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Pavithree

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eli5_39422_59134

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{ "a_id": [ "c5hsfgx", "c5hu8f0" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Grocery stores are all about volume. They rely on having lots of customers buying big orders, all day, every day. By pumping enough volume through the store, they can ensure that most perishables are turned over relatively frequently.", "In any business, you just have to mark up the price of what you sell (i.e. charge more than what you paid for it) enough to offset all of your operating costs. These costs include wasted food (though as watabit points out, they try to keep this to a minimum), and also employee wages, insurance, electricity, etc. \n \nGrocery stores, especially large ones, get their food really cheap because they buy it in such huge quantities. That's how they are able to sell it at a fairly cheap price (plus offering discounts, special deals, coupons, etc.) and still make a profit." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c69jcpm", "c69jmwv", "c69jrgw" ], "score": [ 3, 3, 4 ], "text": [ "[r/keto](_URL_0_). Come on over buddy. \n\n[This](_URL_1_) is a great guide - if you tried reading it and gave up, please try again. The more you enlighten yourself, the easy it will be to change your diet/lifestyle. It's amazingly effective. It's a life-long change for a lot of us.", "it is another high fat/low carb - they go for 65% fat, 30% protein, 5% carbs. If you check the /r/keto subreddit, their sidebar has a quick explanation for all their buzz words, and their faq is decent. Some go a little overboard with the religiousness, but having lurked there they get pretty good results. When it comes down, any diet that provides a sufficient amount of nutrients and allows for less calories than you need will be effective. With keto people find they are fuller on less calories, so it doesn't feel like \"dieting\" so much. I would suggest checking it out.\n\nAlso, no matter what eating style you go with, jogging will be an addition to weight loss, not the main thing to cause results. Depending on who you talk to, diet will account for 80-90% of your results.\n\nIn a nutshell though, think mostly meats, veggies, good fats, and nuts. Cut out starches, grains, and sugars. ", "More about insulin:\n\nWhen you eat a lot of carbohydrates your insulin levels will be high. Insulin helps store glucose as glykogen, but it also helps store fat. In turn, if you don't eat carbohydrates your body will have a low insulin level and fat will be released for metabolizing.\n\nA ketogenic diet does not need to be unhealthy. I am on a diet a lot like the one Corpuscle describes, but with a lot less fat. Eat a lot of meat and leafy green vegetables and SOME unsaturated fat (from unheated olive oil, avocado, fish etc). I weigh around 200 pounds and my daily intake is this:\n\n15-18 oz of meat\n\n20 oz of vegetables (spinach, broccoli, cucumber, tomato etc) half an avocado a day will be a part of this\n\n2 eggs (maybe a third but without the yolk)\n\n18 almonds\n\n1 piece of dark bread (ryebread; around 7g of protein/100g)\n\nI teaspoon of sunflowerseeds\n\n2-4 tablespoons of oil (for cooking or salatdressings)\n\nI think that is it. You might need to eat a little more since you weigh 40 pounds more than me. (Lbs and pounds are the same, right? European here) \n\nIt's hard in the beginning and you will have headaches because your body is craving for sugar, but it feels so good once you are over that point! (for some it's a day - others a week). \n\nI can only recommend it. It works like a charm. I do work out a lot too (lifting weights 4 hours a week and 1 hour of spinning) - but 70% of your weightloss depends on the food. BUT! A larger musclemass will help you lose weight faster because your basic metabolic rate will be higher because muscles need a lot of energy to maintain themselves. A greater musclemass means more fatburning!\n\nIf you are worried about your health on this diet you should go get your blood tested once in a while to make sure you are still healthy.\n\nEven though all the vegetables should provide me with all the vitamins i need, I do take one multivitamin pill per day just to make sure.\n\nYou are very welcome to PM me if you have any questions.\n\nPS. I know this is not very 5-year-old-friendly, but well. I guess you can downvote me if you wish." ] }

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[ [ "http://reddit.com/r/keto", "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1aiHSPoto_YqsNTDvL-g60nytMnyH-CJcCbiAx1IEUYM/edit?pli=1" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dc9o2da", "dc9oai6" ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text": [ "This one is quite strange and interesting. Your brain calibrates the sound's arrival time against the reflected sound that bounces off your shoulders and torso and back to your ears. It's more complicated than that and pretty fascinating... _URL_0_", "You know those curves and dips of your outer ear? They (called pinnae) serve the function to not only catch sound waves but to alter the frequency of the waves depending on which angle the sound waves came from. This is also how we know if the sound is in front or behind us. " ] }

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[ [ "https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_localization" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cbdtk12", "cbdtkyx" ], "score": [ 4, 6 ], "text": [ "If you misspell American, you're probably not officer material.", "From the sidebar:\n\n > Do not ask yes-or-no questions or **ask for a walkthrough/procedure**-- try /r/answers or /r/techsupport. This is for conceptual explanations.\n\nYou're asking for a list of steps." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "crr892t" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "They're \"different\" and \"outsiders\" - it doesn't really take much more than that for a minority group to be discriminated against.\n\nNative Hawaiians are *Polynesian* which is a distinct cultural/racial/ethnic group from the Micronesians. [They're from different places](_URL_0_), so any Micronesian is going to be an immigrant.\n\n...and the countries in Micronesia are generally much poorer than Hawaii. Poor immigrants get a *lot* of shit everywhere you go. In the Mainland US, people give Mexicans shit. In Western Europe, they discriminate against Eastern Europeans & Arab immigrants. I've heard that people in Hong Kong hate Mainland Chinese..." ] }

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[ [ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Pacific_Culture_Areas.jpg" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cybhc5w", "cybk87k" ], "score": [ 7, 3 ], "text": [ "Firstly, your router has a range, the further you are the lower your signal strength. To answer you question, yes, walls have a large effect on the range, the channel it is on is also a factor if you have neighbors (if everyone else is on 6 and/or 11, change yours to 1, or the least crowded of the three, never use 2-5 or 7-10).", "Pretend that wifi signal is like wind, your router is a big fan, and walls have tiny holes in them. The thicker the walls, the smaller and fewer the holes until there aren't any left. \n\nIf you have a really thin wall, then the wind might pass through almost completely unabated and then go through another wall just as easily. If the wall is thicker however, then the wind will have far fewer holes to go through. \n\nWhat you want is for the wind to be as strong as possible when it hits your computer/phone/whatever." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dmawjmb", "dmaxdz7" ], "score": [ 3, 4 ], "text": [ "photoreceptors, the parts in your eyes that detect light, still work when covered by the thin skin of your eyelids.", "Your eyelids are thin, so some light can still go through it. Kinda like if you stare at the sun with your eyes closed, you still see red, but if you put your hand over your eyes, it goes black cause your hand is thicker. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cmroy0e", "cmrr9g5" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "The report has only just come out, and now a big argument has erupted over whether the report is even accurate, let alone whether torture was justified. But if anyone is going to get into trouble for this, there first needs to be a proper investigation into who exactly did or knew what when, and a case against the alleged perpetrators needs to be prepared.\n\nWhether or not that will actually happen is a different question: there are all sorts of political reasons it probably won't. In particular, it will involve the US government admitting to the rest of the world that they have a credibility gap and can't be trusted to do things legally.\n\nIn any case, right now it's far too early to start disciplining people. Just to be clear about what's actually happened: some mostly Democrat members of the Senate have authored a report which makes certain allegations of abuses that took place during a Republican administration. Not everyone is going to take this report at face value.", "Why would the powerful get in trouble for using their power? The only thing that's changed is that now you're aware of your serfdom. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cw1ce3r" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Long as hell ELI5:\n\nOstensibly? To verify cabbies for consumer protection and to prevent overcrowding of the streets of New York City.\n\nReally? To artificially increase competition, which has led to a neo-feudal system of medallion owner nobles and operator serfs.\n\nSo back in the day cabs could be run by just about anybody, and occasionally there would be a crazy person who would go Jack the Ripper on an unsuspecting fare (person hailing the cab). In the interest of public safety, NYC required cabbies to apply for a license (medallion); though IMO this is of questionable impact on safety, given the technology of the time wouldn't really allow for proper tracking of the medallions once they were out in the wild. Additionally, this would cut down on the number of commercial passenger vehicles which were straining the already burdened transit system of NYC. \n\nHOWEVER, what happened was a simple matter of supply and demand. See, the number of licenses was fixed (and still is), with additional licenses only being added every few DECADES. Given the incredible expansion of the urban population of NYC (and Boston, Philadelphia, DC, and other cities who adopted the medallions) there was a HUGE demand for cabbies. However, no medallion = no right to drive a cab. So owners could sell their medallions as they got out of the game for exponentially more than they paid (sometimes selling for $1M+!). It became a way to monetize future earnings of cabbies, so owners began leasing them out, and passing the medallions on to their kids. Taxi companies became the middlemen, aka the Sheriff of Nottingham from Robin Hood, collecting the payments and keeping down the populace (drivers) for the sake of the owners (King John). \n\nNow, if you're a cabbie trying to scrape a thin living in a new town, you have to pay a fee to the cab company (which owns the medallion) for the PRIVILEGE of working there. If you don't like it, you can go pound salt, because there's an oligopoly working against you to maintain control of the medallions. If that doesn't sound Oliver Twist-y enough for you, there was an [expose] (_URL_0_) by the Boston Globe in 2013 which showed that beyond the disgustingly high fees for taxi access, drivers had to do favours for or outright bribe taxi dispatch companies to get good shifts. It's beyond scandalous. \n\nA large part of the backlash against ridesharing companies like Uber and Lyft comes from the owners and taxi guilds, because that would allow pretty much anybody access to commercial transport. Great for the immigrant struggling to feed his kids; less so for the owner who now faces competition in the market. In general fares have responded well to having choices (who doesn't like being able to call an Uber from anywhere when you're trashed on a Friday?) beyond flailing your arms at a cab (good luck if you're a minority, in a bad part of town, have kids, etc). In general, the city governments don't like losing what they call \"public assets\" and the owners don't like losing their guaranteed income. \n\nTL;DR: Because govt interference in the market for YOUR PROTECTION, CITIZEN; perpetuated by medallion owners who want to keep control of the taxi market in the hands of a few." ] }

