompt them with instructions to listen to 6 different instrumental songs of varying styles and sounds, each for approximately 3 minutes. I provide each patient with a worksheet, divided into 6 rectangles. I instruct them to take time to listen to the music and to either draw, write, or journal things they hear within the music (using one rectangle for each song). Since the music is instrumental, this idea is more abstract and uses imagination and close listening. Patients are provided with coloring/writing utensils and informed that there are no “correct” ways to go about this exercise. Patients are asked to be quiet and respectful throughout the exercise. Considerations: Consider choosing instrumental songs that are mainstream enough that capture patients’ attention, but are not distracting or overly familiar (e.g. Pierrot Lunaire would not be appropriate or comforting). Some suggestions include score music from Disney Pixar movies (I am quite partial to “Define Dancing” from Wall-E) and other familiar orchestral works like Gershwin’s “Rhapsody in Blue”, Copland’s “Fanfare for the Common Man” and the like. Adaptations: This is an idea that I came across a few years ago but have no idea where from. I first used this idea with pediatrics for creative expression but realized it is an important exercise for adults in psychiatric care. Simply choose age-appropriate and complex music to make this a worthwhile exercise. I would not use this with adults actively responding to internal stimuli (hallucinations, delusions) or with a history of dementia. [Or, I would adapt appropriately and change the takeaway and goals of the intervention]. Takeaway: After patients conclude listening to the excerpts, I then ask them to share what they came up with. Each patient takes a turn sharing, and often sparks comments or conversations between peers about the work they created. Facilitate this into a conversation about how we each hear and perceive the same information differently. Ask them to assess their listening skills compared to others in the room and how this might speak to some of their relationships or they kind of listeners they seek in their lives. We end by circling back to their assessment of their listening skills and leave with the question of what they could do to be a stronger listener. INTERVENTION RESOURCE #12 “Hand[s] in [Our] Pocket[s]“ Goals: To increase self-awareness, emotional expression, autonomy, self-esteem Intervention: This intervention relies heavily on a crowd-favorite, “Hand in My Pocket” by Alanis Morissette. I begin this session by asking patients to think of things they consider to be “in their control” and “out of their control”. I use an activity handout found in the resource Life Management Skills VI by Kathy L. Korb-Khalsa & Estelle A. Leutenberg that is in the shape of a blank hand. I ask patients to list the things that are in their control inside the hand, and things that are outside of their control outside of the hand. We then brainstorm a group version of this list and write it down on the whiteboard. I transition into a lyric analysis of the song, “Hand in My Pocket”, which includes themes of acceptance, moving forward, change, and control. I then give patients a lyric substitution worksheet and encourage them to think of their own version of a verse of the song, asking them to first identify something that is out of their control, and then something that is in their control as their way to cope. Example: “I’m broke but I’m happy” might be re-written as “I’m hurt but I’m coping”. Here’s a version of one group’s substitution. Considerations: Patients often focus on their challenges and write two negatives in a row (e.g. “I’m broke but I’m unemployed”), so be sure to stress that they write the challenge first and then the way in which they’re coping with that challenge (“I’m broke but I’m loved”). Adaptations: Have the patients write a group version of the lyric substitution to relieve the pressure of coming up with 6 of their own re-written lines of the song. This allows patients to determine only one line of the song within a group version. Takeaway: Patients leave with a sense of self-worth and are often extremely proud of the group collaboration on their lyric substitution. It also challenges them to consider things that are within their control and aspects of their life they have the ability to change. *This is by far my favorite session plan at the moment! INTERVENTION RESOURCE #13 Goals: To decrease isolation, increase group cohesion, listening and communication skills Intervention: Currently, I use this idea on our geriatric unit as a way to reminisce about being in a band/choir or taking music lessons. For those who did grow up involved in music, it is a nice way to revisit that feeling of being in an ensemble, and for those who do not, it’s a way to be included in something they hadn’t tried before. I use the West Music desk handbells and structure the group around playing simple, familiar tunes. I set up the “music” by using color and letter coded squares that correspond to the handbells on the whiteboard with magnet tape on the back. This allows me to rearrange the notes as needed and are easy to read based on either the color or the note name. I guide patients through reading the music on the board, practicing the song a couple of times, and choosing other songs to play. No matter their skill level, this always turns out well! Considerations: Choose music that is basic and familiar enough that patients can easily follow along. Try not to choose music that is too young, but stick to standards. There often may not be time enough to teach about basic rhythm, so songs that have familiar or simple rhythm is also helpful. Make sure patients are also successfully arranged within the room so that they can see the music on the board! Adaptations: Alter your choir as needed depending on the skill level or number of patients in the group. If you have advanced patients, have patients be in charge of two bells! Takeaway: Playing within an ensemble gives the patients a sense of meaning and purpose. It challenges them to listen to one another and recognize each bell’s purpose within the choir. Often this intervention can lead to great discussions about communication and listening skills. INTERVENTION RESOURCE #14 Goals: To increase positive coping skills, self-awareness, creative expression Intervention: This is another resource that I picked out from one of the Life Management Skills book. I liked this particular worksheet because it incorporated the idea of using music to cope paired with positive affirmations. I begin this session by leading a discussion about music as a coping skill and the benefits of music. I then guide patients through brainstorming some of the music they connect with and enjoy using to relax or to cope. I give them space to write down either a list of songs they would include on a relaxation, or “stress-free” CD/playlist, or encourage them to design the album artwork for such a CD (I also provide a list of suggested songs they can use or to spark their memory). The second part is to identify positive affirmations that they could tell themselves as they listen to their chosen music. Questions I might ask are, “What do you need to hear the most when you listen to this music?” or “What is a mantra you could repeat during a particular song to further your relaxation”? Afterwards, I allow patients to share anything they identified or created. I close the session with a brief guided breathing and music to further the example of music, coping, and relaxation. Considerations: Patients will range in their attention and/or time with this exercise. By providing a suggested list of songs, patients who need more structure have something to guide them. An important consideration is those patients who hide behind their music. I have had patients who use music as a detriment to their health and their relationships. In one case, I suggested the patient create a list of songs that would encourage her to engage with the world. We changed her exercise to creating a”motivation playlist” where she could positively affirm herself so that by the end of the CD, she would get out of her music listening habits and engage in her relationships without hiding behind her music. Adaptations: There are many different things you could do with these brainstormed lists. If you have the ability, you could provide actual CDs on which they could design album artwork. You could also create mix CDs for them based on their lists if you have the appropriate resources and permission. Takeaway: Patients have the freedom for creative expression in writing, drawing, and brainstorming their ideas for this worksheet. It also gives them the opportunity to discuss their music preferences with you, the MT, and their peers. It also challenges them to reconsider the ways in which they already use music in their lives and how it can be an even more productive coping skill. Extra: Songs I’m currently enjoying for Lyric Analyses (*some new, some old!) - I’m Not the Man – Ben Folds - Hold On – Wilson Phillips - Burning Gold – Christina Perri - Man in the Mirror – Michael Jackson - Waiting for My Life to Begin – Colin Hay

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This article was written by Oilprice.com -- the leading provider of energy news in the world. Also check out these recent articles: - Chinese Regulator Warns about Credit Risks of Coal Companies - Reports of Coal's Death Have Been Greatly Exaggerated - China's Bold $10 Billion Investment in Nigerian Hydrocarbons The Chinese believe that they can achieve their objective of acquiring islands throughout the South and East China Seas without a fight. It worked against the Philippines. If they try the same strategy against Japan over the Senkaku Islands, they just may get a bloody surprise. The Reference to the "String of Pearls" first appeared in a 2005 intelligence report about the emergence of China as a regional power. The String of Pearls is a number of Chinese built port facilities in Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Pakistan and were constructed by Chinese state owned corporations. That is to say that they were built under Chinese government direction. The Chinese insist that they are strictly commercial operations, while the United States, India, and Japan are convinced that they will eventually be transformed into military advanced positions for what is seen as a rival emerging naval power, but that is unlikely. There is a very remote chance that China will position military forces far from the homeland where they cannot be supported in a time of crisis and in countries that could undergo regime and attitude changes abruptly. Beyond that problem, not many of the host countries will permit China to maintain military forces in their territory. An alliance with China would make the host a potential target should China become involved in a military conflict. The real threat from China comes from the Paracel Islands near Vietnam or Scarborough Shoal 190 kilometers west of Subic Bay in the Philippines. A map that was published by China in 1951 and presented to the United Nations in 2009 declares these to be Chinese territory. Chinese claims encompass two million square kilometers of the South China Sea. If China were to achieve its objective, the South China Sea would become a Chinese lake and China would become the gatekeeper