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{ "a_id": [ "cl2xvo3", "cl33ghp", "cl33ifn" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "In addition to basic anatomical structure, xrays can be used to detect radiation-emitting compounds.\n\nFor example....you want to know if bone healing is happening in a joint after surgery. You can give the patient a dose of some heavy isotope compound that will be added to the repairing bone and you will see it on an xray in ways that a CT just won't show. Then, the isotope is mostly removed via the kidneys/bladder and the remaining radioactive compound decays.\n\nAlso, an xray is WAY cheaper than a CT scan....so for fixing a broken bone, it makes a lot more sense.", "You are actually asking 2 different things:\n1. How come an xray can see a nodule that doesn't appear 2 days later on a Ct-scan\n2. Can an xray see things a Ct-scan can't.\n\n1. Most likely what your doctor saw was temporary and had disappeared 2 days later (a mucus plug, a swollen lymph node...)\n2. Yes, some things are easier to see on an xray (signs of previous fracture, some linear tumor and others). The fact that an xray is taken while standing and a Ct scan while lying down is also important, liquid effusions might be easier to spot for example.\n\nAs for your second question: we trust a Ct scan much more than an xray mainly because it offers a better resolution/visualization of what you are looking at (including nature of the tissue, anatomical relationship to surrounding structures, extensions, etc). ", " > How does an xray show something that a ct doesn't?\n\nWhen the two techniques have different resolutions and limits of detection - much like if you use a crappy disposable camera on a spinning globe, you might see some blurry landmarks. However, if you took multiple snapshots with a proper camera, you can make out different details on that spinning globe." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dd0rnuv" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "Gasses and liquids (fluids) exert pressure on everything inside of them. But the pressure in a fluid increases the deeper the fluid is. So if you put an object in a fluid there is a different pressure at the top than at the bottom. So there is a greater force pushing up than what is pushing down (the force at the bottom is higher). So gravity pulls the object down, but the fluid is pushing the object up.\n\n & nbsp;\n\nIf you do some math you will find that the force pushing up is equal to the weight of the water that would be in place of the object if the object wasn't there. This is called the weight of the water that is displaced by the object. The force of gravity is just the weight of the object itself. So if the weight of the object is greater than then weight of the water it displaces, then it will sink.\n\n & nbsp;\n\nSince the volume of the object is equal to the volume of the water it displaces then what easily determines if the object will sink or float is the mass per volume of the object vs the mass per volume of the water that is displaced. Because for any given volume, the one with the higher mass per volume will have more mass. The one with the greater mass will provide a greater force. If the object has more mass it sinks because its weight will be greater than the upward force provided by the fluid. Mass per volume is density." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c2jzvh4", "c2k0hq9", "c2k1iiu", "c2k1yu4", "c2jzvh4", "c2k0hq9", "c2k1iiu", "c2k1yu4" ], "score": [ 7, 4, 3, 3, 7, 4, 3, 3 ], "text": [ "It seems ridiculously easy because it is. It hasn't been fixed because, quite honestly, it's incredibly difficult to make something secure. Because of that, taking technology as insecure as smartphones and shoring up the defenses is a slow, difficult and expensive process. I think the main reason why that process isn't happening much is because there isn't enough press coverage of smartphone security holes to make the companies involved care about getting their act together.", "Security, Ease of use, Price - pick any two", "What exactly do you mean by \"hack smart phones\"? Is there a hacking crisis I'm not aware of?\n", "In terms of hack, if you are referring to people who get their phones hacked because of dirty pictures on them, well then the answer is clear. If a person takes a photo of themselves and then decides to send it out from their phone SMS, twitter, fb, or anything else...most of the time it will probably be send unencrypted and NOT secure. Most people get hacked because security is NOT the default option. Examples being you have to force G-Mail and Facebook to use HTTPS instead of it being the default.", "It seems ridiculously easy because it is. It hasn't been fixed because, quite honestly, it's incredibly difficult to make something secure. Because of that, taking technology as insecure as smartphones and shoring up the defenses is a slow, difficult and expensive process. I think the main reason why that process isn't happening much is because there isn't enough press coverage of smartphone security holes to make the companies involved care about getting their act together.", "Security, Ease of use, Price - pick any two", "What exactly do you mean by \"hack smart phones\"? Is there a hacking crisis I'm not aware of?\n", "In terms of hack, if you are referring to people who get their phones hacked because of dirty pictures on them, well then the answer is clear. If a person takes a photo of themselves and then decides to send it out from their phone SMS, twitter, fb, or anything else...most of the time it will probably be send unencrypted and NOT secure. Most people get hacked because security is NOT the default option. Examples being you have to force G-Mail and Facebook to use HTTPS instead of it being the default." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eki1oj4", "eki257h" ], "score": [ 18, 2 ], "text": [ " > What is the one thing that causes things to clip through one another in video games.\n\nThere is no one things. There is literally thousands of different bugs that allow for no-clip glitches. Sometimes its just as simple certain walls not having collision. Adding hitboxes to objects takes time, and if you assume a player will never interact with an object there is no real reason to add one. Things like the ceiling of levels often times dont have hotboxes, if the game lacks the vertical mobility to get there. \n\nOther times it may require an animation that forces your character into a certain direction and orientation. Doom for example always puts your character a set distance from your opponent at the end of a glory kill. This means that if you hug really close to an enemy with your back to the wall the animation will put you through the wall at the end of it. Essentially teleporting you through the wall. \n\nOther times it may simply be a matter of going so fast that you your individual movement never actually touch the wall. If you think of your character as simply teleporting as a set number of pixels , and if you are moving fast enough you can move teleport through walls. \n\nThere are also glitches that involve you despawning your own hitbox. For example, in the ratchet & clank game if you start a level on the same frame that you fall out of the map, the game wont know where to put your hitbox. This allows you to essentially no clip through any wall.\n\nThere are also glitches that involve trigger skipping. Games dont load the entire map at the same time and sometimes things with physics, like doors, wont spawn until you get to a certain part of the map. If you can find away to avoid that trigger the door will be there, but its physics wont load and you can just walk right through.\n\nThese are just the ones i can think of off the top of my head. Depending on how the game is coded there can be thousands of possible ways to make it so your character can move through objects.", "It's usually a combination of computational complexity and game design. Since you mentioned sports games, let's focus on NFL football. You have potentially 22 players all colliding with each other 60 times per second. That means the game only gets 16 milliseconds to do all the physics calculations for 22 players times however many bounding boxes (aka hit boxes) there are per player (there are much more than one per player) in addition to all the other stuff the game needs to do in that time. \n\nBecause the physics computation part of the game frame can't take up all 16ms (and the number of calculations required combined with the complexity of those calculations would likely exceed the budgeted time), the game designers and engineers usually decide to only do a certain number per frame and/or lower the accuracy of the computations as an optimization. \n\nThis can and often does lead to the game missing a collision somewhere, especially any time one of these physical objects is moving quickly enough. Many times, it's not noticable, but every once in a while, as you said, you might see one. This is a tradeoff the designers are usually willing to make in order to maintain a smooth frame rate. \n\nAs hardware gets more powerful, this can become less and less of a problem assuming the budget doesn't get smaller due to other parts of the game demanding more of that 16ms. \n\nA couple of other reasons that are less likely, but still sometimes cause these issues:\n\n* Plain old bugs in the physics code (it's a complex component in general)\n* A lot of physics systems have some amount of numerical instability where the results aren't always accurately simulated under some conditions\n* Collision boxes (well, they are really volumes, not necessarily box-shaped) can be misplaced by artists resulting in the physical location of the game object not matching where it's drawn on screen." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dhi3k09", "dhibuu7" ], "score": [ 8, 2 ], "text": [ "I know that in Canada, the four year programme is to allow for one year of introduction courses and first year seminars AS WELL AS to allow students to 'catch up'. Students who study in Canada but took the IB or A-Levels (the home nations of these students usually have 3 year degrees) receive a year's worth of credits to compensate. ", "In the U.S., it's dependent on your program and course load. If you only take classes in the primary terms (Spring & Fall) you might be forced into four years. Tack on some prerequisites that you didn't complete in high school or a major change and now you are at four or five years. \n\nIn my own personal experience, it would have been difficult for me to complete my program in three years due to timing of course availability." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "delh3j2", "demcwqw" ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text": [ "Lighting differences. Eyes don't change color in such small time periods. They may over the course of your lifetime, but anything else is just nonsense.", "The short answer is that when your pupil size changes (according to light sensitivity), the pigments in your iris (a muscle that controls pupil size) \"compress\" or \"spread apart\", which in result change your eye colour a bit. \n\nMostly it's because of lighting and how we perceive it (lights and colours etc). \nRead this real quick (nothing wordy I promise): _URL_0_\n\n\n\n" ] }

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[ [], [ "http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=916" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ctpgt11", "ctpgxmy" ], "score": [ 5, 4 ], "text": [ "That's over 24 hours. So that works out to 83 calories an hour. Walking two miles takes about 45 minutes, so that would 333 calories an hour, or 4 times more calories. ", "You're referring to your resting metabolic rate. To perform bodily functions, such as breathing, circulation, or even using your brain to think, your body needs energy. Moving muscles for relatively short periods of time requires less energy than keeping your body alive and functioning does over the course of a day." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "fbvhlqp" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Think about it in slices of pizza.\n\nSometimes a pizza is cut evenly into 8 pieces. Every piece removed is a nice equal percentage being removed. \n\nBut. When the pizza cutter cuts a little Crooked and some pieces are bigger than others, you might take a small percentage or a big percentage of the whole pizza. \n\nSo so say there are 5 tasks, the entire process takes 1 minute to complete. Tasks 1-4 take up 20 seconds to complete, and the last task takes the remaining 40 seconds." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cdxylzr", "cdxypat", "cdy13mv", "cdy14pi" ], "score": [ 7, 6, 2, 5 ], "text": [ "They can, that school was just insanely retarded.", "Well some schools have the 0-tolerance for drugs policy including prescribed drugs. They have that to prevent lawsuits. ", "I'm sure some kid somewhere sprayed it in a classmate's face.", "Because drugs are bad. seriously. I know how ridiculous that sounds but that's what it is, they are so afraid of anyone possibly doing anything related to drugs that they ban the good right along with the bad. the 1% chance that something bad might happen justifies banning the 99% of good it would do." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dls5yhy", "dls68cn", "dls74na", "dls81xb" ], "score": [ 2, 7, 2, 5 ], "text": [ "The initial movement of the lightning is a voltage potential seeking the path of least resistance. \n\nOnce it has found that path the electrons move like you expect them to. \n\n\nI think. Electricity is weird. ", "This doesn't answer your question, but it's interesting to note that while electricity moves at near light speed, electrons move rather slowly through a conductor. Imagine pushing a ball on one end of a ball-filled tube. The other end would move immediately, even if you pushed the ball very slowly.", "(warning: some of this may be wrong)\n\nA large build-up of charge is a big group of electrons, and they want to spread out, not be close together. But the soupy mixture of clouds and air is not a great conductor, meaning it is difficult for the electrons to move through.\n\nThink of it like a whole bunch of people crammed into a small area in a field, full of really tall, dense grass. Everyone wants to get out of there, but it's hard to move - the grass slows you down. People are randomly pushing outward on their own. But the path they leave behind them in the grass makes it easier for others to follow - it lowers the resistance. But at first the path progresses slowly 'cause it's kind of a dead end, until it reaches a clearing (ground). Now there's somewhere to go and traffic (current) begins to flow into the open space, flattening the grass down further and wider, making a better path for people, flattening down the grass more - this is a 'cascade effect'. \n\nWith the lighting, (I think) the massive electric charge is sending out 'feelers', or explorers of sorts - charge jumping between air particles. It is much slower as it is not a flow to ground through a circuit (path) but rather the electrons are being repelled away from each other. The particles that become charged along the explorer paths are then called 'ions', and they provide a much better path for electrons to flow as compared to neutrally charged air. \n\nIf the ions happen to encounter an area with much lower charge, the cascade effect occurs, and the electrons rush in to relieve the pressure of them being packed into a small area. I think it's kind of like a chain at that point - when an electron moves it leaves a space behind (effectively) that another electron will fill at nearly the speed of light - so if there is a place to go at the end of the chain, all of them will move towards it. I think it's something like that!\n\n\nedit:\n\ncheck out some youtube of slow-mo lightning! It's pretty neat. You can see the slower ionized paths branching out, then the one that 'wins' the race to ground lights up super bright! \n\n_URL_0_", "Well alright, here we go.\n\nA Lightning bolt occurs when air can no longer act as a dielectric, that is, a material with high resistance, there is a point where Voltage is too high and this dielectric property breaks for a certain amount of time, when there is a high voltage it means there's a large amount of electrons in a space and a low amount in another, so they naturally want to make themselves as homogeneous as possible, so electrons flow until dielectric properties are restored or there is no longer a large voltage. Here come the answers to your question.\n\nA Lightning bolt travels quick because electrons move at fractions up to 90% speed of light,, a common bolt is estimated to spread at 50% speed of light.\n\nA Bolt can last from a tenth of a second up to about 1.5 of repeated similar strikes because they're draining their charge be it from cloud to Earth, Earth to cloud or whatever other variation, so there you have it.\n\nThe Explain it like I'm 5 version: When you open a faucet, water starts flowing as soon as you open it, but it will take some time for your water to run out." ] }

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[ "https://youtu.be/3pOJ01PC_UU" ]