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[ [ "http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/specials/taxi" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "egnu7jj", "egnvo09" ], "score": [ 5, 2 ], "text": [ "Submarines are generally in the opean ocean where there is nothing around them. The ocean floor will be miles below them so there's no risk of them running into a rock. \n\nInterestingly enough, one serious hazard is submarines running into each other. When they're on the hunt they don't use sonar because that gives away their position. So, they're kind of going blind. This actually happened once but they were both moving so slowly that there was no serious damage.\n\nIf they are operating in shallow waters they have sonar that can detect objects in front of them.", "More detail.. they operate in very well charted waters. Active sonar (is seldom used) sends out a sound looking for reflections, but they always have passive sonar on listening to sounds in the ocean 360-degrees on all axis.. this way they can detect everything from various vessels to whales." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cwr3tbq", "cwr3zon", "cwr46dp", "cwr4d0f", "cwr9lga" ], "score": [ 7, 6, 2, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "You can make bug free code, as long as it's small enough.\n\nIRL we're talking about thousands of files, millions of lines of code, billions of possible input. You can also take into acount the influence of hardware and memory handling.\n\nBut you have code like the one handling Paris Subway which is proved to work. (It's a relatively small code iirc)\n\n", "It is totally possible to make perfect code for a static, non changing environment. But things always change.\n\nExample:\nYou create the perfect banking software.\nBut then massive inflation hits. Your system is not designed to handle so many large numbers and becomes very slow.\nWas this a bug?... Wel, it didn't was, but does has become.\n\nFrom a more theoretical side there is an other problem. It is near to impossible to prove that a system or program is bug free. You would need to describe every possible set of inputs to the program and the expected output. But if you have that mapping, you don't need a program to make that mapping for you.\nWhen you make tests, you simplify the input using various assumptions. Assumptions such as: If the user clicks, it either clicks on a button that I defined, or nothing happens.\nWhich is usually fine, but there may be predefined buttons, such as the close/minimize buttons of a window.", "you can technically proof correctness of part of software with some math magic but what scope exactly you can proof and what the needed tools are I don't know (Lambda Calculus for functional languages comes to mind). However I imagine that this would be infeasible from an economical standpoint. So mostly only testing is done. And with testing you can only ever guarantee that it passes what you tested, not that it's bug free.\n\nThere is a wikipedia entry on the subject _URL_0_\n", "Here:\n\nint x;\n\nx = 0;\n\nx = x+1; //I'd prefer int x =0; \\n x++;\n\nThis is fundamentally a perfect snippet that adds 1 to x. Now what happens when x gets too big to represent in whatever number of bits an int is defined with? x actually takes on a negative value, the LOWEST number that the int can hold. If this happens, x is bad data. How about we use an unsigned number, thats great, we can go higher since that extra bit represents a higher power of 2. The problem now is that it rolls over to 0. Now, I can avoid this, but let's be honest, there's too many situations in production code to really make sure nothing can ever go wrong.\n\nWe deal with limitations of the hardware, the language, the entire system. What works fine one place should theoretically work fine in another (java here), but we know that isn't the reality. Different systems will give different results sometimes. We deal with users, and users can't read our minds. You know the people who don't use turn signals and think they own all lanes of the road? They might use your software and do things so nonsensical that you never dreamed it would happen. If you couldn't predict that they would do this, you can't safeguard against it. We try our best to safeguard against user error and overflow, but it still exists.\n\nWhen your code is sufficiently complex, debugging is extremely hard (we would say that debugging the code is non-trivial as codeword for its going to suck). You have to get your head into multiple layers of abstraction at once and be following ridiculous amounts of logic. The bug may be coming from a bug in a library that only manifests when some very peculiar conditions are present. \n\nThink about a car, and one day it sputters while you are driving down the road. Why did it sputter? Can you recreate those exact conditions and make it sputter again? No? Not reproducible, much harder to find. \n\nThis problem becomes mind-boggling when you have some number of completely independent processes all off doing their own thing, when one goes haywire and causes issues to cascade through. The result was off by 3, maybe, but that deviation caused everything else to be off and maybe caused other things to simply not work since it produced bad data that might be outside the acceptable parameters.\n\nIt's like building the perfect building. We can safeguard it against hurricanes, earthquakes, tornados, ice, but something might come along that sets new records and rips it to shreds. Still need to account for how much money and time was spent on this building too. It just isn't feasible to build this completely safe structure and get it to market before someone else builds a safe-enough structure, gets brand recognition and market share. Your ultra safe building is going to have a harder time since you will probably be charging more for 99% safety over their 90% and people already know their product works.", "I'm very surprised that noone in this thread has mentioned Rice's Theorem, which is your answer: _URL_0_\n\nEssentially, \"there exists no automatic method that decides with generality non-trivial questions on the behavior of computer programs\"\n\nWhat that means is, writing software, and checking that your software is correct, are both \"creative\" activities that are not guaranteed to end well.\n\nYou can formally prove that a piece of software is correct. But this is very time consuming. And you **cannot ever** write a program to do it for you, although you can write software that helps you to do this task. But most software now, is just heavily tested instead of formally proved correct.\n\nAnd even weirder, you could write a piece of software that was perfect, but never be able to prove that it is." ] }

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[ [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_verification" ], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice%27s_theorem" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cjh842t", "cjh88dm", "cjha06d" ], "score": [ 6, 6, 2 ], "text": [ "Cartridges don't need to 'load' anything. They are basically just memory modules plugged into the system. It takes time to read off a CD/DVD/BluRay.\n\nThis is why the N64 went with cartridges when most other systems had gone to CD at the time. Nintendo still wanted lightning-fast loading, but at the expense of not being able to provide large levels or high levels of graphics.", "A cartridge is basically just a piece of RAM with the game written onto it.\n\na CD has to transfer the information from the CD into the system's RAM.", "Cartriges - Whatever area of the ROM it needs is loaded into RAM. Repeat with images, models, and textures.\n\nDiscs - Laser is shined at reflective disk, which reflects the laser into receiver. Receiver sends raw binary data into decoder. Decoder decodes binary into code language. Code is moved into ram. Repeat with images, models, and textures." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e55hx0m", "e55igq0" ], "score": [ 13, 2 ], "text": [ "They aren't. A password 10-20 characters long with special characters and capitalization takes less time to \"hack\" than a simple 50 character long phrase.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nEdit: \n\nto add a bit more, the reason for this being is a computer \"guessing\" your password all day long will be not only be guessing common passwords and variations of, such as \"!QAZ2wsx#EDC4rfv\" (which is just a pattern on my keyboard), but the amount of guesses a computer would have to make to guess something 50 characters long is exponentially higher than 10-20.", "Complicated passwords *are not* universally better than long passwords.\n\nThe reason is, really, humans.\n\nThe more complex we make a password, the more difficult it becomes to remember it.\n\nConsider the password \"[Tr0ub4dor & 3](_URL_0_).\" You might be able to commit it to memory, but you'll always have to remind yourself what it is, where the substitutions go, etc.\n\nHowever, \"CorrectHorseBatteryStaple\" is *far* easier for a human to remember, and though it doesn't appear this way at first glance, harder for a computer to guess, because computers are deceptively stupid: all they can do is attempt to brute-force the password; they don't know what the person might have used to make it." ] }

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[ [], [ "https://xkcd.com/936/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d9q4v4d" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "It could be acting to reduce backpressure, and in a high performance automobile that may well be the case. At some point you'd have to make the choice of having a *huge* muffler and exhaust, or a couple of smaller ones operating at higher inefficiencies. Less backpressure can reduce emissions, increase engine efficiency, etc, so it's a desirable thing to cultivate. \n\nMost cars you see on the road though, have it for looks." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d4hltde" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "The original Nazis had a hypothesis called *der Ewige Jude* — \"The Eternal Jew\". This nebulous cabal of Elders of Zion was their arch-nemesis. They ascribed the reparations Germany had to pay after WWI to *der Ewige Jude* controlling the banks that held the debt, and that debt effectively crippled Germany's economy (which it was meant to do — to keep them from being a military threat. Jews had nothing to do with it; it was all the Allies' working).\n\nAfter WWII, Germany passed a law making it illegal to promote Nazism. One of the effects of this law was that the *evidence* of the Holocaust that was held by German academic and historic researchers could not be made public — it could only be provided to credentialled, vouched-for academics attached to credentialled research institutions. Another effect of this law was to make it illegal to question whether the Holocaust happened.\n\nNeoNazis reasoned that by denying the Holocaust ever happened, they could leverage the relative silence and lack of public evidence out of Germany about the Holocaust, and claim that the Holocaust was a hoax, perpetrated by *der Ewige Jude*. \n\n— the thing about abusers, sociopaths, predators and bullies, is that they never, *ever*, take personal responsibility for the bad things in their life / other people's lives, and always blame someone else for the bad, and encourage you to blame someone else for the bad things. They also make outlandish and exaggerated claims.\n\nAn absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. Recently Germany has been allowing researchers to publicly publish the mountains of evidence they have regarding the Holocaust. We have always had plenty of documentary evidence from Hitler and his inner circle in their writings that spell out that The Final Solution to The Question of The Jews was genocidal extermination. Russian soldiers and British soldiers and American soldiers liberated different concentration / death camps. German citizens have provided evidence of the Holocaust. There is no question it occurred.\n\nNeoNazis argue that it didn't, *solely because pissant dramatic struggles where they are cast as the underdog victim, gives their otherwise-sad-and-meaningless lives, some sort of purpose*.\n\nThat's it. That's all.\n\nIt's called a Karpman Drama Triangle. They want to be seen as the Victim and the Saviour and want you to be the Victim too, against their boogeyman caricature Oppressor.\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "csyhmmq", "csyhqky", "csyjjfz" ], "score": [ 3, 13, 3 ], "text": [ "The Earth has natural variability in its climate. We are able to observe the Earth's climate through longitudinal data like ice cores and tree rings. Those data along with contemporary observations about the climate indicate overwhelmingly that the Earth is warming, principally in response to human introduced greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.", "There is fluctuation is Sun's activity. So there are colder and warmer periods on Earth.\n\nBut we can measure that activity and conclude that this current warming cannot be explained by Sun, rather it's caused by humans.", "Much of it I to do with Milankovitch cycles and Sun Spots. \n\nThere are3 types of Milankovitch Cycle. Firstly, eccentricity is how elliptical our orbit is, the more elliptical the warmer it gets.\n\n Secondly, axial tilt which is what angle the earth axis is to the verticle. The greater the degree of tilt, right now its about 23, the warmer it is between the tropics. \n\nAnd lastly there is precession which is more complicated but is basically which direction our axis points to. I believe if the axis is pointing toward the sun it gets warmer. \n\nHowever, Milankovitch cycles take tens of thousands of years to go through their cycles. So although I'm sure these affected the medieval warm epoch it was probably more to do with sun spots.\n\nThe more sun spots that are on the sun the warmer the earth gets as sun spots sre effectively just large warmer areas on the sun, blasting more energy toward Earth.\n\nSimply put globally warming is due to Green House Gases (GHG) like Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapour. You can think of how they work like this: you have a green house with glass tile as the roof to allow light in. The roof represents our atmosphere. As we pump more GHG's into our atmosphere we can replace the glass tiles in our roof with 1 way mirrors that allow light into our greenhouse but not out and reflect the light back to the ground of the green house. This in turn warms our greenhouse. \n\nHope that helps." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cdbwxmn" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "TouchID measures the fluctuation in the electrical field that your body generates at a resolution of 500DPI. Your fingerprints are readable at that resolution." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d23lxob", "d23pvky", "d23qvj2", "d245ng8" ], "score": [ 20, 4, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "One of the main reasons why the original Jurassic Park looked so good is because various camera tricks were used to account for the limited technology. Even then, the CGI sucked and the animatronics--while they were definitely beneficial to the film--weren't enough to carry the weight of the special effects throughout the entire movie. \n\nSo what was the solution? Using shadows, night scenes, and backgrounds that had similar colors to the CGI dinos being used. All of that contributed to making the blemishes of the dated technology far less noticeable than they would've been in brighter and/or more dynamic environments. \n\nToday, CGI is undeniably better than it used to be but generally, directing techniques don't utilize it to its full potential like Spielberg did with JP (mainly because it's easier, cheaper, and less time consuming). \n\nThat said, current CGI may look cheesy, but if 90s movie directors used the same tactics that directors today use (and some certainly tried), it wouldn't just look bad, it would look offensively terrible. \n\n", "Jurassic Park looked so good not because of the animatronics, but because of Spielberg and the lessons be learned in the production of Jaws, which also used an animatronic shark. In addition to using night scenes and simply quick cuts, his understanding of the capabilities of special effects led to the development of his own style, including the Spielberg Face. This meant a close-up of your actor or actress as they saw the T Rex, instead of showing the T Rex. What you don't see clearly in broad daylight makes it scarier.", "Another possible answer for things like this: the director or artist doesn't care as much about making it realistic, and would rather do the thing that looks really cool (which is of course an opinion) instead of the thing that's more realistic. We have the power now to put anything imaginable into the film, not just anything that we can physically make. This obviously isn't the whole answer for any given film, but can be a part of it.", "Simply put, a lot of what we expect out of a modern blockbuster is not possible with traditional effects and animatronics. In order to create the super action, crazy angles, and outlandish environments we have to resort to the use of computers, or else invest in much larger and more dynamic sets than have ever been used. That and it costs less to change an explosion created in a computer than to go blow something up over and over again until it is just right (fun as that would be!).\n\nThere are a couple reasons why we don't seem to notice the CGI in the original JP:.\n\nThe first, as previously stated, is that Spielberg was very careful and particular about how and where CGI was used. Simply rendering each scene took months for a relatively small and simple object such as a single dinosaur. They did not have the processing power to place dense textures and shadow mapping on each character, so the use of CGI was mostly kept to distance shots and dark shots.\n\nSecond, and this is a big one, nostalgia really clouds one's vision. If you go back and watch the movies, really watch the movies, it's not very difficult to see how dated the CGI is. Shadows don't match up, textures are fuzzy and sparse, and each dino's texture/color palette is very simple (the raptors are pretty much tan/brown with some very basic stripes). The movement in each character is simple and limited.\n\nFinally, it's very hard to understand just how much CGI is used in modern big-budget films. Keeping with the JP theme, look up the breakdown reels for the latest film. About 75% of the movie was created inside of a computer. There was only one animatronic dino, and that was the head of the dying Apatosaurus. Everything else was CG, including most of the sets and backgrounds.\n\nHere is a [link](_URL_0_) to one of the CGI breakdown reels. See just how much was \"fake\"? Compare that to the couple minutes of CG in the original JP film.\n\nI think what we mainly notice as being cheesy is that our brain fully understands what we are capable of doing with \"real\" objects, so we notice when something un-achievable is added in through the use of computer graphics.\n\nEDIT - added some clarifications" ] }