between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The Paracels were seized by the Chinese in 1974 after a brief skirmish with the South Vietnamese Navy. It was only in June of 2012 that China established Sansha City on Woody Island as the administrative capital of the Paracel and Spratly Islands. On January 21, 2014, a 5,000 ton patrol boat began regular patrols from a newly established base on Woody Island. Included in its patrol area is Scarborough Shoal that was abandoned by the Philippine Navy on June 15 2012 to a superior Chinese naval force after a brief encounter. Unlike the Paracels, the Chinese seizure of the shoal was accomplished through simple intimidation without a shot fired. The success of the strategy has prompted Beijing to look at the event as a model for future actions that have been labeled as "extended coercion." The chart that was presented to the United Nations as China's counter argument against Vietnam and the Philippines was drawn long before Beijing was interested in oil and gas deposits and long before China had a navy that could enforce Chinese claims over the far-flung islands. What is revealed in the vague charts is an awareness of China's vulnerable underbelly that was the means by which foreigners invaded the country. The Paracel Islands and the Scarborough Shoal are bricks in what is the construction of a new Great Wall of China. Like the first wall that was designed to block a land invasion, the new marine wall is intended to protect China from attacks on its weak underbelly. Geography has given China natural barriers to shield it from land invasions. Through the control of the four non-Han Chinese regions of Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet, China can secure the heartland from attacks from Russia, the western steppes, India or Southeast Asia; and Beijing is strengthening its hold over the vital buffer states by moving Han Chinese into the regions. For many centuries, the natural barriers made China into an isolated island where it had the opportunity to nurture a unique civilization, but isolation will no longer shield the society in an age of modern technology. China will have to do what Japan did more than a hundred and fifty years ago when it opted to adopt the strength of the foreigners to equal them. Deng Xiaoping Started China along that course when he began the industrialization of the country. The new strategy requires China to become international in its outlook. Like Japan and all other industrial states, China relies upon the outside world to provide the markets for its goods and the natural resources to feed the industries and the people. Eighty percent of Chinese commerce is carried by ships that transit through the South and the East China Seas. To reach Chinese ports, the ships pass between a chain of islands that extend between Okinawa and the Philippines and between Indonesia and Singapore. Who controls those islands determines whether they are a trap for China or a barrier against an invasion. The United States Navy since 1945 has assured the freedom of the open seas to the benefit of all nations engaged in international commerce. 5.3 trillion dollars in trade passes through the South China Sea; and China, more than most, has benefited from American control of the seas. In spite of the benefits, Beijing sees that their economic survival depends upon the good will of a potential enemy. This fear has been made more real by the introduction of the new American pivot to Asia that includes the strategy of Air-Sea Battle, which requires the establishment of air and naval bases from Hawaii to India, the introduction of new weapon systems and strengthens alliances with Japan, Australia, India, and Vietnam as well as the Philippines and Singapore. China views the strategy as a method of containment that must be overcome. The commissioning of China's first aircraft carrier Liaoning in 2012 was a conspicuous move by China to create the image of the country as a major military power to impress the smaller neighbors, to inflate the national pride and to provide a training platform for the expansion of a carrier force. The military has been growing by ten percent per annum with emphasis upon naval and air forces as a part of their strategy of access denial to potential enemies. If China could base its coastal defenses on the chain of islands, hostile naval forces could be kept far from the mainland. The U.S. carrier forces allows American power to remain outside of the non-Chinese controlled islands and beyond the reach of Chinese anti-ship defenses from where it can block the passage of ships through the South and East China Seas. American control of the sea lanes gives it the means to cut the vital link between Chinese factories and stomachs with the world outside. In spite of years of rapid development, the Chinese navy lacks the strength to challenge the U.S. Navy on the open seas. However much bravado the Chinese display, they seek to attain their objectives without engaging in a shooting war with a major power; and believe that they can. That is the lesson that Beijing learned from the incident in 1974 when the American naval forces refused to assist their Vietnamese ally or in June 2012 when the U.S. declined to take a position on the side of the Philippines. The lesson is that American interest is restricted to insuring that freedom of the seas is maintained in the Commons and not to become embroiled in every territorial squabble; and that is to China's advantage. Even in the case of the Senkaku, Washington has expressed its determination to defend Japan, if Japan is attacked, but Washington has not acknowledged the Japanese ownership of the islands. What Scarborough Shoal taught Beijing is how to apply pressure without employing a level of force that would provoke the United States to intervene. American ships will not fire upon a cluster of Chinese fishing boats in waters where they do not belong or upon an oil rig drilling in a neighbor's waters. These are matters better left to the parties involved to resolve peacefully. Among the various territories in dispute, it is the Senkaku Islands that are in the headlines and it is these islands where there is little room for compromise. When China and Japan in 1972 were settling the problems left from World War II, the question of the Senkaku was left for a future generation to resolve. Tokyo knew that the islands were Japanese and Beijing was unable to enforce Chinese claims of ownership. A drunken Chinese Fishing boat captain in 2010 changed the minor issue of the islands into a crisis. The captain rammed two Japanese patrol vessels and was arrested, which sparked outrage in China. Anti-Japanese riots and the cut off of rare earth shipments to Japan forced Tokyo to release the captain who returned home a national hero. In Japan, nationalists treated Japan's release of the captain as a humiliation. Governor Shintaro Ishihara of Tokyo, who has built his political career upon an outspoken promotion of nationalism, started a program to purchase the islands in order to establish a physical Japanese presence on them. Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda in September 2012 saw the move of the nationalists as a provocation of the Chinese that he could thwart by having the government purchase the islands from the private Japanese owner. What was intended to defuse an explosive situation was treated in Beijing as the Japanese nationalization of a Chinese island. Since the days of the drunken captain, the Chinese have been sending fleets of fishing boats with patrol boats into Senkaku waters. Each time, Japanese Coast Guard boats are forced to drive them away. Over a one year period, the Chinese Coast Guard intruded fifty-nine times into Senkaku waters and has been stretching the resources of the Japanese Coast Guard to its limits. Chinese military aircraft are being sent to the edge of the Japanese air defense identification zone. The Japanese scramble fighters to intercept and the Chinese aircraft always change course just on the edge of the zone. On two occasions, Chinese armed vessels activated their weapon systems against a Japanese helicopter and against a Japanese ship. The Japanese simply filed protests with Beijing about the provocation. The surprise came on November 24 2013 when China declared the creation of an Air Defense Identification Zone. Twenty zones exist around the world under the control of the United States, Canada, the UK, Norway, Japan, and South Korea. They have no real standing under international law, but are widely accepted as a means of regulating air traffic. The Chinese zone is different. It overlaps the zones of Japan and South Korea and extends over territory that is claimed by Japan and by South Korea. The declaration of the zone came when Vice President Joseph Biden was to visit Beijing. It was Scarborough Shoal again. Without risking any losses, Xi Jinping could posture without taking any risk; and he was rewarded for his audacity. Washington refused to recognize the zone for military flights while advising commercial aircraft to comply with Chinese demands. Without expending any resources beyond talk, China gained partial recognition of its claim from the United States. The Japanese refuse to acknowledge the zone. On January 24, 2014, the Chinese raised the temperature again. They are demanding that military aircraft report when they enter the zone. They claim that verbal warnings have been given to aircraft violating the zone, but did not specify to which aircraft the warnings were given or when. Neither did Beijing explain what would be done if their demands are ignored in the They Chinese are not eager to start a war, but they do want to secure a vital brick in their new wall and are seeing the opportunity slipping away. Driven in good part by the Chinese growing assertiveness, the nationalists in Japan are calling for an expansion of the military to counter the threat. The submarine force is to be increased from sixteen to twenty-two. The helicopter carrier ships are to expand from two to four, and Japan will be adding the F35 jet fighter and is adding a new unit of marines to their army and are supplying Vietnam with patrol boats to counter Chinese encroachment into their waters. Already, Japan has a formidable military that has the most advanced weapons available. In a few more years, Japan will be even more capable of defending its interests at home and abroad where they are beginning to collide with the Chinese in Africa. The nationalists in Japan have made the Senkaku Islands a point of national pride. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who has been an advocate for the development of the Japanese military, has introduced into the public schools the order to have Japanese students taught that the islands are Japanese. He is making it impossible for the government to abandon the claim. If Beijing intends to acquire the Senkaku Islands to add to their wall, they will have to move quickly before Japan expands the military bases on nearby Okinawa and acquires the more advanced weapons that are planned. The question is if the lesson of Scarborough Shoal that worked against the far weaker Philippine Navy can be applied to the Japanese. Extended coercion may prove to be the trigger to an unexpected and unwanted fight that the Japanese just might win and lead to the third humiliation of China by Japan. Xi Jinping has to think about that very carefully.