[ [], [], [ "https://youtu.be/8waV48897o4" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "f9lo57r", "f9lo6yc", "f9lrhi0" ], "score": [ 6, 4, 2 ], "text": [ "Investment equity, money accessed to develop and construct a housing project, has the affordability requirements conditionally attached for up to 30 years. Tax credits are provided by governments to appropriate developments by providing tax rebates which are sold for capital to construct the housing. \n\nThe rents are tied to percentages of the Average Median Income (AMI), and are a mix of 30%, 60% and 80% of the median income.", "There are some buildings that are low income buildings and as a result receive government subsidies. That might be why.", "This is better in r/answers." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cbo7sk7", "cbo7w4m", "cbo8eg9", "cbo9rjw", "cboaa2w", "cboabcx", "cboalik", "cboaqgl", "cboatws", "cbob12m", "cbob6ea", "cbobadj", "cbobcde", "cbobnlu", "cbobvrg", "cbocb14", "cbocdcj", "cboceot", "cbocj6v", "cbodt2z", "cbodxso", "cboe2rl", "cboe6bx", "cboe6ks", "cboebu2", "cboefma", "cbof57u", "cbofb0a", "cboh7jd", "cboheiv", "cboib09", "cboicwq", "cboiipz", "cboikqq", "cboizg8", "cbojpam", "cbokw8z", "cbonhov", "cboo8og", "cbop8tb", "cboppwj", "cboq076", "cborsyf", "cbosdbl", "cbosjsa", "cbot74w", "cbotqd2", "cboujhc", "cbozxhl" ], "score": [ 1147, 187, 10, 97, 9, 11, 6, 8, 4, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 32, 5, 2, 2, 2, 4, 3, 2, 2, 3, 21, 2, 2, 5, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Weasel-words.\n\nA product being 'best' doesn't quantify what 'best' means. Is it the most effective? Or cost-effective? It makes it hard to pin down what they're actually claiming. So they can't be told to lie.\n\nAnd with the 'scientific studies' usually doesn't actually say what the outcome of the study was. Just that it's taken place, which is of course true.\n\nMost commercials are made up out of weasel words like that.\n\n**Edit:** People have mentioned the term 'puffery' a few times instead of weasel-words. I'm not a walking dictionary I picked the wrong term. So replace the term weasel-words with puffery allright?", "Technically, ads like the ones you're talking about aren't lying - they're being creative with the truth. As /u/Radijs said, a word like *best* is subjective. Best in what regard?\n\nMy personal favourite is the whole \"8 out of 10 doctors agree\" line. Technically that's 100% true if they asked 8 doctors who they knew would have a positive opinion and two who wouldn't.\n\nNow, whether or not these types of ads are *ethical* or not is a whole other ballgame.\n\nThere's a flipside to this though. Where do you usually see these types of ads? They're almost always for consumer products in very competitive marketplaces where there is very little difference (if any) between competitors. How do you get someone to buy your dish soap over your competitor's when the products both are selling are identical in every meaningful way? You play up different attributes, or add different coloured crystals etc. \n\nWhen you think about it from that perspective, it's a real race to the bottom. The first toothpaste to run with \"8/10 doctors agree\" probably had a pretty solid edge in the minds of consumers. So naturally the rest will follow suit to keep up. And so it goes...", "Also, there are some stuff that do to get away with these \"lies\"\nA classic is the image of a great and neat Big Mac. And when you get yours, it's a total mess and doesn't look anything with the picture. \nThen you see that small letters near the picture. I'm not sure which is the english term for it but I think it's \"Ilustrative image\" (translated from brazilian Portuguese). And there's a lot of juridical stuff around these terms that allow them not to use a real picture of the product", "The justification you're looking for is a legal term called \"puffery\"\n\nHere's an excerpt from the wikipedia article: Puffery as a legal term refers to promotional statements and claims that express subjective rather than objective views, which no \"reasonable person\" would take literally.[1] Puffery serves to \"puff up\" an exaggerated image of what is being described and is especially featured in testimonials.\n\nExample: World's best fried chicken! or Finest spinach this side of Tallahassee.\n\nedit: words and example", "In Britain, they can't. All statistics have to be backed up by a proper source, and the [Advertising Standards Authority](_URL_1_) have the power to block any misleading adverts. Earlier this week, [a broadband advert was banned because the price in the voiceover was only for customers with phone service, the normal price was in the small print.](_URL_0_)", "The mascara ads drive me nuts. \"XYZ will make lashes appear 5 times longer\",,,,when the after shot shows a model CLEARLY wearing fake eyelashes. ", "It's all about the wording. What is technically true. Not what is implied. That is what matters.\n\n > 'Our product will get rid of any stain and is better than other products because insert bullshit\n\nYour quote here proves how you interpreted something different that was was actually said. They do exactly this on purpose. I would bet that they never said this exact wording. More like \"Chevron is the only gas with techron\" Of course it is, it's a made up word you trademarked! They said nothing about being the best BECAUSE of techron.\n\n\"More dentists use Dr. Fred's toothbrushes over any other major brand\"\n\nWhat defines a 'major' brand? Nothing specific, so they can define it however they want. So They define it as a brand that is NOT national, but still sells more than 100,000 toothbrushes a year. Conveniently enough that leaves them as the ONLY brand in that category.\n\n > 'Studies with the most famous scientists have shown we are not trying to sell bullshit'\n\nDo yo ever actually recognize any of those scientists? Not usually. Because they are paid actors. You missed the sub text in tiny print below saying *Spokesperson is a paid actor. \nWhen you do recognize them, that brand probably is what they use, NOW. All the competitors are nearly identical and now that they get it free from company, of course they use it in their laboratory/kitchen/whatever.\n\nAll these things are not technically untrue, just misleading. Intentionally so, but until it causes harm or someone sues, why would they stop?\n\nIf you're still curious about how ads do their thing, try /r/adbreakdown for more info.", "Opinions versus facts.\n\nAn opinion isn't illegal. \"Best\" is an opinion, for example.\n\nSaying \"Our toothpaste comes in a 18 Gallon tube!\" would be a lie. Or maybe not, if from Costco.", "Regulation of advertising falls under Consumer Law and is a pretty tricky thing to regulate. Basically, companies are not allowed to deceive the consumers with their advertisements by making believable claims that, in actuality, are untrue. However, the outlandish claims we see in advertisements (and like the ones you have included) are known as \"sales puffery.\" Because these claims are usually outrageous, the law states that a reasonable person would not consider these to be actual facts and, thus, are not grounds for a claim of false advertising.\n\nTypes of Illegal Advertising Include:\n\n1) Bait-and-Switch Tactics: advertising a product for sale, then steering the customer to some other, more expensive item while disparaging the advertised product\n\n2) Low-Balling Tactics: presenting consumer with estimate of costs knowing fully that the actual cost will be much higher.\n\n3) Misleading Savings Claims: claiming that a product is being sold at a reduced price when, in fact, it has never been sold at the higher \"regular\" price.\n\n4) Using Props Instead of Product: advertisement can not use a prop or mock-up that is deceptive; it must use the actual product in demonstrations\n\ntl;dr: If the commercial says something believable and it turns out to be false, this is illegal. If the commercial makes an outrageous claim, it is not illegal because a reasonable person should realize how ridiculous it is.", "I often wonder this... but I wonder it about those commercials for the \"online auction sites\" i.e. Beezid.\n\nHow the hell can that be legal to even advertise? Unless someone on here got a Ipad for $9.87???", "Because everything in real life is lame and nothing is going to fix your aching back.", "In the UK, the courts have a term for it: \"mere puff\". There is a point at which claims stop being \"mere puff\" and become something to be taken seriously (ie. if it 'goes to the root of the contract'), but this line is toed carefully by advertisers. \n\n\nThere's a brilliant case about this from 1892. The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company sold big balls of flammable noxious chemicals that you lit and inhaled to supposedly stop from getting influenza (a big deal back in those days). They said that if you used it and got ill, they'd give you £100 (a LOT of money in 1892). She used it, got influenza, her husband was a lawyer, and now advertisers tend to be more careful with their claims. ", "Based on my experience, very nearly everything is worse than it claims to be. Call it pessimism but I simply expect everything to be bullshit, not work very well, and fail. \n\nThat said, advertising is just the braying of farm animals to me - and should be to you. Money spent advertising to me is money thrown in the trash. \n", "Marketers call it \"puffery\" and it's totally legal. \n\nEx- this comment is the #1 comment of all time. ", "They are not allowed to lie in the USA (not to say that it doesn't happen,) as we have truth in marketing laws. OTOH, you can always find companies willing to skirt that law by using 'weasel-words' which don't explicitly imply an advertisement, but are more of a comparison or adage, or you can find them making claims which can never be disproved, and are technically unchallengeable in court.\n\nHowever, the forced-short nature of laws regarding commercials does force companies (specifically pharmaceutical companies) to go past all of the side effects and such in quite a rapid manner due to the restricted length of a commercial, which may ultimately confuse the general populace, many times to the detriment of the populace (Vioxx anyone?)\n\nThere is plenty of case law to support this. I'm too drunk to start looking, but it's out there and easily found.", " > Why can commercials lie and get away with it?\n\nThey can't. \n\nLook at old spice commercials or Red bull. Old spice commercials are goofy and \"red bull gives you wings\" are so ridiculous that no one is supposed to believe they are serious. No one drinking redbull is supposed to honestly believe they'll sprout wings. \n\nWhen they do make claims...they are very specific in wording. \n\nLook at, for example, Miller lite vs. Bud light ads. Miller's claims is \"more taste\" than bud light. Not that it \"tastes better.\" Sure, they imply that it tastes better, and that's the inference you're supposed to make. But they never say it. It's always \"more taste\" than bud light.\n\nSimilarly, look at car insurance companies....Those who switched to [company] saved an average of $500. \n\nThey only calculated a savings for **\"people who switched.\"** The math ignores all the people who didn't switch because it was more expensive and/or the same price. And when do people switch? After they sell a car, or their child goes onto their own insurance, or they move from a large city to sleepy suburb. Very few people just randomly call a dozen different companies every week...because without life changes the price doesn't change that much. \n\nSo, yeah...people who switched...did save $500. \n\nSimilarly, suppose you have two identical products....say hand sanitizer. It's all basically the same. They won't ever say \"Ours is better than everyone else.\" \n\nThey will say, \"No other hand sanitizer kills more bacteria!!\" Which true...because they all kill the same amount. You're brain reads that as \"this one is best\"...but that's not what they said. They said, \"no other sanitizer kills more.\"\n\n", "You are not allowed to blatantly lie. The pharmaceutical company Pfizer cannot put an ad on TV saying Viagra cures cancer. Coke can't put an ad that says drinking helps with prostate cancer. And companies do not want to make big bold lies as they will crash their business. Small misleading ones in ever creeping doses, however, work much better.\n\nYou can be creative with how you present your truths. 4/5 dentists agree (according to our scientific study which gave us the result we wanted). We're the best (opinion). Fair and balanced news (again, opinion). This food is good for wellness because it is fortified with vitamins known to promote general health, regardless of whether the food is full of fats, sugars, and salts. For large products, lawyers scrutinize the copy to make sure no unjustifiable statements can be made. For example, Vitamin Water never claimed it was good for your health. It claimed it had antioxidants which are good for your health.\n\nWhat advertisers can do is imply heavily using your emotions to manipulate you. If you need rest at night, our Ambien will bring you the comfort you so desperately seek. If you're young and want to have fun, drink coke. Energy drinks are for the extreme athletes and people who want that edge. Sophistication comes in a Lexus. Mind you, you're just eating, drinking, and moving around. It's these ads which play to your emotional needs for comfort, competitive edge, and status. That by far is worse than most lies out there. \n\nI'm sure many of you ad people will back me on the statement that diamonds are a fucking awful way to tell your girlfriend you want to love her for life. \"Hey honey, here's a diamond, a not really romantic way to say I want to spend the rest of my life with you considering the diamond itself is not rare (because it's output to the consumer base is heavily regulated in order to inflate its value), it's realness has nothing to do with love (a zirconium isn't a lie. It's a synthetic diamond and the only real major difference between that and a real diamond are some tags manufacturers put in there and the fact that one is made with scienc and the other harvested using many unethical practices), and MEANINGLESS OBJECTS HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH LOVE.\n\nBasically you need a degree in bullshit to eventually understand one simple truth: if it's being advertised to you on TV or radio, you probably don't need it.", "Asbestos free cereal? Finally! Why did I ever eat anything else!\n\n_URL_0_", "Like the amazing DNA revitalizing cremes. It's hilarious but people fall for it anyway.", "TV commercials lied about lowering the volume. They raise the volume in between. Commercials are louder than my tv shows. ", "it's called \"puffery\" and legally they are allowed to do it. They can't actually lie, it's more like they can make statements like \"we have the best pizza.\" It's subjective. basically a court can't say they DONT have the best pizza so they can get away with saying whatever can't be dis-proven. ", "A good example is McDonald's selling \"Real fruit smoothies\".\nIn the ads for them, or at least in Canada, they all say \"With real fruit flavors\". Now McDonald's isn't using real fruit in blenders but nor do they lie. How?\nBecause \"With real fruit flavors\" basically means that their artificial flavors and syrups have the flavor... of real fruit. ", "more importantly, why are the news stations allowed to lie?\n\n", "Talk to any salesman and you'll quickly see how easy it is to *sound* like you're saying something without actually saying anything. It's all about how you frame your words.", "In Canada (don't know if this was mentioned) but there are TV news reports that tackle such issues and put them on the spot. One example in recent (2 or 3 years lol) was that of Kentucky Fried Chicken. In their commercial they stated something along the lines that ALL their chicken was hormone free. Though this is TRUE, they were put on the spot because ALL chicken in Canada is hormone free... so in fact they were stating the obvious which seems OK... but is not... \n\nThis was on the news, the reporters confronted Canada's KFC corporate HQ and KFC changed their advertising campaign.... So not only are blatant lies unacceptable in Canadian programming, but neither is word manipulation... I'm sure if someone made a stink about it in the USA or other parts of the world, things would be a little different. Just takes someone with funding and viewers to point out the big bad wolf... ", "Legalese, that's why. The ability to rationalize away the separation of what is \"true\" and what is a \"lie,\" and what is neither, graying and muddling the difference between the two.", "Late to the game.\n\nShort answer is: they're not. Teams of lawyers (both for the advertiser and for its competitors) pick apart each advertisement for false or misleading claims. Litigation often ensues.\n\nThe first thing is to distinguish the actual claims from \"puffery.\" Puffery, which someone pointed out above, is an advertiser's exaggerated claims which no reasonable person would take seriously. There was a famous case where Papa John's was sued by a competitor (Dominoes, maybe) over its claim of \"Better Ingredients, Better Pizza.\" The trial court (Northern District of Texas, I think) found that it was a false claim. IIRC, the court found that placed in the context of the advertisement (which depicted fresh sliced veggies + fresh tomato sauce), the claim implied that Papa John's ingredients were fresher than its competitors - something that Papa John's had not substantiated. On appeal, the Fifth Circuit reversed, basically holding that \"better\" was an empty adjective (I'm simplifying), and the the claim \"Better Ingredients, Better Pizza\" was puffery. That being the case, it wasn't a false claim. But as you can see, determining what is puffery and what it an actual claim often involves judgment calls and splitting hairs (here, the lower court and the appellate court disagreed!).\n\nThere are also express and implied claims. Express claims are simple: they are the straightforward claims in ads (\"Lose 10 pounds\" or \"Stops cholesterol buildup\") and are generally easily discerned. Implied claims generally (and I'm greatly simplifying) consist of claims made indirectly or by inference (those claims that a reasonable consumer would take away from an ad). For example, Splenda's claim that it was “Made from Sugar”—was literally true but also implied that Splenda was “natural” and not “artificial.” The consumer takeaway was that it was healthier than the competition. Copy tests / consumer surveys are generally required to identify implied claims. Here's an article that spells this out much better than I can: _URL_0_\n\nOnce you sort out the claims from the puffery, there are all sorts of laws governing what you can say in your claims (both express and implied). Generally, you must have prior substantiation for any claim - that is, you must have tests / evidence to back up what you say before you run the ad. So if you claim your product will help you lost 10 pounds in 2 weeks, you need scientifically sound tests to support that. If you have an \"up to\" claim - e.g., that you can lose \"up to\" 10 pounds in 2 weeks - you must be able to prove that a substantial minority of consumers obtained those results (20% maybe, I can't recall). And there are regulations governing the use of endorsements + testimonials.\n\nThe Lanham Act is a federal statute that prohibits false advertising, and allows competitors injured by the claims to sue for damages and injunctive relief. (Generally, courts do not allow injured consumers to sue under the Lanham Act - you must be a competitor). The FTC Act gives the FTC authority to sue to enjoin companies engaged in false advertising (which it successfully did against Reebok + Sketchers, for making claims that its shoes would help tone your butt, and against Airborne Cold Remedy, for making claims about the efficacy of its product in treating the common cold). State Unfair & Deceptive Acts + Practices statutes may give injured consumers remedies for false advertising.\n\nBetween companies, advertising is largely self-policed, and an aggrieved competitor can file a complaint with the National Advertising Division of the Better Business Bureau. The challenged company files a written response defending its ad (and usually offering studies, tests or other evidence in support of the claims), and there is an additional round of briefing after that. Then there generally is a hearing before a panel of arbitrators at the NAD's offices in NYC (though the decision is occasionally done \"on the papers\" with no hearing). The panel issues a written decision, which the challenged company technically is not legally required to abide by, but almost always does. (If it ignores it, the NAD or the challenger can refer it to the FTC, which can then sue the company to force it to comply with it). \n\nAmong many, many other cases, Campbell's Soup filed a successful NAD challenge to Progresso's claims about the MSG content of its soups: _URL_1_ Dannon also challenged claims by Yoplait at the NAD: _URL_4_ While companies can file suit in federal court (under the Lanham Act), most false advertising cases are resolved at the NAD.\n\nHere is a good false advertising FAQ: _URL_3_\n\nHere is a link to the NAD: _URL_2_\n\nEdit: One more point, regarding some of the skeevier, seemingly more fraudulent advertising that runs (weight loss and get rich quick schemes, for example). The First Amendment broadly protects speech (including commercial speech) against prior restraints. So advertisers are free to run dubious ads, with the caveat that they are subject to a subsequent challenge (by another advertiser or the govt). There are limits, but the First Amendment provides pretty broad protections.", "I think people are missing some details. The courts have ruled that in terms of advertising your product, you are allowed to use reasonable sensationalism. The first ruling was in 1942 and basically said that \"common-sense\" dictates what is to be believed by the general public. The courts allowed advertisers to promote their products to a public that was deemed intelligent enough to make the distinctions. That word play has been manipulated lately for more of these \"false\" advertisements. They can claim things like \"organic\", or \"real\", but have none of the qualifications of what the public deems organic and real. The defense for this is that people should be able to make the reasonable distinction. \n\nI personally think that commercial speech should be revisited (especially with food products) and the idea of \"common-sense\" should be reevaluated.", "This question reeks of naivety. They can't lie. They can bend things or share their own opinions on their own products but they can not make things up. \n\nBe a responsible consumer and do your own research!", "Dyson - \"*twice* the suction of any other vacuum.\"\n\nOh really? What about SPACE?", "I think a number of people touched on this, but to condense things, they can't blatantly *lie*, but they can stretch the truth *very* thin.", "Seeing as of right now there's about 385 comments this will probably get buried, I actually want to answer this in ELI5 fashion. Just to let you know about my background, I have experience working in ad agencies. In basic terms, that means that we're the guys are the ones that make the spots that people go and see.\n\nSo first question. Why are they allowed to say \"My product is the best?\"\n\nThat's because anyone is allowed to say that their stuff is the best stuff. Tommy is allowed to say that his lemonade stand is better than Becky's. They are allowed to say this because you can see this without proving it. Tommy can tell everyone that his lemonade is better than everyone else's and it will work sometimes. But the problem with doing this is that when you don't have actual reasons to back it up, people will not trust you as much. \"Tommy says his lemonade is the best, but I've tried Nate and Becky's lemonade and I actually like it better\". That's why you don't see too many ads that main claims like this, because there's not much else to go to from there.\n\nNext question \"Our product will get rid of any stain and is better than other products because insert bullshit.\"\n\nThis is where stuff gets risky. Tommy can go and say that his lemonade uses real sugar instead of Splenda. That makes his lemonade better. He can go around school telling people there and people will believe him. But sometimes people don't believe him. Because Tommy's lemonade kind of tastes better, but Nate and Becky's lemonade uses Splenda and it tastes pretty much the same. So while it might be true, because the customers don't know the entire process behind it, some of them will chose not to believe him, or think he is lying. \n\nYour final example: \"Studies with the most famous scientists have shown we are not trying to sell bullshit\".\n\nSo Tommy has some great lemonade. But now Suzie, James and Phil are making lemonade, along with Nate and Becky, he needs to find a way to convince people that his lemonade is better. So he decides to let his teachers try out the lemonade and turns our 3 out of the 4 teachers prefers his lemonade over everyone else's. So he uses this fact to show as proof that his lemonade is better, because kids this age trust their teachers.\n\nNow, I'm sure you're wondering why I didn't answer your question completely. So why is it that Tommy is able to get away with this stuff? Because the reason why Tommy does this stuff within his means, is because there's someone, namely his parents (or the BBB, FDA, or advertising's own self-regulating board) who allows him to do this stuff, but if he lies then he gets punished. So he doesn't want that to happen, which is why he is very careful when selling his lemonade to be honest and not break any rules.\n\nSo, let's turn ELI5 mode off for a sec. Marketing terms and thoughts of manipulation aside, the one thing I can honestly say in terms of any work that I have done is that the research is completely true. Now, remember, this is a difference between an opinion and a fact in advertising. Anyone can say their lemonade is best. But if you are going to say that 75% of Americans love your lemonade, you better damn well have the statistics to support that. If you say that you can remove a stain, you better actually be able to or you'll get fined. This environment makes it so that most ad agencies don't even want to attempt even remotely lying because we'd just get shot down and fined.\n\nBut I think the bigger issue here with you is that, if you look at how you based now only your topic, but your statements, it kind of seems like you don't want to trust these commercials. As such, while I gave you my side of the argument, if you fundamentally don't want to believe me... you, well, just won't.", "They are very smart about their \"lies\". Gor instance, red bulls motto states that red bull gives you wings. Obviously that would be false advertising so they said red bull gives you wiiings. ", "They don't lie. They manipulate statistics, and use false relativity to mislead the simple minded.", "There are many tricks that commercials use to avoid lying, but that avoid being lies. Here are a couple.\n\n* You mention commercials that say \"our product is the best\", but that actually is quite rare. What normally gets said is \"nothing is better than our product\". The loophole that gives is that you can argue that every comparable product is equally good. Since they are all equal, none is better. But you've made it sound like a plus!\n* Commercials also will say that they are the only product with a certain feature. \"Chevron is the only gas with Techron!\" Well, Techron is a Chevron trademark, so of course only Chevron has it. Every other gas has additives that do the same thing that Techron does (and comparatively well), but sure, they are the only one that actually has Techron.\n* \"4 out of 5 dentists recommend sugar free gum to their patients who chew gum\". Seriously? How is it only 4 out of 5? Since you've weeded out the dentists who think gum is awful (\"for their patients who chew gum\"), all the commercial is claiming is that dentists thing having non-sugar in your mouth is better than having sugar in your mouth.\n* Cell phone services. Listen to the words that the commercials use: \"More coverage in more places\", \"Fastest data speeds\", \"Largest and most reliable\". These are all saying different things. (And don't even get me started on the \"unlimited\" data plans that degrade your service once you hit a certain amount!)\n\nThe aren't lies. But they sure are misleading. Lawyers look over it very closely to make sure it stays legal.\n\nNote that this differs in other countries. For example, in the UK, there is a specific agency in charge of reviewing complaints against advertising and they will [force ads to be pulled if they deem them misleading](_URL_0_). ", "Because the US has nothing quite as strong as a body like the UK's ASA (Advertising Standards Agency).\n\nIt's not enough to simply avoid telling lies. They can and do ban adverts that are deliberately misleading or aren't clear to a typical viewer not paying close attention to the small text. For example, Sky Broadband's advert was banned very recently for not being clear on who could receive a special offer (it only applied for existing customers): _URL_0_", "Also: collect 7 million pepsi points and win a Harrior Jump Jet.\n\nDon't say shit like that and then say [no to the guy that collects or buys (using your buy points program) 7 million pepsi points](_URL_0_.).", "if i have to hear the phrase \"carbolic smoke ball\" uttered aloud ever again i will set the goddamn building on fire", "One thing I love is when commercials or ads describe their product (usually food) as being PREMIUM, that means absolutely nothing.", "Here is a list of video links collected from comments that redditors have made in response to this submission:\n\n|Source Comment|Score|Video Link|\n|:-------|:-------|:-------|\n|[sethist](_URL_23_)|49|[Louis CK explains why farts are funny.](_URL_0_)|\n|[Stumpgrinder2009](_URL_16_)|34|[That Mitchell and Webb Look S01E05 P03](_URL_25_)|\n|[fugged_up_shib](_URL_21_)|20|[Behind the scenes at a McDonald's photo shoot](_URL_30_)|\n|[amc99994](_URL_13_)|5|[Sperm Bank Robbery - Funny Thai Commercial](_URL_15_)|\n|[ManInABlueShirt](_URL_2_)|2|[Used Cars -1980 Full Movie](_URL_29_)|\n|[RaoulDuke0](_URL_12_)|1|[Stupid Sexy Flanders!](_URL_5_)|\n|[Snart_the_Cat](_URL_7_)|1|[\"Comedy Lecture\" - Monty Python ao vivo](_URL_18_)|\n|[NUA-667](_URL_10_)|1|[Canadian Cialis commercial -- Headphones](_URL_8_)|\n|[dotsau](_URL_17_)|1|[Charlie Brooker's Screenwipe S05E02](_URL_14_)|\n|[bencarr95](_URL_4_)|1|[Rap Cat](_URL_19_)|\n|[nigerian_niger](_URL_11_)|1|[ugly truth: STEREOTYPES vs. PROFILING](_URL_6_)|\n|[thedinnerman](_URL_24_)|1|[Bill Hicks on Marketing](_URL_1_)|\n|[Satans_SON_in_Law](_URL_20_)|1|[Scam Commerical - 50$ Gold Buffalo Coin](_URL_3_)|\n|[lonewombat](_URL_9_)|1|[Karl Pilkington - Bullshit Man](_URL_22_)|\n\n* [VideoLinkBot FAQ](_URL_28_)\n* [Feedback](_URL_26_)\n* [Playlist of videos in this comment](_URL_27_)", "Marketing: the art of *actually* lying without *technically* lying.", "One thing I cannot get my head around in the States is the commercials for drugs (legal ones). I don't know how they can sell this shit, and how the FDA can approve it in the first place... \nI seen one the other day that said \"may cause dizziness upon standing up... or death\". Another classic is when it is a drug for e.g. heart disease, and a side effect is more likelihood of a heart attack!", "They don't lie; they word the truth in a way that misleads consumers", "In the US, ads can not make any untrue claims that any reasonably intelligent person may take as true. For example, when Sunny Delight used the phrase \"powered by the sun\", the FCC issued a cease and desist order (forced to stop running the ad) until they could prove this claim, and they literally had to hire a scientist to write a report on photosynthesis for the FCC. This does not, however, cover opinions or unverifiable claims as mentioned before (puffery, claims like the best, good, cool, better, etc). An opinion can not, by definition, be a lie. But they can not legally say that a pill will cure cancer if it can not. Help you fight against cancer, yes, as all that requires are anti-oxidants for that claim to be valid. These rules also may vary depending on what country you are in. It also gets more tricky with labeling because there is a specific list of words that have to be approved, but others don't. For example, \"organic\" and anything regarding allergy warnings all have to be proven true. But things like Simply (implying natural), balanced, lower salt/ fat/ cholesterol are all tricky phrasing and either don't really mean anything, or don't mean what many people assume they mean.\n\nAlso, if a company runs an ad that does make false claim and gets caught, the first step is the receive a letter to tell them to stop airing it. If they stop, there are no further consequences. If they continue, they get a fine. They also have the opportunity to submit evidence for their claim in which they would be allowed to continue. \n\nCheck out _URL_0_ if you want to learn more about US laws on advertising and mass communications.", "***Puffery*** I remember in the 70s or so, that commercials were watched much more closely for inaccuracies. :( \nEdit --Amazingly, SPs is trying to claim that their ratings [before the crisis] were \"puffery\" \"S & P has said statements about the integrity of its ratings are \"puffery\" that cannot be a basis for the fraud lawsuit, filed on February 4 by the U.S. Department of Justice.\" What cads! _URL_0_", "What bothers me are intentionally misleading ads about getting something for free, like free credit _URL_0_, when you actually have to sign up for some subscription credit monitoring service to get it. And obviously it works like a charm because the commercials never stop.\n\nIt's not free so why isn't this false advertising? \n\nI'm seeing this strategy creep into other services like internet service at crazy low price, then of course they require you to sign up for phone service, which is way overpriced, and it's on contract for probably 2 or more years. \n\nWhere's the limit on this? \"Get a FREE million dollar home!\" With enrollment in Chase phone service, 30 year contract, $3000 a month.", "It's very close to a mother saying 'My child is the best'.", "Marketing major reporting in.\n\nAlso, when a commercial says nine out of ten doctors say this is the best means nothing. What they mean is they took a survey of probably 100 doctors, nine said it was the best. So in comparison, they can say \"nine out of ten agree\" because well, it's true in a way. Take a sample of the 100 doctors, and use the nine that agree and one that didn't, and boom, you have your proof!", "Short answer: To make a buck. Same as any other business. Why single out advertising for being unethical when just about every business is unethical? " ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.asa.org.uk/Rulings/Adjudications/2013/8/British-Sky-Broadcasting-Ltd/SHP_ADJ_227982.aspx", "http://www.asa.org.uk/" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://xkcd.com/641/" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.arnoldporter.com/public_document.cfm?u=AdvertiserLiabilityforImpliedClaimsInLanhamActFalseAdvertisingCases&id=16681&key=7B1", "http://www.asrcreviews.org/2009/08/nad-examines-advertising-claims-for-progresso-soups-following-challenge-by-campbell-soup-co/", "http://www.bbb.org/us/About-NAD/", "http://business.ftc.gov/documents/bus35-advertising-faqs-guide-small-business", "http://www.asrcreviews.org/2008/12/general-mills-dannon-participate-in-nad-forum/" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/18/coca-cola-ad-banned_n_3618635.html" ], [ "http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-23692730" ], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_v._Pepsico,_Inc" ], [], [], [ "http://youtu.be/5hCFdTz_CAg", "http://youtu.be/gDW_Hj2K0wo", "http://reddit.com/comments/1kewby/_/cbom69j", "http://youtu.be/BFQVFwT-tpw", "http://reddit.com/comments/1kewby/_/cboqk8p", "http://youtu.be/CL4iVQyp9L4", "http://youtu.be/sfNSblZB9ho", "http://reddit.com/comments/1kewby/_/cbovrj7", "http://youtu.be/sMxIS7-94S0", "http://reddit.com/comments/1kewby/_/cbobibw", "http://reddit.com/comments/1kewby/_/cbotazp", "http://reddit.com/comments/1kewby/_/cboekeb", "http://reddit.com/comments/1kewby/_/cboxut8", "http://reddit.com/comments/1kewby/_/cbobjyx", "http://youtu.be/WVj389dsd6o", "http://youtu.be/7BOWOMPUbvE", "http://reddit.com/comments/1kewby/_/cbo84fw", "http://reddit.com/comments/1kewby/_/cboukbj", "http://youtu.be/seIdHOrUNSs", "http://youtu.be/RaetzJ3dklU", "http://reddit.com/comments/1kewby/_/cbop7o8", "http://reddit.com/comments/1kewby/_/cbocgog", "http://youtu.be/1lRIQGU2RRk", "http://reddit.com/comments/1kewby/_/cbob28v", "http://reddit.com/comments/1kewby/_/cboi291", "http://youtu.be/qHI01BbtwZs", "http://www.reddit.com/r/VideoLinkBot/submit", "http://radd.it/comments/1kewby/_/cbop8tb?only=videos&start=1", "http://www.reddit.com/r/VideoLinkBot/wiki/faq", "http://youtu.be/026fX--vFu4", "http://youtu.be/oSd0keSj2W8" ], [], [], [], [ "Freespeechrocks.com" ], [ "http://ca.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idCABRE97E05Q20130815?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0" ], [ "report.com" ], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cq9llqe", "cq9no02", "cq9oq65" ], "score": [ 8, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "My impressions from seeing various interviews and so on over the years are: \n \n* Slash - normal well-adjusted guy these days, moved on from GnR and enjoying life \n* Axl - still got some \"playing well with others\" issues and hubris \n \nIn other words Axl's still a rock star, Slash happy to be regular guy. Probably would be happy to hang out with Axl if it was worth his time and effort to deal with the BS.\n", "Axl holds grudges and is probably mad that Slash walked out on a sinking ship that Axl was trying to control while some of the core members of GNR (Izzy) already left. Slash also kind of talked shit abiut Axl in the 90's and early 2000's and even though it was well deserved Axl probably doesn't like to have his ego challenged so his grudge continues.\n\n\nIf you want to ruin a fantastic band just look up what Axl did during those years and do exactly that.\n\n\nThey won't reunite because Axl has been trying to convince people that he and whoever he hires to play with him is \"Guns N' Roses\" and a reunion would basically be telling the world that the whole thing was bullshit. Which it is, it isn't Guns n' Roses without Slash", "Axl's a dick\n\nScrewed the rest of the band on GnR rights ownership\n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e6y80iv" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Generally from the ground up but if you build and assemble the frame first then you can probably do it from the top down, it just won't be as efficient. \n\nHowever you usually design it from the top down because you need to know how much weight is on the upper floors and as such you need to compensate the lower floors with support such that the upper floors will be stable.\n\n\nOkay serious answer, floor by floor you build the basic structure from the steel supports and into the floors and other support mechanisms from the frame. This may require the use of many cranes to assemble. At the same time another crew will be constructing things like the floors and walls and such which includes pouring concrete and laying rebar to placing panels and such. After the basic walls and floors are set you will likely have the plumbers and electricians come in, after that you have a second wave of construction that lays the final floor (like carpet or tile floor, make actual walls and have drywall put up and such, doorways, etc). It involves a lot of people and machinery but it's ultimately not much more complicated then building a house (I mean it is more complicated, but like the principles are generally the same.)\n\nSo while I, myself on my own, would likely never be able to build a skyscraper... If I were given a team of a couple hundred people that are each trained for their specific jobs (construction, plumbing, concrete, electrical, etc) " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dvsn93p", "dvszaf8" ], "score": [ 3, 4 ], "text": [ "I have read a lot of DMT, but about the chemical in drugs. In you brain it is made by the pituitary gland, it is produced while state of deep sleep for dreaming purposes, in very small quantities. It is also present while we are born, i don't know the use of it.", "Honestly, we don't know. We're not even completely sure that this is true. The idea that it is normally produced in the human brain during sleep is a hypothesis, not something we actually know is true.\n\nIt's still uncertain whether human brains do in fact produce DMT, and if so, whether it is produced in meaningful amounts / whether it has any actual function. Not everything in our bodies serves an actual function, contrary to popular belief." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ciovss1" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Cookies. YouTube/Google stores information about your browsing history and what types of videos you watch and tries to pick ads to serve you that are closely related to what you watch. They store this information in cookies which are sent back and forth from the server to your browser every time you browse to a new page.\n\nWhen YouTube gets the information, they send it to another server (sometimes owned by the same company and sometimes a different company) which tires to pick an ad that you are most likely to be interest in." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dqi9i00", "dqibf2w" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "If the country in which the crimes were committed is unable or unwilling to prosecute, or if the UN specifically directs them to, crimes against humanity are prosecuted by the [International Criminal Court.](_URL_0_) \n\nThe ICC was established by a multilateral treaty called the Rome Statute, which was signed by 123 countries, which gives them jurisdiction to prosecute crimes against humanity (and other certain crimes) that occurred in or against any of the signatory countries. \n\nOnce an ICC panel of judges determines a criminal is to be charged, the ICC works with police forces in the country where the defendant resides to arrest them and bring them to the ICC detention center in the Hague, Netherlands. Once there they go through a trial which is decided not by a jury, but a panel of three judges. If convicted they are imprisoned at the ICC detention center in Scheveningen, The Hague for the duration of their sentence. ", "So, I'm going to assume that the whole \"crimes against humanity\" think is just a bit of dramatic wording. Real crime isn't quite near as glamorous. I've been arrested more times that I can remember unless I actually take a moment to sit down and start remembering them. So this is typically how it goes:\n\n1. You did some shit, you got caught, and now the police is here. They're not interested in listening to whatever excuse you have, whether you're guilty or not, or how much money you have on you or how important your friends are. They're here to put your wrists in some bracelets and take you to jail. Yes jail. They don't care. They slap those bad boys on you, sit you in the back of the worst cab in town, and leave it to you to contemplate what the fuck just happened for the entirety of that 15 minute drive to your local cop shop.\n\n2. You get to the cop shop where they walk you through the back door where you are out of sight as if though your fucking criminal or something. Which you are. Because you're technically in jail as soon as you walk in through the door.\n\n3. Now comes the time to put your criminal ass on the books. They call it \"booking\". The nomenclature makes sense. At this point, you get to stand in front of the commanding officer in charge in front of his desk as your arresting officer walks away and leaves the task of pilfering through your pockets to remove anything and everythinbg of value in front of everyone who happens to be there. It sounds like it's kind of fun because you're the center of attention, but it actually isn't so great to stand there with your hands cuffed behind you back with your pants halfway down to your knees like the proper drunken mess that you are. Because that's what it always is. You're just another drunk customer in line to spend the night at a shittier hotel than the shittiest cab ride you just got. They put you against the wall, instruct you to loo and face in certain directions while they take pictures of your stupid drunk face a few times. They help you to roll your fingers across the fingerprint machine, and i'f you're lucky, they'll have one of those cool laser ones that just scan your prints. If they don't have one of those, you're gonna spend the next day or so trying to get ink-pad ink off your hands which is hard because that shit inks the fuck out of your hands.\n\n\n4. Ah, you're in the system now. They print a sheet with your sexiest drunk face, your name and pedigree (which is a really clinical term for \"all of your information\") and put you into the general pen. This is the cell where you encounter some of the most interesting people in the world. Next, you sleep on the bench if there is room, and if there isn't, you just kind of squat against the wall and sleep halfway on the floor., Do not be afraid of this. There is no one to answer your questions, address any of your concerns, or generally tell you anything that's going on. Take that time to nap. This will be very crucial for the next phase of being a criminal under arrest.\n\n5 Now, not all municipalities operate in the same way, but my experience in NYC is pretty typical for any big-city cop shop. Why? Easy. Because after you're booked at your local precinct, you still need to be processed by the county. Which means you have to go to some sort of Central Booking facility. In the morning, the new tour of cops come in, arbitrarily call some name off a sheet that has a list of names, and the winners of this lottery get cuffed together chain-gang style by the wrist to be transported downtown. You are allowed to see the light of day for a little while, and if you happened to have had any combination of cigarettes or cash this is a good time to barter your goddamn heart out to be allowed to smoke a cigarette on the way to the paddy wagon. Sometimes it works, sometimes they tell you to go fuck yourself. It's worth a try either way.\n\n6. Central Bookings is where you go to enjoy a very special hell on earth. Being thrown into a cell with dozens of other terrible decision makers is not the worst part. The worst part is the uncertainty. It is not knowing at all how long you will be there. The last few time I was arrested in Brooklyn South it took at least 24 hours to see a judge. Just prepare for many hours of just sitting there and occasionally sleeping on the floor.\n\n7. Just for the sake of conversation, let's say that they call your name at around. hour 25 or 26. It is a momentous occasion. You get to walk out of the cell, get shackled to other inmates again, and moved to another cell slightly closer to the court room. Expect to spend another day or so there as well. If they give you shitty cheese sandwiches and warm milk, just fucking eat them. Your soul feels dead anyway so what's one more goddamn thing right?\n\n8. The law is the law. It is fair and it is just. It is stern but fair. For this reason, you are now allowed to meet with your public defender. You know back in the day when cops had to actually read you your rights? Me either, it actually was never a thing that the police hasd to inform you of your rights. Regardless, at this point is it time to meet that court-appointed attorney. You get to sit down in front of your pro-bono mouthpiece and try to figure out a way to fucking make it work. The person in front of you is a very overworked young attorney. She has no time for you because in about 7 minutes she has to go and talk to another degenerate like yourself and has to continue doing this until either the end of the day, or depending on how capable she is, the rest of her fucking career, You tell her your side, she tells you to just plead guilty and take some bullshit fine and that she would try to talk the rest down as \"time served\". Yes, all of the time that transpired between you getting handcuffed and standing in front of the judicial \"ace of spades\" is considered to be \"time served\". It's all in good fun when they walk you in to the courtroom.\n\n9. You made it. You're sitting on the bench with about four or five of the new friends you've made throughout this incredible journey. You wait patiently ad watch the judge either entirely excuse minor violations or completely throw the goddamn book at some really bad guys. Last time I was arrested I was sitting next to a three-time felon with no chance in for violating probation by beating the shit out of his wife. He was on my left. The guy on my right got arrested for jumping the subway turnstile. They call your name, take your cuffs off, and allow you to approach the bench. Your public defender walks up and stands next to you so that she could do all the talking. If you're a halfway decent individual you might have been able to call a friend or family member to come and sit in to watch your fate. The judge looks at your case-file, some housekeeping of paperwork is done, and your docket and full list of charges is read by the bailiff. Your public defender tells the judge about how you're actually a really good person and that you made a stupid mistake so \"maybe some community service...\"\n\n10. You have been judged. The all-knowing, all-seeing judge, in robes of black, makes the final decision. The law looks you in the face and tells you the fucking deal. Pay attention. This is when you get formaly arraigned, and all of the wrongdoings of your whole life are announced for public record. The stenographer types away furiously, there are a few gasps coming from the peanut gallery, a snicker or two from your classmates on the bench. If you are released you're given a court date to appear at a later time to present your case. If you suck, the judge may remand you. That's just fancy talk for putting your ass in jail while you wait for your court date. Usually they will set a bail or bond for you to post instead of sitting in jail, but this is a sum of money that you don't have, so you have to call your girlfriend and tell her to go to a bail bondsman at pay a shitload of \nmoney to post for you.\n\nThat's pretty much the gist of it. \n" ] }