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[ [], [], [], [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6Dqe_O91fA" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cld1uw7", "cld1yg8", "cld2nan" ], "score": [ 12, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "They are being portrayed as purely barbaric, because that's what the media wants you to see. These are highly organized people. They have a mobile government in place that has effective administrations. They have people looking after sewer and water (they had this department shut off water to all Kurds). They have many bureaus. But it's kind of like Cold War China.. we just don't know what's going on in a full way behind the scenes.\n\nOil work is very specific. But the people of the region probably have the skills to do it. If they're being paid cash and are allowed to survive, they will pump the gas legally or otherwise.", "So ISIS has something like 45,000 members, and controls a small country's worth of land in an oil rich area. These are not a few hundred nut jobs living in caves, they are a fully functioning army controlling a lot of land, cities, and oil fields.\n\nThe members of ISIS either have experience working in oil fields, are able to hire people to work in the fields, or are forcing people to work for them.\n\nIts pretty easy to know that all of this is going on, its another thing entirely for any of us to have the authority or ability to stop it.", "The other answers are mostly but not quite right. It's easy to think of ISIS as uneducated, but remember that these people rule entire cities in Syria, and seem to be doing a pretty good job if you forget the whole brutality thing.\n\nMostly ISIS hires local people experienced with working in the oil industry. Getting oil out of the ground is actually pretty easy once you have a working well.\n\nThe other half of the process is getting the oil refined enough to ship. That's done in a much quicker and dirtier process than we think of as oil refining. It apparently almost looks like a large collection of big pots, and can be fueled by anything from wood to burning tires.\n\nThat's the big reason we've been struggling to stop them from processing this oil. We destroy one oil refining site, and another pops up within a few days. The materials are just too cheap and the profit too large." ] }

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[ "http://www.alibaba.com/countrysearch/TR/mobile-petroleum-refinery-supplier.html" ]

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{ "a_id": [ "euwo9zw" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "They don't. There are simply more of them flying around , at any one time, due to the increased buoyancy (of warm air rising)" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dfu5uyp", "dfu6wry" ], "score": [ 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Every played World of Warcraft, or Skyrim? There's a lot of running back and forth, effectively giving the illusion that the world is bigger than it is. Having areas that you have to walk around will also make it feel bigger (by increasing travel time).\n\nAlso, when playing around with game projects in Unity I noticed that a normal walking speed of 1.5 m/s feels **really** slow. A walking speed of 4.5 m/s (faster than jogging) feels more \"game natural\" (16 km/h). This is one reason why you can traverse maps very quickly, while they are technically very huge. ", "\"You see those mountains in the distance? You can go to them.\" \n\n-Skyrim " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dtqhcoo", "dtqhle5" ], "score": [ 9, 4 ], "text": [ "\"The Nutrition Facts Panel on the side of every packaged item is a key partner in helping you determine whether the product you’re buying is truly sugar-free. For packaged food and drinks traditionally bought at a grocery store, the rules governing sugar-free are clearly defined. According to the FDA, “Sugar-Free” means less than 0.5 grams of sugar per serving on the Nutrition Facts Panel, and “contains no ingredient that is a sugar or generally understood to contain sugars.” You can also check the ingredient list and see if any sugars, sweeteners, sugar alcohols or zero calorie sweeteners are listed. The statements “No Added Sugars” and “Without Added Sugars” are only allowed if no sugar or sugar-containing ingredient is added during processing.\"\n\n_URL_0_", "It doesn't say there is no sugar, reporting 0g of sugar simply means there is less than 0.5 grams of sugar per serving. This is why tic-tacs say they're sugar free but are instead 100% sugar.\n\n\nI just checked my pack of bacon. One serving is a single 14 gram pan fried slice so all you know is that sugar is less than 3.6% of it by mass.\n\nMine has salt coming before sugar on the ingredients and only 250 mg of sodium so i can assume that mine has less than 250 mg of sugar per serving as the ingredients are listed in order of quantity used.\n\n" ] }

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[ [ "http://blog.doctoroz.com/oz-experts/4-things-you-need-to-know-about-sugar-free-labels" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "de28v3z", "de28z90", "de2a60i", "de2cu6y", "de2er7x", "de2evcc", "de2g8ca", "de2hz6m", "de2qp0e", "de2t3rb", "de2zltz", "de3jo7k" ], "score": [ 5, 8, 15, 91, 26, 12, 293, 4, 25, 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "I'd say it would have to do with the values of the cultures. \n\nFor the Greeks and then carried into the Romans, the perfect physical body was idealized. So they would want a statue to look real and perfect. \n\nInto the medieval time period, you had a more creative/imaginative viewpoint of the artist. \n\n(At least that's what I think anyway). ", "Every period and culture in history has its own artistic styles. A good example would be the ancient egyptians who, during the reign of (I think) akhenaten, they had a much more realistic art form where human shapes looked more natural, and then once he passed, they returned to their old, rigid, not so natural human forms. ", "The Romans had a much more sophisticated society that had specialized trades and a greater infrastructure. Most of the roads and aqueducts in europe had been built by Roman architects during their conquest of europe. As Rome fell to the Visigoths (i believe), most of their infrastructure was taken over by people who did not know how to replicate it on the level of technical expertise. The medieval period was almost a step backward as a technologically advanced culture fell and outsiders tried to use and recreate the methods of a society they knew of, but did not really comprehend.", "I believe that good \"life-like\" quality in sculpture arose much earlier than in paining because when you are sculpting you are representing 3 dimensional objects in another 3 dimensional object. With painting however, you are trying to trick the observer into seeing 3 dimensional objects on a 2 dimensional surface. \n\nIf you look at Roman and Greek paintings (on pottery and such) it is also quite primitive from a modern perspective, just like early medieval paintings. Likewise, medieval sculptures were also not fundamentally different in complexity compared to Roman sculptures.\n\nThe big shift in European paintings from the silly-looking early stuff to proper three-dimensional representation using depth and such was a really big step!\n\nSource: Was also curious about this question and asked a friend who is quite knowledgeable about this stuff. ", "When the Roman Empire fell, it wasn't to another great civilization. There are volumes of books written why Rome fell, but in the wake of its fall there was a total breakdown in the unity of Western Europe. The Catholic Church was the only real remnant left of the Roman Empire (which had adopted Christianity before Rome fell.) The artistic advancements that did not directly serve the Church were abandoned and largely forgotten. It wasn't until the Renaissance (15th century) that Western Europe began to display a greater secularism as well as greater respect and interest in the arts. Renaissance means \"rebirth\", and the people of the Renaissance saw their time as a rebirth of the ancient glory of Rome/Greece. They labeled the 1,000 years between their time and the fall of Rome as the \"middle\" ages (Medieval is Latin for middle ages.) Some of the rediscovery of ancient artistic techniques was due to archaeological discoveries, and some of it was experimentation. Opera came about because Italians thought that Ancient Greek theatre was entirely sung. Michaelangelo and other great Renaissance artists were among the first to create on the dame level as the ancient Romans/Greeks.", "Why did [Romanticist painting](_URL_0_) look so realistic yet early 20th century painting looked like [this](_URL_1_) and late 20th century painting like [this](_URL_2_)?\n\nDifferent time periods reflect different cultural values and aesthetic preferences.\n\nMedieval art was first and foremost educational: A way to teach the illiterate in an easy, accesible way. As such it was much cruder and had more of an emphasis in allegory and symbolism than in faithfully representing reality. ", "There's many reasons for this.\n\nFirst and foremost is the fact that the fall of the western roman empire is a long and drawn out process during which time the economy needed for statue making was dwindling. If there's no one rich enough to buy a statue no one makes it. If no one makes it, no one learns how. And so the craft is forgotten in a generation or two.\n\nBut The roman empire didn't fall in 476, just the western part. in the east we can see similar styles up until the iconoclasm which is it's own mess. Unfortunately due to wars, ottoman dislike for statues and the iconoclasm, not many statues from them remain. So in the west people stopped making these natural lifelike arts because there wasn't enough money in it. Because everyone was poor. Because they were living in an \"almost post apocalyptic\" world of a fallen empire.\n\nBut to answer the important part of your question. Beauty is subjective to the society in which it is made. I.E, these paintings you see and feel are bad were not bad in the eyes of those that made it. \n\nU/pinesap explains it very well here:\n\n [\"During the Middle Ages, the ideas that artists sought to depict were allegorical - the allegory a central form of medieval art and culture. The images created at that time were realistic as far as the ideas and cultural values they represented - they were not \"lacking\" in any skill. They served exactly the purpose they meant to fill, narrative, symbolic. The idea was not to represent reality, it was to transcend reality - and the point was that this was ideally to occur on the viewer's spiritual mind.\"](_URL_0_)\n\n In other, simpler words: the people who made medieval art did not intend to do the same job as the roman and greek artists. The People around them did not want grandiose, realistic, natural art. It didn't fit their view of the world.\n\nIt may seem strange to us now, but the fact is art usually reflects the values of them time. And at the time, storytelling was more important than realism. ", "Roman art was inspired by Greek sculpture, painting, etc. which emphasized proportions, depth, and perspective. You have to remember that this was a period of high praise for mathematics and art itself and because the Greeks (and subsequently the Romans) were studying Euclidean geometry, their art thrived in terms of realism. As some others said, when the Roman Empire fell, Europe was thrown into the dark ages and all of this was lost until the Renaissance and specifically in painting, Giotto came onto the scene to revive perspective.\n\nTo add to that, the medieval style did not require realism. Much of it was mosaics for religious purposes and since its subjects were always religious figures it was ok for them to essentially break the laws of physics (e.g. Subjects appearing in more than one place in a medieval piece).", "The sculptures from each period served different purposes, and were made by people with different styles. Other people have already covered the shift towards allegory/symbolism/transcendence in Medieval art. \n\nBut I just wanted to point out that Roman sculpture wasn't reliably \"realistic\" either. Do you really think so many emperors and consuls were as buff/handsome/well-proportioned as their portraits suggest? Heck no. At least one of them had to have been a cross-eyed pudgy bald dude or something. Roman art was stylized, just in the opposite direction from Medieval art. They used realistic proportions for things like how long a person's arm should be in relation to their fingers, but they gave their subjects a heavily idealized musculature, weight, and facial structure that were unlikely to have been a reflection of anyone's actual body.", "I would say because roman and Greek artists were expressing something different than Christian Europeans. \n\nGreco-Roman art was more of a reflection of nature and often about beauty itself. These cultures enjoyed significant luxury and highly valued artists. These developed all kinds of arts. \n\nMiddle Ages Christendom, was more interested in religious art. It was representing humans gods etc in relation to each other. E.g. God is big humans small. It wasn't about reflecting on nature or beauty but telling stories. They weren't interested in representing reality but noting who was important and so on. ", "It's worth noting that classical statues used to be painted. It's very hard to determine the original paint job, but the consensus is that bright bold colours were used. Thus, making the statutes look quite garish. \n\n_URL_0_", "The Germans (rulers everywhere) were barbarians and there was no smooth succession of Roman knowledge. Canalisation water supply etc -- everything went down. Dark ages. Followed by rinascimiento. " ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://static1.squarespace.com/static/565a179de4b0c377c4638edd/t/5692edfc5a566828b96be0ca/1452469887548/?format=1000w", "https://www.vanartgallery.bc.ca/the_exhibitions/images/picasso.jpg", "http://www.jackson-pollock.org/images/paintings/convergence.jpg" ], [ "https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1l1vp2/why_is_ancientmiddle_ages_art_is_technically_much/cbv3et1/?st=izh3hm9h&sh=dae468f9" ], [], [], [], [ "http://www.iflscience.com/physics/this-is-what-ancient-greek-statues-used-to-look-like-in-color/" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d87i17r", "d87owd0" ], "score": [ 4, 2 ], "text": [ "When you are eating you are constantly producing fresh saliva washing away the spiciness, once you stop eating the salvia stops and .... ", "Your tongue and mastication muscles are chewing, surveying, pushing around the bolus. Gate theory says this non-noxious sensory input subtracts the space available for the temperature (capsaicin) nocioceptor torrent to the brain. When all the movement ceases the space is freed up and registers moreso in neural matrix. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eb5k6dy" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "yes sound waves can be focused to a certain point and are used in sonic welding, when sound is used to cause vibrations in the plastic to cause the plastics to heat up and bond to each other.\n\nits also used to break up gallbladder stones inside the body" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dy7l7ho", "dy7lrfg" ], "score": [ 5, 3 ], "text": [ "In Amber Rudd's case somebody who had access to the memo in question sent a copy to a guardian journalist who wrote a story on it. All the methods you mentioned above are possible ways of doing so.", "99% of the time: a member of staff in the department takes the information in whatever format it is in and sends a copy to a journalist. It sounds all clever and tech-espionage but really it's just adding attachments to emails." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "egiz5du" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "In (acrylic) paint, they use pigments rather than dyes, so theyre powders suspended in the acrylic medium. And they do pigments have some effect. Different colors of paints have different lightfastness and some colors are more transparent than others (phthalo blue and green especially).\nBut in most paints, theres not a lot of pigment to medium, they have a rather minimal effect on the actual texture.\nI am not sure how much of this applies to oil paints, having had no experience with them. ¯\\_(ツ)_/¯ " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "da8evq1", "da8in0i", "da8mmg7", "da8o42a" ], "score": [ 9, 6, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Omnivores. \n\nCarnivores only eat meat. Herbivores only eat plants. Omnivores eat both.\n\nHumans eat both meat and plants (for the most part), so we're omnivores. ", "Humans are Omnivores. We eat a mix of plants and meat and have done so for the entirety of our existence as a species. We can exist as vegan if we put forth a lot of effort and have access to the right combination of plants, but that is not natural for us. ", "So the vegetarians/vegans whole agenda is based solely on morals? values? \nThey have no medical/health advantage?", "Omnivores. To add another fact to those already been given: The length of the intestine tells a lot about what a species eats. This is because some nutrients are harder to break down than others - plant material for example contains a lot of cellulose, which is very hard to digest. This is why the ratio between body size and the length of the intestines in herbivores is much greater than in carnivores. For sheep for example, the ratio is more than 1:20, cats in contrast have a ratio of 1:3. The ratio for omnivores lies in between - for humans it's about 1:6." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "daxi24l", "daxn3m7" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "More surface area to emit heat. \n\n\nAlso, do they?", "They are more insulated for one thing. Just like in whales or cold weather animals, body fat acts like an insulator. For humans to shed that heat they need to sweat more. \nPlus they expend more energy just moving the extra weight around. Think of a 5 gallon bottle of water. The kind you see in an office for drinking water. Each 5 gallon bottle weighs about 40 lbs. Now say you are 40 lbs over weight. It's like carrying one of those jugs everywhere you go. Up and down stairs, walking, everything. Take a person with a low BMI and have them carry a 40 lbs jug of water everywhere. All day everyday. It will be like they are working out all the time. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c5gy3xs" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "So there's Earth. Earth has a magnetic field. \n\nAnd there's the Sun. The Sun throws lots of charged particles towards us. \n\nSome of these get caught in the Earth's magnetic field around the planet and... live there.\n\nThe [Van Allen Belt](_URL_0_) is quite energetic and so it can damage equipment on spacecraft, but this is usually accounted for and taken care of. \n\n\n\nI did a search for Joe Rogan van allen radiation belt and found this\n\n > J: It gets even creepier than that. There are two radiation belts around the earth: the Van Allen Belts. Other than those Apollo landings, we’ve never passed through them. All those fuckin’ space shuttles, they just go around the surface of Earth’s orbit. Same thing with satellites and space stations. They just stay in Earth’s orbit. No one ever got past the Van Allen Belts. They say we can’t do it. They say it’s physically impossible because of the amount of radiation you would get. \n\nHis last line two lines are incorrect. I don't know who 'they' are but astronauts have passed through the VARB. They usually sit inside their module which is very heavily shielded and spend very little time in the VARB because they are passing through it. \n\n" ] }