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Search the Community Showing results for tags '555 timer'. The 555 timer is a medium-sized integrated circuit developed by Signetics in 1972 to replace mechanical timers. It is named after the input is designed with three 5kΩ resistors. This circuit later became popular in the world. At present, there are four popular products: two BJTs: 555, 556 (with two 555); two CMOS: 7555, 7556 (containing two 7555). The 555 Timer is a mid-scale integrated device that combines analog and digital functions. It is called 555, which is usually fabricated by bipolar (TTL) process. It is called 7555 by complementary metal oxide (CMOS) process. In addition to single timer, there is corresponding double timer 556/7556. Its power supply voltage range is wide and can operate from 4.5V to 16V, the 7555 can operate from 3 to 18V, and the output drive current is approximately 200mA, so its output is compatible with TTL, CMOS or analog circuit levels. The 555 chip is an extremely versatile chip with up to hundreds of different applications including time-base timing or switching and voltage controlled oscillators and regulators. For those who have been exposed to digital or analog circuits, the 555 chip is definitely a classic. With its low cost and reliable performance, it is widely used in various electrical appliances, including instrumentation, household appliances, electric toys, and automatic control. Its various pin functions are as follows: Pin 1: external power supply negative terminal VSS or ground, under normal grounding. Pin 2: Low trigger terminal TL, this pin voltage is valid when it is less than 1/3 VCC. Pin 3: output OUT. Pin 4: directly clear the terminal RST. When this terminal is connected to a low level, the time base circuit does not work. At this time, regardless of the level of TL and TH, the time base circuit output is “0”, and the terminal should be connected to a high level during normal operation. Pin 5: CO is the control voltage terminal. If the pin is externally connected, the reference voltage of the two internal comparators can be changed. When the pin is not used, the pin should be grounded into a 0.01μF (103) ceramic capacitor to prevent high frequency interference. Pin 6: High trigger terminal TH, this pin is valid when the voltage is greater than 2/3 VCC. Pin 7: discharge end. This terminal is connected to the collector of the discharge tube T and serves as a discharge pin for the capacitor at the time of the timer. Pin 8: external power supply VCC, bipolar time base circuit VCC range is 4.5 -16V, CMOS type time base circuit VCC range is 3-18V, generally 5V. Have an awesome project in mind using some LEDs. In that project I will be using some LED Fading Effect and few LED Chaser Circuits. But before jumping onto that, I thought I should create a short tutorial and show you guys how to fade a LED with or without an Arduino automatically or manually using a potentiometer. Video: https://youtu.be/IIUsdICycOw Sponsors This video is sponsored by PCBWay. PCBway: only $5 for 10 pcbs from https://www.pcbway.com/?from=CZcouple PCBWay specialize in manufacturing of very high quality, low-volume, colored PCBs at a very budgetary price. In addition to the standard PCBs, you can also order Advanced PCBs, Aluminum PCBs, FPC/Rigid-flex PCBs. They also provide PCB assembly and other related service which can meet your needs to the greatest extent. The ordering process from PCBWay is very easy. Once I had my design ready, I just had to upload the gerber file to the PCBWay's website and select the type, color and any other customization that I want and then just send it for fabrication. For my project, I choose the black color. PCBWay ships from china to most of the countries of the world within 3 to 7 business days. Talking about the quality, its absolutely mind-blowing. Without Arduino Lets first create the fader circuit without an Arduino. The base of this circuit is an operational amplifier IC named LM358. In this circuit, initially, the LED slowly glows with increasing brightness & after reaching its maximum brightness, the LED slowly dims its brightness and the process continues. Automatic Fading Components Required For the Non-Arduino bit we need: 1 x LM358 IC 1 x BC547 Transistor 1 x 0.47µF Capacitor 2 x 4.7KΩ Resistors 1 x 22KΩ Resistor 1 x 10KΩ Resistor 1 x 4.7MΩ Resistor 1 x 220Ω Resistor 1 x LED and a 9V Battery How This Circuit Works To get the fading effect we need to generate a series of triangular waves. Because of the triangular waves, the LED starts glowing slowly and then slowly dims off and the cycle continues. This setup is done using the LM358 IC. LM358 is a dual operational amplifier (Op-Amp) IC, integrated with two op-amps powered by a common power supply. Pins 1, 2, and 3 are one op-amp channel, and pins 5, 6, and 7 are the 2nd op-amp channel. As the capacitor charges and discharges the state of the PIN 3 switches from high to low and based on that the PIN 2 of the op-amp obtains the desire output. If you want to know more about this IC, please check out my "Tutorial No 21 : DIY - IR Module" : https://youtu.be/_M8FQIPi1qk. So, basically the op-amp here is used for voltage level detection. In this circuit, we are applying a voltage on positive pin (PIN-3) and the voltage to be detected is applied at negative pin (PIN-2). The transistor acts as a signal amplifier. You will need this if you are attaching a cluster of LEDs however for just 1 LED you can simply remove it. The Board So, this is how my board looks like in 2D and 3D. There are 15 breakout-boards in this 100cm x 100cm assembly. Component Assembly Now, lets solder all the components to the board. Lets first solder all the resistances to the board. Then lets solder the transistor followed by the capacitor to the board. After that lets solder the LED and the female pin header. To conclude the setup, lets solder the IC base and then install the IC into it. Demo So, this is how it looks like. Good thing about LEDs is that they can be easily controlled as compared to the traditional light bulbs. Which means you can easily change their intensity based on your need. Just by making a slight modification to this circuit you can change the brightness of a LED Lamp when someone walks in or out of a room. Manual Fading Using PWM Now, if you want to get the same dimming effect but want to manually control the intensity, you will have to find a way to modulate the pulse sent to the LED or group of LEDs using a potentiometer. I am going to do this by generating PWM Signals. What is PWM? Pulse Width Modulation, or PWM, is a technique for getting analog results with digital means. PWM value varies from 0 to 255. The bigger the value of PWM, the brighter the LED is and vice versa. - If PWM = 0, it is same as GND, so the LED will be OFF - If PWM = 255, it is same as VCC, so the LED will be fully ON To get varying analog values, you change, or modulate, that pulse-width. If you repeat this on-off pattern fast enough with an LED, the result is as if the signal is a steady voltage between 0 and 5v controlling the brightness of the LED. In this setup, we are going to use the 555 Timer IC in Astable mode (A free-running multivibrator that has NO stable states but switches continuously between two states this action produces a train of square wave pulses at a fixed known frequency) to generate the PWM Signals. 555 Timer IC will vary the voltage delivered to the LEDs to achieve the Dimming effect of the LED. Components Required For this setup we need: 1 x 555 Timer IC 1 x LED 1 x 220Ω Resistor 2 x 1N4007 Diodes 1 x 50KΩ Potentiometer 1 x 10nF Capacitor 1 x 100nF Capacitor and a 5V Battery How This Circuit Works Based on the charging and discharging timings of the Capacitor, a PWM Signal is generated at PIN 3 (OUT PIN) of the 555 Timer IC. The output is then sent to the LED to produce the dimming effect. Demo So, this is how it looks like. By rotating the knob of the 10K Pot we can adjust the brightness of the connected LED. With Arduino Now, lets repeat these setups using an Arduino. The beauty of Arduino is that it has 6 digital pins that can be used as PWM outputs (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11). PWM signals are sent using the analogWrite() function by passing a value between 0 - 255. - analogWrite(255) requests a 100% duty cycle (always on), - and analogWrite(127) is a 50% duty cycle (on half the time), and so on. Components Required For this setup we need: Arduino UNO/Nano whatever is handy 1 x Breadboard 1 x LED 1 x 220Ω Resistor 1 x 10KΩ Potentiometer Automatic Fading Connect the positive leg of your LED to the digital output PIN9 of your Arduino through a 220Ω resistor. Connect the negative leg directly to the GND. That it, that's how simple it is. The Code After declaring PIN 9 as LedPin, and setting up the pinMode in the setup() section, we are going to loop through and dim the LED in the loop section. By gradually increasing the PWM value from 0 to 255, and then back to 0 we can get the fading effect. In this sketch, the PWM value is set using a variable called 'brightness'. Each time in the loop, it increases by the value of the variable 'fadeAmount'. If brightness is at either extreme of its value (either 0 or 255), then 'fadeAmount' is changed to its negative. So, if the fadeAmount is 5, then it is set to -5 and if it is -5, then it is set to 5. The next time through the loop, this change causes brightness to change its direction. A delay is added to control the speed of the fading effect. Demo So, this is how it looks like. Manual Fading Connect the positive leg of your LED to the digital output PIN6 of your Arduino through a 220Ω resistor. Connect the negative leg directly to the GND. Connect the left (or right) pin of the 50KΩ PoT to VCC and then connect the right (or left) pin of the PoT to the GND. Now, connect the 'data' pin of your potentiometer to the Analog PIN 'A0' of the Arduino. In this circuit, the potentiometer is working as a voltage divider. One of the outer pins is connected to the GND, the other to Vcc and the middle pin is the voltage output. The wiper position in this setup determines the output voltage. Now, lets have a look at the code. The Code Based on my setup, I set the LedPin as 6 and Potentiometer pin Pot as A0. Another variable 'Knob' is used to read and store the value of the potentiometer. pinMode of the LedPin is set to OUTPUT and we don't need to do anything for the PoT as its default value is already set as input. In the 'loop()' section I am first reading the value of the PoT using the 'analogRead()' function and then mapping its value between 1 to 255. A potentiometer intakes a value between 1 and 1024, but in our setup it has to be between 1 to 255. The 'map()' function divides the value read from the potentiometer into equal intervals of 1/255, which is then sent to the LED using the 'analogWrite()' function. Demo So, this is how it looks like. Thanks Thanks again for checking my post. I hope it helps you. If you want to support me subscribe to my YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/tarantula3 Full Blog Post: https://diy-projects4u.blogspot.com/2021/02/led-fader-with-or-without-arduino.html Video: https://youtu.be/IIUsdICycOw Gerber File: 1. Gerber : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1w1hHZBFsXQR74ZTn04097awaAUqMndJi/view?usp=sharing The Code: 1. Automatic Fading : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hab3sISIlurrPQBat80OLb90RXqQKzLZ/view?usp=sharing 2. Manual Fading Using PoT : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TzXdVO5lVjPNaw_NPSUexIye3WZGJ6cj/view?usp=sharing Sketches: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_WtmESof7kSyuJ_cmkkFZ8E8mdQXl3Z9/view?usp=sharing BTC: 1M1PdxVxSTPLoMK91XnvEPksVuAa4J4dDp LTC: MQFkVkWimYngMwp5SMuSbMP4ADStjysstm DOGE: DDe7Fws24zf7acZevoT8uERnmisiHwR5st ETH: 0x939aa4e13ecb4b46663c8017986abc0d204cde60 BAT: 0x939aa4e13ecb4b46663c8017986abc0d204cde60 LBC: bZ8ANEJFsd2MNFfpoxBhtFNPboh7PmD7M2 Thanks, ca again in my next tutorial.