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[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c9q2f4k", "c9q2z77", "c9q477j", "c9q4m5x", "c9q783z", "c9qaave", "c9qc8xu", "c9qcz4j" ], "score": [ 6, 15, 21, 9, 5, 2, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "did you mean /r/explainlikeiama?", "He wasn't really a good quarterback. He could run the ball well but he could never pass worth a damn. Also, people have been making fun of him for a while. It's just recently he was dropped by the team he was on, so people have a reason to talk about him again. ", "He took his college team to a national championship and won, get won the heisman trophy as a sophomore (both of these are a pretty big deal). Throw in the fact that the gators (his college team) have a huge nation wide fan base, he's very open about being a Christian, and a good win steak (against bad teams) and all the sudden this guy has millions of fans. After these fans saw he couldn't live up to the hype, he became America's punch line. ", "The things that can make a QB good in college don't always translate well into the NFL. Tebow could run the ball very well, but running quarterbacks are not very valuable in the NFL (nor do they last long). He is athletic, but he doesn't want to consider playing another position.", "There are two stages of Tim Tebows career, but in neither of them was he a pretty good quarterback. In college Tim Tebow ran the spread offense- an offense with three or four wide receivers that is designed to spread out the opposing defense and create open space for the offense to attack. Though the spread started as a passing attack, some coaches realized that by spreading the defense out you created a numbers crunch for the defense when you ran the ball, provided your quarterback could run the ball as well as throw it. This is where Tebow shined, as he was a fairly fast and extremely powerful runner, which meant that in order to stop Tebow running they couldn't change up their defenses too much, which let him complete big pass plays as well. In college Tebow was one of the all time greats at quarterback.\nThe pro game is different from the college game though and teams don't really run the spread as a base offense. In the professional game the keys to being a good quarterback are to correctly read defenses and to get the ball to your receivers as quickly as possible. As he never had to make professional style reads in college, Tim has struggled with it in the league and his throwing motion is elongated- which gives defenders additional time to realize where the pass is going to be and adjust. Finally Tim's running ability isn't as good at the pro-level because unlike running quarterbacks like Robert Griffin and Colin Kaepernick he doesn't have truly *elite* speed, instead he has a power running style which is less effective against uniformly massive NFL players. Tim has made strides in his passing since he's entered the league, and as the Denver/Pittsburgh game showed he was very effective when the Steelers were blitzing regularly- when someone is blitzing it means the coverage behind them has one less man to defend, and so the reads are simpler. ", "He is a bad quarterback in the NFL. Running the ball and being big (wildcat) is great in college, bad in the NFL.", "I feel bad for the guy. He gets mocked endlessly by sports pundits and guys even talk shit about him on his own team, but he's never shown any bitterness about it. The worst thing was how the Jets didn't give him a chance to start when Sanchez was hurt though. He went from hero to bench warmer so fast for no good reason and he shouldve had the chance to play. It would be one thing if he got on the field and sucked for the Jets but they never even gave him a chance and that must hurt worst of all.", "Imagine you are a straight A student in high school and college, but you participated in few extra curricular activities. You earned A's by learning new concepts, studying, time management and test taking. With this skill set you can do well in the corporate world. But you might be less successful than the class president type who developed \"soft skills\": communication, social awareness, etc. All skills are important in different stages in life, but some stages reward certain skills over others.\n\nTim Tebow was an excellent college quarterback, he won the heisman trophy (best player of the year) and a national championship. The problem is that his skill set is not suited for professional football (NFL). Prototypical NFL quarterbacks (Tom Brady, Peyton Manning) rely on hard accurate passes, and rarely (only in emergencies) run the ball to generate yards. Tim Tebow had success in college by being a quarterback who could run well and pass adequately (by college standards). The problem is, he can't make NFL throws, the defenses in the NFL are MUCH faster and smarter. He simply cannot throw accurately or quickly enough. Some quarterbacks are successful in the NFL while being strong runners (Michael Vick, Cam Newton); however, these running quarterbacks can still make NFL quality throws." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "czbnhop" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "\"Grizzly bears and brown bears are the same species (Ursus arctos), but grizzly bears are currently considered to be a separate subspecies (U. a. horribilis). Due to a few morphological differences, Kodiak bears are also considered to be a distinct subspecies of brown bear (U. a. middendorfii), but are very similar to Katmai’s brown bears in diet and habits.\" " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dg8kpuh" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "This is called a perpetual motion machine, where the energy you give in is less than the energy the machine gives out. I'm too inexperienced to answer this, but [this video by Tom Scott](_URL_0_) debunks it and it features your machine (well a variant of it) also!" ] }

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[ [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiZU3BvqvP4" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cuanmn4", "cuanq7m", "cuans9a" ], "score": [ 8, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "It either has to come from taxes or spending cuts. For social programs favors by candidates like Sanders, they usually propose:\n\n* increased income taxes on the highest brackets\n* eliminating loopholes\n* increased corporate taxes\n* reducing taxes breaks, subsidies, and other forms of \"corporate welfare\"\n* reducing defense spending\n* reducing spending on law enforcement", "Through taxation.\n\nThe conservatives argue that the free market will take care of society and that social problems will go away (or shouldn't be addressed at all). On the radical right, the government should be incredibly small and everything should be privatized (health care, education, roads, etc...).\n\nThe socialists argue that certain services benefit society as a whole, and so by increasing taxes to pay for these services society and the economy will be much stronger in the long run. The argument there is that a more educated and healthier workforce will lead to a stronger economy.\n\nThat's the TL;DR between the left and right split.", "Remember, large companies make large campaign donations so politicians like to keep them happy. Yes they can and sometimes do raise taxes for corporations but that's rarely all they do. Cutting spending in another area is a popular one, that's why the NIH is funding fewer and fewer grants for research. Their budget has been cut. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e5dg4ce", "e5dgbjo" ], "score": [ 5, 4 ], "text": [ "Because the value of a country's currency has nothing to do with the strength of their economy. \n\nA country decides what their currency is worth. Wether it stays at that value or not is how you know it's a strong economy. ", "The absolute exchange rate of currencies is meaningless. Currencies can be freely redenominated by just changing account balances and prices, so it doesn't matter if one yen exchanges for one dollar or one cent or 1/100 of a cent.\n\nWhat matters is how those exchange rates change over time. A strong currency is likely to have its exchange rate with other currencies stay relatively stable or improve as time goes on, while weak currencies will have their exchange rates against the strong currencies get worse over time." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cnmdnq2" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Do you mean smoking 5 within an hour, and that's all you smoke for the day? \n\nAnd worse in what regard?\n\nFor example, taking in all of those chemicals at once, if you're not used to it, could lead to nicotine poisoning, which would be bad. But smoking cigarettes slowly throughout the day may be worse for your teeth than smoking them all at once (similar to how drinking acidic beverages throughout the day is worse for your teeth than drinking one quickly)." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cq82eed", "cq82fpl", "cq8871c" ], "score": [ 21, 7, 3 ], "text": [ "Tradition, and what people like. A ref's judgment is part of the game. Consulting a replay or computer to see if a ball was in or out of the strike zone every time there's a dispute changes the flow of the game.", "Two main reasons:\n\n1. Tradition. We like having a guy making calls; it's exciting and gives the fans someone to boo when things don't go their way. Also, hundreds of people are employed as umpires, and it wouldn't be very nice to fire them!\n\n2. Speed of the game. We'd have to wait for the program to crank out a result on every pitch, and any technical problem or error would be a delay of game. It's the same reason instant replay was rare until recently, and even now only in specific situations. No matter what, it takes time and a human has to review the info so that everyone is satisfied.", "There is also something to be said about the universality of rules in sports. Sure, the Yankees can have multiple TVs available in every game to be consulted at a glance, but when you get down to the minors, not every team can have that. A universal standard allows the game to be played in the same way from the World Series down to the lowest possible level." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "crru72i", "crs36iv" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "they reproduce quickly, eat things that other things don't want to eat, and are gross enough that most things don't want to eat them. They are also good at hiding.", "Do you want to eat a slug? They're not very appetizing, decently camouflaged, and reproduce fairly quickly (like most pests)." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eu84vmn", "eu855e4" ], "score": [ 10, 5 ], "text": [ "The stories you hear, you hear BECAUSE they are incredible and are the extreme exception to the rule.\n\nDoctors are humans. Medicine isn't an exact science. If there's a 20% chance that if a limb isn't amputated it'll go necrotic and the patient has a 90% chance of dying, most doctors are going to strongly push for amputation.", "Doctors try to *avoid* making those kinds of statements. They have to tell the patient what *could* happen, not what *will* happen. \n\nWhat usually happens is the doctor says, \"It's possible that you won't walk again\". And then the doctor makes a treatment plan to prevent that horrible outcome.\n\nBut that's a less interesting story, isn't it? It's much more compelling to say, \"The doctor told me I would never walk again.\"" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cnl4b27" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Actually, that law suit (for $13.5 million) was not because of the tagline \"give you wings\" (which is clearly understood as humor), the law suit is over the fact that Red Bull oversold the drink's ability to improve concentration and energy, specifically, it did not provide any scientific evidence to support their claim that the drink is \"able to boost energy better than a cup of regular coffee\"--considering that a 8 oz of Red Bull contains *less* caffeine than 8 oz of coffee, their claim is blatantly false." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cftvcj4", "cfu2353" ], "score": [ 11, 2 ], "text": [ "Because testicles are descended ovaries, and as such the nerves in them are wired up to the part of your brain that covers the abdomen. \n\n(similarly, the scrotum is made of fused labia skin, and the penis is an enlarged clitoris that wraps round the urethra.) \n\nIn the womb, we start out gender-neutral, and specific sexual traits develop along the way. ", "Actually it's less to do on how your genitals developed and more to do on how and where the signal travels about your spinal column.\n\nThe nerves endings in your stomach connect at the same vertebrae as the ones for your genitals, when you get hit in your \"nuts\" the nerve endings send an electrical pulse through the spinal column. As with electricity the signal is stronger near the source, so you get the initial burst bottlenecked at the vertebrae, specifically L1-L3 receive the most of this and the rest goes on your brain tells you to feel pain in those areas.\n\nEasy chart link: _URL_0_\n\nTL;DR version:\n\n1. Balls get hit\n\n2. Nerve endings send pulse to spinal column\n\n3. Travels from L3 to brain\n\n4. L1-L2 are near so the receive some of the pulse and retransmit but at a lower rate\n\n5. Brain interprets this as major pain in L3 region, and minor pain in L1-L2" ] }