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[ [ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Van_Allen_radiation_belt.svg" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "e8yxmxw", "e8yxphl", "e8yxrko", "e8yy9oz", "e8yyjgz", "e8yzokx", "e8z03xe", "e8z0f2c", "e8z0o6z", "e8z0qa1", "e8z19rf", "e8z1oh7" ], "score": [ 238, 15, 4, 35, 24, 33, 3, 6, 4, 3, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "It's basically to get people to go to different parts of the store, instead of just beelining to the exact thing thing they're after they now have to hunt for it and will end up being exposed to new stuff.", " > Was there some study don't that claims it improves sales? \n\nExactly this, it's just marketing tactics to get you to see new things and spend more money. What used to be the spot for your favorite box of cereal is now a different brand you never glanced at before, maybe it sparks your interest and you buy it and your favorite cereal.", "Many stores will strategically place their products so that you're attracted to them, For example Walmart will always have a heavily discounted item on the beginning on an aisle to 'pull' you in, then once you're within the aisle you don't really see any other deals but they're hoping you see something else you need and are inclined to remember/buy it then. ", "It’s to get people to see more products they might not have otherwise, and possibly spend more. \n\nAll it does for me it make me spend more time finding what I went there for. ", "Shelf space location is decided by who pays for what. Prime eye level spots cost to suppliers is more than different spots. Lower level spots are generally less expensive,except when it comes to child level spots and child related products. The constant changing also is another way to get the customer to look around more and to add new products into certain locations. Product rotation boils down to profits.Also there is a constant turnover of products,each one a different size and shape. All these variables are the reason for the constant movement of product location", "I work at Walmart. The majority of the other answers here (saying that it is to make the customer wander around more and see more product) is definitely a part of it. But there is another reason, also driven by profit. All products exist in the store to serve one of two purposes- bring customers in or make a high profit margin. The first type are items like milk and bread, and generally don’t make a large profit. However, they are recognized as the types of products that customers go to the store especially for, and so are there to help bring customers in. Once customers are in, they are likely to buy more that what they came for. This is where the second type of item- the high profit type- comes in. These are the the big money makers, such as the impulse items up by the cash register. All of those have a pretty significant markup. All other item, like canned good, clothes, toys, etc. fall somewhere in the middle. If an item is determined by home office to be serving either of these functions well enough, if is gotten rid of. Once enough items are removed, the shelves have to be rearranged for new products. The decision to do this come from the home office, and it annoys the employees at the local store as much as the customers who shop there. We have to relearn our way around too. ", "Basic answer: The more time you spend in a grocery store, the more money you are likely to spend.\n\nStudy after study has shown this to be true.\n\nBy moving products around in the store, customers spend more time looking for the items they planned on buying. As a result, they are exposed to products they hadn't intended to look at and as a result of that exposure, there's an increased likelihood of buying those products they are newly exposed to.\n\nShelf placement is another component but there's a great more detail involved. Yes, moving products into different positions on the shelf can result in customers taking more time to find them, but in reality it has much more to do with line of sight. The easier it is to see a product, the more likely you are to buy it. There's big money in shelf placement.", "Actually I've been in the business for several years as a small grocery store manager - I think that the reason why most small businesses especially independent ones - doesn't rearrange as much, is a matter of economy - it's costly to rearrange products, in the matter of labour hours as well.\n\nAlso it doesn't make sense to rearrange basic items because customers really hate it when they can't find their goods...but in order to \"inspire\" customers to purchase extra goods you really do need to keep things fresh with the non basic - and often on sale items- by rearranging them often...", "You might think retail is just putting things on shelves, but it is absolutely much more than that. Every inch of shelf space is fought over. Manufacturers have to buy shelf space at large retailers like Walmart or grocery chains, and products come on and off the market all the time. Where products are located vertically and horizontally on the shelf, and where the product is in the store, are all carefully chosen to maximize profit for the retailer.", "It's the other things people have mentioned, but the real reason it's happening more than ever is the explosion of [slotting fees](_URL_0_). There's a constant bidding war for the prime shelf space.\n\n > “You’re talking about a deep, dark secret of the retail world,” \nMark Heckman said when asked about placement fees. Heckman, \na former marketing executive with Marsh Supermarkets, a chain \noperating 75 stores in the Midwest, is now a partner at Accelerated \nMerchandising, a research company specializing in grocery store \neconomics. “Retailers don’t want \nthis information getting out \nthere. They don’t want one brand \nto know what the other one is \npaying.” \n\n[source](_URL_1_)", "Grocery stores aren’t kept in the black as far as profits from the customers buying items at 2-5% markup. A lot of that is lost when you swipe visa to pay on the way out. A grocery store sells shelf space and floor space via a combination of long term contract and regional / seasonal shorter negotiated agreements. Think of it like this that giant display for tostinos, Pepsi and Coors Light for two weeks before Super Bowl. In any cases they have pre-sold the shelf space to Pepsi, coke, snack chip companies (many owned by Pepsi) bread, pastries, spices, the hallmark card section vs other companies. \nI’ll admit there is a motivation to have wondering customers and it’s better for retail that you spend at least half an hour in the building when you went in for ONLY milk, eggs and lottery. TLDR: Moving items and sections around is a necessary part of juggling the stores most valuable asset- empty shelf space they can auction/pre-sell to brands.", "This is something I know quite a bit about so I'll chime in possible reasons for why they would be doing this.\n\n\n\n**Product placements**\n\n\n\nJust to state the obvious, where you find things in the store is no coincidence. Big chains spend an enormous amount of research into customer pathing. For example you will find that every chain has the candy near the end of the shopping path. There's always cold beverages and a selection of portion sized fruits/veggies/thing of the day. Plus chewing gum and similar items. Things that you \"just grab\". There has been actual reserach done into how humans can be best stimulated to open their wallets. I'm just going off the bat here but I'm happy to link some reputable sources later if anyone wants any.\n\n\n\nYour shopping experience is all about impressions. Most of us go to the store to pickup one spesific thing, or shop for the week. Product and category placement is all about tricking your brain into wanting to feed that rumbling belly. Shopping while on a empty stomach is not just a saying, its a thing, and stores are banking on it.\n\n\nThe first thing most of us sees when we come to the store are fresh fruits and veggies. These have vibrant colors and actually affects our mood for the better. A positive influence to start your shopping trip. The first thing we smell is likely to be bread. Fresh baked bread. Either right next to or after the fruit and veggies section. If you were hungry before you came, you are feeling the rumble now. Better stack up some yummy carbs, you hadn't planned to but what are a few dollars more for a happy belly. And if you havent been tricked out of your diet by fresh bakeware, the onslaught of yummy freshly grilled chicken is going to make life hard for you. \"Buy, buy! Its so convenient!\"\n\n\n\nEvery section you walk by is optimized in one way or another. After bread and fruit you will often find dairy products and breakfast items. You start the shopping by order of intake. Breakfast/lunch - > Dinner - > Alcohol/Beverages - > Snacks\". This will almost always mimmick most peoples shopping lists. \n\n\n\nAnother important thing to put down here is of course the importance of keeping the shelves *full* at all times! Full shelves are tempting and makes a person more likely to buy something. Empty sections just look depressing, same with expired procude or banana flies near the fruit. A well ran store is the one that has a overflow of fresh produce waiting for you. Its also one oyu are likely to have a larger shopping basket at.\n\n\n\n\n**Shelf placement**\n\n\n\n\nEver wondered why things are the way they are? Shelf placing is called a *planogram*. This is a model or diagram of retail inventory that is optimized for maximizing sale. Eye level is where you will find every single item the store sells the most of. Products that are likely to be A) Sold more B) More expensive C) *Are paid for by suppliers* (More on this in next section) are placed on eye level or typically the shelf right under. Cheaper products are almost always on the floor, typically the stores own brands. My bet is that Terry Crews in Everybody Hates Chris would never walk upright in a store, he'd always walk hunched over picking up the reasonably priced items instead of name brand. It should be mentioned that just because things are store brand, does not mean quality is worse. In some cases it absolutely is, but typically not for food* (The only inconsistencies of name brand vs store brand can be things like texture and flavor depending on what product we're talking about.).\n\n\n\nThere are several things that guide our purchase process as well on a shelf. Typically you are less likely to purchase products at the start of a row, than in the middle. How many facings we see as well absolutely dictate how likely we are to pickup a product. The reason why middle shelf items sell more is simply that there is an idea that we need time to \"adjust\" to the new shelf. For a shopper that is just walking along looking, this is for them.\n\n\n\nAnother strategy is called upselling. The art of selling a more expensive product. But you need something to trigger this behavior. Stores will of course stock the cheaper options, people do have budges. But for those that have deep pockets, how about combining some items? A good planogram combines both similar items for similar sections, but also combine different elements. For example the obvious classic Chips and beer. A store can try to place a more expensive brand beer next to a stack of delicious looking popular type of chips. Because why not treat yourself to both? Its very convenient. Frozen pizza and ketchup, Hotdogs and hotdog buns, razors and razorblades, conditioner and shampoo, etc. Nothing is placed randomly. \n\n\n\n\n**What goes where**\n\n\n\n\nWell, this is partially decided by the stores, and partially not. All chains have wholesalers, and the wholesalers aren't lcuky that the chains use their business. The wholesalers *pay* the stores to have their products. Its a bit like having your cake and eating it too for the big chains. That is why its so incredibly difficult for small startups to get into chains. They cant pay for the shelf space and have to rely on other, smaller markets to get a good start. Or if they are super lucky, make a good hotsauce that goes viral.\n\n\n\n\nThe wholesalers will purchase shelf space for both food and drinks, and will often outbid eachother during every negotiation, which can be as often as yearly. Some shelves and pallet locations will be reserved by the wholesalers and locked, they are never moved unless the seller expressively permits it. Other than that, the store do have some leeway to trick around with placements for placements that are not sold. Ie, random floorspots for a spesific campaign wherre you want to combine 2 prodcuts, or top or bottom where the store usually carries their own brands, or a testproduct a store owner / Purchaser will have bought just because. Typically some kind of spice, a new sauce, anything he wont have data on. Stores will usually have the right to decide how much they buy every purchase cycle, but the eye level shelves are almost always going to be stocked by a pre-determined set of procucts. Until they decide to change it up and put news in there to further maximize sale.\n\n\n\n**Disclaimer**\n\n\n\nNot all chains have the same deals, and some locations might be more \"free\" to do as they fit. But generally, this is how product placements in store work. \n\n\n\nA sound advice when you go shopping: Make a shopping list, decide what you need, and have a meal before you go. It's way more convenient for your wallet." ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://www.vox.com/2016/11/22/13707022/grocery-store-slotting-fees-slotting-allowances", "https://cspinet.org/sites/default/files/attachment/Rigged%20report_0.pdf" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d4smko8", "d4snndn", "d4snyt3" ], "score": [ 7, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Clothing production isn't entirely automated - in fact, there's relatively little automation involved considering how big of a mass production it is. People work directly with the product at every point, from cutting patterns out to stitching them together, so there's always going to be some variation due to human error. Once you get into different colors and textiles, this will introduce even more variation, as some textiles act differently than others (denim vs. khaki for example). If the company doesn't produce its own textiles, that means it's sourcing from textile mills so there could be variation in the construction and quality there as well. There is quality control in clothing production but it allows for a certain amount of variation given all of these factors.", "There are acceptable tolerances for manufacturing processes to keep the cost of things down, and to allow for sources of error in measuring, cutting, and assembling things. For reference, if you buy two of the same car, they will be different, but probably not in ways that you can easily measure with your eyes.", " > Why isn't there any standardization or quality control when they are the same?\n\nCost. If you want to ensure that every single garment meets exact specifications, like with a vehicle, then everyone else will have to pay for it. The price of the clothes would skyrocket because now the garment manufacturer has to take extra measures and use different or new machines to ensure every single item is exactly 34\" or whatever. That's just silly. Clothing isn't 100% automated with robots. Little Chinese or Indonesian children still sew your Levi's pant legs and Gap t-shirt sleeves on one at a time for a few bucks a day. That's why your pants cost, say, $30 instead of $200.\n\nAnd also, who would be in charge of enforcing the quality control? The government? And what kind of penalty would there be? Ultimately, no one wants their taxes to go up just to make sure all men's pants are exactly true-to-size. That's just silly. Try the pants on before you buy them. It takes 2 extra minutes out of your day as opposed to costing everyone else money." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dbr3ebg" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Fat conducts electricity differently than bone, muscle or and other tissues. Body fat measuring devices run a small electrical charge through the body and measure the resistance. Depending on the resistance it estimates how much fat that charge has been running through and gives you a rough estimate of your body fat percentage. These are not the most accurate ways of determining BFP, but can be helpful in keeping track of trends from day to day or week to week." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "djdicl2", "djdk2w6", "djdzn4b" ], "score": [ 11, 4, 3 ], "text": [ "The diaphragm is a semiautonomous muscle that we only have partial control over. Even if you attempt to stop breathing, eventually your body will help itself to taking a breath. Just like you cannot stop your heart from beating by thought, you can't really stop your diaphragm from doing its thing for long.", "It has to do with how your nervous system works. It's quite complex, but I'll paint with broad strokes. \n\nAside from your brain and spinal cord, which are in a group all their own, there are two main parallel systems of nerves in your body: the somatic nervous system, and the autonomic nervous system. \n\nThe first is the one you're most familiar with. This is the system that controls voluntary movement. When your brain wants to pick up a pen, it sends signals to all the muscles from your chest to your fingertips to move, grasp, and retrieve the pen. This system also takes care of sending the signals from your sensory organs (skin, nose, tongue, etc) back to your brain for processing. Thus, the somatic system controls what you voluntarily do, and what you experience. Generally, the muscle this system controls is called skeletal muscle. \n\nThe other system, the autonomic nervous system, controls all the things you don't voluntarily control. Things like your heart rate, moving food through your digestion, pupil dilation, and blood vessel contraction & relaxation. None of those you can control directly, but they respond to stimulus that your brain picks up on. Generally, the muscle this system controls is called smooth muscle. \n\nNow some areas of your body, such as your eyelids and diaphragm, are strongly innervated (connected) by both systems. This means that you can take voluntary control over them when you want, but if you don't, the autonomic will take over and do it's thing. Your diaphragm is technically skeletal muscle, but is so important to your survival, that the autonomic system has to make sure it is doing its job at all times. Same with your eyelids. If you forget to blink, your autonomic nervous system will do it for you, to make sure your eyes stay moist and oxygenated. \n\n", "I can control my diaphragm to a certain extent. When I get the hiccups I only hiccup once or twice before getting it under control. The trick is to breathe in and out nice and slow and relaxing. Don't stop breathing in our out if you hiccup, just finish the in our out breath as if the hiccup did not happen. The key is to relax. Hopes this helps someone else. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eeb05gv", "eeb0wos", "eeb2lg1" ], "score": [ 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "probably intentional design by the show's producers to use contrast as a storytelling/atmosphere building device.\n\n_URL_0_", "I find its because most stuff is released in 5.1 but normaly were watching on just a tv so to help, try and change from 5.1 to stereo in netflix", "I've posted this before:\n\nMovie audio is designed for theatres, where the action scenes are best heard ear-splittingly loud (or so thinks Hollywood). Unfortunately this means that turning it down at home to keep the neighbours happy makes the dialogue too quiet. If you have a surround sound system, try turning up the volume on the front centre channel; that's where the dialogue is usually played. I find this works well.\n\nAlternatively, some TVs and receivers have a compression option. This just adjusts the volume automatically, turning it down during loud passages and up during the quiet ones." ] }