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The IoT, Internet of Things, or IoT app development all the names have yet to become the buzzword it is about to be within the next 6-7 years. IoT or the Internet Of Things is in the phase where data science was in 2010. It is a group of devices or things connected in a network, The devices have embedded sensors and software in them for doing certain jobs. They work by exchanging data with each other on the network. This can be something like your very own Amazon Echo to Ultra Modern advance industrial IoT devices. With the help of an IoT app, you can control almost any task if there is an endpoint connected to monitoring your kids to keep your home safe burglars everywhere the use of an IoT can be noticed. All the things Above might get you excited but having an IoT app but it is neither a simple nor an easy task. There are so many IoT app development services but its difficult to find the right one as it requires more knowledge than developing software or a mobile app, many people companies might add some features that are already available but fail to have it customized and unique according to your requirement, this puts the client and you both an uncomfortable position and wastes a lot of precious time. An IoT software development requires a team of tech experts and hours of hard work. Fortunately, we have broken down steps by steps of how you can also develop an IoT app customized for yourself step by step and find the right IoT development company. But at first start with knowing what components an IoT app consists of and what challenges are faced while building this app. What are the different components required for IoT app development? The physical device or endpoint or sensors It’s the physical device that you use for example it’s the device that is used by you the user. For example, if you are using an IoT Weather station the station itself and the display are your endpoints and the sensors are used in the weather station for collecting data. The network layer Data sharing happens in this layer. The collected data is sent to the connected cloud server. The may happen through a router, ethernet, wifi, Bluetooth, or even from using a SIM card. Basically, it’s the brain of the IoT system it processes the data that reaches the server. It is what you feel and uses yourself. The UI helps the user set the application in such a way to do some certain works. For example, if we go back to our Previous IoT Weather Station example, with the UI you can set your software to do notify of rain signals when the humidity is high. It can also be set to create analytics to get more insights. What are the challenges that IoT development company faces? The challenges to maintaining the quality of the app As every development project brings a specific technological set of challenges this one is no different. Also being the technology is still not that widely used few bugs glitches often come more than usual. As we said before it’s different from PC software and Mobile Apps and IoT devices have less in device computing power and storage than those two. So during the IoT app development developers need to pay special attention not to overwhelm the system is perhaps one of the most hectic challenges as here for the wrong calibration between application and UI may increase that latency and cause the app to act sluggish. The next challenge is IoT app security? More often than not the developers often feel worried about the security of the IoT Solution and they should as security is the thing that can only be tested after the development is complete and in use for some time. Such instances could put the owner or the user at risk. Only Encryption protocols, user authentication options, and thorough testing can help make an IoT application as secure as possible. Above that developers need to decide how the IoT solution will collect and use the data. It’s another hectic task to ensure the security of the collected data and keep it away from unauthorized access. No one cares about function if it’s not user friendly Here developers need to team up with UI Designers and make it beautiful and user-friendly and eye-pleasing. Another issue is if something works on a machine that does not mean it will work on other machines its another problem that needs to sort this problem is called compatibility issue. For example, if an IoT app is developed for an android device developers create a version that works with iPhone and properly connects to other hardware devices. Steps for IoT software development How to check if the company is good enough? - Check If they have previous projects (They will atleast provide some kind of demo or video proof of what there solution can provide) - Check if the project manager can provide clear answer on what is possible and what is not - They will offer you a demo even before the deal is done - The prices of the technologies used should be clear - They should provide a time span where they will offer you some minimal changes at a cheap price or free. Step 1– The IoT app development service will start a discussion about your project Every development starts with proper discussion it’s no different IoT apps. Communication is also the key here. Discuss thoroughly what you want exactly to the project manager. Sometimes you may not know what you need, an experienced person should understand this and he will offer you multiple options to choose from, It depends upon the IoT app development services. The project manager will then proceed to their respective team and describe to them what they need according to your requirement. Yes, it’s true that in the future IoT devices will be literally everywhere and it can be super profitable to have a business around it, but think it like that, This is what most of the other huge companies are also thinking, Mostly like other technologies, it is estimated that most of the IoT technology that will come into the market most like them will fail and exit the market. It is the main reason why you need to communicate properly and communicate right from the very beginning of your IoT App development for the understanding requirements, on both ends. As it is one of the main reasons for the failure of an app. We provide IoT Development services of our own you can as for more information for free in our IoT services tab. Step 2– a platform is selected for the IoT software development What good is a custom IoT app if it can’t do something better than others, more importantly, something different from others, For example, it can be something like cross-platform compatibility, Ultra security of data, better algorithm that process data better than others, or provide more features, It may not be super functional, Even if its sole purpose is to fill the spreadsheet the crowd will like it. But the thing is to avail that you may need to face certain challenges during development to overcome those you will need to choose certain technologies over others. The IoT development company may offer you technologies like this. - Google Cloud IoT Platform, Android Points - IBM Watson IoT Platform - ThingWorx 8 IoT Platform - AWS IoT Platform - Cisco IoT Cloud Connect - Microsoft Azure IoT Suite - Oracle IoT - Salesforce IoT Cloud - Thingspeak IoT Platform - Kaa IoT Platform The platform provides information equally over every platform and device. Its the reason why its the first and most These IoT platforms provide a unified platform to access information across devices without inconsistency and other common issues. Choosing the right IoT platform is the foremost strategy in IoT app development. After the second step is done the IoT software development company will rearrange the discussion and decide the timeline, budget, strategy, etc. To start the 3rd step. Step 3– The IoT development company has built an unfinished application For the 3rd step of your custom IoT app development, a prototype is made. It’s basically like early access to that app. It means it’s not fully functional and has some glitches and might crash every now and then. Then why it’s ever made? It is made because it’s one of the most crucial parts of the IoT software development process because you have to have a prototype to properly validate and predetermine its parameters and functionality. A prototype app may often have an incomplete design but it may consist of items of a real app like, - The User Interface and Frontend Framework - Backend Software and the Logic of Connectivity - Proposed Hardware to be used for the IoT product - Network infrastructure and Cloud interface Connectivity Step 4– The real deal the app is made you may not believe it but the first IoT development happen way back in 1980 by some college students to report the vendor that a coke machine on the campus is empty. Now it has more than just that. They are built to bring revenue and promote sustainable development for businesses. It is predicted that there would be a 3 trillion US dollar revenue opportunity for the businesses that adopt IoT by 2025 which is up by USD 750 billion from 2015. In this step the development of IoT takes place. The demand Is increasing too fast that soon developers need to hold some degree of capabilities to build IoT. The IoT software development will be required in fields like automobile, agriculture, healthcare, and manufacturing industry. Step 5– The app will be tested to guts The next step is every developer’s nightmare the testing phase. For the testing phase, the newborn IoT software is put into some of the most brutal tests. Only the most determined people of the IoT app development team can build the IoT application that can succeed in the test of the Software testers. It is most essential for your optimum satisfaction. The various process in IoT application testing involves : - Usability Testing– How easy it is to use - Reliability Testing– Does it keep crashing frequently or can handle hectic tasks - Data Integrity Testing– How good it can it process the data - Security Testing– Is it secure for users - Performance Testing-How fast it is However, for the hardware testing, testing includes - Cheching the effectiveness of the device - The functionality - Compatibility over other devices - The security of the IoT hardware device - How good it connects to the networks - How good it works on diffrent processors - How the operating system handels it. - The hardware requirement it needss - The platforms it can work into. Step 6– Congrats on your IoT app development services has published the app The moment we’ve all been waiting for! Once the app survives the testing in step 5 — it’s ready to face the market and to be published to the app store. This is the final stage of IoT application development that helps the end product to reach the market. After all the various testings and designs, development, dumping and restarting, testing and repeating all the processes again the product is finally released It is a significant step in ensuring the product’s viability in the market and collecting various user data points to improve the existing system with data analysis and bug fixes. If you have come this far you must be interested to know about IoT software development more you can call or go on our official IoT Software development tab for information for completely FREE. Here are the steps you need to follow to start your IoT app development. Hope we could help you find decent IoT software development services too. Follow the steps above to know how you can select a good company. Ask the IoT development company for sample works too if needed. Thank you Have a great day