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[ [], [ "http://www.mercerislandchiropractic.com/your-spinal-column-nervous-system/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cc63v5o", "cc644hq", "cc64plk", "cc65d9s", "cc65h6y", "cc65m63", "cc668dj", "cc66v3p", "cc68bux", "cc692om", "cc6aamn", "cc6b2xz", "cc6dwy9", "cc6e35m", "cc6e5vk", "cc6flvw", "cc6fwlm", "cc6g9iv", "cc6h9l6", "cc6jbo7", "cc6jeam", "cc6kl1e", "cc73n1j" ], "score": [ 33, 8, 4, 8, 9, 5, 9, 5, 6, 4, 6, 12, 2, 9, 2, 3, 3, 2, 6, 6, 4, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Remain **unbiased**. We do not consider fringe theories to be acceptable. Anything you portray to be true must be considered true by the overall consensus of people who would know. This doesn't mean you can't talk about conspiracy theories--asking about them, why people believe them, etc--but if you portray something as *true* when the majority of political scientists or engineers or pilots (etc) disagree with you, then your comment will probably be removed. \n\nAgain, this doesn't mean you can't ask questions that confuse you about that day, but if you answer, you should make answers are *backed up* by *reliable sources* and *academic consensus*.\n\nNot just *conspiracy* theories, but ELI5 is not the proper venue to espouse *any* theory that's not accepted by academic consensus (in any topic, including, say, evolutional biology). ", "What would be the significance of a controlled demolition at the WTC on 9/11? Why would a controlled demolition = government conspiracy?", "I live in New Jersey so I remember that day clearly...clear blue skies. Warm. Can't believe its 12 years. Lots of people in my state lost their lives that day..I used to go into New York and see the Twin Towers and was always impressed by them growing up, driving through the Lincoln or Holland Tunnels. Its been weird not seeing it there for the past decade and now seeing a glitzy state of the art skyscraper. ", "Why did the BBC report building 7 had collapsed before it had?\n\n_URL_0_", "When and how did we figure out the hijackers' plans?", "I remember watching some awesome in-depth documentaries about 9/11 in 2002 sometime. One was about the anatomy of the collapse and the other was just a compilation of all the amateur footage taken. Does anyone know if these, or any others, can be found online?", "I don't want to rain on the parade but why is a 9/11 discussion thread in ELIF? If anything it should be in /r/AskReddit but whatever. \n\nIn another thread with other people we were discussing the possibility of creating a publicly funded investigation of what happened that day, I was wondering if any of you Redditors would know how to go about that, and ensure that the truth was brought to the light.", "An absolutely fantastic book that people should read to learn more about the path to 9/11 and the history of Islamic radicalism is The Looming Tower by Lawrence Wright. Brilliant read", "Have become fascinated by politics lately, but this issue confuses me for the simple reason that I cannot find any reliable sources.\nAt all.\n\nIs there a substantial \"truth movement\" among architects and engineers? Is there any damning evidence whatsoever that it \"was an inside job\" or that the \"official story\" isn't true? Is there any source of information whatsoever that isn't running some agenda or other instead of what actually happened?\n\n(Tried to find reliable news sources but I either end up on pages managed by big newspapers with interests in the stories, or pages flooded with hyperaggressive conspiracy theorists who take personal offense that anyone wouldn't believe them on their word and heavily biased 'evidence' alone.)", "Was there a reason 9/11 was chosen as the date other than \"911\"??", "How exactly do we know which hijackers did what on the planes? The wiki article details how certain people attacked which crew members, and I can't possibly imagine any evidence surviving the impact and collapse.", "This thread feels like 90% truthers.", "Didn't we overthrow a democratically elected Iranian leader and install a US puppet dictator who was ousted and the overthrown one was reinstated?? ", "What prevents a pilot, with a completely clean background, crashing into another building causing another 9/11? I imagine it would be possible to sneak a gun onto the plane to get the co-pilot to stfu, so how are we still safe? \n\nDo control towers have control over planes? ", "Can anyone ELI5 how WTC 7 collapsed? I don't think 9/11 was an inside job whatsoever, but I truly have never understood how such a big building that wasn't hit directly collapsed so \"neatly\" I suppose. ", "ELI5 the Norman Mineta testimony. I really don't get it.", "You know i wa swondering if could could ever fing out the location the last plan was supposed to hit. Why dont we debate about it? Capitol or White House?", "How exactly did the people in the planes die? Was it the impact, the explosion? What happens to bodies when they're in a plane and it hits a building. What exactly happened to people when the towers were collapsing?", "This isn't 100% on topic but not worth its own thread. Why are there more Muslim extremists than other religions? Why don't we have Jewish extremists that want to blow up pork slaughterhouses or something? ", "Why did President Bush continue to sit in a classroom while the country was under attack?\n\nWhat could the government done besides shooting down the planes?", "What exactly happened during the attack on the Pentagon? While everything else that day was clear, that entire situation seems muddy to me. Why isn't it analyzed to such great detail as the towers? ", "Why didn't the usa take much notice of the planes until they crashed. I heard and cannot confirm that at least one of the planes was flying off course for quite a bit but no one intervened. Why? ", "What would the benefit for the US be with 9/11? Why do people think the US would do this to themselves?" ] }

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[ [], [], [], [ "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mxFRigYD3s" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cq2gzel", "cq2j3qv", "cq2jc04", "cq2o8q8", "cq2olsz" ], "score": [ 21, 5, 6, 6, 6 ], "text": [ "Wars altogether are glossed over in US history books. There just isn't enough time to put everything interesting or notable in them - the Japanese invasion of China was, you know, the Japanese invasion of China. It didn't significantly involve American efforts or affect the war from our perspective. \n\nThe Holocaust and the Nanking Massacre are completely incomparable. Incomparable by a matter of multiple digits. ", "Well I know that Japanese war crimes in general aren't talked about as much as Nazi war crimes. I was seriously disgusted when I learned about all the stuff the Japanese did, and in my opinion it was way worse than the Nazi's. The U.S. was also close allies with Japan after the war, so maybe they didn't wanna shit talk their close friend.", "Because there just isn't enough time. High schools, by necessity, have to gloss over a LOT of history. Hell, even when I was in school a few (ahem) decades ago, we BARELY hit WWI by the end of the year, and we moved at a pretty good pace.\n\nIt would be nice to learn it all, but then 50% of our education would just be history. That's just unrealistic. \n\nAt the end of the day, it's probably best to have a good mix of world and your own history courses. My high school was US History I and II, World History I and II, a \"Comparative Cultures\" class that was sorta about history, and a year's worth of electives for the sixth year. ", "When I took my AP US History class, this was brought up. ", "Well, speaking very generally, there is a pretty strong bias in history courses in America to focus on western cultures. It's being addressed far more so now that say fifty years ago, but it is nevertheless the case that a highschool class looking at World War II probably covers far more about *every* aspect of the Germans than it does of the Japanese. As a western culture, we simply connect the dots of history that lead to *us*, as opposed to the guys on the opposite side of the Earth. This is fairly true for cultures all around the world. America has always been much closer diplomatically, culturally, economically, etc. to the European nations that it draws is origins from." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "enlft65" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "There are two ways that an owner/founder could be fired from being the CEO. \n\n1. They sell more than 50% of the company to investors and the majority shareholders vote them out.\n2. The company is created with a rule that the board of directors can vote out the CEO regardless of ownership, and the people on the board do just that.\n\nOften founders of companies can become really emotionally invested in their company and make decisions that might not be the best for the company. Also, someone may successfully start up a company and when it really starts to take off not have the skillset to grow it. For this reason, when investors give money to a startup it often comes with requirements for having seats on the board, or other methods of ensuring their financial interests are looked after and sometimes that means replacing the CEO." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ch4i0hy", "ch4lbg0" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Well timmy, turbo props use less fuel! That about sums it up!\n\nFor example: \n\nAn ATR-72 (_URL_1_) has a range of about 1300 miles and burns about 214 gallons per hour.\n\nA Boeing 737-400 has a range of about 2400 miles, and burns about 793 gallons per hour. \n\nsauce: _URL_0_", "A Jet engine is great for high altitude, high speed flight. A prop engine is better for low speed, low altitude. A turbofan blends the characteristics of the two.\n\nAs far as a turboprop specifically: It's a prop drive with a turbine engine. The efficiencies of a turbine engine make it more attractive than a reciprocating engine. Chrysler toyed with turbine engines in cars in the 1960s (50s?) but it wasn't technologically feasible (the constant engine speed changes are better suited to a reciprocating engine)." ] }

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[ [ "http://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/1814/efficiency-turboprop-vs-jet", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATR-72" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "diysry8" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Your car has a built in mobile hot spot with a sim card in it. That's all, its really fairly simple and mundane. Just a mobile connection as if you put your phone on mobile hot spot or had one of them." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cc1x8p2" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Well, if you were born this way, you would essentially be brain dead. If you were alive and had experiences you can recall, I'm guessing it would be like having a dream. It would probably induce some kind of dementia or delirium." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c6mz4pr" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Actual economist here... we do spend time doing forecasting (that is looking to the future trying to 'see things coming').\n\nHowever the best way of thinking about this is like counting cards in blackjack or meteorology study and planning and observation can weight the odds of 'getting it right' in your favor, but there is simply to much going on to get it 100% right all the time.\n\nFor example I work at the Canadian central bank, and part of my job is working with a team trying to project inflation in advanced.\n\nWe typically land within 0.05% on an average year with our estimate.\n\nAlso the financial crisis is an odd thing and you'd actually be more right to blame commerce majors then economists for that. If you came to me (pre 2008) and said 'hey what would happen if a major bank defaulted and due to bad housing loans?' I would be able to tell you at least in general terms some of what would happen. However a massive shock like that very few people saw coming. But the people who should have were running that company not on the outside looking in.\n\nthat's that whole 2008 business... most governments typically have several economists in policy analyst positions in every department, their job is to go 'oh you are thinking of building a dam here? here is what the effects will be'. Also they can work as consultants for businesses, also most commercial investment banks have a couple lying around.\n\nhope this helps." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d2vdopn", "d2vdvtd", "d2vgn9b" ], "score": [ 103, 17, 6 ], "text": [ "Affirmation of their choices I think. Getting that like, that request, that message from someone... for those people, it's not just a way to connect casually, they need it to feel good about themselves. Could be from lack of accomplishment in real life, so those likes on their status about a subject makes them feel validated. I think the lower the self esteem, the more addicted to social media a person becomes. Their self esteem can be directly correlated to their imaginary likes on something. A lot like Karma on here. Some people truly give a shit about it. I don't care about Karma, I do like when someone interacts with my post. I get a little excited when I see a response to something.\nWe are all so disconnected now, and people raised during this Internet era, it's harder and harder to feel \"a part\" of it all... we all want to feel revelant. Like we are participating in the world (like Neil Degrasse Tyson said)... and if you don't have real outside world things to get that justification from (a job, hobby, family, you truly love) you need it from somewhere. So they get it from the internet.", "Social media relies on a few key steps that make you addicted. Firstly, once you sign up you find that it's an easy way to kill a few spare minutes when you're waiting for other things to do. If you have 2 minutes before you need to do something else, there's not a lot you can do, so might as well check Facebook.\n\nHowever, the more you do it the more it becomes habitual. So instead of just checking it when you don't have time to do anything else, you check it during bigger blocks of time because you've taught yourself to check these sites often. \n\nFinally, if you post things and get good comments, you get a dopamine rush - a chemical that makes you feel good. We all want to feel good, so we'll keep posting. And the more you post, the more time you spend on the site, and the more it becomes habitual to visit the site.", "It is designed to make your brain release dopamine. Approval and acceptance from other people is a very strong source of dopamine. You get a hit every time somebody likes, shares, or comments on anything in your profile. If you get enough of these every day, assuming you care at all about other people's approval (which is most people), you will start to become addicted to it. It is almost exactly the same feeling you get when you get upvotes, except the people are even more real.\n\nOn the flip side, if you tend to be rejected by other people, you are unlikely to enjoy Facebook." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "egvl7wy", "egvm0o4", "egvmibz", "egvmlo4", "egvmu25", "egvmuh5", "egvp728", "egvqic4", "egvyr0m", "egw62n6", "egw69j9", "egw6lq7", "egw88ab", "egw9lwg", "egwaabd", "egwdkxk", "egwdsw6", "egwn7lx", "egwowt5", "egwxhby", "egxah5y", "egxhtsg", "egy03x8", "egy0fhp" ], "score": [ 14, 42, 18046, 3, 314, 21, 111, 2305, 29, 5, 26, 3, 35, 4, 2, 4, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 5, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Not really. Imagine the nuclear bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. They didn't kill every single person, and neither would the Tsar Bomba. However, the children of these people won't have a resistance to nuclear bombs.\n\nSame thing applies to mouthwash. By some chance, there's going to be a few bacteria that survives.", "Also just to add: Much like hand sanitizer, mouthwash is marketed to say \"kills 99.99% of bacteria.\" It really does kill 100% most of the time, but they say 99.99 so avoid a lawsuit. ", "That's an excellent question, and a legitimate concern! \n\nUsually resistance builds up when bacteria with a slight resistance to a drug are exposed long enough for those without any resistance to die. The survivors pass on their resistance, and some of the future generations may develop a little stronger resistance just by chance. \n\nBut bacteria don't have resistance to your mouthwash. That mouthwash (alcohol, I assume) kills 100% of the bacteria it touches, but there will always be some between your teeth or somewhere that aren't touched by that mouthwash. \n\nImagine a forest fire that killed every tree it reached, but in the middle of the forest there's a lake with an island in the middle that the fire can't touch. In this case the fire kills 99% of the trees in the forest, but the survivors aren't spared because of some kind of flame resistance. \n\nOf course, this doesn't address exactly what the manufacturer means by \"germs:\" Do they mean just bacteria? Bacteria and fungi? What about viruses? They're generally silent on this subject.\n\n*Edit: Turns out, there are recent studies that show bacteria can develop resistance to alcohol. This is new information to me, and I'm really glad others have found those articles!*", "It is for legal reasons because they cannot guarantee all bacteria totally removed. This can be because:\n\n* Bacteria can mutate and not completely all bacteria is known, and some may not be killed by the mouthwash\n* Possible improper use (not holding in mouth long enough)\n* And some other possibilities of leaving some bacteria", "This is true if the active ingredient in the mouthwash was an antibiotic. However most mouthwash is based on alcohol. And not the party type but the antifreeze type. It is basically poison to any living cells. It is impossible to build some kind of resistance to pure alcohol. The 1% of germs that survive does not survive because they can withstand the alcohol but because they are lucky and managed to only get splashed with a tiny bit of it instead of getting soaked.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nSo your next question is that if the mouthwash is pure poison why does it not harm you. Well it does. Which is why you should not swallow it. However your mouth is covered in a protective layer of dead skin cells. The alcohol does nothing to it as the cells are already dead and they are preventing the alcohol from getting to your healthy cells. Even if you do not follow the procedures and end up swallowing it or using it on wounds the amount of alcohol in relation to your body is minimal. So while it might kill some cells your body is constructed such that it will not reach many cells and your body can replace the dead cells with relative ease.", "The active ingredient in mouthwash, for killing germs, is alcohol. Alcohol dissolves lipids, which is basically what cell walls are made up of.\n\nThere is no way for a germ (bacteria virus or other microbe) to develop a resistance to alcohol. It's conceivable that a microbe with non-lipid cell walls could exist, but that's like saying that it's conceivable that silicon-based life could exist; more the stuff of science fiction than anything that's a reality on earth. It is such a radical change from what germs look like currently that having one spontaneously evolve is hard to conceive.\n\nAny bacteria which survive alcohol mouthwash did so thanks to hiding from it between your teeth or being protected by other bacteria. There's no alcohol resistance.", "Not to make people worry, but it seems as though certain strains of enterococcus are becoming tolerant to alcohol-based disinfectants via variants/mutations in carbohydrate uptake and metabolism genes. So there may be some wiggle room in our previous theories regarding the “nuclear bomb” model of alcohol-based disinfectants/sanitizers. \n\n_URL_0_\n\nNot sure if that is behind a paywall, since I’m currently on network in a hospital. Here’s the abstract;\n\nAbstract\nAlcohol-based disinfectants and particularly hand rubs are a key way to control hospital infections worldwide. Such disinfectants restrict transmission of pathogens, such as multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium. Despite this success, health care infections caused by E. faecium are increasing. We tested alcohol tolerance of 139 hospital isolates of E. faecium obtained between 1997 and 2015 and found that E. faecium isolates after 2010 were 10-fold more tolerant to killing by alcohol than were older isolates. Using a mouse gut colonization model of E. faecium transmission, we showed that alcohol-tolerant E. faecium resisted standard 70% isopropanol surface disinfection, resulting in greater mouse gut colonization compared to alcohol-sensitive E. faecium. We next looked for bacterial genomic signatures of adaptation. Alcohol-tolerant E. faecium accumulated mutations in genes involved in carbohydrate uptake and metabolism. Mutagenesis confirmed the roles of these genes in the tolerance of E. faecium to isopropanol. These findings suggest that bacterial adaptation is complicating infection control recommendations, necessitating additional procedures to prevent E. faecium from spreading in hospital settings.", "The active ingredient in mouthwash kills 100% of all bacteria **that it comes into contact with.** When you swish and swoosh, there's a very good chance that you don't manage to get the mouthwash into contact with 100% of the bacteria in your mouth. For example, some of it is hiding in cracks or folds. \n\nAnother big factor is the fact that bacteria grows in piles. The bacteria on the bottom of the pile is sheltered from the dangerous mouthwash by the corpses of the bacteria on the top of the pile.\n\nThat 99% doesn't mean that 1% of bacteria are immune to the mouthwash, merely that about 1% of bacteria will hide well enough to survive the oral genocide.", "Stuff like alcohol, peroxide, bleach etc. is basically chemical fire. Only way to not die to it is to not touch it. Can't develop resistance to it.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nAntibiotics are like Street Fighter combos. It'll kill stuff that doesn't know how to block it, but sometimes there are a few individual bacteria in a population that know how to block it and survive the treatment, and then they reproduce and teach their babies to block it. Then all of those bacteria in the same area know how to block that combo and it's useless. \n\n & #x200B;\n\n(not actually babies but this is ELI5)", "That 99% is statistically skewed. Alcohol is effective , but depending on the bacteria could take up to 15 minutes to work. ", "Mouthwash is an antiseptic, not an antibiotic. An antibiotic switches the keyhole on the cars ignition so the bacteria doesnt know how to start it. An antiseptic lights the car on fire along with the bacteria inside. ", "You can think of us fighting a war with bacteria; we are in an arms race with them. They are trying to make new bulletproof vests (antibiotic resistance) while we try to create new and stronger bullets. But alcohol is like a bomb, it explodes and kills everything it touches. Technically it's statistically possible that they develop an immunity to the alcohol in mouthwash, but that's as likely as us developing a bulletproof vest that could survive a direct hit to a bomb but the chance is so small that you can basically round that to a 0% chance. ", "Mouthwash kills every bacteria it touches.\n\nMouthwash doesn't touch every bacteria in your mouth.", "Alcohol isn't an antibiotic. It's antiseptic. It physically destroys bacteria (almost all single celled life actually). There's no immunity that bacteria could conceivably mount through random mutations that would make it impervious to alcohol's effects. It physically destroys their cell membrane. Only reason our cells don't die is because the first layer is usually made up of dead cells anyway, and we also have mucus membrane that protects our cells. That said, they have to say 99.9% because there will always be a few hidden underneath the gum line or inside of a nook of a tooth that didn't get exposed to the alcohol long enough to die, and thus will begin to repopulate. If they said it killed 100% they would be open to false advertising technically, so they usually say \"kills 99.9% of bacteria\".", "It is also of note that the bacteria in your mouth is unique to you and helps you combat any new bacteria, fungus or viruses that come into your mouth. Therefore rinsing your mouth with alcohol or other solutions should really only be used if a dentist or dental hygienist tells you to to do so as part of a treatment. ", "Seen this example on a similar question with hand sanitizer. If you throw a bunch of people into a volcano, and some people get lucky and land on an edge where they can climb out. Those people don’t then go on to make volcano resistant children.\nTLDR: Mouthwash, like hand sanitizer, doesn’t get into all the small crevices. \n\nIt may also be a safety measure by the companies to give themselves a 1% “fail rate” as to not get sued for ensuring 100%. That’s just a guess though.", "From what a lot of teachers told me, it’s also a law avoidance set up. Saying anything kills 100% allows them to be sued if someone did get an infection/disease after using their product. It’s why it’s common for hand soaps and sanitizers.", "it kills 99% of relevant species of bacteria in a lab.\n\nin the mouth it just reduces the size of the colony in your mouth.\n\nin no way at all is 99% of the bacteria in your mouth killed.\n\nit's a misleading label. ", "It has to do with the mechanism. Alcohol kills by brute force essentially, which is different from antibiotics with largely kill by blocking replication or transcription of proteins.\n\nAn analogy of antibiotics developing resistance to alcohol would be survivors of a shooting becoming immune to bullets.", "Bacteria can not become resistant to alcohol, ammonia, chlorine bleach, or other universal toxins. So when it says mouthwash kills 99% bacteria, it’s mostly right. It can’t say 100% because of legal reasons. ", "You think humans could evolve a tolerance to fire? Of course not. At least not while still remaining anything like their present form. Germs are the same way with alcohol. You can't get tolerant of that which kills everything on contact. The 1% is just germs that were in protected places and didn't get burned.", "you'd better hope not, your mouth is filled with important bacteria. There is more bacteria in your mouth than people on the planet. And your tongue has different bacteria to your gums, it's an ecosystem that, like the flora in your stomach, aids digestion. \nSymbiotic relationships abound in your mouth’s “ecosystem” and collectively this is known as your oral microbiome. Your mouth contains about 500 to 1,000 different types of bacteria, enzymes that aid in digestion, proteins which provide nutrients for the helpful bacteria, and more.\nYour mouth is actually a fine balance of microbes working together with your gut microbes and immune system to keep you healthy", "Am I screwing up by brushing my teeth with hydrogen peroxide. Then I wash my clothes with it, mop floors with it, put it in my ears if I get an earache, I wish dishes with a little bleach. Wash walls and windows with it. I do have a black mold in this old house that I'm fighting and I win. ", "This just makes me believe that our great filter is a super bacteria that will eliminate the majority if not all of man kind." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cbvrcwu", "cbvreag", "cbvxu43" ], "score": [ 4, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "I'll try. Lets say 30 years have now passed, and you're thinking of becoming President of your country. Once you announce this, everyone and his uncle will be doing their best to look up anything in your past that will either count against you, or even just cause you some embarrassment. In those 30 years, things have changed, and what today might be a perfectly innocent comment could be seen as something outrageous. Now, let us say for example, that something has been found, and the person who found it is now in your office. \n\nYou now have three choices.\n\n1. You can admit all, knowing there's a fair chance your dreams are going to go down the pan.\n\n2. You admit to the Man he's right, and accept that you'll do what he wants in return for keeping quiet.\n\n3. You tell him to fuck off and hope for the best.\n\nOR...\n\nAt the moment, you have a benign government, who you can believe won't misuse the information they hold. In 30 years, governments change. Will you still have a benign one?\n\nIt's not necessarily what you need hide and worry about today, it's what you need to hide for tomorrow you need to think about.", "Your school is facebook, and when you go to school they have provided you a desk where you can keep your notebooks, crayons or whatever else a five year old May like to keep available. Nothing in your desk is illegal. Youre a good student and you mostly follow the rules. \nYour school told you when u got the desk that they have the right to go through it whenever, and you agree, because again, nothing to hide, and you really need the desk cuz everyone else has one and its convenient. \nNow your school helps you by giving you better, almost magic desks. Your desk can now sync with all the other desks you may have, like the one your family's home or the secret drawer I'm your tree house. COOL! how convenient. Now you'll never forget homework cuz you can save it at home and it will be at school. \nAgain, school reminds you that they can search at any time. Fine. You may have some love notes to that cute girl in your class or even some nudie magazines in your treehouse, but everything is private so only you and your teacher Will know. \n\nHere's what kids your age don't realize. Teachers ( or facebook employees or NSA agents etc) are not just beings who only exist within the school walls. They are real world people with real world flaws who go home too real world problems. You have shared all your secrets, passcodes, and even private habits with people who can use it against you. Anything from stealing money from places you thought were safe to ridiculing you for the hustler you stole from your dad. \n\nTldr. It is convenient. But you've given up what you used to control. The way people see you in public. ", "I don't think the problem is that \"They\" are looking at your facebook page or Skype conversation, per se. The problem is where do you draw the line. If \"They\" don't need a warrant to collect data or access your facebook or Skype can they collect data by accessing a bank account or your computer?\n\nIt reminds me of that poem by Martin Niemoller, \"First they came for the Communists and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a Communist. Then they came for the Socialist....Then they came for me and there was no one left to speak for me.\" \n\nThere is an erosion of rights occurring, and it will keep occurring until we get to the point that there are no more rights to assert for ourselves because we gave them all away." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "duosad6" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "It depends on the circumstances and what the courts decide is appropriate.\n\nThey can do anything from garnish your wages to sieze and auction your property.\n\nThere are generally limitations so you can't be completely left high-and-dry, though." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "co5b1iq", "co5b2cc", "co5bdl0" ], "score": [ 11, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Other than games, it's not usually CPU use that's the problem. It's network access. It uses a lot of power to transmit data to a cell tower that could be a mile a way. Well-coded apps manage how often they transmit data and the phone keeps the antennas on a low-power mode until its needed. Poorly coded apps just send data whenever, which results in a lot of starting up the antenna, sending a little bit of data, and shutting it back down. That will drain the battery like crazy.", "If it's coded bad it might do unnecessary calculations that could have been optimized. The more you phone have to work the more battery it drains. ", "if my app is supposed to figure out the differnce between two numbers\nit could be as simple and straightforward as 2nd grade math\n\nevaluate:\n\nY-X\n\n\nbut instead if i were to do it the complicated way.\n\n counter=X;\n delta=0;\n\n loop until (counter==Y) {\n if (counter < Y) {\n Y=Y+1;\n delta=delta+1;\n }\n \n if (counter > Y) {\n counter = counter - 1;\n delta=delta+1;\n }\n }\n\n\nobviously the second way takes more steps. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cuh9a44", "cuh9ay4" ], "score": [ 2, 4 ], "text": [ "Calcium chloride is listed as an ingredient for Del Monte fruit cups, which acts as a preservative.", "Fruit cups are sterilized by heat, and kept sterile with an airtight seal - just like canned or jarred foods. Without oxygen, most bacteria can't spoil food, and the heat should kill the rest. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cnd3yca", "cnd3z4v", "cnd4xib" ], "score": [ 13, 8, 3 ], "text": [ "Faces are all similar so can look for patterns like two eyes and sections of skin above (forehead) the eyes or below them (cheeks) while captchas generally dont have a pattern. The letters can be twisted or covered by lines which makes finding the shape hard.", "A CAPTCHA is deliberately designed to thwart optical character recognition techniques. For example, to confuse edge detection algorithms, letters are often fuzzy and have blurred or jagged edges, and there are often lines and shapes through the letters for the same reason. The letters are often also distorted so that the algorithm doesn't recognize them properly, and there are sometimes background patterns that are designed to make it tricky to automatically distinguish foreground letters from parts of the background. Faces in pictures, on the other hand, are generally not obfuscated and so the algorithms tend to work as intended - edges are detected properly, patterns are correctly spotted etc.\n\nHaving said that, computer algorithms are getting better and better at solving these kinds of CAPTCHAs, which, in response, are now getting so obfuscated that even humans have difficulty reading them. We're getting close to the point now, if we haven't already surpassed it, where computers are better at solving these kinds of text CAPTCHAs than we are, which is why we're now starting to see new techniques appear for distinguishing between humans and computers.", "Computer vision is nothing like human vision. Pattern recognition algorithms learn to recognise objects by analysing millions of images and identifying patterns that mark out human from a dog for example. [Visualisation of how computers see different objects] ( _URL_0_) \n\nCaptcha is designed to try and avoid creating the patterns computer recognition algorithms are looking for. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ccw7brt", "ccw7nzv", "ccwbo1t" ], "score": [ 11, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Show you ads, mostly. With your personal information, they can show ads that are more relevant to you. If Google knows you're a 16 year old Canadian male living in Toronto, you may get ads for things like the hockey hall of fame, Canada Wonderland, and Tim Hortons. You won't be seeing ads for tea sets and barbie dolls that speak in swahili. They also know everything you search for, so if you've been looking for a laptop this past week, you may see ads from Dell and Microsoft. \n\nYou're more likely to be influenced by ads that are relevant to you, so advertisers pay more money for tailored ads. Therefore, the more Google knows about you, the more they get payed to sell you stuff", "Mostly, hold on to it so you can access it again later if you want. When you do so, they will be able to show you paid ads. Companies pay more if they know their ads are being shown to people who are more likely to be interested in them.", "It builds a profile of what makes you tick as a person in order to be better at selling you things.\n\nSomeone told me a nice anecdote about a large corporation that tracked it's customer credit cards across a number of different store franchises that all belonged to the corporation. Supermarkets, clothing stores, drug stores etc.\n\nBy cross referencing all the different products that were bought on a single credit card, the corporation got so good at making predictions that they accidentally outed a teenage girl as being pregnant to her parents by sending her lots of ads for pregnancy products.\n\nThey predicted customer pregnancies from the changes in their shopping behaviour as tracked by their credit card purchases with 98% accuracy and adjusted their ad targeting towards them accordingly." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e8npo90" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Yes it is, because of nerves pain often radiates from it's source. That's especially true for the head, where one oainful tooth can cause pain in the ears, the neck and even the shoulders." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c8y8y9u", "c8y90da", "c8yd0h5", "c8yjqgx" ], "score": [ 5, 4, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "They'd cost a fortune. Anyone could put a balloon (or some other easy to invent device) over the mouthpiece and expel non-alcoholic air into it. ", "For the same reason a driving simulator and written test computer isn't installed for each car to test the competancy of the driver prior to each trip. There is little to gain in widespread implementation.", "Car breathalyzers are extremely inconvenient, as they require you to blow in them every few minutes. Also, they tend to malfunction, rendering a car useless, until the malfunction is is corrected. These shortcomings are overlooked, since they are used as a form of punishment for people who have broken the law, and put lives at risk. The inconveniences are considered unreasonable for an innocent person to endure, considering they are not being punished. ", "lawsuits lawsuits lawsuits.\n\nA person's Toyota says they're fine to drive. They get behind the wheel, get into an accident and someone gets hurt....'it's not my fault; i was approved to drive, etc.'\n\nlawsuits have been started for far far less" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "colg8g2", "colgr6t" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "They couldn't prove you were lying. They could only look at the particulars of your case to determine if it is likely that you are lying or not. \n\nThings they may consider: brain recordings, psychological testing, past medical history/ current medications, events leading up to the amnesia and afterwards, whether or not you might have a motive to lie etc\n\nEdit: I'd like to add that most doctors probably wouldn't approach it from the angle that you were lying unless your behavior made them suspicious of it or something like that ", "There must be a better way to get out of taking that test. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cxo274r" ], "score": [ 35 ], "text": [ "Historically, people in recorded and broadcast media consciously tried to use a standard accent that did not have strong connotations of location or the lower class. In England they used \"Received Pronunciation,\" in America the \"Mid-Atlantic accent\" was popular. A specific theater accent was popular in drama (think of Sideshow Mel from *The Simpsons*); though it has been discouraged for a long time now, it is usually used when imitating a stereotypical actor.\n\nIn short, most people in old recordings are trying to sound similar." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cyicp4d", "cyicqem", "cyid5id", "cyidh07", "cyipymd" ], "score": [ 6, 5, 12, 5, 2 ], "text": [ "I remember around 20 years ago there was a school shooting in the UK. Almost immediately after that most guns were banned and only certain guns (with a licence) were allowed", "Well in Australia there was the Port Arthur massacre, which left 23 dead and 35 wounded. After that there was the National Firearms Programme Implementation Act 1996 and firearm licensing. This was an action of the federal government which at the time was unpopular with some of the state governments, but they couldn't override federal rulings. There was also a government buyback program. \n\nContrary to popular belief, it's not impossible to buy a gun in Australia, but you need a license, and depending on what type of gun it is and why you want it keep it locked away in a specific way. For example if you had an automatic shotgun or something I think (and this varies between states) you need to keep it unloaded in an immovable metal safe with certain criteria and keep the ammunition locked away separately.\n\n_URL_0_", " > I think most people are familiar with the example of Germany, and how they disarmed the population before comitting their atrocities. \n\nBefore Hitler's takeover, possession of guns has been strictly regulated by the government, and during Hitlers reign, it has actually been loosened, at least for those people who were not considered to be potential enemies of the state. So while the Jews, Communists etc. have been disarmed, the general population had free access to rifles, and only required licenses for pistols.\n\nSo really, you've got it the wrong way around. While the minorities were disarmed and systematically suppressed, Hitler *armed* the population. Yet they didn't do anything with all those weapons - they didn't even try. They didn't rise up when the democrats were imprisoned, when Jews were officially turned into second class citizens, and still didn't do anything when they started abducting the Jews.", "I'm not sure where you got your information regarding Germany, but it's very wrong. The German gun controls introduced in 1918 were part of the Versailles treaty imposed by the Allies, and the Nazis actually relaxed them significantly in 1938 prior to the start of WW2, allowing unrestricted ownership of long guns (rifles, shotguns) and licensed ownership of handguns. Jews *were* forbidden to own any weapons, but that was a very small part of the population.\n\nTo answer your question regarding more recent gun controls, here in Australia we had a tightening of gun laws in response to a mass shooting (still the world record, yay us!) in 1996, where all semi-automatic rifles were banned, as well as pump action shotguns. Handguns were pretty much already banned, and very difficult to legally purchase. More strict laws on gun and ammunition storage were also introduced. The laws were passed with full support of all states and territories, and all sides of government, which was amazing. There was some dissent from the more rural citizens because they were forced to get rid of the guns they used in their day to day lives, but almost nobody complained about the laws from any other perspective, in particular nothing relating to personal protection.\n\nIn short, nothing has changed, except now we have no mass shootings and less gun crime. No political changes at all, except for perhaps a small backlash in rural communities immediately following the new laws, but certainly nothing since. There has been some discussion recently since a gun nut libertarian politician somehow got elected to the senate in the last election (our senate election laws make a few places a lottery - this guy got elected with something like 1% of the vote), and since the parliament is almost hung, they need his support to get through legislation - hence he's trying to get some relaxation on gun laws in exchange. Is it a big issue politically - not at all.", "Gun control in Japan happened in 1876, when samurai were banned from carrying swords. Prior to this, samurai were the only people allowed to carry swords in public as a status symbol. In 1871, though, the Meiji Restoration began, a period of rapid modernization and Westernization. As a part of this, the samurai were disarmed and a standing army was raised.\n\nGuns were considered a part of this, and the principle stands to this day. To get a gun in Japan now, it takes about a year or two to complete the classes and licensing, and then you can only shoot at licensed gun ranges." ] }