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[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast_(literary)" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "drkrvqi", "drks240", "drksbvv", "drkuf50", "drkurq5" ], "score": [ 6, 2, 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "People rob pharmacies or pharma trucks, sell their unused leftover prescriptions, or bribe people in the medical industry to prescribe them as much as possible so that they can sell it to turn a profit. Basically criminals doing various criminal shit.", "Some local pharmacies serving towns of a few thousand people are ordering hundreds of thousands of doses of these drugs per month. Local police are ill-equipped to figure out what prescriptions are legitimate or not.\n\nThe large drug manufacturers and distributors are simply selling what is ordered by pharmacies and chains. It is not their responsibility to figure out who is end-buying their product.", "I think the answer depends on if you think authorities are actively trying to prevent this from happening, or somehow complicit in it happening.", "Some countries don't restrict creation of such drugs by third parties, or are much easier to get away with it in. Americans ship it here. ", "Big pharma pays doctors to over prescribe drugs, mostly opiates. Doctors will prescribe anyone with anyone that has pain like a 90 bottle of acetaminophen free oxys and say take as needed or 3 a day and no matter how good of self control you have after taking thst much as as prescribed you'll probably be extremely addicted. If you stop taking it after that you'll probably have more pain and withdrawals so bad you'll wish you could have the original pain without any pain pills lol. Source: internet, personal experience, other experiences of friends and other people who have experienced similar things. Also the Cia is in control of the biggest opiate poppie field in the world. The government has been caught trafficking like 50 kilos of coke on a plane. Government produces drugs in massive massive amounts and has been caught trafficking. When you own a company that makes billions and billions you're gonna be able to find a connection to move it pretty easy and have plenty of money to pay off the government or pay any fine you get charged for doing illegal things like paying doctors to over prescribe the most addictive drugs." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "fa72kp7", "fa76le7" ], "score": [ 3, 4 ], "text": [ "It's readily available - we literally make it from thin air. It doesn't require pressurisation to store and transport, just vacuum flasks. And it's really cold.", "As already said it is easy to generate by pressurisation and expansion and you just need air. Also once it has done its job (cooling stuff) it will go back to being \"air\". If you cooled down water to -200°C and dropped this into stuff to cool it the water could contaminate whatever you are cooling. The same would be true for liquid air or oxygen, but adding liquified oxygen in any form often makes stuff quite flameable." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d5q5wf1", "d5q9k7i", "d5qef27" ], "score": [ 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "The answers can get pretty interesting. Do you mean why do they bond in the ratios they do or in the geometry that they do? Both boil down to getting to the lowest energy, but the reason it is lowest energy is a little more interesting. Please elaborate a little and I'd be happy to explain", "The ELI5 answer is that everything in nature wants to have the minimum possible (potential) energy. There are a lot of forces between two molecules in an atom, like attraction between one atoms Electrons and the others nucleus, and repulsion between the two sets of Electrons. The configurations that tend to form are those where the forces combine to give the lowest possible energy. \n\nSometimes it's because there is a high activation energy. When two particles go from one arrangement two anither (say, two atoms bonding to form a molecule) there are intermittent steps that can have high energy, so even though the product might be more stsble, it won't form because there isn't enough energy to overcome the barrier of the intermittent steps. One common example of this is burning paper once paper catches on fire, it will burn quickly, because the final products (water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide) have lower energy than the original molecules (cellulose). However, it doesn't burn at room temperature because there isn't enough energy to start the reaction. Holding a lighter to the paper or putting it in a very hot oven gives it the energy required to start combustion ", "Imagine atoms having a number of \"attachment points\" where it can bond to other atoms. The number of those depends on the type of atom and the oxidation state (i.e. how many electrons it has, an atom can have electrons taken away or added relative to its neutral state). \n\nAfter it becomes a big game of statistics and energy. Essentially, in any amount of whatever you have there are so many atoms that for all intents and purposes they act like a statistically ideal sample, i.e. the sample is so large that the laws of statistics always apply pretty exactly. With one caveat, which is called the activation barrier. I'll come to that further down.\n\nLets look at an example, hydrogen and oxygen. If you just have neutral Hydrogen and neutral oxygen atoms in the right ratio 2 to 1, they will all form water H-O-H, because that is the lowest energy configuration for Hydrogen and Oxygen that fills all attachment points of all atoms involved. \n\nBecause of the statistics though you can get a mixture of various molecules if your original substances allow for different paths of reaction. And that's what usually happens, hardly any reaction can go just one way.\n\nNow if you were to put some energy into the system, by adding electrons, you can shove enough electrons onto the oxygen atoms that they will instead form Hydrogen Peroxide, H-O-O-H. However, once you stop pushing electrons in, the Hydrogen Peroxide wants to get rid of those extra electrons because that is energetically favorable. Imagine it like pushing two magnets' equal poles (N and N or S and S) together. For as long as you push, you can overcome the magnetic force and keep them together. But when you stop pushing they'll fly apart.\n\nHowever, one can buy Hydrogen Peroxide in bottles. (Well, hydrogen peroxide solution in water, but doesn't matter here). If we go with our theory, that shouldn't be possible. So there must be something else at work here. And that's the activation barrier I mentioned above. Imagine it such that a change in a molecule requires the molecule to pass through a state that is pretty unfavorable, even if it can get to a state afterwards that is energetically *more* favorable than the original state. Think of it like a levy. The water on one side of the levy could get into a lower energy state on the other side (in therms of gravitational energy), but it can't because to get there it needs to get past a a state that is energetically higher (the crest of the levy). So to get from one side to the other, there needs to be some extra energy. To stay with our analogy, for water that could be wind that blows some of it over the levy. For chemical reactions that's often either pushes from other molecules, which are macroscopically known as heat, or photons, i.e. light, and a few other things. \n\nAnd that is why hydrogen peroxide is stable, until it comes into contact with something that either helps it overcome the activation barrier (for example heat) or lowers the activation barrier (a catalyst). I can tell you it is sure good that that activation barrier exists. Because the lowest energy state for carbon is CO2. Without the activation barrier, all the carbon in our bodies would instantly decompose into CO2. Another good example is a candle. Pyrolysis of candle wax (i.e. burning) has a fairly large activation barrier. That's why you need to light a candle first. You're adding energy to get the first few reactions there started. Once that has happened, the energy from the combustion is enough to push other molecules over that activation barrier and allow them to burn as well.\n\nNow, as a chemist, I can use that. If I want a molecule in a particular shape I can block other binding sites, either with something big, shape-wise, or I can make the other binding sites energetically unattractive. After I made my molecule I can remove these guides again, and because of the activation barrier, the molecule will stay together. Well if I did everything right it does. :)\n\nSo, to recap: \n\n* Atoms will assume configurations that have the lowest possible energies. This is called Thermodynamics \n* If there are different possibilities that can happen, they will all happen, as the number of atoms is regularily so large that they act like a perfect statistical system. \n* To change its configuration, molecules need to overcome an activation barrier. That requires extra energy. This can be used to build molecules and keep them stable even though lower energy states exist. This is called Chemical Kinetics." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c5uw43r" ], "score": [ 31 ], "text": [ "The outside of a corn kernel is made of tough cellulose. You can't digest it, and in reality most chewing at best only squeezes the contents of the kernel out. So you get some seemingly intact corn kernels in your poo poo." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dju655e", "dju68fv", "dju6bcu", "dju6cft", "dju6fg0" ], "score": [ 3, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "They can't know for sure how many people are not going to show up on time. They have to estimate.", "They do it intentionally and then hope that people don't turn up or miss their flight. It's not accidental", "Well, you make it sound like overselling is some sort of error. It is not. It's on purpose. It's a statistical strategy based on the fact that most flights have a certain percentage of people not show up, so you might as well sell a few extra tickets to make up for the fact that there will likely be extra seats available once you take those no-shows into account.\n\nOf course, like any statistical model, there are outliers and sometimes you will end up with flights where not a single person fails to show up. Then you have a problem. But then generally you just give a few people free tickets on a different flight, give them their money back from this flight, and everyone is basically fine with the situation. Every once in a while no one is happy, but on the whole it works out for everyone within the confines of the statistical framework.", "It's not an accident, if that's what you're asking. Airlines intentionally sell more seats than the plane has because experience shows some number of people will not show up for the flight. If more people *show up* than there are seats, it's usually not too hard to pay a few people to tale a later flight (incentives can include cash, mileage credit, upgrades, etc.) It only becomes a problem if the airline can't find someone willing to take the delay for a price the airline is willing to pay, at which point they have to bump someone involuntarily.", "There's no conspiracy, it's 1000% on purpose, and they are quite open about it. They have a lot of research that tells them that if they(making numbers up here) sell 102 seats for a 100 person flight, 2 people won't show up, and they'll be able to accommodate everyone. Occasionally the gods of statistics work against them, and they wind up with a flight where all 102 people showed up. They now have to rebook these people, and give them vouchers which costs the airline money. However it happens infrequently enough that they profit far more from selling the 102 seats, than they would have if they'd just sold 100." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "czpzwgi", "czq0gx3" ], "score": [ 4, 2 ], "text": [ "The immigrant worker gets paid cash in hand. No need for any paperwork. The employer saves money in exchange for the risk of being caught.", "Some people actually do have SSNs and IDs. My state, in particular, will issue IDs to resident immigrants without proper paperwork, and there are other services you can use to get IDs. \n\nCash is also king, which is why many resident immigrants without proper paperwork have sort of domestic roles. They pay hella taxes though. Hella. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cptda3x", "cptdvb9", "cpteef8", "cptfqoy", "cptfw63", "cptj4jc", "cptj61o", "cptjbeh", "cptkcm7", "cptmk3t", "cptn2u8", "cpto939", "cpto9z1", "cptom6c" ], "score": [ 398, 2615, 11, 5, 10, 3, 2, 23, 2, 7, 3, 2, 4, 4 ], "text": [ "Alcohol does affect insects. There was a post a long time ago about what spider's webs look like when different kind of drugs are introduced to their system. I am not sure what the effects are when it comes to mosquitoes though.\nHere is the link: _URL_0_", " > in a mosquito, alcohol (and any fluid other than blood) is diverted to a \"holding pouch,\" where enzymes break it down before it hits the nervous system. \nSo the answer sadly is no.", "When you drink, you're consuming a meal of maybe 5-14% alcohol for beer and wine and mixed drinks, or 30-50% alcohol for hard liquor and martinis.\n\n\nYou're getting pretty drunk maybe around 0.15% (g/dl) BAC *which is about 1.5% by volume* \\*. To get as much alcohol, the insect would have to drink ~~a hell of a lot~~ 10x as much as the human drank wine.\n\n^* thanks to /u/Loves_buttholes for the correction", "Asked this a few months ago, right here buddy\n_URL_0_", "Your beer has ~5% alcohol.\n\nIf you have a 0.08 blood alcohol level (ie a bit drunk) you have a 0.08% alcohol level.\n\nYour blood would be about one sixtieth the potency of beer.", "They don't sting they poke their proboscis through your skin \n\nStinging is if they had some stinger on their abdomen and poked you with it\n\nThe itchyness comes from the fluid they release while still in your skin", "Don't know about the alcohol, but when I was taking warfarin mosquitoes wouldn't come near me. ", "My mom had breast cancer 3 years ago and on a day when she had just gotten chemotherapy, a mosquito bit her and she just watched it try to fly off but it died. Does chemo affect them? Or was it some kind of freak occurrence? ", "If I drink a glass of Roundup, will the mosquito die? I heard that many have tried committing suicide this way.", "\"The last mosquito that bit me had to book into Betty Ford.\" - Patsy Stone", "Follow up question - if I'm really drunk and get eaten by a python, will the python then also get shitfaced?", "So, what about tick bites? Please tell me they don't have this pouch.", "Ugh. As per the rules, am answer:\n\n > Will the mosquito get drunk as well?\n\nNo. The amount of alcohol that ends up in your blood stream is negligible. It's enough to fuck up your brain but not enough for secondary consumption. \n\nAnd now for the funny: \n\nThe last mosquito to bite me had to check into the Betty Ford Clinic. ", "side note: mosquitoes bite\n\ni know what you meant, but it's more for future reference" ] }