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How we change what others think, feel, believe and do Guest articles > Non-verbal communication by: Aleksandra Arsik The communication among the people can be roughly divided in verbal and non-verbal. The visual no-verbal communication is a process of communication through receiving messages, through gestures, body language, body posture, facial expression or eye contact, communication through clothes, hairstyles, architecture and symbols. The speech can also contain non-verbal elements known as para-language, including voice quality, emotions or style of speech, as well as rhythm, intonation or stress. The written texts have non-verbal element, such as the handwriting style, spatial architectural design with words or usage of emotions. Many studies of non-verbal communication are directed towards face-to-face interaction, where categorisation in three main areas is possible: Verbal vs oral communication The experts in these area most commonly use the strict meaning of the term ”verbal” , which means that they are either ”worried because of the words” and do not use verbal communication, as a synonym on oral or speech communication. The sounds that are not considered words, such as the loud laughing or singing one tune are non-verbal. The language and the writing are forms of verbal communication. In this group belongs the words usage, even though they have elements of para-linguism which very frequently transfer non-verbal messages. The non-verbal communication can reach any of the sensors’ channels: eyes, sound, smell, touch or taste. The non-verbal communication is important when we speak or hear: our attention is directed towards the words, as well as the body language. The audience receives both the verbal and the non-verbal signs. The body movements usually are not positive or negative when anylised only as gestures-the situation and the message will evalute them. History of non-verbal communication The first scientific study on the non-verbal communication was done by Charles Darwin in his book Expression of the emotions among the humans and the animals (1872). This study had significant influence in the linguistics, semiotics and the social psychology. Even though the non-verbal communication is grounded on free symbols, that are different from culture to culture, Paul Ekman in the 1960’s was working in the analysis of the facial expressions, establishing whether the expression of anger, disgust, fear, joy, sorrow or surprise, that are universal among humans, are differently manifested and interpret in different countries. Clothes and body characteristics Clothes can speak about the temperament, mood, behaviour of an individual. The opinions about wearing cheap, expensive, cosy, casual, formal, elegant, stylish or old fashioned clothes say a little bit something about the one’s that is wearing them. On the other side, the uniforms have functional and communication purpose. The posture, height, weight, hair colour, skin pigment, sex and the clothes transfer messages through interaction. For example, one survey on the height of the people has establishes that generally, a better first expression is made by the ones that are higher. Melamed and Bozionelos (1992) have studies a group of managers in the United Kingdom, where they have established that the height was a key factor, that influenced whether an employee would be promoted. Even though it is unjust, it can not be considered as a general truth. The surrounding around us: furniture, architectural style, interior design, lighting, colours, temperature, noise and the music influence the behaviour of the communicators during the interaction. The furniture and the interior design in a particular room is also seen as a non-verbal message on the owners views, mood and social status. Proxemy is a theory on the manner that people use and notice the physical space around them. The space between the sender and the recover of the message influences the manner that the message can be interpreted. The perception and the usage of the space significantly varies in different cultures and in different views outside the culture. The space in the non-verbal communication can be divided in four main categories: intimate, social, personal and public. Scot McLean has defined the distance between the communications dependant on the sex, status and the social role. The proxemy has also been notices among the animals that understand and implement the territory belonging. The term ‘theritory belonging’ is still used in the proxemy studies, in order to explain the human behaviour in relation to the personal space. Hargie and Dickson (2004) have identified four such theories. 1. Primary space: refers to the area related to someone that has exclusive rights on its usage. For example, a house in which others can not enter without a permission of the owner. 2. Secondary space: different from the primary space, in this case there in no ”right” of ownership, but the people still feel certain degree of ownership on particular space. For example: A person can seat at the same place when driving in the bus towards work and to feel hurt if someone seats on his or her place. 3. Public territory: it refers to the territory available to everybody, but for a particular period of time. This is the case of parking lot usage, or library seat taking. Even though people have only limited right on the space, very frequently they are overstepping this right. For example: it has been established that the people need more space to leave the parking place, when somebody is waiting to park on their space. 4. Interaction of the territory: this is the space created by the others when they are interactive or connected among themselves. For example, when a group of people is chatting at the trim path and they interact with the ones that are only walking, the second ones will go round the first group without disturbing them. Chroneme is the study of using the time in the non-verbal communication. The manner in which we notice the time, the structure of our time and the response to the time, is a strong tool for communication, that helps to establish communication scene. The perception time includes accuracy and readiness to wait, it influences the speech speed, as well as how much people are ready to listen. The time and the frequency of the action, as well as the tempo and the rhythm of communication in interaction, contribute towards the interpreting of the non-verbal message. Gudkunst and Ting Tomei (1988) have identified two dominant aspects in this process: The cynetics is a study on the body movements, facial expressions and movements. It was developed by the anthropologist Ray Birdwistle in 1950’s. The cynetic behaviour includes mutual looking at each other, a smile, cosy warmness, childish behaviour, direct orientation of the body or similar. Cinema is the minimal unit of visual expression in analogy with the phoneme that is a minimal unit of the sound. The posture of the body can be used for the purpose of establishing the degree of attention, participation of particular communication, difference between the status of the ones that communicate, as well as the level of liking somebody. There are a lot of studies on the body posture influence among humans: the direction and the orientation of the body and the hands explain the position of openness of the body and the gestures, as well as the manner in which they transfer the non-verbal messages. The gesture is vocal body movement, that can be articulated with the hands and the body. It can include head, face or eye movements. The border between the language and the gesture, or the verbal and the non-verbal communication, is sometimes difficult to define. Otenhemer (2007), Paul Ekman and Ulak Friesen have suggested that the gestures are classified in five types: coats-of-arms or emblems, illustrator, visible reaction, regulators and adapters. The gestures can be categorised as independent or conjoined speech. The speech independent from the movement, depends on the culturally accepted interpretations, and it has direct verbal translation. The speech connected with the movements is used in parallel with the verbal speech. This type of non-verbal communication is used to emphasize the message that we want to announce. Haptic is the study of the touch in the non-verbal communication. The touch that can be defined as a communication includes hands shaking, holding hands, kissing, shoulder tapping, greeting or similar. The liking, scratching and holding can be categorized in this type of communication. All these are called adapters and are sending messages that discover the intention or the feeling of the communicator. The meaning depends on the situation context, i.e. the relation between the communicators and the manner of touching. The studying of the role of the eyes is a non-verbal communication that sometimes is called “ocylistics”. The eye contact can signify interest, attention and inclusion. The sight encompasses a procedure of seeing while we speak, and we ask to be heard. The paralanguage which is sometimes called vocalism is studying the non-verbal sounds of the voice. The various acoustic characteristics of the voice, like the tone, pitch of the voice, the accent, prosody, can be classified in non-verbal communicators. They change the meaning of the words. The linguist George Trager has developed classification system that consists of set of the voice, voice quality and vocalization The function of the non-verbal communication Agril (1988) has concluded that there are five primary functions of the body non-verbal communication When we communicate, the non-verbal message can communicate with the verbal messages in six different ways: repetition, collision, addendum, replacement and emphasizing/moderating. Dancing is also a non-verbal communication that within the human brain seeks the same ground for conceptualization, creativity and verbal memory, the same as the language in the speech and the writing. The means of self-expressing in the language is the vocabulary (steps and gestures in the dance), the grammar (rules for the steps) and the meaning (the steps and the gestures in the dance), The dance encompasses the element in the manner that is similar to the poetry, which is more common it its double meanings and more symbolic and unreachable meanings. Regardless of this short overview on the types and manners of non-verbal communication, there is still space in which every individual can and is understanding the non-verbal messages. Since the non-verbal communication is a live matter, it upgrades constantly and its thesis are being expanded. As a conclusion on the above said, I can give one example on the historical point of view of one’s car ownership: If in 1769 when the car was invented it was a rarity, exclusivity, today it is just a common means of transportation. The communication that was non-verbally transferred among the owners of cars in the 18-th century was that they are of a different kind, unique. This non-verbal message in respect to car owners in our days goes about the ones owning exclusive, expensive cars The development of the non-verbal communication through the time frame can be noticed in the example of the possibilities to travel: just a couple of centuries ago, travelling was not available for the majority of the people and any venture was considered an elitism. Today, for almost most of the people, travelling is a common activity, depending on the wishes and the possibilities, and it is not considered as something unreachable (expect for the financial part). Imagine how would our ancestors react when someone would drive them all around the world in the today’s cars, or what will be the expression of the face of any super model if offered to be driven with a car from the 18-th century, from ona village to another, on a 20 km distance, for only 5-6 hours, when she knows that she can be there in 10 minutes with the our age cars. Regardless of all examples and the theoretical support of the non-verbal communication, it is always interesting to compare the developments in this sphere, as it remains a place that develops, regardless of the definitions and theories that are trying to explain it. Contributor: Aleksandra Arsik Published here on: 16-Dec-12 And the big