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[ [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur_massacre_(Australia)" ], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "einlfbh" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "Oh, carrots flower.\n\nThe action is all above ground though.\n\nThose green tops, if the carrot isn't harvested, will eventually produce flower stalks and then go to seed.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nCheck it out. The flower resembles several species of weed, including the highly toxic water hemlock and the harmless wild parsnip." ] }

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[ [ "https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/carrot-flower" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ccqp58z" ], "score": [ 9 ], "text": [ "For the most part, Chinese singers stick to the tune of the song rather than the natural tones of the language. This is why virtually all Chinese music videos have subtitles. \n\nEDIT: I should probably add that getting the tune to match with the natural tones of the lyrics IS taken into account (See: [北京欢迎你](_URL_0_), the official propaganda-y song of Beijing for a good example), but there's really only so much you can do. " ] }

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[ [ "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbiVoSYeKc4" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "eciyme2", "ecj4mli", "ecjv1sk" ], "score": [ 233, 32, 3 ], "text": [ "Most auto correct features \"learn\".\nBecause small fuckups on everyday words happen quite often, after a while the auto correct assumes that is how you want to spell it, because it may be a slang or dialect word, the program doesn't know.\nErrors on lesser used words tend to be fixed, because you haven't made that error that often.\n\nThat said, lots of auto corrects have the ability to turn off the \"learning\" feature.", "They said, that auto-correct has ability to \"learn\". But really, in most cases it doesnt. Its easy to test thru the time: you could correct the same words every day or the auto correct can correct you in wrong way every day (so you correct it), but it will not \"learn\" from the corrections. Not at all, even after months of use. So, I think that auto correct just use some pre-filled correction list from some server or even fixed list inside of the keyboard app. Who know when your mistakes will get to the list, so it will start to correct the mistakes...\n\nI think, at the moment, the \"learning\" is mostly marketing feature. Hope that after several years, new versions will actually learn something and help peoples.", "I think there's a bit of dictionary look-up happening that work s lot better when you at least spell the beginning of the word right as well. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cx06v4g", "cx07e08", "cx07hn9", "cx07uq1", "cx09a5x", "cx09kl8", "cx0d49x", "cx0d5ur", "cx0h3yx" ], "score": [ 11, 5, 166, 4, 27, 2, 12, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "kosher salt is very coarsely grounded salt. It's called kosher because it's used to make meat kosher (rub the blood of the surface)\n\nThe difference between table salt is only the grain size\n", "Often times regular table salt contains iodine. I don't think I've ever seen kosher salt containing iodine. ", "Table salt typically contains iodine as an additive (in the US), whereas kosher salt will not. This is one of the reasons some recipes will call for kosher instead of regular table salt.\n\nAlso, because of how the kosher salt grains are shaped, it tends to be slightly less dense than table salt. In other words, 1tsp of table salt weighs more than 1tsp of kosher salt and, therefore, table salt tastes saltier for a given volume. If substituting one for the other in a recipe, this has to taken into account. As a result, some kosher salt packaging will have [conversion ratios](_URL_0_).", "Grain size and iodine. Table salt is finely ground, and kosher salt is very coarse. Table salt is also treated with iodine so it doesn't clump, but kosher salt doesn't have iodine. ", "Is pink Himalayan salt a scam?", "I recently saw a package of salt that had an expiration date on it. Can salt really go bad?", "As a guy who works I'm the Morton Salt plant where 90% of your salt I'm N. America cessation from, if you don't want iodine in your salt just by the Morton plain table salt. If you relish dead sea monkey flavor get sea salt. Kosher and kosher coarse are 2 granularities of the same flake. If you want fine without iodine you can get top Flake fine I'm bulk 50# bags or evaporated salt in 25# bags from Restaurant Depot. 999 Fine in 50# bags is the purest salt you can buy, almost chemical or usp (medical) grade.", "The expiration date is for the de-caking agent lifespan not the salt. Salt never deteriorates over time", "It all depends on the chemical composition, table salt is pure NaCl plus added iodine, other varieties of salt will have different composition and different percentages of salt compounds depending on the type of rocks that was made from and trace elements in the mixture\n\n a different blend if you will, for example dead Sea salt is made of 50% MgCl 30% NaCl 20% KCl plus bromine. So each blend will have a different flavor " ] }

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[ [], [], [ "http://www.mortonsalt.com/for-your-home/culinary-salts/salt-conversion-chart" ], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "civl6tt", "civl8it", "civmmz4", "civqtbf", "civqwam" ], "score": [ 12, 6, 10, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Calculus is a way of describing rates of continual change. Since the universe is continually changing having a system of math that explains continual change is really helpful.", "Calculus explains everything well, and it does so because it is a fundamental analytical method underlying all of mathematics.\n\nThat's a lot of big words for ELI5, so put more simply:\n\nCalculus is a useful method of examining the math functions that are used throughout every aspect of life, from physics, science, engineering, and pure math to business and statistics. It's really good at taking something you know or having, and finding something you need or want. And because it applies so universally, it is often more useful than other analytical methods that are less broad in scope.", "Well calculus was developed to explain physics. So it's not like the universe just naturally fits into mathematics, more that mathematics are developed to explain the universe. ", "Fundamentally speaking, nobody's quite sure.\n\nThere's a bit of a disagreement about just what math really *is*. Some people believe that we invent math as a tool to measure and test the Universe; others believe that we discover it (we just devise the notation).\n\nIf we invent math to describe the Universe, then it matches so well because Newton (et al) were so darn smart, and more than a little bit lucky. If we discover it, then it just makes sense that they would fit together so well. After all, they're both aspects of the same reality.", "There is a discussion if math is a real part of the universe or not, link to PBS Idea Channel video for more: _URL_0_" ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TbNymweHW4E" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d9rofic", "d9rp3t6" ], "score": [ 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Even in a clean house, fruit flies can find good places to survive in sink drains, garbage disposals, trash bins, etc. Pour some boiling water or vinegar down your disposal to make sure to kill all the eggs in there (fruit flies can lay thousands). The vinegar trap is great - dump it out and refresh it daily to continue to trap the stragglers.", "I don't think their lifespan is very long, a few days, if I remember correctly, so I would think most of them have died." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cs8vt4y", "cs9068u" ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text": [ "The missing cultural knowledge to understand the FF7 trailer is that the game came out already and was played by 10 million people already so making a trailer about the plot doesn't help. ", "The FFVII trailer narration is more about the fact that it's a remake than it is the plot of the game. It talks about our memories of the original game and how it's been a long time since we saw those characters, how they haven't been forgotten, how we will now be able to see them again, etc. The narration IS related to the plot (but only if you already know it), but it's more of a meta-commentary on the fact that this is a remake of a beloved game in the franchise.\n\nI can't explain a damn thing about that MGS trailer. I gave up on the series after MGS2." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ddmd1ut" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "The hydrofoil works a bit like a wing does in air. When the ship picks up speed, the hydrofoil generates enough lift to raise the ship's hull out of the water. They're efficient because as the ship's hull is not in the water, less drag is generated, which means it takes less fuel to propel the ship and keep a constant velocity." ] }

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[ "http://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-xGkIIlbLbeM/T_uUHRv2gTI/AAAAAAAB-Y0/aMo7oyAp2qw/s900/ew4fqefsdfsdfsdf.jpg" ]

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{ "a_id": [ "c5p6kgf", "c5p6rs3", "c5p6ysj", "c5p95kn", "c5pcolt" ], "score": [ 16, 3, 3, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Default subreddits are just based on numbers. /r/atheism is one of the largest subreddits, so it's a default one. It's not an opinion of those affiliated with Reddit, it's just a numbers game.", "The top 20 most subscribed subs are the defaults. r/atheism is top 20.", "It's based on numbers only. Reddit admins do not choose them and do not exercise bias by adding or removing them (though I think subreddits marked as 18+ can't be defaults). If they removed it from the defaults then that would be imposing their own views on the site.", "Atheism is a default \"religion\"?", "Just like in real life, everyone starts out an atheist and then learns/chooses/is forced into a religion." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dd4cgnu", "dd4dvjt" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Film can be very good quality. A high-quality has always been way better than standard-definition TV / VHS quality.\n\nSo yeah, if you take a film from the 60's and digitize it using today's technology, it will look quite good in HD.\n", "Good film is very high quality. 35mm film (used for films, usually) is easily converted to over 16k resolution." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dbn0i5y", "dbn1m3p" ], "score": [ 17, 3 ], "text": [ "They are not only testing if you have knowledge, they are testing your ability to access that knowledge in a timely manner and your ability to convey that knowledge in a concise and accurate manner. So yes they are testing how fast you can put something on a piece of paper. \n\nInability to recall something quickly means you did not have good understanding of it. As does the inability to convey that information in a good manner. ", "Time limits tests a students ability to recall material while under pressure. It's an unfortunate system and it does have flaws but it a) allows for proctors to have a definite schedules b) rewards people for their ability to provide what is demanded of them in a timely manner. \n\nAnd many times IRL ability to timely access your knowledge is vital. Imagine a doctor unable to do an emergency tracheotomy. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "fiqt4k8", "fir2i6r", "fir98pp", "firlfmb", "firmn1i", "firtlqe" ], "score": [ 16, 25, 8, 3, 4, 2 ], "text": [ "Imagine LEGO. Each block represents an atom. Say you make LEGO wall brick by brick so that it’s strong. The blocks are each secured to each other making them stronger as a group and the way they’re arranged. Now make that same wall but add gaps and spaces. It still makes a wall but not a strong. Now lay the blocks side by side without snapping them. They make a wall but it could be knocked down no problem. This is like what you described. Some substances have atoms that are together and form a wall (a solid) but only a tiny bit of temperature (or change in energy, getting knocked over) is required to break that wall. While the strong wall represents substances that have strong bonds between atoms so they need a bigger change in temperature (energy) to get broken apart making the state change slower.", "Magma is a mix of minerals with different melting points so when rock is heated, the minerals with the lowest melting points melt first and separate from those with higher melting points. This is what happens in the Upper Mantle when the basalt magma that creates the ocean floor separates from the higher temperature minerals in there Mantle itself. The liquid magma is less dense and pushes up towards the surface.\n\nThe same process happens in reverse when magma cools. The minerals with the highest melting point crystallise first leaving low temperature minerals in the magma. As it happens, the low melting point minerals tend to create stickier magma than high temperature minerals; so a body of magma under a volcano that has partially crystallised tends to create more explosive eruptions. Which is why some volcanoes are considered more dangerous if they have not erupted in a long time.", "What you're interested in is the glass transition temperature, or Tg. It's modeled after (you guessed it) glass's behavior. When polymeric materials heat up, their molecules are still tangled together even though they're technically liquid. That makes it quite like spaghetti, all the individual molecules can twist and turn how they want, but the whole thing is just a rat's nest. This behavior can be expanded to include most polymers (plastic) and some mixtures (like rock and magma) \n\nLike another poster said, the components in magma all have different melting points, which contributes to its melt behavior too. At the temperature magma starts to flow, the entire thing won't be fully melted. Like crystalized honey, it pours in globs and not as a smooth liquid.... because there's chunks.", "Other Fun facts about water. Water is non-compressible meaning no matter how much pressure you put on it you can't significantly decrease it's volume. It's one of the few liquids that actually expand when it transitions from solid to liquid. It can also transition from solid to gaseous state without ever going through a liquid state. \n\nBasically... I would never use water as an example of how liquids \"should\" behave.", "There are two types of solids, crystalline and amorphous. In crystalline solids (salts, ice, napthalene etc) the structure is very regular. In amorphous solids (glass, many rocks etc) the structure is higglety-pigglety. A crystalline solid will have a sharp melting point as the key bonds that break are all the same. The amorphous material has many different strengths of bonds which break at different temperatures so they dont have a sharp transition.", "I love these great questions......that took 7 years at university to understand.....and still dont truly understand lol. Thanks OP!" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cagwibb", "cahootn" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ " > im guessing it has something to do with tracking were the click came from and stuff like that\n\nYep.\n\nThose numbers/letters are base64 encoded, done to trick blocking software to let the data through.\n\nIt decodes to:\n > {\"av\":18827,\"at\":5,\"cm\":28256,\"ch\":7984,\"cr\":69415,\"di\":\"0f3a05c38acd4b19a5979bd9bd43bb1d\",\"dm\":1,\"fc\":97290,\"fl\":48425,\"kw\":\"explainlikeimfive\",\"nw\":5146,\"rv\":0,\"pr\":20365,\"st\":24950,\"ur\":\"_URL_0_\"},", "People dealing with online advertising really like data.\n\nThey like to know who sent you, because those guys need to get paid.\n\nThey like to know *which* ad you saw so they can tell which ones work & which ones don't.\n\nThey like to know who you are so they can tell if you \"convert\" (ie - buy their shit). They don't really care about you, personally, they just want to know what percentage of unique users convert (conversion rate).\n\nUltimately, all that matters is conversion rate. If a site or particular advertisement sends them 1000 people and there's only one conversion, it's a worse venue for advertising than one that only sends 100 users but makes 10 conversions." ] }