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[ [ "http://www.trinity.edu/jdunn/spiderdrugs.htm" ], [], [], [ "http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2f1dgu/eli5_can_mosquitoes_get_drunk_from_drinking_your/" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "e1i98ml", "e1i9np3", "e1i9nwy" ], "score": [ 7, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "This law is not applicable everywhere, and the justification for it may vary. \n\nAlso, these laws aren't necessarily made at the same time, or even any time close to one another, and it is entirely possible one is made without any consultation on any other law you might consider relevant.\n\nAlso also, many locations restrict video recordings. \n\nAlso also also what may be relevant here is that a person in public could have less of an expectation of privacy, than an individual calling another individual.", "You are free to video record almost anything *in public*. Depending on where it takes place, a phone conversation will be entirely private or only one side of it will be public to the person with a recording device. You would be free to record the one side of a public phone conversation.", "You’re actually not free to video or photograph anybody/anything in any state. Laws vary, and some are more restrictive. \n\nBut the general rule is *expectation of privacy*. If somebody doesn’t want their words/behavior be heard, seen, and *possibly* recorded, photographed, or videotaped, they shouldn’t be doing those things in public... which includes streets, businesses with other people in them (restaurants), and for many legal purposes, the inside of people’s cars (if they are driving those cars in public places) \n\nOn the other hand, you’re not allowed to use a telephoto lens to take a photo of somebody in their house. You’re *definitely* not allowed to place a recording device in their house, but that’s illegal for other reasons too, if you didn’t get permission to enter the property, etc.\n\nThere are gray areas. If somebody’s in their house and visible from the street through a window, can you take pictures? Probably, as they should have expected people to walk by and see them from the street. If you rent a helicopter or climb a mountain or tree to get a view in a window that’s not “publicly” visible, or that the person *did not expect* would be visible? Likely not allowed. That’s why I mention the telephoto lens. There’s no hard rule about that, but the further you are and the more effort you go to in order to see/record something, the less likely it is that the person “reasonably” expected to be seen/recorded in that situation. \n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "die7s2a" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "I have no idea why Australian's aren't doing anything about it but the people in charge are bitch made is all.\n\nSeriously though we didn't have a rating higher than 15+. This was mostly because we needed all states to vote yes for a new 18+ rating. Some cunt in South Australia kept voting no." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e044b2w", "e044wo0", "e045hak", "e04cdov", "e05s8jc", "e05xnly" ], "score": [ 24, 9, 3, 3, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Do not waste your time trying to argue with conspiracy theorists. They are engaging in *motivated reasoning,* not actually open to hearing the evidence fairly.\n\nBut the well study is explained [here](_URL_0_) and basically says that since the Sun shines vertically (like down a water well) in different places at different times, it's not possible that Earth is flat.", "So in the city of Syrene, the sun at midday of the summer solstice shone to the bottom of the well. That is to say, it was directly overhead. The wall of the well didn't cast any shadow, as it would if the sun were peering into the well from an angle. \n\nThe same was not true in Alexandria. The sun was not directly overhead but shone into a well at an angle, generating a shadow. Eratosthenes realized he could use this to calculate the size of the Earth (A round Earth was already a pretty popular idea at the time).\n\nBasically, in one location, the sun at midday was almost directly overhead. Somewhere further north, the sun achieves a lesser altitude at midday, and because it wasn't directly overhead, it made a shadow. \n\nBy calculating how far from 'directly overhead' the sun was, he could grasp how far the vertical direction of Alexandria differed from that of Syrene and so the curvature of the Earth. \n\nThat being said, I doubt this argument will be convincing, flat earthers already have suggestions like the sun being smaller and closer to the Earth, and hence it would be \"more to the side\" or some such nonsense. \n\nTLDR: If the sun was really far away and directly overhead a flat earth, then the rays from the sun would essentially all fall straight down on the surface, everywhere. So any straight well would have its bottom lit. We don't see this, we see an angling in a predictable and measurable fashion that suggests the ground curves with respect to the sun, and not everywhere has the same \"up.\"\n\n", "I think that experiment wasn't designed to prove that the Earth is round (which was already known) but to prove the size of the Earth. \n\nHowever, there's an explanation here that might help: _URL_0_\n\n > If you stick a stick in the (sticky) ground, it will produce a shadow. The shadow moves as time passes (which is the principle for ancient Shadow Clocks). If the world had been flat, then two sticks in different locations would produce the same shadow. Imagine the Sun's rays hitting two sticks some distance apart. If the Earth were flat, the resulting shadows would be the same length, no matter how far apart you place the sticks.\n\nReally though, this is just a variation on the idea that at the same time, it's daytime here and night somewhere else on the planet. ", "While this isn't related to answering the ELI5, it might help in your situation. What you should ask your brother is \"What evidence would be required for you to accept that the Earth is a sphere?\". Find that evidence for him, present it in a nice and respectful way.\n\nIf he changes his mind, great. If he rejects the evidence then he isn't ready to have a discussion on the topic and won't change his mind no matter what you say.", "Is there a tall skyscraper near you with fast lifts? You can ask him to record the exact moment the sun sets, then take the lift to the top floor and watch the sun set again.\n\nThis should prove that the earth is not flat, since on a flat earth the sun setting means it is “below” the plane of the earth.", "It's very simple, something any cat owner knows... if the Earth were flat, cats would have pushed everything off the edges by now.\n\n*Fully expecting this post to be deleted on the grounds of being non-helpful.* " ] }