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Bah Mitzvah of Sam Watling This Shabbat we are marking the moment when Sam Watling becomes Bar Mitzvah – literally, a ‘Son of the Commandment’ – and so becomes a link in a chain of tradition that goes back two millennia to the time of the first rabbis, who decreed that at age twelve and thirteen respectively, girls and boys, become obligated to undertake adult Jewish responsibilities. Bar and Bat Mitzvah, then, is a rite of passage – not unlike those practised in other cultures. But there is a crucial difference: This Shabbat Sam has stood before us at the lectern, and led the service – beautifully, I’m sure we all agree – and in a short while I will call him ‘up’ to the bimah to read a section of the portion of the week – the parashah – from the Seifer Torah – the sacred scroll of the Five Books, which lies at the heart of Jewish teaching; becoming Bar or Bat Mitzvah is not a collective experience; young Jews become links in the chain of tradition, one by one. And so we have an interesting paradox: on the one hand, the sense of weighty, ancient communal obligation; on the other hand, the individual young Jew, celebrated as a unique human being. Jewish life and teaching is defined by such paradoxes: on the one hand, Judaism seems preoccupied with particular rites and practices centred on the particular destiny of the Jewish people as the descendants of Abraham and Sarah, and of those who experienced liberation from ‘the house of bondage’ and met the Eternal One at Sinai; on the other hand, the ideas and values of Judaism flow from an understanding that as God is one, so the world is one – and humanity is one; each human being a unique ‘image of God’ (Genesis 1:27). The collective and the individual; the particular and the universal: No chapter in the long odyssey of the Jewish people illustrates these paradoxes better than the tale of the Exodus from Egypt: the story of the Israelites’ redemption over three thousand years ago, as the slaves in North America in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries understood so well, carries the hope for all oppressed peoples; the story of a collective triumph, yet one that centres on the heroism of particular individuals: the midwives, Shifrah and Pu’ah, Miriam, and her mother, Yocheved, Moses and Aaron. And there is another paradox: past and present. Can you think of any other tale, whose messages are as relevant today as they were at the time of the events they describe, long, long ago? It’s not just that, to our shame and sorrow, oppression is still rife in the world. The point is that the tale of the Exodus, which reaches its climax in this week’s portion, Bo, can still teach us so much about the nature of oppression and liberation. Just think of what we learn from it: - Moses confronted Pharaoh: oppression is wrong and must be challenged - The midwives, Shifrah and Pu’ah, and Moses’ mother and sister, Miriam and Yocheved, defied Pharaoh’s decree to exterminate the baby boys: for a people to be liberated, individuals need to find their courage and take the risk to be free - Egypt was bombarded with a succession of ‘plagues’: the process of liberation from oppression involves conflict and struggle – and often, violence - The slaves daubed their doorways with blood, and so saved themselves from the final plague: to become free the oppressed must participate in their own liberation - ‘Let my people go that they may serve Me’: Liberation is not just about achieving freedom from oppression, but having the freedom to live in new ways - The slaves left Egypt to journey through the wilderness: true liberation means transformation and making a new beginning in a new terrain - The Exodus happened: liberation from oppression is always possible; the slaves, whoever they are, in every place and in every time, will go free These are just some of the key lessons of the Exodus, which are as relevant now as they were then. But – and it’s a big ‘but’ – however much we repeat the tale of the Exodus, both during our weekly Torah readings, and around the Pesach seder table, have we learned them yet? And by ‘we’ I don’t just mean, Jews; the Exodus story has become part of the tale of humanity; not just ‘our’ story, it is familiar to the two and a half billion Christians, across the world today. As we recite the litany of tyranny in every place – and remember that before the poor people of Haiti were devastated by the recent earthquake, they were oppressed and impoverished by a despotic regime – aren’t we forced to acknowledge that we simply haven’t learned the lessons of the Exodus – at least, not yet… Which is where Sam comes in…Now, Sam – I’m not about to suggest that you, single-handedly, can make the difference: that having studied what your Torah portion teaches about slavery and liberation, you are about to go out into the world, like a latter-day Moses… On the other hand, I am saying that you – you, Sam Watling – with your unique set of qualities and abilities can make a difference – a big difference. After all, Moses didn’t do it on his own – and that’s the point: We – collectively – can change the world, and the deadly habits of persecution we keep repeating, but only if each one of us resolves to act – like Shifrah and Pu’ah and Miriam and Yocheved and Moses and Aaron – and all the individual Israelites, who marked out their houses for redemption, girded their loins, and dashed for freedom – with their half-baked dough. Sam: today is for you an Exodus of sorts: no you haven’t been kept in chains – although being a child without control over your life can probably feel a bit like that at times – but today, as you become Bar Mitzvah, you are making a radical departure from childhood, and beginning your journey into adulthood – your own particular journey: and you have made it happen; in fact it was your determination to learn about Judaism and lead a Jewish life that brought you here with your dad to participate in the life of this congregation. When I asked you what being Jewish means to you, you told me that being part of a Jewish community is, and I quote, ‘of great importance in my life’ and that you value the ‘nice, trusting impartial people’ you have encountered. For you ‘the synagogue’, in particular, ‘means’, in your own words, ‘a brilliant and thriving community where I can study [and] enhance my religious views and understanding… Every time I go to synagogue I learn new things, meet new people and have a pleasant time.’ Having found a home here, Sam, for you becoming Bar Mitzvah ‘signals’, as you put it, ‘the start of a journey, not just in my Jewish life but in my whole one; it means I am old enough to be more independent, and ready to make choices for myself . Though it does not mean I am a man, it does mean that I am becoming one as I mature and become more responsible for my actions.’ You recognise that you have become more secure in making your ‘own decisions’, and ‘more confident’. You also acknowledge that, as you expressed it, ‘developing my own opinions means that I argue more and become more hot-headed , especially with [my] parents.’ Well, Sam – your parents are not the first to experience the delights of their child becoming a ‘teenager’! Sam: You have already started on your journey – but as you have demonstrated since you joined this congregation, your journey is not just about you: your determination to learn and play your part in Jewish life is palpable. And not just in Jewish life: Your ambition is, as you put it, ‘to work in economics (maybe international development) because I have a flare for it and find it fascinating – the facts, the figures – and how it can affect us… in a volatile world, reeling from a housing bubble. With years of austerity and slow growth predicted [economics] is incredibly useful. It can also be used to help lift people out of poverty in developing countries by providing jobs (for the right things in the right places) and money.’ Sam, your passion and your vision shines through your words – so I’m going to quote you some more: ‘I care about justice, the planet and the right of everyone to be informed properly. I hate false accusations and believe that justice for whatever crime should be dealt out, even if it means upsetting some people. Likewise I believe that the planet is important and is very undervalued and mal-treated. If everyone was properly informed … so many of the world’s problems would be stopped, for it is lack of information that leads to ignorance, and ignorance can be exploited into things far worse. To improve the world everyone must care more about others and be less ignorant. We must… work together, whatever culture, faith or petty values. We have to realise that everyone is just as important and that just a small thing here can make a big difference somewhere else. We have to give to charity , lobby the government for things such as helping the developing world feed its people, stand up for the climate and human rights, even if it costs us economically and politically. ‘ Sam – you said it! Drawing on the support of your parents and the guidance you have received from your teachers, and, in particular, from your tutor, Andy, you have learned that becoming engaged as a Jew and participating in Jewish life is about being true to yourself and valuing your own uniqueness. You have also made connections between your individual life and the lives of others and so, have already learnt some of the crucial lessons of the Exodus. In the Babylonian Talmud, the compendium of rabbinic law and commentary edited in Babylon – present-day Iraq – around 500CE, we read in the tractate Kiddushin (40b): The world is judged by the majority of its people, and an individual is judged by the majority of their deeds. Happy the person who performs a good deed: that may tip the scales for themselves and for the world. Sam, as you begin your journey into adulthood, my hope for you is that you continue to be yourself: an individual Jew ready to make a difference for yourself and for the world. And let us say: Amen. Rabbi Elizabeth Tikvah Sarah Brighton & Hove Progressive Synagogue – Adat Shalom Verei’ut 23rd January 2010 – 8th Sh’vat 5770

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Global warming could create "ghost states" with governments in exile ruling over scattered citizens and land that has been abandoned to rising seas, an expert said yesterday. Francois Gemenne, of the Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations in Paris, said the likely loss of small island states such as Tuvalu and the Maldives raised profound questions over nationality and territory. "What would happen if a state was to physically disappear but people want to keep their nationalities? It could continue as a virtual state even though it is a rock under the ocean and its people no longer live on that piece of land." Gemenne said there was more at stake than cultural and sentimental attachments to swamped countries. Tuvalu makes millions of pounds each year from the sale of its assigned internet suffix .tv to television companies. As a nation state, the Polynesian island also has a vote on the international stage through the UN. "As independent nations they receive certain rights and privileges that they will not want to lose. Instead they could become like ghost states," he said. "This is a pressing issue for small island states, but in the case of physical disappearance there is a void in international law." Experts say it is a matter of time before global warming drives up sea levels the one or two metres it would take to force permanent evacuation of islands such as Tuvalu, the highest point of which is four metres above water. The study of 23 regions where environmental degradation has caused people to move had showed that fears of millions of people flooding across borders could be misplaced. Most movement was within countries, Gemenne said. The poorest and most vulnerable people were often unable to migrate, the research showed. "The poorest people lack the social and economic capital to escape," said Gemmene. Simon Hales of the World Health Organisation told the conference that widespread population movement would also pose a significant risk to global health. Health protection in a 4C warmer world, he said, would require "substantial redistribution" of global resources such as food, water and energy.