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[ "http://engine.adzerk.net/r?e=eyJhdiI6MTg4MjcsImF0Ijo1LCJjbSI6MjgyNTYsImNoIjo3OTg0LCJjciI6Njk0MTUsImRpIjoiMGYzYTA1YzM4YWNkNGIxOWE1OTc5YmQ5YmQ0M2JiMWQiLCJkbSI6MSwiZmMiOjk3MjkwLCJmbCI6NDg0MjUsImt3IjoiZXhwbGFpbmxpa2VpbWZpdmUiLCJudyI6NTE0NiwicnYiOjAsInByIjoyMDM2NSwic3QiOjI0OTUwLCJ1ciI6Imh0dHA6Ly9yZWRkaXRnaWZ0cy5jb20vbWFya2V0cGxhY2Uvc2hpcnRzLz9zb3VyY2U9Z2Vla3lzaGlydHNyZWQyMzAwIn0&amp;s=Nbm-00-aSYd5MeQr4wKepBft288" ]

[ [ "http://redditgifts.com/marketplace/shirts/?source=geekyshirtsred2300" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c61x4t2", "c61x55t", "c61xp02", "c61yklw", "c61zs7m", "c61zv7k", "c623hhp" ], "score": [ 316, 30, 3, 309, 8, 2, 4 ], "text": [ "Ethanol molecules are very small, which means they can pass through the barrier between the bloodstream and brain quickly. Once the ethanol molecules reaches the area of the brain responsible for controlling the central nervous system, a number of things happen. Ethanol is considered a depressant, so when it comes in contact with a specific neurotransmitter called Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), it causes the reaction time between neurons to slow down. Essentially, your brain's brakes have failed and the \"conductor,\" GABA, is now too impaired to call for help. This is the very beginning of feeling intoxicated.\n\nMeanwhile, the rest of the ethanol has had time to reach the small intestine and is now entering the bloodstream. More ethanol molecules arrive in the brain and continue to depress or slow down the normal functions of the central nervous system, including the areas of the brain responsible for social caution and good judgment. This is why many people lose their inhibitions and become the life of the party while intoxicated. The ethanol has effectively neutralized the brain's natural \"don't do that\" switch.\n\nWhile the brain tries to deal with this new intoxicated sensation, the liver is working overtime to metabolize or convert the ethanol into a harmless form of sugar. A healthy liver can only process a certain amount of ethanol per hour, so the drinker becomes even more intoxicated as the excess continues to flow through the bloodstream and into the brain. More ethanol in the brain means more possible damage to the central nervous system. As the drinker's level of unmetabolized ethanol rises in his or her bloodstream, the depressing effects become more pronounced. When an intoxicated drinker's blood alcohol count (BAC)reaches a certain percentage, generally around .07 to .09 percent ethanol levels, then tasks such as driving become illegal or seriously inadvisable.\n\nAs long as the ethanol remains unmetabolized by the liver, the central nervous system will still be impaired and the drinker will still feel intoxicated. This process of eliminating the ethanol from the system could continue for hours, depending on the initial amount of alcoholic beverages consumed. It is possible to consume enough ethanol to cause death, either by compromising the central nervous system beyond repair or by choking on vomit after the natural choking reflex has been suppressed. BAC readings of .50 or more are generally considered fatal.\n\nEventually the level of ethanol in the bloodstream should be reduced significantly and the neurotransmitters of the central nervous system will fire at their normal rate. A recovering drinker should no longer feel intoxicated within 24 hours or so of his or her first drink. Dehydration and other factors may create a painful sensation known as a hangover, but at least the drinker's central nervous system is no longer too impaired to do its job properly.", "This video actually does a really great job of explaining this. And not just alcohol either.\n\n_URL_0_", "_URL_0_\n\nIs a really good book on the topic (and caffeine). It explains everything in a technical way, and they goes over it again at like a 10-year-old level.", "When you drink alcohol, little bits of it can pass into your brain. These bits causes your brain to slow down. Because your brain is going slower, the feeling of \"Drunk\" is really just acting on some more primal instincts because your brain is not able to process all of the information input fast enough.\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nFor example, your body is designed to *always* be hungry, and sometimes if you're body has enough calories, it'll decide it's full by suppressing the hunger feeling. When you're drinking, your brain isn't able to constantly think \"I'm not hungry\" (it takes too much effort, and your brain isn't working at full speed, so it prioritizes) so you feel hungry.\n\nAnother example is social interactions. When you're drunk, the brain isn't able to process \"if I say to some random girl 'wow you're hot can I have your number', that you may come off as a creep\". So you say it anyway. If you stop and think, even while you're drunk, you'll eventually realize it, but not fast enough in a party environment.\n\nEDIT: A third more practical example is balance. Because the bits of alcohol are in your brain and slowing your brain down, your balance is less coordinated because by the time you realize how you're balanced, you've already moved to a new position, and you're off-balance for where your brain 'thinks' you are.", "PSA: When you drink alcohol, it goes first through your liver (the filter system of your body), and *then* to your blood stream, which will then take it to your brain where you get that drunk feeling. Now, if you put alcohol in your body in another way (vodka enema/soaked tampon/inject it) your liver won't have a chance to filter it, the alcohol goes right into the bloods stream and won't give your body a chance to say \"STOOOOPPP\" when it's had enough.... so your chances of dying from the alcohol are much much higher. Plus people assume they can put as much up their butt as they normally would drink to get drunk, but that just isn't true... the proportion is much less (no filter and all).\n\nNo sticking alcohol up your butt people!", "One way to think about it is that your brain has 2 types of transmitters: one that excites you and makes you want to do things, and another that makes you think it's not a good idea. \n\nIn a healthy person this is great, your brain constantly balances the two and that's how we weigh the good and the bad of every choice we make. \n\nWhen you drink alcohol it suppresses that second type of transmitter, the one that inhibits you and tells you \"this is probably a bad idea\". Meanwhile your other transmitter is fine, so essentially when you are drunk you still have the impulses and drives to do things, but you don't have that part of you that says \"this probably is not a good idea\" \nThat's why alcohol is great for making shy people dance and socialize, but it's terrifying if the drunk person is driving or has a weapon on them. ", "Well, son, when Daddy drinks his uh-oh juice, first he feels kind of fuzzy inside. You remember how you felt when Mommy used to love you? It's kind of like that, son. Next, you feel a little lighter. Eventually, you go into the silly mode. Avoid Daddy when he's in silly mode, son. He tends to regret what he does in silly mode..." ] }

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[ [], [ "http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/mouse.html" ], [ "http://www.amazon.com/Buzz-Science-Lore-Alcohol-Caffeine/dp/0140268456" ], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dmsiujy", "dmsjlzr", "dmsvg6m" ], "score": [ 28, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "It's easier to make a strong circular hole in something than it is to make a square hole. Corners end up being weak points in metal. If you bump a bit of metal with a square hole in it it'll definitely start to tear at the corners, but a circle has no corners and you can reinforce the whole thing cheaply. ", "The increase in stress for the same force is less for a circular hole compared to a square hole: _URL_0_. ", "Corners act as stress concentrators, but as someone without an engineering degree that probably doesn't mean anything to you. Essentially, corners act as sites where cracks can propagate. When a crack propagates the likelihood of failure increases dramatically. This is because the area near the actual corner is increased relative to the forces that it may experience. A famous example is the de Havilland Comet, which suffered numerous early failures due to the use of square windows along the fuselage. There may also be reasons associated with cost, but structural failure is the primary reason to my knowledge.\n\n_URL_0_ " ] }

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[ [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_concentration" ], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "colcmv2", "coldvji", "coldyiw" ], "score": [ 5, 6, 4 ], "text": [ "Mine seems to work with knuckles......also my cat's paw!", "Nowadays touchscreens are capacitive. Your finger is an electrical conductor, so touching the surface of the screen results in a distortion of the screen's electrostatic field. That said, there's a sweet spot. If your fingers (or knuckles) are too conductive or not enough conductive, the screen doesn't recognize them as a finger and you're shit out of luck. I don't own an iPad, but both my old Asus tablet and Nexus 7 both recognize my knuckles as if they were fingers. Just be glad you're probably young enough to not have to deal with resistive touch screens where you basically had to use (and not loose) a stylus.. :P", "Everything seems to work for me. Fingertips, knuckles, elbows, nose, knees, toes, heel, ball of foot, literally all skin I try works (don't inspire me). The one thing it rejects is a large contact point, like when I rest my palm on it.\n\nI think your knuckles are simply dry. Capacitive touchscreens rely on skin being moist-ish. Another possibility is that you have more fat than I and can't make a small contact point.\n\nDisclaimer: tested iPhone 4 and MacBook Pro trackpad, not an iPad." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dhb453k", "dhb57vu", "dhb6gou", "dhb7wzq", "dhba3co", "dhbi9qd", "dhbjbus", "dhbku1f", "dhbl8j2", "dhblvwm", "dhbm2s1", "dhbpiax", "dhbpj1a", "dhbpopw", "dhbq30m", "dhbq4oe", "dhbqh71", "dhbqmu7", "dhbur65", "dhbux4l", "dhbv9s8", "dhbvsrt", "dhbwblz", "dhbwkth", "dhbxfrf", "dhbxn6b", "dhc0ejh", "dhc54vk", "dhc64w4" ], "score": [ 817, 1339, 2267, 87, 5, 47, 273, 55, 3, 11, 364, 3, 2, 2017, 2, 5, 12, 16, 3, 39, 2, 2, 2, 4, 10, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "In order to prevent it a law would have to be made to prevent it. Congress makes the laws and they do not want to limit themselves. ", "Curious, what laws are you talking about?", "The straightforward answer is that Congress makes the laws, so if it passes a law that says Congress is exempt, and there's no law blocking such an exemption, then Congress is exempt. \n\nSo, why would Congress make itself exempt from anything? In some cases, the rules deal with things Congress doesn't want to do to itself, such as giving some protections to their own workers. In other cases, it's just for more innocent, logistical purposes. For example, as part of the recent Republican efforts to pass a new healthcare law, Congress exempted itself to avoid a conflict related to which committee can alter congressional health plans. That being said, another bill was written to un-exempt Congress. ([Here's a longer explanation.](_URL_0_))", "1. Because ethics aren't mandatory.\n\n2. Poor moral decisions aren't necessarily against the law.\n\n3. Because it is to their benefit.", "When Congress passes a law, they usually delegate the enforcement of that law to some executive branch department. Granting that kind of power to the Executive to wield over the Congress would be a violation of the separation of powers. So they often exempt themselves. They also often exempt the federal judiciary, as well as the state governments, for similar reasons.", "Because our government is truly and honestly corrupt and the people here are too busy trying to figure out if having a penis makes you male to quit fighting each other and do something about it.", "It is a standard all across the world for members of parliament to have some protection rights. For example, they can't be detained for some smaller crime until parliament waives their immunity. They also can't be prosecuted for the things they say while performing the duty of an MP. \n\nWhy? Because, unlike in the US, it has been relatively common for dictators to arise from the executive branch of govt in which case the parliament is either obedient from the start or the dictator removes problematic MPs because police found \"evidence\" that they're criminals so that they can be removed and replaced.\n\nSo they have immunity rights, which is still not a guarantee against this sort of thing but is still better than nothing.", "Not an answer to your question but....\n\nThis is pretty universal to politicians, nothing specific to America here. \n\nOur politicians (not American) were found to be breaking election funding laws one year (it probably was accidentally, the law was badly worded, but still), instead of apologizing when found out they claimed the law was stupid and changed it to make their transgression retroactively legal. They flat out broke a law, then passed a new law to make it so they hadn't.\n\nAnd we are considered one of the least corrupt countries around. Politicians are just largely dirtbags.", " > Why does the United States allow its congress-members to exempt themselves from laws that every other citizen has to abide by?\n\n\nThe simple answer is because they can.", "The comments about the military isn't the point, but keep in mind, the oaths the military members take are to protect and defend the constitution of the United States, not to Congress or the Executive branch. ", "\"Governments, if they endure, always tend increasingly toward aristocratic forms. No government in history has been known to evade this pattern. And as the aristocracy develops, government tends more and more to act exclusively in the interests of the ruling class -- whether that class be hereditary royalty, oligarchs of financial empires, or entrenched bureaucracy.\"\n\nFrank Herbert, Children of Dune (Dune Chronicles #3)", "United States? Nah, this happens in many countries. ", "I feel like the Supreme Court is there for this purpose. Some one has to file charges and get it escalated...", "This is honestly one of the most uninformed threads I have seen. There are only 2 laws that grant Congress immunity that the average person does not have, and they both are related to Congress doing their job. Congressman cannot be detained for minor crimes while on their way to cast a vote, and Congressman cannot be sued for things they say or votes they cast while in a session of Congress.\n\nBoth of these protections are very minor and yet very necessary. \n\nBut let me emphasize that you often *hear* news stories that say Congress is exempt from a law, but those news stories are *intentionally misleading.* Here are a few recent examples.\n\n**Congress is exempt from insider trading**. This gets circulating around every year or so and it is 100% false. Congress never has, and never will be, exempt from insider trading laws. When you read these news stories you will find out that Congress is allowed to buy and sell stock with the early knowledge of how their laws will affect companies. But this is **not insider trading**. It sounds like insider trading to someone that does not know the laws, but legally speaking it is not. Congress has to follow all the same insider trading laws as you and I, and it has always been that way.\n\n**Congress is exempt from the Affordable Car Act/from the ACA replacement.** This is also 100% false. The ACA set up health care exchanges where people could go if they did not have employer sponsored health insurance (among other things). Congress has employer sponsored health insurance as they are a government employees. Thus they will not use the exchanges, and somehow this got to people reporting that they were \"exempt\" from it. They are not exempt. \n\nJust as if Congress passed a law that regulated Alaska crab fishing, you would not say they are exempt from the law because none of them are currently crab fisherman. They just passed a law that does not directly affect them. They do it all the time, that is their job.", "The US government is no longer accountable to the American people, because of various conflicts of interest and power centralizing mechanisms within elections around the nation: The State of the Nation: _URL_0_", "I believe that your underlying premise is flawed. There is a big difference between being \"exempt\" and the law simply not applying. \n\n\nFor instance, Congress is not \"exempt\" from health care laws, they just don't apply since Congress, like most of America has private insurance. The ACA health care is for people that don't have health insurance through their employer. \n\n\nYou might as well ask why Congress is exempt from receiving Welfare.", "Better question: why do we only care about this when \"our guy\" isn't in the White House?", "They're not. They have very few protections that are necessary and [for good reason](_URL_0_). The truth is hardly controversial.\n\nIf you're talking about Republicans supposedly exempting themselves from the AHCA, [that narrative is a lie](_URL_1_).", "I recently studied up on the constitution and they're exempt from most laws because their work used to be considered so important that having them held up for whatever reasons would harm the country if influential people or the right people were prevented from going to Congress.\n\nBack in the day before senators and representatives could fly to DC they had to make the trip on ground. A few colluding police departments in the right states could arrest a significant amount of senators and representatives from a certain party and hold them for 2 days. Meanwhile Congress has enough people to commence but despite the aforementioned party being in power, they are now the minority party thanks to those arrests. ", "These laws are put in place with good intentions. For example, the Congress and most state legislatures have a law that says representatives can't be arrested on their way or from the capitol. That's a very important law that can keep a corrupt local sheriff from detaining a state legislator just long enough that they miss the vote on the 2017 Hold Corrupt Sheriffs Accountable Act. But like any other law, this one can be abused, or made subject to a bogus defense claim. It's easy to find examples of legislators disputing a DUI or reckless driving charge by claiming they were on their way to a vote.\n\nSome of these \"exempt themselves from laws\" things are a matter of interpretation. For example, in my home state, legislators are allowed to carry a concealed weapon. That might sound like a special privilege until you realize there's little difference between their CCW privileges and yours. Congressman Smith still can't carry a gun into a bar or on an airplane. And like the above no-arrests example, this law is designed with sensible intentions: think back to the civil rights movement, when a legislator could legitimately fear for their safety for voting against segregation. So really it is just another law intended to protect government officials.\n\nPlease bear in mind that the laws that apply to office holders _while in office_. Despite any voter complacency, the people do have some say in the matter, and it's not a freebies-for-life sort of deal. Once you're out, you're out. And since it's an elected office, so you could at least theoretically attain the office yourself.", "Do you want to know why? This thread is a GREAT example of why. You posted a simple question and 90% of the people starter arguing about guns... while 10% of the people gave you thoughtful responses. ", "The ACA and AHCA cover the population that doesn't get health insurance from work. Federal employees have access to health insurance plans already by virtue of working for the government.", "It has probably already been said but in theory it is to prevent officeholders from a never ending series of lawsuits. Obviously it has morphed into special benefits for incumbents but that is how it originated.", "You'd have to clarify what exactly you are referring too. But to take a stab at it.\n\nGenerally the congress has certain exemptions and immunities to prevent harassment or the impedement of their duties.\n\nIs that pesky senator from south carolina about to ruin your vote? Well have some good old boys get him on some trumped up charges so he misses the vote while he's passing through your state.", "Disclaimer: Brit here, no real clue about American system.\n\n...BUT: In the UK for example, MP's are exempt from some laws (EG libel) whilst in the house, so that they can effectively say *anything* they like, without fear of being sued, arrested, or being subject to injunctions etc.\n\nSometimes used for less noble purposes, but this has proved quite a valuable thing over recent years where MP's have exposed various scandals, or repeated allegations, broken gagging orders and aided whistleblowers etc. in the house that no-one could raise outside of the house without getting into trouble with lawyers etc.\n\nIf they have that exemption it's actually kinda useful. Although, \"with great power\", etc. etc.", "Isn't it simply because they make the laws? If the people who make the laws don't want to be held accountable by that law, then they just write it in that they don't have to, and they can because they are the writers.....Simple, but horrible.", "They only have immunity on their way to congress meetings. This is because of how the British occupation arrested them to prevent our government from meetings. They also can be tried for whatever they were going to be arrested for after the congress meeting ", "I didn't go all the way down every thread in this post, so this might have been mentioned elsewhere. With regard to the AHCA exemption scandal in particular, I heard a compelling argument that this shouldn't seem controversial because if congress does not have robust protections for their health, even if they vote to take those away from other citizens, that it could prevent non-wealthy, uninsured people from running for congress. \nI don't think this protection would make it easier for a non-rich person to be elected to congress, nor do I think congressional salaries are so low as to make private health insurance unobtainable. \nWashington didn't think that the president should be paid, but was persuaded that if governement posts drew no salary, then only the rich could hold them and it is aristocracy all over again. ", "My fellow Americans are amazingly divorced from politics and public policy. Most \"bad idea\" legislation is introduced, moved, passed and enacted without any real awareness from the public. You mentioned the exceptions politicians carve out for themselves, but there are far worse examples. Scary-bad laws are very common. Many make changes the exact opposite of what evidence from experts, research and studies support. Occasionally some horrible legislation pops into public attention, but usually the attention doesn't last. The hoopla about the AHCA is an exception, and is out weighted by all the other nastiness lawmakers are up to that no one is paying attention to. Bad laws are passed, no one notices, then even worse laws are piggybacked on. The accumulated layers of stupid and evil are so awful that the most anyone might care if they knew, but no one does. It's like the old metaphor about the frog in boiling water. Bad law sneaks up on us a bit at a time. Few people notice the beginning, no one remembers that when the next change is made, then a situation ends up so ridiculous it is hard to get people to believe it's really true. " ] }