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[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes#Measurement_of_the_Earth's_circumference" ], [], [ "https://www.popsci.com/10-ways-you-can-prove-earth-is-round#page-7" ], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cxpqfuw" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "When a device connects to a wireless (or, for that matter, wired) router, it identifies itself using it's MAC address, which is unique to every single networked device. This is how routers and switches know where to send the traffic. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c5hfktr", "c5hflmw" ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text": [ "I think for the most part in books and such it's just a colorful way of writting, but dogs are said to be able to \"smell fear\". As far as I know, they actually can't, but can actually hear your heart rate.", "Research suggests it's true but it's not a concious thought.\n\nThere was a study done with first time skydivers. You get them to run on a treadmill with pads under their arms to collect the sweat. Then you put fresh pads in and get them to jump out of a plane for the first time. *Then* you get a random group of people into brain scanners and have them smell the pads. \n\nParts of the brain responsible for fear were more active on the people smelling the skydiving pads than those smelling the treadmill pads. Suggesting that when we are scared we release something in our sweat that triggers a similar reaction in people smelling it.\n\n_URL_0_\n\n" ] }

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[ [], [ "http://digitaljournal.com/article/263088" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cl4vfm6" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Those issues are part of the agreement between the prosecutor, the company and the judge. The payout is usually divided between the State (to cover prosecution expenses, court expenses, and/or as a fine), legal fees, and the victims. Sometimes, unclaimed victim payments goes back to the company. Other times, it goes to a relevant charity. Or somewhere else." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cfxfxky" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "The first thread includes a very detailed explanation:\n\n_URL_0_" ] }