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The National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH) is a professional, scientific organization that offers therapeutic assistance to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality. As an organization, NARTH disseminates educational information, conducts and collects scientific research, promotes effective therapeutic treatment, and provides referrals to those who seek our assistance. In keeping with NARTH’s commitment to science and education, NARTH offers the following synopsis of scientific research on homosexuality that may be helpful to the national council of the Boy Scouts of America as it deliberates a change in policy that would allow homosexually-identified youth as members. The development of homosexuality is influenced by environment. Homosexuality is not an unchangeable biologically determined trait like race. The American Psychological Association reports, “There is no consensus among scientists about the exact reasons that an individual develops a heterosexual, bisexual, gay or lesbian orientation. Although much research has examined the possible genetic, hormonal, developmental, social, and cultural influences on sexual orientation, no findings have emerged that permit scientists to conclude that sexual orientation is determined by any particular factor or factors. Many think that nature and nurture both play complex roles…” The environment, including family dynamics, peer interactions and other social factors, can contribute significantly to the formation of one’s sexual orientation. Sexual orientation is not fixed at birth but rather is environmentally influenced and unfolds slowly across childhood, adolescence and even into adulthood for some individuals. Premature sexual identity labeling comes with associated risks for youth. Many teens experience a period of sexual identity ambiguity as a normal stage of adolescent development. The University of Minnesota Hospital & Clinics studied 35,000 students in Minnesota secondary schools. Among the more significant information provided by the survey was the following: At age twelve, 25.9% of the children were “unsure” of their sexual orientation. This figure declined to 5% by age 17, with an average “unsure” for all age groups of 10.7%. If children are encouraged to label themselves “gay,” or adults prematurely reinforce this identity before full psychosocial development has taken place there is a serious risk of erroneously labeling children who were only experiencing temporary sexual confusion. Such premature labeling could lead some adolescents into homosexual behaviors that carry significant risk for serious health consequences, such as, higher rates of sexually transmitted infections, alcoholism, substance abuse, anxiety, depression and suicide. While some might suggest that these heightened risky behaviors are the result of “homophobia,” social prejudice and/or discrimination cannot fully account for the elevated rates of these disorders, since equally dramatic rates are found among youth within homosexually-affirming cultures. Delaying the self-identification of youth as non-heterosexual significantly reduces these medical and psychiatric health risks. For example, researchers find that adolescents who defer “coming out as gay” decrease the risk of suicide at a rate of 20 percent for each year that they delay self-labeling as homosexual or bisexual. Homosexual youth are sexually active significantly earlier than their heterosexual peers. For example, in a study based on a sampling of teenagers in Massachusetts, sexual minority youth (i.e., those who identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual or had any same-sex sexual contact in their lifetimes) were significantly more likely than other students to report lifetime sexual intercourse (72% vs. 44%). The same study found that sexual minority youth were more likely to report sexual intercourse before age 13 (18% vs. 4%), sexual intercourse with four or more partners in their lifetimes (32% vs. 11%), and recent sexual intercourse (55% vs. 33%). More significantly, in 2011, the CDC released a survey of over 150,000 high school students in grades nine through twelve. Of those who had their first sexual experience under age 13 years, 19.8% identified as homosexual, and 14.6% identified as bisexual. Only a mere 4.8% of students with sexual debut under age thirteen identified as heterosexual. This survey also assessed the number of sexual partners. Of those students reporting four or more partners, 29.9% were homosexually identified, 28.2% identified as bisexual, but only 11.1% of those with 4 or more partners were heterosexually identified. Other studies have corroborated these findings as well as a significantly higher STD prevalence among homosexual and bisexual youth. Early life trauma can lead to orientation confusion that calls for professional assistance. While further research is needed some studies provide cautious but noteworthy evidence of a link between childhood sexual abuse and same-sex partnership among men. One example of this is the disproportionate extent of sexual abuse during the childhood of adult homosexuals. Dr. David Purcell, the Deputy Director for Behavioral and Social Science, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention at the CDC, has summarized the research regarding sexual abuse and homosexuality in the following manner: “[R]egardless of the rigor of the sample selection, when comparing MSM [men who have sex with men] samples to general male population samples, and when comparing MSM and heterosexual men within one sample, MSM consistently report more CSA [childhood sexual abuse] overall and more CSA with males than heterosexual men do; and no differences are observed for reported abuse by females… These studies bolster our conclusion that a disparity exists between gay/bisexual men and heterosexual men when it comes to CSA by males. While it is possible that these differences may be an artifact of reporting biases (e.g., heterosexual men being less willing to report being victimized by a man or to report that early heterosexual contact is abuse as opposed to initiation), it seems unlikely that reporting bias would account for a difference of this consistency and magnitude across a wide range of samples.” Clearly, youth who fall into this category need a referral for therapy for their trauma. Peers or adults that ignore or misunderstand this sexual confusion may instead prematurely label a questioning teen or suggest a “gay identity” or convey harmful misinformation such as the myth that gays are “born that way.” The most critical question to answer regarding this proposed policy change, however, is: How will child protection be assured? If openly homosexual boys are allowed to participate, how does a Scoutmaster monitor the influence or actions that these boys may have upon others in the troop especially during overnight events? Will equal but segregated facilities be required? This certainly would be the case if the BSA were to alter its policy and admit girls. As the BSA deliberates a potential change in its membership policy, NARTH encourages the council members to carefully consider the complexities of sexual orientation development reflected in the aforementioned research. Council members must strive to envision the short-term and long-term consequences of any potential decision. https://www.scouting.org/sitecore/content/MembershipStandards/Resolution/Resolution.aspx (accessed May 16, 2013). American Psychological Association (2008). Answers to your questions: For a better understanding of sexual orientation and homosexuality. Washington, DC: Author. Whitehead, Neil. My genes made me do it! accessed 5/6/13 from https://www.mygenes.co.nz/download.htm; Collins F. (2007). The language of God: A scientist presents evidence for belief. New York: Free Press, 260 and 263; Langstrom, N., Rahman Q., Carlstrom, E., & Lichtenstein, P. (2008). Genetic and environmental effects on same-sexual behavior: A population study of twins in Sweden. Archives of Sexual Behavior, DOI 10.1007/s10508-008-9386-1; Santilla, P., Sandnabba, N. K., Harlaar, N., Varjonen, M., Alanko, K., & von der Pahlen, B. (2008). Potential for homosexual response is prevalent and genetic. Biological Psychology, 77, 102-105; Bailey, J. M., Dunne, M. P., & Martin, N. G. (2000). Genetic and environmental influences on sexual orientation and its correlates in an Australian twin sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(3), 524-536; Bearman, P. S., & Bruckner, H. (2002). Opposite-sex twins and adolescent same-sex attraction. American Journal of Sociology, 107(5), 1179-1205; Frisch, M., & Hviid, A. (2006). Childhood family correlates of heterosexual and homosexual marriages: A national cohort study to two million Danes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35, 533-547. Demography of Sexual Orientation in Adolescents (April 1992). Pediatrics. The Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics, 89. Savin-Williams, R. C., & Ream, G. L. (2007). Prevalence and stability of sexual orientation components during adolescence and young adulthood. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36, 385-394; Remafedi, G., Resnick, M., Blum, R., & Harris, L. (1992). Demography of sexual orientation in adolescents. Pediatrics, 89, 714-721. Centers for Disease Control (2010). CDC analysis provides new look at disproportionate impact of HIV and syphilis among U.S. gay and bisexual men. Press Release, Wednesday, March 10, 2010; Urdy, J. R., & Chantala, K. (2005). Risk factors differ according to same-sex and opposite-sex interest. Journal of Biosocial Science, 37, 481-497; Silenzio, V. M. B., Pena, J. B., Duberstein, P. R., Cerel, J., & Knox, K. L. (2007). Sexual orientation and risk factors for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among adolescents and young adults. American Journal of Public Health, 97(11), 2017-2019; Balsam, K. F., Rothblum, E. D., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2005). Victimization over the life span: A comparison of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and heterosexual siblings. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(3), 477-487; Nurses’ Health Study II available at www.gaydata.org; Hogg, R. S., Strathdee, S. A., Craib, K. J. P., OShaughnessy, M. V., Montaner, J. S. G., & Schechter, M.T. (1997). Modeling the impact of HIV disease on mortality in gay and bisexual men; Valanis, B. G., Bowen, D. J., Bassford, T., Whitlock, E., Charney, P., & Carter, R. A. (2000). Sexual orientation and health. Archives of Family Medicine, 9, 843-853; Facts About Youth (2010). Health risks of the homosexual lifestyle. Accessed at the Facts website on 5/6/13: https://factsaboutyouth.com/posts/health-risks-of-the-homosexual-lifestyle/ Fergusson, D. M.; Horwood, L. J.; & Beautrais, A. L. (1999). Is sexual orientation related to mental health problems and suicidality in young people? Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 56, 876-880. Remafedi, G., Farrow J. A., & Deisher, R.W. (1991). Risk factors for attempted suicide in gay and bisexual youth. Pediatrics, 87, 869-875. Massachusetts Department of Education (June 2006). 2005 youth risk behavior survey. Massachusetts Department of Education website. Kann, L., Olsen, E. O., McManus, T., Kinchen, S., Chyen, D., Harris, W. A., & Wechsler, H. (2011). Sexual identity, sex of sexual contacts, and health-risk behaviors among students in grades 9-12- youth risk behavior surveillance, selected sites, United States, 2001-2009. MMWR Surveill Summ, 60(7), 1-133. NB: The total percentages recorded by the CDC do not add up to 100 percent. The missing percentages are accounted for by two factors: some respondents under age 13 years were unsure of their sexual identity, and others declined to reply to those questions altogether. For the data, see tables 55 and 56. Williams, K. A., & Chapman, M. V. (2011). Comparing health and mental health needs, service use, and barriers to services among sexual minority youths and their peers. Health Soc Work, 36(3), 197-206; Xu, F., Sternberg, M. R., & Markowitz, L. E. (2010). Men who have sex with men in the United States: Demographic and behavioral characteristics and prevalence of HIV and HSV-2 infection: Results from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2006. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 37(6), 399-405 Satinover, J. (1996). Homosexuality and the politics of truth. Grand Rapids, MI: Hamewith Books, 106.; Helen W. Wilson & Cathy Spatz Widom (2010). Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 63-74. Beitchman, J., Zucker, K., Hood, J., DaCosta, G., & Akman, D. (1991). A review of the short-term effects of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect. 15, 537-556; Steed, J. J., & Templer, D. (2010). Gay men and lesbian women with molestation history: Impact on sexual orientation and experience of pleasure. The Open Psychology Journal, 3, 36-41; Templer, D., et al. (2001). Comparative data of childhood and adolescence molestation in heterosexual and homosexual persons. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 30(5), 535-541. Purcell, D. W., et al. (2008). Childhood sexual abuse experienced by gay and bisexual men: Understanding the disparities and interventions to help eliminate them. Unequal Opportunity: Health Disparities Affecting Gay and Bisexual Men in the United States.