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[ [], [], [ "http://www.factcheck.org/2017/05/congress-exempt-gop-health-bill/" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLq_hGs3PD6GMZRslT_XLNEfWw3piZAGfp" ], [], [], [ "http://archives.democrats.rules.house.gov/archives/jcoc2ai.htm", "http://www.factcheck.org/2017/05/congress-exempt-gop-health-bill/" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "egdvwfz" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Flats are usually single floored homes that are on top of each other, so numerous homes in one building.\n\nSemis are two houses joined together, then a space, for a drive etc, then two more houses\n\nA council is the local authority, providing local services eg bin collection, road surfacing, tax etc\n\nCouncil houses are houses for local people which are owned and rented out by the council at lower than market rate.\n\nThere are also terraced houses which are rows of houses joined together, and detached houses which as the name suggests aren't connected to any others" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cftd4dq" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Cash. The acquiring company transmits cash, usually by check or wire transfer to the sellers." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ehy8hf9", "ehyjr3v" ], "score": [ 5, 2 ], "text": [ "Arthritis is a painful inflammation (swelling) of the joints. Different types of weather are made up of different pressure variations in the environment, and that can cause small amounts of inflammation in joints. Heat can cause higher blood pressure, which means more inflammation of the joints. And it's well known that our bodies change throughout the day, and all those little changes can cause different amounts of inflammation and pressure around the joints.\n\nMore inflammation = more pain.", "With weather at least it's to do with barometric pressure, the lower the pressure the worse it hurts due to swelling in the joints." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cryv8kw" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Seeing as Stephen Hawking, who doesn't have a voice, has sung in **2** Pink Floyd songs I'd have to say yes" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cuuao2l", "cuuarno", "cuuascd", "cuub1ug" ], "score": [ 15, 5, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "It is very difficult to land a plane even relatively safely on water. Especially when that water is rough or moving like the ocean is. So when an airplane, which is moving at a high rate of speed, attempts to land in the ocean, it will likely break up on impact. Many of those on board are often killed by the force of the impact alone. Others are knocked unconscious (which is a bad situation considering they are now being pulled under water) and others are injured and or disoriented all while trying to quickly find a way out of this massive aircraft that is sinking deeper into the ocean with each passing second. Believe it or not, crashing into the ocean offers those on an airplane a far smaller chance of survival than crashing on land because even when a plane loses all of its engines, the pilots still have a chance at landing an aircraft relatively safely as long as they can find a large enough area to do so on land. ", "Liquids have surface tension, meaning that there are forces keeping the top the water in the ocean intact. As a result, when something hits the water's surface, the water doesn't just move out of the way. Rather, some of it stays in place and \"pushes\" back at whatever's entering the water. When a plane crashes into the ocean it's going really, really fast. Upon touching the water, the plane applies a force to the water. This causes the water to push back at the plane. (Remember Newton's third law of motion: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.) This collision between the plane and the water causes the plane to stop falling (or fall at a much slower speed). The sudden change in speed causes one's organs, blood vessels, tissue, etc. to move around really quickly, squishing and tearing important structures. Needless to say, if enough (or if important enough) body parts get damaged, that causes death. ", "If you move with a high speed (like airplanes usually do), landing on water is pretty rough. If you ever made a flat hand and \"slapped\" on a water surface fast you see that it becomes relatively hard in comparison to when you sink in your hand slowly. \n\nNow multiply that by some orders of magnitude and you have a plane that crashes onto water and you basicly have a crash like hitting a solid surface.", "Water is very heavy and dense, and does not yield gently like air. When any object hits the water at high speed, the impact is immense, *almost* like running into a solid object. The plane, and everyone in it, is bashed quite hard.\n\nThere have been rare cases where a very skilled pilot, with a well-controlled plane, has landed gently *along the surface* of the water (letting the plane slow gradually) and the people lived." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cwmh7a1", "cwmimts" ], "score": [ 2, 3 ], "text": [ "The magnetic forces occur all the way down at the level of electrons.\n\nThe electrons orbiting the nucleus line up, creating a magnetic atom.\n\nThe atoms line up in small magnetic domains.\n\nThe domains line up into small pieces of magnetic material.\n\nThose pieces line up as magnets.\n\nSo, until you start splitting atoms, you can always get a smaller magnet.", "Think of atoms in a magnet like a giant stack of lego bricks.\n\nMagnetism causes all of the atoms to line up the same direction so this stack represents a typical magnet.\n\nIf you break that magnet in half, the orientation of the upper convex bumpy side and the lower concave side stay the same. It sticks back together if you stick a top to a bottom or a bottom to a top, but it won't stick together any other way." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e2as9mz", "e2asa8p", "e2ascta" ], "score": [ 14, 6, 3 ], "text": [ "The amount of taxes that come out depends on the amount of the paycheck. A higher paycheck means more taxes taken out. ", "The withholding calculator is based on how much money you make. The more you make the more taxes you pay, as a percentage. The calculator doesn’t know that you’re making more just because of overtime and assumes you’ll be making that much on every paycheck for the rest of the year and adjusts the taxes accordingly. ", "The way the withholding tables work is by assuming each paycheck represents your regular pay for the entire year. Thus when you work overtime, it’s treated as though you made that much all year long, which can often push you into a higher tax bracket. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc8bkdz" ], "score": [ 8 ], "text": [ "Let's say you get sick and you develop antibodies against the bacteria or virus. A small portion of those antibodies may inappropriately recognize proteins in the shellfish and activate your immune system. Kinda like someone calling 911 on a thief with a red hat, then the police put out an alert about a thief in a red hat and they apprehend anyone also is wearing a red hat.\n\nWhen you have those severe allergic reactions, it's because of a specific kind of immune response mediated by IgE. Normally, IgM, IgG are activated, but sometimes activated cells switch from IgM/G to IgE, depending on its environment. It'd be like someone seeing the thief with the red hat, but because it's West Virginia and there's a lot of heroin overdoses, instead of calling 911 (IgG/IgM), they think he's a drug dealer and call up the DEA (IgE). And the DEA shoots the thief and blows up his house, and the whole nation begins freaking out over drug dealing and excessive use of force because it was caught on camera. So what would have been a local allergic reaction (like asthma) involves the whole body.\n\nNormally, your body recognizes that stuff you eat, despite being foreign and in your body, is A-OK. Your stomach tells your immune system to ignore it, but that sometimes doesn't happen." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cahxwh1" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "It could be (two X chromosomes, the result would be a female embryo) but it'd have to be artificially done because eggs aren't equipped to move toward or attach to other eggs like sperm is." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "fdd0qyv", "fdd2pod" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Not hard if you own the peasants. Would you prefer to build a monument to the glory of your master or die a painful death? And while you're thinking about that he's going to 'borrow' your daughter for the evening. All in a days work for a monarch.", "What we see today in European towns is hundreds of years of architectural development. Castles, cathedrals, abbey's etc were all built at different times, and most of them with their own developmental stages and renovation aswell. In the present we see all that survives, but once upon a time a church may have been the only building made from stone in any given European settlement and over the centuries it has been added to. \n\nMoreover, in places such as Italy and Greece, complex stone structures have been known since the the earliest times. Knowledge and abundance of local materials would have surely made these structures easier to build and maintain. \n\nFinally, in medieval Europe only a small percentage of nobles, wealthy individuals and mainly the church possessed almost all of the money, land and resources. The common peasant would not have owned very much outright and therefore the rich had masses of cash to spend on these structures." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ddkcted", "ddkcuml", "ddkcv5k", "ddkcxoa" ], "score": [ 5, 2, 12, 4 ], "text": [ "I'm not a 100% sure but I believe white collared refers to dress shirts and blue collared refers to jumpsuit uniforms.", "My guess is coveralls, you know those full body denim suits? They have little blue collars because, denim.", "It used to be that the stereotypical image of a manual laborer be that of a man in a light blue button up shirt with either jeans or khakis and boots, while the salaryman and middle manager was stereotypically in a white shirt and tie with khakis or slacks and dress shoes. In other words, literally wearing a blue and white collar respectively. ", "Traditionally factory workers wore inexpensive and durable cotton or canvas shirts, and blue was a popular color since indigo dye was inexpensive and blue hides dirt and stains well. That's why you'll often see things like boiler suits and overalls in shades of blue. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c2c2u0p", "c2c2v39", "c2c2u0p", "c2c2v39" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Picture playing a game of tetris. However, instead of rotating the blocks, you're just moving them left and right and kind of just piling them on. Lets say you have 20 blocks and it reaches a height of 8 blocks at the pile's highest point.\n\nNow lets ignore the line clearing element of the game for a sec and imagine you're actually playing for real. You're getting the blocks fitted together as efficiently as possible. When those 20 blocks fall, you've fitted them all into a stack under 5 blocks high.\n\nSo if the metric of \"better\" is how low the stack is, then it would be important to try and fit all the blocks in the smallest space possible. \n\nIn the real world, compressing files is \"better\" for many reasons. You can fit more on a CD/DVD/USB stick. It takes less bandwidth (and time) to transfer compressed files. It also makes it easier to handle if you have one zipped file instead of 30 individual ones. ", ".zip files and .rar files can convert *folders* of files into a single file. This way, if you have to upload or share a folder of files with someone else, you can do it in a single, longer upload instead of dozens (if not hundreds) of shorter uploads.\n\n.zips and .rars also can be *compressed*, meaning that the total file size of the .zip or .rar can be less than the sum of all of the files it contains. .zips and .rars use special algorithms to do this, and \"unpacking\" the files reverses the process.", "Picture playing a game of tetris. However, instead of rotating the blocks, you're just moving them left and right and kind of just piling them on. Lets say you have 20 blocks and it reaches a height of 8 blocks at the pile's highest point.\n\nNow lets ignore the line clearing element of the game for a sec and imagine you're actually playing for real. You're getting the blocks fitted together as efficiently as possible. When those 20 blocks fall, you've fitted them all into a stack under 5 blocks high.\n\nSo if the metric of \"better\" is how low the stack is, then it would be important to try and fit all the blocks in the smallest space possible. \n\nIn the real world, compressing files is \"better\" for many reasons. You can fit more on a CD/DVD/USB stick. It takes less bandwidth (and time) to transfer compressed files. It also makes it easier to handle if you have one zipped file instead of 30 individual ones. ", ".zip files and .rar files can convert *folders* of files into a single file. This way, if you have to upload or share a folder of files with someone else, you can do it in a single, longer upload instead of dozens (if not hundreds) of shorter uploads.\n\n.zips and .rars also can be *compressed*, meaning that the total file size of the .zip or .rar can be less than the sum of all of the files it contains. .zips and .rars use special algorithms to do this, and \"unpacking\" the files reverses the process." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ckym7dc" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "None. It's a different delivery mechanism. There is some mild benefit for some times of medicines in that you are forced to drink a glass of water and ... fluids are good for many things. There is also some mild benefit if you're vomiting. You'll keep more medicine down than if you swallow a pill and then throw it up. Those are edge cases though - under normal circumstances it's just fashionable in europe and not in the U.S.!" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cwy4c0s" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "It's not just the vocal cords. It's also pronunciation, intonation, inflections, accent... " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dzn85t4" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Processed peanut butter contains chemicals that prevents the oils and the solid parts from separating.\n\nNatural peanut butter naturally settles and separates over time." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cis2ipm" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "We were always told that first timers usually go over the due date... My wife went into labour 8 days over." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cmv4fiu", "cmv91u9" ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text": [ "I'm not quite sure what you mean, but a competitor of TPB created [Old Pirate Bay](http://_URL_0_/) which they explain on their website: \n\"As you probably know the beloved Pirate Bay website is gone now. It'll be missed. It'll be remembered as the pilgrim of freedom and possibilities on the web. It's a symbol of liberty for a generation of internet users.\n\nIn its honor we're making the *_URL_0_* search. We, the Isohunt team, copied the database of Pirate Bay in order to save it for generations of users. \n\nNothing will be forgotten. Keep on believing, keep on sharing.\"", "Halfway there with [BTDigg](_URL_0_) already.\n\nProblem being, however thorough the indexing, DHT doesn't transfer all the meta-metadata that traditional tracker sites offer, like content descriptions, user ratings and comments, and moderation of malware-bearing packages. Find a solution for that and run the solution entirely via P2P, and you've moved a long way toward your replacement. " ] }

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[ [ "oldpiratebay.org", "http://oldpiratebay.org/" ], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTDigg" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "fi09bqx", "fi09i3i" ], "score": [ 5, 11 ], "text": [ "For a star like our sun, once nearly all of the hydrogen in the core has been fused into helium, hydrogen fusion starts occurring further and further away from the core, and closer to the star's surface. During this period, the pressure and temperature in the outer layers increases greatly and the star expands into a red giant. Eventually, all the hydrogen is fused into helium, and the process repeats (core fusion working outwards). Depending on the size of the star, multiple periods of shrinking and enlarging happen, but eventually the star shrinks down to a dwarf (or goes supernova). A similar process happens with larger stars as well, although these tend to become enormous super giants.", "Stars are held together by gravity and inflated like a balloon by their internal thermonuclear energy.\n\nFor most of a star's life these forces balance out and the star keeps a stable-ish size.\n\nNear the end of its life, a big star starts fusing heavier elements and cranking out more energy than ever before. This inflates the star \"balloon\" to many times its original size, even though the core has begun to contract under gravity. These stars are huge, but practically hollow. They fling off huge volumes of gas into space as the gravitational pull weakens while the energy output grows.\n\nAt the *very* end, the star finally exhausts all its fuel and can no longer inflate at all. What remains of the star collapses under its own still-massive gravity and either withers into a white dwarf or (in very large stars) lights off one final flash of fusion as the layers come crashing down at hypersonic speed." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cce68e3", "cce69rb", "cce6c05", "cce6cvn", "cce9lyx", "ccebo2l", "ccebsn1", "ccecu54" ], "score": [ 5, 6, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "For the examples you mentioned, they do what they do because they love it, and the money is a nice bonus. Why would anyone stop doing what they love? ", "The vast majority of millionaires are not 'old money' but people who worked hard and earned that fortune in their lifetime. I imagine that same drive that made them wealthy also prevents them from sitting around the pool drinking margaritas all day.", "Usually what people hate about their jobs has to do with their boss, their schedules, and their low wage. When you have that much money you are the boss, you make your own schedule, and the work you do makes you rich, you aren't making someone else rich. ", "Because that's how they got rich. People often think poor people are stingy with money and rich people are generous too, but it's more likely the opposite. you don't get rich by giving money away, and you don't get rich by only working to make money. it's kinda counter intuitive, but not if you really think about it.", "Not rich myself, but I know some people that are, and from what I've heard from them its for 2 main reasons\n\na. Work and investing is fun to do. \n\nb. To save more of the money for later and future generations. Since there is a good chance that most people in their family will be nearly as wealthy, you might as well get the most out of your occupation and oppurtunities.", "I can only really use a personal example. My family is very wealthy, relatively, not like a billion, but like $10m.(+/- because assets fluctuate in value everyday) My dad continues to work because he likes it, says he would go crazy if he did nothing all day, and he wants to provide a better like for me and the family, and I will eventually inherit the estate, and I will work and grow the wealth and provide an even better life for my children. Unfortunately, wealth tends to die at the 3rd generation when people do indeed decide to live off the money instead of working/growing it.\n\nHe is a particle physicist at Fermilab. He isn't bringing home a huge amount of money. He saved and invested, even forgoing the smallest luxuries. The reason people are not rich is because they love to spend.", "Because they got that way by being workaholics.", "One reason performers do it is, their main drive was to be famous. Their actual drive was for attention, not money. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ecow8pm" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "System migration is a hard problem, hampered by a bunch of things, including but not limited to; steep expenses, deep levels of domain knowledge across many areas of business, systems written in ‘legacy’ programming languages that can be difficult for newcomers to understand, it’s not a good enough investment to merit an upgrade, in the case of public sector, lack of spending, know-how and talent. \n\nThere are many reasons, but often even something simple like upgrading the version of a web browser can be difficult for large companies when you have to think about rollout, the contract you have with your security partner, potentially retraining etc etc, " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cm2fb1a", "cm2fht0", "cm2i0ge", "cm2kjjc" ], "score": [ 10, 5, 115, 3 ], "text": [ "Insurance companies have the right to charge higher premiums on people who are more likely to get into an accident.\nGetting into a FIRST accident is a massive indicator that you might not be a good driver, and are therefore more likely to get into a second accident.", "Insurance is basically betting against yourself. People tend to like it (to some degree or another) because then when something bad happens to you, at least you win that bet and collect some money to offset whatever the hardship was (car accident, health problem, flood, etc).\n\nLike every other company that provides you with things to gamble on, insurance companies are in business of making money and they do that by making sure the odds are always in their favor. They adjust the odds on a person by person basis.\n\nRemember, you technically \"win\" your bet with them when something bad happens to you. And they've figured out that when it comes to car accidents, people who have had bad things happen to them are more likely to continue to have bad things happen to them. In other words, if you've been in an accident, you're more likely to win your bet with the insurance company at some point in the future. So in light of your increased chances of \"winning,\" they figure they'll charge you more to play the game.", "To answer your question, we must first make sure that we understand what \"insurance\" is and, more importantly, what its purpose is.\n\nInsurance is a way for people to deal with the unexpected parts of life. I am 29 years old and have been driving since I was about 15 years old. Aside from a traffic ticket I got years ago for turning on a \"do not turn on red\" intersection, I have a perfect driving record and have never been the cause of an accident or been in one as a driver. Despite that, I still pay my insurance... not just because the law requires me to, but because of the value insurance provides me.\n\nYou see, even though I am apparently a great, safe driver... accidents happen. And the more people you have on the road driving, the higher the probability that at least **some** of them will have an accident. Not necessarily because they did something wrong, or because they are bad drivers... but simply because stuff happens. In fact, it is so predictably likely that some people will be in an accident that we can develop statistics that will project how many people will have one in any given time period in any given region.\n\nSo when you take a large group of people, and you accept the fact that (1) some of them will be in auto accidents and, (2) many of them will be unable to afford to pay the total cost of an accident, then you have a market that can benefit from insurance. How? Well, say that the average cost of an accident is $100,000 (vehicle repair, medical bills, etc). On top of that, lets say we have 1,000 drivers under the same insurance and we only expect 1 of them to be in an accident each year. We have no idea who that 1 out of the 1,000 will be... we just know that, statistically, at least 1 of our 1,000 members will be in an accident requiring $100,000 to be paid. Let's call that 1 person \"Bob.\"\n\nSo Bob and the other 999 drivers may pay $200 per year for insurance, which will generate $200,000 in revenue for the insurance agency which uses a portion to pay salaries, advertise, etc. $200 per year is pretty affordable for most people... and, for most people, that $200 will have been, in retrospect, a waste (if you're never in an accident). But at $200 per year, it would take 500 years for someone to save up enough money to individually cover a $100,000 accident, which means, as individuals, non of the 1,000 drivers would really have the ability to cover an accident. As a group, though, they can \"pool\" their money and, basically, promise to pay for each others accidents.\n\nNow... when Bob ends up having an accident, the insurance company will have to pay out that $100,000... which makes it more vulnerable to not being able to pay if, unexpectedly, a 2nd person from the 1,000 drivers gets in an accident. In order to help balance this out, Bob's rate goes up. It may seem unfair, but it happens for 2 reasons:\n\nFirst, before Bob got in an accident, he was just 1 of 1000 drivers. As I said above, though the insurance company **expects** that 1 driver will have an accident per year, it doesn't know **which driver** that is. For that reason, all drivers pay a \"general fee\" based on the basic service costs of insurance (treating them equally and requiring them to pay a fairly equal share of the total cost required to operate the insurance fund). **However**, the second that Bob has an accident, he has identified himself as being a higher risk than the other drivers who have not had accidents. Whether it was Bob's fault or not, whatever the circumstances may have been, Bob's membership in the group has resulted in the group losing $100,000. The insurance company has a reason to re-adjust Bob's rate based on its knowledge of his risk to the group.\n\nSecond, the insurance company can't afford Bob to continue whatever behaviors he chose to do that resulted in him filing a claim for the insurance company to pay. Let's say, for example, that Bob wasn't in an accident... rather, he chose to park his car in a bad part of town and someone broke his windshield. It doesn't matter that Bob has the right to park wherever he legally may... it doesn't matter that it wasn't Bob's fault someone broke his windshield. It's simply a numbers game. Windshields cost money, and that money belongs to the group of people in the insurance fund. If the insurance were to simply pay the cost of the windshield without any monetary incentive to not allow it to happen again, it may cause something known as a \"[moral hazard](_URL_0_)\" where Bob feels like the benefit of parking in that spot outweighs the risk of his window being broken again simply because it didn't really cost him that much money.\n\nWith that said...\n\n > We're lawfully expected to own some degree of car insurance.\n\nThis is a type of regulation that forces drivers to internalize some of the externalities caused by each individual deciding to drive. In other words... you have no right to operate a vehicle -- it is a privilege. However, it is a valuable one that does a lot of good for society... but it also causes a lot of harm. More cars = more costs and harm to society. Forcing people to have insurance is a way of forcing people to take responsibility for the harm caused by the activity they participate in vs. the harm they personally may cause society. Again, taking me for example... I have caused no harm to society as a driver... but I participate in the activity of \"driving\" which, as a whole, causes quite a bit of harm.\n\n > We pay for a company to help us financially after an accident.\n\nWe pay for a company to handle the complexities of managing money from many people in order to, in a way, force others to pay for the harm we cause society and others. Without insurance companies, the only other way to have the same type of service would be to go door to door and recruit thousands of people who all agree to pay a small fraction of money in order to avoid paying a large sum of money due to an unlikely event. Then, when something happens, you'd need to go through the effort of figuring out how much to pay someone, how to pay them, and how to treat them in the group. \n\nFor those reasons, private companies popped up and essentially said, \"We'll take care of that... go about your lives, and we'll handle all this for you.\" They don't exist to help us financially after an accident, they exist to ensure that a certain level of funds exist in order to help **the group** deal with a never ending, inevitable series of accidents.\n\n > the insurance company makes us pay them more for their services, sometimes (and in my case) more money than what it would of cost to repair any damages without them?\n\nInsurance isn't really about making sure nothing bad will ever happen, or preserving the condition or quality of your vehicle indefinitely. It exists as a sort of \"safety net\" for when **you can't afford to pay**. When it comes to small, usually cosmetic types of damages... filing a claim to repair it + the costs associated with handling the claim may exceed the cost of the repair itself... and if you can afford to pay it, then that's your decision... or, alternatively, you can just live with the cosmetic issue. ", "Something to consider here, getting back to the nature of your question, is often you aren't getting increased rates, you're losing a discount. Many insurers offer claims free discounts to drivers who have no claims history or have gone a certain length of time since their last claim. The amount you pay is the assigned rate for your vehicle, usage, personal details, etc. LESS the discount. (However much that may be. Where I live it could be as high as 50% off) When you have an accident and have an at fault claim, you will lose that discount upon renewal. It's an important distinction to make because in essence, the insurer isn't screwing you over and raising your rates, your rate is still the same. You are now just paying the full rate with no discount. The insurer was doing you a favour all those years prior to the accident by offering a discount and now you've lost it." ] }

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[ [], [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_hazard" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cjuh8nj" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Simply put, proteins (in a scientific context) are a type of biological molecules with a wide array of objectives. These proteins are made of something called \"amino acids\", just like a necklace is made of several pearls (for the analogy, let's say that the pearls are of different colors).\n\nThe proteins you ingest when you eat food are the same proteins that I explained earlier, except that they come from the plant or the animal you're eating. During digestion, those proteins are broken down into their amino acids, which are absorbed by your body and then rebuilt into new human proteins." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e0rkg6t", "e0ryeu4" ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text": [ "It's about the direction of the power applied. If you take the bone vertically, it can carry a whole truck but if you apply pressure to a sport horizontally, it'll break much faster. When breaking a brick with your hand, a lot of technique is in play and you're not smacking your bones on the brick. It's usually martial arts masters that do it and they can it the brick with their hand at just the right spot. Also they flex the muscles in their hand for some extra stability. If you smacked your limp hand on a brick you would definetely break something.", "You are not literally able to cut a brick with your hand.\n\nBrick and board breaking is a trick. Yes, they are really breaking things but is the weakest possible version of those things placed in a position of optimal leverage. The \"bricks\" are cheap, high sand content paving tiles, and the boards are dried out low-density pine broken along the grain. You never see someone breaking a 2x4 or a brick that is part of a wall." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d45ony5" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "The bends is an informal name for decompression sickness, which can happens if divers ascend too fast after spending time at depth. As divers descend, the pressure increases, and so does the pressure of gasses in the diver's lungs, which means the diver's blood can hold more dissolved gas. When the diver ascends, the pressure goes down, and blood can no longer hold as much dissolved gas. If the diver ascends at a safe speed, the excess nitrogen can slowly and safely be removed by the lungs, but if the diver ascends too rapidly, large bubbles form that the lungs can't remove.\nIt's frequently called \"the bends\" because the nitrogen bubbles tend to accumulate in joints, causing joint pain that may be relieved by bending them." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d1e5brw", "d1efhke", "d1egh5x" ], "score": [ 77, 2, 4 ], "text": [ "Newer phones use noise cancelling which is very good at rejecting sounds that don't come from directly in front of the phone's mic (where your mouth is). \n\nAlarm sounds (I assume based on your premise) are coming from farther away and aren't pointed directly into the mic. Us sound guys call that \"off axis\". ", "Most phones have \"noise cancelling\". This requires more than one microphone. The noise cancelling feature of the phone decides what sounds are meant to be heard by the listener, and those that aren't. It assumes that sounds directed only at the lower microphone are intentional, and the sounds received from the other microphone are not. The two sound waves are compared, and only the differences in the sound waves are the intended message.", "Most of these answers while speaking to some truth there is another answer. Human speech is limited to a frequency range and since a phone call is a transporter of human speech it makes no sense to sample or \"record\" any sounds that lie outside this frequency range. \n\nIf you want to test this out do this. _URL_0_ play this directly into a smartphone with an active voice call. The recipient will not be able to hear it. However, new HD voice calls will sample all the way up to 7 kHz or higher [_URL_1_]" ] }