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Ten years ago, WIPO’s member states formally launched negotiations toward developing international legal instruments addressing intellectual property (IP) and genetic resources (GRs), traditional knowledge (TK) and traditional cultural expressions (TCEs). These negotiations take place in an Intergovernmental Committee known in short as the IGC. This article traces the undulating contours of the negotiations so far. The IGC was established by the WIPO General Assembly in 2000; its mandate is usually determined by the Assembly every two years. The objective of the IGC's new mandate for 2020-2021 is “finalizing an agreement on an international legal instrument(s), without prejudging the nature of outcome(s), relating to intellectual property (IP) which will ensure the balanced and effective protection of” GRs, TK and TCEs. The ramifications of the IGC’s task are immense. Many argue that adopting one or more international legal instruments would enrich the IP system by expanding its range of beneficiaries to include vulnerable and often marginalized indigenous peoples and local communities. They also argue that it would strengthen the IP system’s contribution to sustainable development, thereby bolstering its legitimacy in all regions, and inspire fresh confidence in multilateralism. Pragmatic win-win outcomes are tantalizingly within reach, at least on some aspects of the Committee’s mandate. Substantial progress has been made. However, the negotiation is profoundly challenging. Challenges relate to the nature of the issues, the ways in which the Committee functions and its situation within the broader multilateral landscape. The relationships between IP and GRs, TK and TCEs are technically intricate, and the issues are distinct yet interlinked. This requires an unusually high degree of substantive competence as well as domestic coordination and policy coherence within participating countries. On top of this, at best there are only a few national and regional experiences that may be models for negotiators to draw on. While the frequency of IGC meetings is evidence of countries’ determination to make progress, the intensity of the process, coupled with its long duration so far, risks sapping its energy and momentum. Another challenge lies in the relatively low interdependence between the issues under negotiation in the IGC and other issues on the international IP agenda. This leaves demandeurs (those countries seeking normative outcomes) with little leverage to extract concessions from non- demandeurs. Moreover, the fragmented treatment of these issues across various international forums can complicate efforts by demandeurs to establish dynamic cross-regional coalitions. Progress is hobbled by varying degrees of political willingness among countries, leading to persistent divergences among them as to the IGC’s objectives and expected outcomes. These in turn hinder the Committee’s attempts to design an effective working methodology that could enable consensual compromise outcomes. Finally, these issues do not yet seem to stir the hearts of ordinary citizens. There is little pressure from the public and civil society for a speedy conclusion to the negotiation. Pragmatic win-win outcomes are tantalizingly within reach, at least on some aspects of the Committee’s mandate. The early years At first, the IGC’s work combined fact-gathering, technical analyses, exchanges of practical experiences and policy debate. Troves of information about national and regional regimes were gathered through member state submissions, questionnaires, case studies and panel discussions. The focus was on non-normative work, which led to a number of useful, practical outcomes. These included concrete first steps towards the defensive protection of TK (protection against TK being patented) through its enhanced recognition as prior art. Work also commenced on technical standards for TK documentation and IP clauses for use in access and benefit-sharing agreements. Work towards new standards (“norm-setting”), especially for the positive or direct protection of TK and TCEs as a new form of IP, was not agreed upon. Impatience among many countries about the lack of progress on legal instrument(s) grew, and the value of gathering further empirical information and of non-normative practical outcomes came into question. A pivot towards norm-setting In July 2003, the IGC could not agree on its new mandate for 2004-2005, triggering the Committee’s first real crisis. After four sessions, the enormity of its task was becoming clearer, as was the gulf in expectations among states as to the IGC’s overall purpose and anticipated outcomes. The optimism of the early years dissipated as demandeurs’ expectations of quick normative outcomes soured. Some countries believed it was premature to embark on norm-setting before securing wider agreement on objectives, guiding principles and core concepts. The WIPO General Assembly had to step in. After lengthy negotiations, member states agreed on a carefully constructed mandate, which for the first time included a reference to “international instrument or instruments,” marking an explicit pivot towards normative work. The IGC was also required to “accelerate” its work. However, developing countries soon grew skeptical about the Committee’s effectiveness in norm-setting. Again, the Committee was at a critical point. Yet, no member state had formally proposed a comprehensive draft instrument. In 2005, the WIPO Secretariat published the working documents on TK and TCEs as concise “draft articles.” Some negotiators found this useful to pinpoint areas of possible consensus and difference. The articles comprised draft objectives, principles and substantive provisions. However, non- demandeurs were not ready to work on them in this form. Such work was shelved and was replaced by discussions of “issues”. At the member states’ request, the WIPO Secretariat prepared materials on the “international dimension” of the IGC’s work and analyses of gaps between the protections provided by the IP system and the needs and aspirations of indigenous peoples and local communities and other demandeurs. In addition to administering the IGC process, WIPO’s Traditional Knowledge Division provides a wide array of technical assistance and capacity-building services. These assist member states to develop policies, strategies and laws; strengthen the practical ability of indigenous peoples and local communities to make effective use of existing IP tools if they so wish; and, provide hands-on training to a wide range of stakeholders on issues relating to IP and GRs, TK and TCEs in diverse practical situations. Text-based negotiations begin in 2010 In late 2009, and to the surprise of many, the WIPO Assembly agreed on a much strengthened mandate for 2010-2011. It referred for the first time to “text-based negotiations” on all three themes, to “international legal instrument(s)” (emphasis added), and to the possible convening of a Diplomatic Conference. This language re-ignited demandeurs’ expectations , but drew non- demandeurs into normative work, which they considered premature. Many perceived a chasm between the mandate’s ambition and the maturity of the negotiation. New working methodologies From 2010, as the IGC battled to undertake genuine “text-based negotiations”, attention turned to finding more effective work methods. “Intersessional working groups” proved a breakthrough, allowing for considerable technical progress in 2010 and 2011. Other methodological innovations were also tested (see box). The challenge was to balance inclusiveness and transparency, on the one hand, and efficiency and effectiveness, on the other. Often progress made in smaller informal groups was reversed by the plenary. There was much back and forth, with, at times, more “back” than “forth”. Genetic resources: clarity emerges Negotiations relating to GRs took a leap forward in 2012, with the emergence of a single consolidated text. Options around a new patent disclosure requirement related to GRs (with or without associated TK) became clearer and pressure mounted for an agreement on this question. In 2017, the WIPO Secretariat published a first-ever compilation of key policy questions on and national experiences with such a requirement ( Key Questions on Patent Disclosure Requirements for Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge (2017)). In April 2019, the IGC Chair, Ian Goss, prepared, under his own authority, a draft international legal instrument on GRs and associated TK. Negotiators have recently agreed to include this text among the Committee’s working materials, as a Chair’s text. This suggests that while the Chair will continue to “hold the pen” in relation to his text, it is among the documents that the Committee may consider as it works on the text of a possible future instrument. A gap year in 2015 and the current phase In a development that shocked many, the WIPO Assembly could not agree in late 2014 on a schedule of IGC sessions for 2015. Negotiations ground to a halt with potentially significant implications for the IGC’s future. Fortunately, a year later, countries renewed the mandate and agreed to a work program for 2016-2017. The mandates for 2016-2017 and 2018-2019 are similar. While their language may be soaked in constructive ambiguity, useful new features include “ ad hoc expert groups”, an “evidence-based approach” and the simultaneous discussion of TK and TCEs. In this period, certain countries submitted proposals to conduct studies such as cost-benefit analyses, but this was not agreed to. Breakthrough progress remains elusive. Most delegations continue to restate well-known positions and are not negotiating with each other (nor indeed with themselves) to find compromise solutions. As yet, at least on TK and TCEs, there is little sign of gaps narrowing. The recent introduction of the Chair’s text may re-energize work on GRs and associated TK. Most recently, the WIPO Assembly renewed the IGC’s mandate for 2020-2021 on terms similar to those of the past four years. Enhanced participation of indigenous peoples and local communities The IGC addresses issues of particular concern to indigenous peoples and local communities. The IGC has introduced a number of mechanisms the have enabled indigenous peoples and local communities to participate in international IP policy-making for the first time. (Photo: WIPO/E. Berrod) The IGC addresses issues of particular interest and concern to indigenous peoples and local communities to a degree unparalleled in other areas of WIPO’s work. Over time, the Committee has created mechanisms to enhance their participation in its work. This has enabled indigenous peoples and local communities to participate in international IP policy-making for the first time. From the outset, the IGC has granted ad hoc observer status to a wide range of non-governmental organizations representing indigenous peoples and local communities. Since 2004, their representatives meet among themselves to prepare in advance of IGC sessions. At the suggestion of New Zealand, Indigenous Panels address negotiators. In 2005, member states established the WIPO Voluntary Fund for Accredited Indigenous and Local Communities , which funds representatives of accredited indigenous peoples and local communities to attend IGC sessions. For several years now, community representatives organize themselves in the form of an “indigenous caucus”. The caucus is the only non-governmental stakeholder generally invited to participate with member states in informal meeting formats. Since 2009, an indigenous person works for a year or two at a time in the Traditional Knowledge Division under the WIPO Indigenous Fellowship Program. Concluding thoughts The renewal of the IGC’s mandate indicates that countries still believe that these issues require multilateral resolution. Since 2000, negotiators have made a significant technical and political investment and have produced a wealth of substantive materials. National and regional legislative initiatives continue to draw on the draft negotiating texts, which themselves are significant outputs. However, difficulties stem from differing degrees of political willingness, diverse views on objectives and core policy issues and varying levels of understanding of these technically complex issues. The rumble of profound tectonic shifts in bio- and information technologies is also beginning to be heard in the margins of the negotiation. Likewise, fresh thinking of multilateralists around shifts from formal intergovernmental conventions to more dynamic and flexible multilateral outcomes is in the air. Initiating a true negotiation would seem to be a priority. Towards this end, there are several ideas, such as securing firm consensus on the purpose and goals of the process, establishing meaningful intersessional work and enabling consequential informals among key delegations. There are also ideas about demandeurs creating meaningful leverage, building cross-regional coalitions, deploying senior political figures as “champions” of the process, identifying opportunities for compromise outcomes and energizing civil society. Under its new mandate, the IGC will meet quarterly in 2020. This is a sign of commitment and determination. Lessons learned from the past 10 years will undoubtedly inform thinking on how best to work towards achieving pragmatic, flexible and balanced yet sufficiently consequential outcomes. The ramifications of the IGC’s task are immense. Some argue it will enrich the IP system, expand its range of beneficiaries, strengthen the IP system’s contribution to sustainable development and inspire fresh confidence in multilateralism. (Photo: Bartosz Hadyniak/E+/Getty Images) Plenary: the meeting of all IGC members and accredited observers. The decision-making body within the IGC process. The IGC reports to the WIPO General Assembly. Thematic sessions: IGC sessions which focus solely on GRs, TK or TCEs. By contrast, cross-cutting sessions focus on more than one of these topics, usually to enable the IGC to address issues arising in respect of two or all of the topics. Ad hoc expert groups: groups formed by experts appointed by countries and the indigenous caucus who, in their personal capacities, meet to address specific legal, policy and technical issues in relation to IGC-related topics in order to support and facilitate the negotiations of the IGC’s plenary. Intersessional Working Groups (IWGs): established by the WIPO General Assembly in 2009 to provide legal and technical advice and analysis to the IGC; these met in 2010 and 2011, and comprised one technical expert from each member state and accredited observer who participated in his/her personal capacity; each IWG met for five days; detailed modalities for their organization were agreed by the IGC in May 2010. So far no further IWGs have been established. Contact groups, informals and informal informals: held during IGC sessions, these meetings tend to comprise a limited number of delegates from each regional group and one or two indigenous representatives to discuss key issues and to make textual or other proposals for consideration by the IGC’s plenary, in an informal, off-the-record setting. Facilitators: individual delegates that may be proposed by the Chair and approved by the IGC to assist the text-based negotiations by following the discussions closely, keeping track of views, positions and proposals, drafting proposals, and preparing revisions of the negotiating texts for review by the plenary. Friend(s) of the Chair: delegates or other persons invited by the IGC Chair to assist and advise him/her on a continuing or ad hoc Seminars: organized by the WIPO Secretariat in 2015, 2016 and 2017; informal opportunities for country delegates and representatives of observers to share regional, national and community practices and experiences, as well as to exchange views on key IGC issues. Expert drafting groups: open-ended, informal drafting groups to produce revised versions of the negotiating texts for consideration by the IGC’s plenary. High-level segments: meetings held among high-level authorities (e.g. ambassadors and senior officials) to share views on key policy issues relating to the IGC’s negotiations to further inform the IGC plenary. A high-level meeting took place during the February 2014 session of the IGC.

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