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[ [], [], [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dz_NKY312ok", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wideband_audio" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d6r9urg" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "The people who bought their shares paid them.\n\nTo explain it, they essentially bought and sold stocks in reverse. They sold the stock first, *then* they bough it. Weird right? Here is how that works. \n\nLet's say that ABC Industries has a stock price of $100 a share. The people in Big Short went to other stock traders and said \"In 1 week I will sell you a stock in ABC Industries for $100.\" As those traders have seen that ABC industries is constantly raising in price they decide to take this deal as next week that stock will surely be worth more than $100. There is no backing out of this deal, they agreed to buy the stock next week for $100 no matter what.\n\nSo they have sold the stock, now need to actually buy it. The Big Short people have a week to buy that stock. They wait until the stock is at its lowest, hopefully lower than $100 and they buy it, thus making the difference in profit. Now lets say the stock market crashes during this week and ABC Industries stock drops to $50. The Big Short people buy it for $50, and then sell it for the agreed upon $100(which there is no backing out on).\n\nThis is a simplification but this is what is called selling short. The people from the Big Short did this on a big scale because they were fairly sure a big market crash was coming. If it did not come, they would have lost millions of dollars as short selling loses you money if the stock just keeps raising in price. It is a very VERY risky investment that paid off big in this one case. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "f6uzbhw", "f6vm50z", "f6vo274" ], "score": [ 4, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Over time our bodies are able to adjust to the world around us, it is a fairly slow process taking weeks or months, but as the body detects the changes in environment it changes the hormonal balance in the body, which then changes how our bodies process energy. Your blood \"thickens\" (it doesn't actually but the way you circulate blood does change)", "When you are exposed to cold temperatures, your body starts converting some of your fat tissue into \"brown fat.\" Brown fat burns fat molecules for heat. Essentially, your baseline metabolism increases and your body is burning more energy just sitting around. Rodents and smaller mammals (including infant humans) tend to have a lot of brown fat to keep themselves warm in the winter. However this is still a newer area of research and not much is definitively known about these processes.\n\nSome more info: _URL_0_", "On a side note, I always thought it was interesting how, in the winter, if you set your thermostat to 21C (70F) it can feel cold in the house, yet if it was 21C in the house in the middle of summer you'd love it." ] }

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[ [], [ "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5777285/" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ce1xioy", "ce1xp2z" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Why are you posting on the internet instead of feeding the hungry? Because personal interests trump societal ones much of the time.\n\nBut plenty of people *do* collaborate. The International Space Station is a good example.", "I think it is essentially the Prisoners Dilemma, if two super powers were working together for a common goal, one could notice that the other has let their defenses drop and they could be easily invaded." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "crndar4" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Well, let's imagine two brothers (close to each other in age) and all their descendants (who will all be cousins to each other, to some degree).\n\nAlan and all his descendants have children at around the age of 15.\n\nBob and all his descendants have children at around the age of 45.\n\nSo their first generation of descendants will be 30 years apart from each other. Their second generation of descendants will be 60 years apart from each other. Their third generation will be 90 years apart..... and so on.\n\nSo in theory, there is no limit, depending how many generations you're looking at." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cd15iw4" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Because it's very difficult for one person to write and direct 13 or even 20-25 episodes of a series in a row. Having multiple writers and directors also encourages creativity and differences in style." ] }

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[ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Walking_Dead_episodes" ]

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{ "a_id": [ "cwhh9tm", "cwhhh7l", "cwhopdr", "cwhp68k", "cwhrq28" ], "score": [ 47, 3, 2, 10, 2 ], "text": [ "Only odd frequencies are used to prevent interference.\n\nIf you had two stations on 95.1 and 95.2, you wouldn't get a very clear signal out of either station. 95,1 and 95.3 are far enough apart that you can tune into either one clearly.\n\nAnd the frequencies are between 88 and 108 MHz because the other frequencies are used for other things. 76.0-88.0 are reserved for over the air TV broadcasting. 108.0-118.0 are reserved for aeronautical navigation.", "Those are the [frequencies allocated](_URL_0_) to broadcast radio. Interestingly, 56.1 MHz is really close to broadcast TV channel 2. ", "FM channels are 200 kHz (0.2 MHz) wide and, thus, the centre frequencies of the channel are 200 kHz apart. The particular frequencies (odd/even) are due to local regulation/administration.\n\nThe very high frequency (VHF) band, 30–300 MHz, has useful propagation and electrical processing properties, and is used for aviation communications, TV broadcasting, marine communications, audio broadcasting, aviation radio navigation, radio astronomy, etc. The 87.5 to 108.0 MHz sub-band is largely used for radio broadcasting just because of the benefit of standardisation.", "While the question regarding frequency range has already been answered, the whole \"odd number\" bit must be an American thing, because I know that the local radio station in this part of the UK is even numbered, using 102.2 FM as its frequency (although it also uses 96.7 in other parts of the region). Heck, BBC Radio 2 uses 88.1-90.2 FM.", "Europe broadcasts FM in a wider frequency range, and on both odd and even decimals. It sucks to be in Europe as a US military member and be stuck listening to only half the available radio stations b/c your car radio can only tune half the available spectrum. I imagine this was not an issue when car radios were analogue. To highlight the absurdity, the AFN (American Forces Network) radio station at our largest base in Europe, Ramstein/Kaiserslautern, broadcasts on an even decimal (100.2). Most of the service members can't listen to it in their cars, b/c of this problem. Why they don't update their frequency is beyond me.\n\nOther crazy radio features in Europe are AM frequencies are spaced apart by 9 kilohertz rather than 10 in the US, and that in some rental cars I used, they had radios that received some shortwave bands. \n\nHere's a decent wikipedia page that answers many of your questions:\n_URL_0_" ] }

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[ [], [ "http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/2003-allochrt.pdf" ], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcast_band" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ceqc9qc", "ceqca5d" ], "score": [ 2, 3 ], "text": [ "I don't know, but I'd like to hear some answers.\n\nI have older windows in my house and my bedroom windows gets these types of patters, actually they are more intricate and random, but the same type of thing.\n\nOther windows are much more likely to frost up more uniformly.\n\nMaybe it has something to do with airflow when the ice is forming. ", "A lot of it has to do with humidity, the surface the ice forms on, how quickly the temperature drops, cloud coverage, to sum it up, there are a lot of factors that influence the appearance of ice formations. " ] }

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[ "http://i.imgur.com/VySZC9T.jpg", "http://www.reddit.com/r/pics/comments/1v9usq/intricate_ice_patterns_on_my_car_this_morning/" ]

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{ "a_id": [ "c8sl7a7", "c8sla1z", "c8slvfk", "c8smelu", "c8smiba", "c8snbxu", "c8sngfr", "c8snhra", "c8snvod", "c8sobfq", "c8soowd", "c8souti", "c8sp017", "c8sp8wl", "c8spe6w", "c8sphnl", "c8spw3e", "c8spwj0", "c8sqr6v", "c8sr5wf", "c8srdqa", "c8srx0y", "c8ss53s", "c8ss6kh", "c8ssgy1", "c8stjpx", "c8su9q4", "c8svh7w", "c8sw0vk", "c8sx2ll", "c8sx4ri", "c8sy1xa", "c8syst7" ], "score": [ 1209, 102, 28, 15, 53, 9, 86, 11, 8, 19, 2, 3, 4, 6, 40, 3, 5, 6, 2, 2, 2, 6, 2, 3, 5, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4 ], "text": [ "goku, the main character, is an alien from another planet with superhuman abilities. he also has a single-minded focus on becoming the most powerful thing in the universe in order to protect his adopted home planet from all the baddies that come along to fuck shit up. these baddies mostly want to go after these things called the dragon balls. if you collect the seven dragon balls, a huge dragon appears and grants you a wish, so bad guys will wish for what bad guys wish for, and thats not good (after a wish is made, the dragon balls turn to stone for a year and are unusable). basically goku trains and trains until he is the strongest guy around, until the new strongest guy around shows up, they have a big duel, goku pushes his limits, and ends up predominant. then, even though hes top dog, he trains more (he gets off on martial arts) until some other new bad guy shows up who is his equal, rinse and repeat...\n\ngokus friends are also after the dragon balls, mainly to wish goku and others back to life as they get killed in battles with said bad guys\n\none of the best shows ever", "For DBZ specifically? I can give a summary I guess, hopefully this is 'like you're 5' enough. DBZ SPOILERS AHEAD.\n\nGoku is a young hero with a son, then an alien comes to earth, reveals he's an alien too, then kidnaps his son. He teams up with an old enemy, Piccolo, to defeat the guy who kidnapped his son. They defeat him, though Goku dies, however his friends arrive and comment on the dragonballs, you gather all 7 and you can make a wish, they mention bringing Goku back.\n\nHowever the alien's friends, Nappa and Vegeta, hear this through the dead guy's communicator and decide they want to use the dragonballs to wish for immortality. The good guys hear their plans and decide to train, Goku training in the afterlife because they have better trainers there.\n\nNappa and Vegeta arrive and kill off almost everyone, including Piccolo. If Piccolo dies, so does the creator of the dragonballs because they were originally the same being (sort of, not going into detail here). Goku finally arrives, takes down Nappa (though he's killed by Vegeta) then fights Vegeta, mostly out of revenge and/or self defense at this point.\n\nLong story short they take Vegeta down, and allow him to flee. However during the fight information was revealed, there are more dragonballs. The guys who made the dragonballs were ALSO aliens and their home planet has them too.\n\nGoku can't go because he's too injured for now, but his son, best friend, and another friend go so they can try to revive their friends. They arrive on the planet only to realize there's a very strong overlord there in search of the dragonballs as well, Frieza, he heard about them the same way Vegeta did, through the communicators. He's also Vegeta's boss.\n\nThen Vegeta arrives as well because he still wants the dragonballs. Long story short, a lot of fighting over the dragonballs, Goku heals up, heads to the planet, arrives, saves everyone, needs to heal again, his friends fight Frieza, the dragonballs on the alien planet are used to revive Piccolo (and bring him to the fight, also this restores the original ones), Goku heals up, arrives, fights Frieza, and then seems to kill him, during the fight Frieza tries to blow up the planet but it only mostly destroys it, leaving it decaying. In the end everyone escapes, though no one realizes Frieza is still alive at first.\n\nFast forward, Frieza arrives on earth and is about to kill everyone when a new guy shows up and easily kill him. Then Goku arrives as well. The new guy is from the future, where he came from everyone died, but Goku specifically died from infection from which there was no cure, but there is in his time, he gives it to Goku hoping the bad future won't occur, warning him of Androids in 3 years.\n\nFast Forward 3 years, everyone has prepared to fight the androids, Goku suddenly succumbs to his infection later than intended (later revealed to be because of a butterfly effect involving time travel) but Vegeta shows up and blasts one android, the other flees.\n\nHowever Future Guy shows up and reveals these weren't the androids he warned about, cue the guy revealing the real threat who then beat the shit out of the good guys. Then another guy called Cell shows up who wants to absorb the androids, and he eventually does. He then decides to show off and eventually gets killed by Gohan (after Goku dies). Gohan's hidden power having been hinted at the entire series pretty much.\n\nFast Forward 7 years and Gohan is a total nerd in high school, then suddenly there is a tournament that Goku is going to show up (despite being dead, a side character can return people to life for 24 hours).\n\nDuring the tournament a bad guy who wants to collect power for a monster named Buu shows up. Long story short, he eventually is. Vegeta dies trying to kill him, Goku uses up all his time on earth fighting him, long story short he kills almost everyone on the planet, then destroys the planet, then a few more. Then Goku and Vegeta team up to kill him, Goku finishing him but wishing for him to be reincarnated as a good guy. So he is.\n\n**tl;dr: It's about fighting, at first over the dragonballs but later seasons it's usually more for the sake of fighting.**", "If you want a shorted, easier to watch and understand version, the first two seasons have been abridged into a comedy on youtube. I recommend checking them out. Roughly 6 hours worth of DBZ vs entire seasons of the show. And they cut out most of the silly bullshit no one cares about anyways, just leaving comedy and action.", "DBZ is part of an over-arching series that starts with Dragonball, then DBZ, the Dragonball GT.\n\nIts set in a kinda futuristic Japan, where learning martial arts can lead to the ability to use energy balls and the like to fight each other. There are 7 balls called Dragonballs, which when brought together, can be used to summon a dragon which can grant a wish. After which, the balls turn into ordinary stones and can't be used for one year.\n\nDragonball has a mix of these two ideas. We meet a very young Goku at the start who meets Bulma. Bulma's on a mission to find the Dragonballs because she wants a wish granted and Goku has one of the dragonballs. It was given to him by his grandfather who raised him and initially he doesn't know about the wishes, but he holds the 4 star ball in great value because its the last thing he has from his grandfather. He's naive, and optimistic, having been raised in the woods by his grandfather and agrees to loan Bulma the 4 star ball, but he goes with it.\n\nSo the first season of Dragonball is about the quest for the dragonballs. On the quest, he learns about the possible powers, like the Kamehameha wave, etc, and sets out to learn them and improve his fighting, leading to other episodes and seasons based on meeting, fighting and training with and master, Krillin, Tien, Piccolo,etc and competing in the World Martial Arts Tournament. \n\nIn DBZ there's this band of incredibly powerful fighters on Earth, formed mostly in Dragonball, who have to defend it from Aliens looking to destroy the world, androids (in a kinda Terminator-esque plotline) and people who want to fight the best fighters in the Universe. Goku's now an adult with a family, and while the dragonballs are still an important part of the series, they take a backseat to a main theme of fighting and defending the Earth, as they're a lot easier to find, with the powers Goku learned over the Dragonball series and new ones he learns in DBZ.\n\nIn DBGT, one villian from Dragonball, Emperor Pilaf, manages to obtain dark dragonballs unreferenced in other series. He wishes Goku was a kid. It transpires that these balls are scattered around the Universe rather than just Earth, and they have to be brought together in a year after their use, otherwise the Earth will explode. So there's a much more similar theme to Dragonball, of venturing into the unknown with less of an emphasis on the battles themselves, rather than DBZ, which is heavily combat-orientated.\n\nIf you're looking for a villan syopsis for DBZ or you saw an episode with a particular villian, I can bring you up to date, but it might cause spoilers, so I've left it out here", " > It's like watching something in another language.\n\nYou're watching it in Japanese, aren't you?", "aaaAAAAHHHHHH!\n\nTHIS IS NOT YET MY FINAL FORM!\n\nLET THE EVIL GUY BECOME HIS MOST POWERFUL BEFORE DEFEATING HIM, PUTTING BILLIONS OF LIVES AT RISK!", "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAARRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH\n\nPretty much sums it all up", "It should be noted that Dragonball is based on [Journey to the west](_URL_0_).", "I watched the show daily as a child and I still don't know what its about.", "There is Goku who is the main character and he is found to have a lot of power for being so young, and next time on dragon ball z....", "I feel as if there is no other way to explain Dragon Ball Z than for a 5 year old. After all it is a show for 5 year olds.", "lots of talking", "I'll just leave this here: [DBZ Abridged Episode 1](_URL_0_)", "It makes much more sense if you start with Dragon Ball.", "You know Superman? Goku is Japanese Superman. He has friends. Everybody he defeats becomes his friend.", "You need to start with Dragon Ball before you begin with Dragon Ball Z. Dragon Ball Z is the sequel to Dragon Ball.", "TIL that Dragon Ball Z is about super heroes competing for balls and wishes. ", "Super jacked guys travel to different planets to get into fist fights and throw coherent energy at each other. It's one of mankind's greatest stories.", "to a 5 year old...its a story about a guy and his friends fighting off evil aliens and bad guys. it all starts with Goku as a child and all the adventures his life turns out to have. \n\nthen i figure the child would have questions so i would just branch off from there...", "Dragon Ball Z is a story about Goku. Goku is part of an alien race called the Saiyans, who are similar in appearance and biology to humans. Saiyans are aggressive, incredibly strong, have tails, and can transform into giant gorillas under certain circumstances.\n\nGoku was sent to Earth as a baby with the intent of having him transform into a giant gorilla and destroy all inhabitants. However, Goku was found and raised by a kind old man, and after receiving a blow to the head, his natural aggression was lost, and he became an all around nice guy.\n\nGoku trains in martial arts throughout his childhood. With his super strength, his power pole (a staff that can extend in length), and his flying nimbus (a cloud that carries him around), he has many childhood adventures involving defeating evil doers and participating in fighting tournaments. The culmination of Goku's childhood is a battle with an alien named Piccolo. The story of Goku's childhood up to this point is told in the series Dragon Ball.\n\nDragon Ball Z begins a few years later, Goku is now a young man. The beginning of the series sees another Saiyan arriving on earth, who is surprised to see that the planet is still inhabited. Goku teams up with other powerful fighters (nicknamed the Z Warriors) to defeat him. What follows is a series of increasingly powerful antagonists entering the storyline, and battles being fought by Goku and the Z Warriors to stop them.\n\nThe setting of Dragon Ball Z includes magical power, giant wish-granting dragons (who are summoned by collecting the titular Dragon Balls), a multitude of characters from different planets and dimensions, and some good old fashioned bromance.", "The main idea is that in the Dragon ball universe, 'Ki' or 'spirit energy' is a legitimate thing. If you're trained we'll enough you can harness your own ki and use it to create blasts and have superhuman abilities. Humans can do it but most of the main characters are Saiyans (an alien race identical to humans) who have a natural affinity for it and are naturally superhuman. The the rest of the plot is mainly them defending earth from other powerful aliens.", "I think i'd like to see someone explain this to me like i'm 60.", "Many years ago I watched a couple of episodes. The characters shook and did a lot of thinking and talking. Nothing happened.", "It's a show about dudes who have superpowers like they can fly and fight really fast and shoot lasers from their hands! They are looking for magical bowling balls called \"Dragonballs\" that gives them wishes like the genie from Aladdin. Evil dudes come to earth from all over the galaxy in search of the Dragonballs and the good guys have to stop the bad guys. It's really cool to watch the fights and see the good guys get stronger so they can defeat the bad guys.", "It's Japanese Superman based on Chinese folklore.", "From what I've gathered it's a show about how yelling makes you stronger, and it's NEVER their final form.", "DBZ first season in 2 minutes...\n_URL_0_\n\nCredit: DBZ abridged", "Most of these posts focus mostly on Goku and while he is the most important character he isn't the only important character. Story begins actually before Z, in the dragon ball anime. Kami guardian of the Earth created 7 magic balls that will grant a wish within certain limits. The main characters in Dragonball set out to collect the dragonballs and make their own wish. Certain characters are important for the rest of the story. There is Goku- Found in the forest as a child. A fighting prodigy, he is continually training throughout the story. Bulma-Genius heiress to a large company. Other fighters join along the way including Krillin Tien, Chaotzu and Piccolo (writing their back stories would take way too long). Que at the start of Z, Goku has a kid named Gohan, age 4. Z spends its time developing Gohan who while young is incredibly powerful. He is unwillingly thrown into conflict with some of the most powerful beings in the universe in order to protect his home. ", "You should really start with Frieza. He's a lizard emperor who conquers planets for fun and profit, and takes the strongest warriors from the planets he conquers (or destroys) and makes them his soldiers. He has this massive complex where he wants to be the most powerful being in the universe. He basically wants to be a living god.\n\nNow, there are two sets of dragonballs- there's a set on Earth, and there's a set on Namek. What's so special about the dragonballs is that you can use them to grant any wish you want. Because of the events of the first couple of episodes of Dragonball Z, Frieza hears about these Dragonballs and decides to go to Namek to make himself immortal.\n\nGoku and his friends, most of the time, end up using the Dragonballs to wish their fallen comrades back to life. For example, Piccolo dies saving Goku's son, Gohan, from Nappa. Because Piccolo is the 'other half' of the creator of Earth's dragonballs, when he dies the dragonballs turn into stone and no longer work. This is why Goku and his friends go to Namek; they want to use Namek's dragonballs to wish Piccolo (and various others who were killed by Nappa and Vegeta) back to life and restore their own dragonballs.\n\nWhile Goku is on Namek, he fulfills an ancient alien prophecy and becomes what is known as a Super Saiyan, something Vegeta constantly claimed to be and something Frieza is terrified of. Namek's dragonballs are used to wish Piccolo back to life, Earth's dragonballs are used to wish everyone except for Goku and Frieza to planet Earth, and Goku kills Frieza, with Namek being destroyed in the process.\n\nI really do recommend you watch Dragonball Z Abridged. It's a parody that follows the story very well, and it's easier to understand than the real thing.", "Dragon Ball Z is about overcoming limits and striving for a greater cause. Goku, the main character, is really the epitome of selflessness. He fights to protect all from the evil in the universe. By the way you should watch Dragon Ball before DBZ. Then watch DBGT.", "A guy named Goku and his friends are strong martial artists. Goku in particular because of his alien heritage. While the other cast members lag behind and eventually become comedy relief, Goku and the saiyans keep training to get stronger because damn it beating people up is in their blood. So they do just that. Along the way they (usually Goku) beat up a lot of bad guys. \n\nThe end.", "Aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh\n\nNEXT TIME ON DRAGONBALL Z:\n\n\nAaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh", "KAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA \n \nI'll post the rest next week." ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" ], [], [], [], [], [ "http://teamfourstar.com/shows/dbz-abridged/dbz-abridged-episode-1-the-return-of-raditz-wait/" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uo5Rhn8zuPA" ], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "djzkcb5" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Playing a random song from a playlist is one of the easiest thing to do. It is just a tiny bit harder then playing it in order. The problem is that humans are very good at perceiving patterns. And we think that random things means that it does not have a pattern. However this is far from true. If you think about the hundreds of different patterns then the chance of one of them appearing in a random list is quite high. This even lead to Spotify dropping their random shuffle function in favor of a less random shuffle function that actively try to avoid patterns we might recognize." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cwyozvu", "cwypezb" ], "score": [ 5, 2 ], "text": [ "Because there are 3 rectangular LEDs for each pixel: one red, one green and one blue.\n\nEach of these is three times as wide as it is high, so that when all three are stacked together, it makes a (roughly) square pixel.", "Pixels can be different shapes depending on the lens used to capture the film. Rectangular pixels are quite common, as anamorphic lenses are used quite regularly in cinematic photography" ] }

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