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[ [ "http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/search?q=music+theory&restrict_sr=on" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cpnhb5s", "cpnj28t", "cpnj994", "cpnm8bb", "cpnn9wm", "cpnnew7", "cpnnipv", "cpnpy0w", "cpnq3mu", "cpnrazx", "cpnrt2k", "cpnsei6", "cpnw8sm", "cpnyckz", "cpnz15x", "cpo0qtn", "cpo3900", "cpo6a3l", "cpo84gi", "cpo97j9" ], "score": [ 27, 462, 24, 9, 10, 10, 11, 8, 55, 17, 3, 3, 8, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Yes, it is a time crunch issue. When the guy finishes his route, he is done for the day.\n\nI have seen a few different scenarios regarding this issue.\n\nEspecially in the USA -- the UPS, USPS, FedEx, etc. guys understand that only a small percentage of people are at home during a typical business day. Why are they not ringing the doorbell? I don't know. Wherever I have lived in the USA, they always rang the doorbell.\n\nUsually, at a residence in the USA, the guy will ring the doorbell and then immediately post the \"Sorry We Missed You\" slip, or toss the box into a secure area (behind a bush, over the fence, etc.).\n\nObviously, it pays to decide what direction you're going to give the delivery guys before they show up.\n\nPersonally, since I'm a single person that worked fairly \"regular\" hours, I always left a note on my door that stated I would pick up all packages at the local office. Once I got the \"slip\" or saw that the delivery attempt had been made, online... I went to the local office and picked up my package. Actually, you stand a much better chance of getting your package in good condition by doing that.\n\nIf, on the other hand, there is always someone at home during the day... Just put a note on your door that says, \"Please ring the doorbell and wait for 2 minutes. Someone is at home.\"\n\nThe delivery guys will do it, and it is also a deterrent for burglars.", "Telematics.\n\nUPS trucks and the like are laden with sensors that record everything from GPS location to whether or not the driver's seat belt is buckled. This includes how long the truck is stopped to make a delivery. It behooves the driver to be as quick as possible with each delivery since they are being measured and graded with all the data that is collected. Quicker deliveries means more deliveries in a shift and therefore improved \"efficiency\" and cost effectiveness.", "Hmm, I've never had them not just leave the package. Is this only in densely populated areas? ", "I get a lot of mail- and I also have a really small box so I need packages delivered by having them thrown over my back porch (I live in Chicago- my mail WILL get stolen) \nMy solution was to wait until I saw a carrier- explain the situation and them I also leave a note explaining that. \n\nBut I also leave small gift cards with thank you notes every so often and also thank them personally every chance I get. \n\nI've never had a problem:) ", "Oh wow, when I ordered my Pebble I paid extra for expedited shipping only to watch the online tracking show the package in my city, go out for delivery, and to never be delivered. I called the delivery company multiple times a day for several days very patiently and politely (at first) why no deliveries were being attempted when I paid extra for it.\n\nThen came the update that said a delivery was attempted but no one was home. Oh I was pissed and I called the minute their office opened to demand an explanation. I also emailed Pebble to ask them to never again use this carrier in my city in the future. Pebble very graciously refunded my shipping costs, which I am still so pleased about. \n\nThe delivery company eventually got my package to me. Their office manager tracked it down herself and brought it to me personally after hours. I appreciated that she went out her way, but it never should've been necessary in the first place. ", "Hoooooaaahh boy, can I tell you some USPS stories.\n\n* Package was not delivered because it 'looked bent' (curved shaft, encased in PVC), returned to Atlanta processing. Person on duty said, \"was that expensive? we threw it away.\"\n\n* Our sort facility is so bad that we have a 5% loss rate on our packages last month. We revamped our entire process because they couldn't be bothered to scan our packages, and online tracking wouldn't show until it (hopefully) hit its destination. Still haven't got anything we were promised.\n\n* Something go wrong? Get ready to deal with some of the worst customer service on the planet. Each time, one of the first responses has been basically 'you must have done something.' You have to document everything said. EVERYTHING. Between one office to another, you may actually be fed incorrect information that would possibly prevent you from being refunded. One time, I spent a month back and forth between three different centers to finally find out where I needed to call. ONE MONTH. FOR A PHONE NUMBER.\n\n* I've seen counter clerks hose grannies by using the most expensive method possible for shipping something that could have gone for a third of the cost in a flat rate envelope...counter staff that I know have this stuff memorized by heart. Trust me, they know what they are doing. \n\n* USPS carriers have a new weapon to reduce lost packages and insurance claims on Priority Mail packages - if contents are lost in shipment, tape over the hole and just deliver the box anyway! Shows up delivered in the system, and if the person tries to file it as damaged, just lose the paperwork! Had this happen multiple times, leaves us with basically zero recourse.\n\nI've had multiple USPS employees pull me aside, apologize, and say 'use somebody else.' Where we work, it's not an option, and it's become almost my full-time job to babysit them.\n\nTIPS:\n\nIf you ship USPS, pad it twice as much as you think it'd need, don't pack more than it's insured for, and buy postage online, if possible.\n\nUse the heck out of the free supplies online - those tyvec envelopes are great - practically waterproof and nearly indestructible. Padded flat rates are great, too. Priority Mail gets you $50 insurance, but be ready to fight for it.", "as a fedex driver, a better question is why do people leave notes like [this](_URL_0_) when they're not home and then don't answer the phone when you leave them a message. ", "after sitting all morning refreshing my tracking page for my packages only to find that the guy just came and left the notice without ringing the bell at all, what I do now is i set my webcam right outside my window facing the road and on another computer monitor. As soon as I see that truck pull into my block, I am already halfway running down the stairs and going straight to him to ask for my package, because fuck having to wait on a line for 45 minutes be it UPS or USPS", "There was a post similar to this recently that I commented on. Some guy posted that he was in his driveway still on the phone on a call and saw a FedEx guy park in front of his house, walk up to the door WITH NO PACKAGE IN HAND, AND STICK A NOTICE ON THE DOOR AND THEN WALKED QUICKLY BACK TO HIS TRUCK. Dude got out of his car, signaled to the the FedEx driver like \"wtf, you didn't even knock?\" Then he said the FedEx driver just casually got the package out of the truck and came and handed it to him like nothing was wrong with the situation.\n\nI can understand being in a hurry, but fucking knock on the door and wait 10 god damn seconds. For fucks sake. Hire more drivers. Have them deliver less packages. Make it work. It's absolute bullshit. \n\nMy desk is literally a few feet from my front door. It was almost 6pm and I thought it was strange that I hadn't received a package I was expecting. I checked the tracking number at exactly 5:55 and it said that a delivery attempt was made at 5:49pm and that a notice was left. SIX MINUTES earlier. There was no notice, there was no damn delivery attempt. It was the end of the day, and the dude was fucking lazy. It's okay though, I got a free month of Amazon prime because of the laziness of the shipper.\n\nIf you didn't notice, this kind of thing pisses me the hell off. ", "I almost blew up after a FedEx driver said he: A. Dropped the package off at my house and; B. Said he rang the doorbell. I had ordered a Charlestown Chiefs jersey as a Christmas gift for a friend, well, I was home the entire day said FedEx guy claimed he dropped it off. Nothing on my doorstep, wedged between my storm door and regular door, nothing in my mailbox. Well, I filed a claim. Same FedEx guy shows up two days later explaining how he dropped it off at a certain spot. Yeah, nothing there. Cut two another two days passing, it snows...I come home from work, sitting on top of the snow was the package that was supposedly dropped off at my door over 5 days ago. Mind you, it was in the snow next to a bush way in front of my house.", "This may not be an answer but more a different perspective. My dad delivered for UPS. Many times he would have repeat delivery sites. He would know these people and go out of their way for them. Bring the package out back, hide it, hold it and come back later, all because these were understanding people. Others he knew were just fucking idiots. He'd see the address and know this person would take 15 minutes to answer the door or ask 100 questions before they opened and signed for the package causing him to be out on his route much later. After this happens few times its easier just to have the paper filled out, walk up to the house and leave the paper. Essentially time is money. Also, that guy who wants to complain how he has to sign for a package, how he was woken up because he works nights, was in the middle of something and give him a minute to get the door...all keep him out longer and less time home with his family. Plus they are salary so whether they finish early or late(9.9 / 10x they finish late) doesn't matter to the company...that's their own problem they had a 12 hour day instead of 8.", "Well, it's not about UPS, but the national postal service in my country.\n\nOne of my uncle explained me, when he worked there at summer job, they knew who would be at home or not. \nSo before to leave they filled the missed package slip, and put them in the letterbox without checking, based on their knowledge of the people's habit.", "i was a city letter carrier for 6 years\n\nif you live on a route where your mail is delivered to your door, often the carrier will just be too lazy to carry your package with him or her until they reach your house. a slip is much lighter. \n\nif you live on a route where your mailbox is at the end of your driveway, the carrier is too lazy to get out and walk to your door.\n\nif you have a clusterbox the carrier is too lazy to walk over to your door\n\nin short, it's laziness", "I worked drivers helper one Christmas for UPS. I was told it was policy to knock on every door. My UPS driver always knocks. Every time he drops a package off I don't even make it to my door before he is driving away. At my hub the drivers get penalized for not making it back in time. If you are in your first thirty days of driving and get penalized three times you lost your drivers job. At my hub to get a full time job it takes almost eight years to get a full time job. ", "I made cookies for the UPS/FedEx/USPS people's this year, then made sure to address each package to them in the predetermined spot I've \"trained\" them to drop the post off at (I have bins in case of inclement weather). \n\nI order frequently online since I have a small computer repair side gig and can't always find the parts needed nearby.. Since They all know that I watch the tracking like a hawk, they make sure to take care of me and I make them cookies. It's a nice tradeoff. ", "The problem is not always corporate policy, sometimes it's the individual driver/carrier.\n\nI had placed an order on a Monday with a company that shipped only via the Postal Service, figuring that I would surely have the item by the weekend, when I needed it. I knew the parcel would be too large to fit into our mailbox, so I was very careful to be available all day Friday -- I even left the bathroom door open so I'd be sure to hear a knock -- but come mid-afternoon with no sign of the carrier, I went out to check the mailbox, and sure enough, there was the pink slip!\n\nI phoned the PO and they said the carrier was supposed to knock, but if I came in right before they closed, the carrier would probably have returned with the package by then. I was able to pick up the package, so at least that part turned out OK.\n\nApparently the carrier got a talking-to, because the next time I happened to be out in the yard, she explained that it hadn't really been her fault: \"I honked, and waited a while and honked again.\" Well, yeah, that was in a little cul-de-sac with a dozen duplex apartments and people coming and going at all hours -- so I'm going to notice one particular honk? I wasn't waiting for a honk, I was waiting for a knock!\n\nIf this carrier waited between honks, she apparently didn't feel rushed for time. She just didn't feel like getting out of her car and walking about twenty feet to my door.\n", "Like everyone else said, it has to do with laziness and time crunch. When I worked as a mail carrier for the USPS we had to do our route as fast as humanly possible because of how the USPS designs the way they pay their employees. Basically, once a year they audit every route and through a series of confusing algorithms and equations decide what each route is worth in terms of money. My route was rated as a 9 hour route, so each day I would only be paid for 9 hours of work. But what they didn't tell me is that that 9 hour route would take 11-12 hours to complete. So I was working for free for a few hours pretty much every day. In order to get around that, myself and every other mail carrier would take as many shortcuts as possible.", "Because they are evil. Seriously...every time they don't ring the bell, I drive down to the local UPS (where I have to pick the fucking thing up) and file an official grievance. I used to work for UPS, enough of those complaints and they will either demote a driver back to inside operations (equaling a big fucking cut in pay) or fire them outright. \n\nThat's why if you notice, all the drivers who don't ring bells are the young guys. The seasoned drivers aren't willing to get in trouble for 15 seconds per delivery. \n\nSeriously...if you make me drive to pick up my package because you won't ring my bell, I'll make for DAMN sure you get fucked at work. ", "For UPS:\n\nSign up for UPS My Choice\nAfter you are signed up for UPS My Choice, follow these steps:\n\nSelect Tracking, then select Access UPS My Choice.\n\nSelect Preferences in the upper right hand corner.\n\nSelect Edit, then see the Delivery Instructions section.\n\nIf you don't see Delivery Instructions, you live in an area that is already approved to release your non-signature required packages.\n\nRead the terms and check the box that says \"I authorize shipment release.\"\n\nSelect Save Changes, on the right.\nThe Delivery Instruction section will now indicate \"Shipment Release Authorized.\"\n\nIf your packages require a signature, you must authorize each package individually by tracking it and selecting Provide Delivery Instructions.\n\n[Source](_URL_0_)", "I live in NYC and dread having to use UPS. They WILL NOT leave a package if no one is home, even when I leave a note with signature saying it's okay to do so. So I end up having to sign their little \"sorry we missed you\" note and hope they leave it the next time they can be bothered to come by. Coupled with that, the middle of my street is literally where the route changes from one driver to another, so frequently the package that I'm waiting for, that the tracking system says is out for delivery, ends up on the truck that got to the middle of my street and turned around to go back to the warehouse. Several times I've caught the driver who starts on my end of the street, and he did check his truck but concluded my package must have been on the other one.\n\nMy UPS packages always arrive several days after they're supposed to, if they arrive at all. I will go out of my way not to use UPS and basically can't get anything shipped to my house anymore :(" ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://i.imgur.com/R9uK5xR.png" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.ups.com/content/us/en/resources/sri/leave-at-my-address.html" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "emoy7bg", "emoz7bb", "emp4oiy" ], "score": [ 5, 2, 4 ], "text": [ "Sell by date- this is when the store should remove the product. This is often erring on the side of caution.\n\nBest by date- when a product's freshness begins to drop. Your food should still be good for a period of time afterwards.\n\nExpiration date- your product is inedible once this date has been reached.", "The different dates on foods in the UK are best before, use by and sometimes sell by dates, so I'll explain those.\n\nBest before dates signify the date at which the food would taste the best beforehand. However, this doesn't mean the food has expired after this date, it is still perfectly fine after this (obviously, depending on what it is). Some things that have best before dates are plain flour (which NEVER expires), honey (also never expires) and eggs (suprisingly, although I assume it's because the animal is vaccinated.)\n\nUse by dates signify the date at which the food MUST be eaten to prevent sickness. Obviously, sickness isn't guaranteed. Your best bet is to smell the food/drink if it is dairy (such as milk). If it smells horrible, it's expired and you WILL get sick from consuming it.\n\nSell by dates signify the date at which the food should be sold from wherever is selling it to the consumer: supermarkets, convenience stores, etc. These are not as common as best before and use by dates.\n\nThe reason foods have different dates is because they do different things with age:\n\nSome foods, like flour and honey, NEVER expire, so fall into the best before category. Food in this category can usually be eaten safely after expiry.\n\nOther foods are given use by dates if they perish quickly and can be unsafe after the expiry, such as milk and other dairy. If not, the food falls into the best before category.\n\nFoods with sell by are just guiding the shop when it is best to sell them by, and behaves like a best before date.", "An article written by a local food microbiology lab that deals with dairy, meat, seasonings and water wrote a couple years ago:\n\n\"Except for infant formula, product dating is not generally required by Federal regulations. Dating of some foods is required by some states but there are some areas where almost no food is dated.\n\nA “Sell-by” date is found on perishable foods like meats and milk.  This tells the store how long it should be displayed.  It is not an expiration date.  Typically, one-third of the product’s shelf life remains after this date if the product is kept refrigerated at home.  This means milk, if it has been refrigerated at all times, not left of the counter and has not been drunk directly from the container, will usually be drinkable for about one week after the “sell-by” date. \n\nEgg carton dates may be a “pack date” or a “sell-by” date.  The “sell-by” date will not be greater than 45 days after packing. Refrigerated eggs (in their carton and not in the door) can still be used for 3 to 5 weeks after that date.\n\nA “Use-by” or “Best-by” date is a recommendation for best flavor or quality. These are normally found on shelf-stable products such as canned or boxed goods or condiments.  It is not a safety issue. Foods age in different ways. Frozen meat will not become unsafe to eat if it is kept frozen.  That doesn’t mean it won’t change.  Freezer burn will affect the quality and texture of the meat and make it unpalatable.  Foods such as cookies and crackers will also be affected by time.  The fat in the cookie will react with oxygen and become rancid and crackers will absorb moisture out of the air and become stale.  They will taste off, but will not make you sick.\n\nAn “Expires On” date is about safety.  Only a small group of foods have expiration dates. Infant formula and some baby foods are required by Federal regulations to have an expiration date.  Other foods that should have an expiration date will be ready-to-eat foods such as deli items and prepared sandwiches. These foods may contain harmful bacteria and are not cooked before they are eaten.\n\nExpiration dates are about safety.  Best by dates are about taste, texture and appearance.\"" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d33v9ik" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "So when you get to the register you feel like a broke douchebag for balking at the price and are more likely to pay for something rather than live with the stigma of not being able to afford it and having to say so in front of other shoppers. They also get that bitch from game of thrones to ring her bell and say \"shame.\" " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cl8jzfr", "cl8k01y", "cl8k59o" ], "score": [ 3, 5, 3 ], "text": [ "Yes, police can use discretion when deciding how hard to go after something. He probably didn't think you were high at the time and didn't want to search your car for pot, but he was trying to let you know there was an obvious smell.\n\nEdit: if he saw a bag, he'd have to do something though.", "He's hoping that he has scared you into learning the error of your ways. The best form of policing is *preventing* crime, and by doing things the way you described, it sounds like he's achieved his goal. You're thinking about it. \"I got away with it this time - next time I might not be so lucky, so I won't do it\".\n\nfunnily enough, I had this very conversation with a policeman friend of mine just a couple of months ago.\n", "Cops have discretion to arrest or not arrest people, based on the seriousness of the infraction and the likelihood of a conviction.\n\nIf two drunks get in a shoving match, that is technically assault. But little harm is done, it is unlikely they pose a risk to society, and they would probably refuse to testify against each other then they sobered up, making a conviction unlikely.\n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cvvuhz1", "cvvv5t1" ], "score": [ 15, 6 ], "text": [ "Well, that lecturer, no matter how terrible you found him to be, still gets a salary, as do all of the other staff at the university, like the people in administration who do all the paperwork, janitors who keep the buildings clean, maintenance workers who fix things that stop working, the landscapers who mow the lawn and trim the bushes, etc. There are also equipment costs, like replacing computers and fax machines and printers and toilets when they have reached the end of their usefulness. Let's not forget all the bills that have to be paid, like for electricity, water, and sewer. All in all, it costs a ton of money to keep a large university running, and your tuition goes toward all of it.", "Each university has its own budget, so there's not going to be one answer for it. And different universities cater to different majors/demographics/etc and so this budget probably varies greatly from one to the next.\n\nBut a university isn't much different than any other institution. It has to pay salaries to professors and upkeep on buildings. (And let's not forget the salaries of a huge number of other people, like registrars, legal, maintenance, human resources, admissions, etc.) \n\nMost large universities also have fairly extensive research branches, which generally don't have \"income\" and so are cost centers.\n\nCapital improvements also tend to be expensive. This can be something obvious like a new building, but could be upgrading computer networks or upgrading lab equipment. This stuff is probably a lot more expensive than you think." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d4flqy9", "d4fotak", "d4fovhf" ], "score": [ 3, 5, 2 ], "text": [ "That's a rather philosophical one, regarding culture - and how it resides close to utilitarism. I respect it as more than just any brochure photo cutout yet less rewarding on a timescale. \nConsider it as an unusual craft, an expression not easily consumed and disposed (like modern-era music or cinema) as it gains in terms of sheer value over time. In retrospective, a single art piece such as an artist's painting could face public doubt or even judgement, whereas a gallery exibition just might prove worthy of taking a point in that particular painter's approach.\n\nThat said, it just takes patience; money is just another form of reward.", "Usually he pays his installations by selling all the material he used to prepare the installation, i.e. sketches, preparatory designs, different test layouts, and everything that could be linked to the art piece.", "Seems like lots of people here are answering without having ever read anything regarding this installation.\n\nThe official answer ( _URL_0_ ) is that the artist paid for it (15 M €) by himself 'cause he felt like it. HE says he'll finance the installation by selling preparatory sketches...\n\n(the installation is 100% free to use.... if you manage to get there...)" ] }

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[ [], [], [ "http://www.thefloatingpiers.com/faq/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dmrt1y0", "dmrxgs4", "dms20xr" ], "score": [ 21, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "The aim of the headbutt is to strike the soft part of the others persons face (usually the bridge of the nose) with the hard part of your face (the middle of the forehead.)\n\nIt is certainly overplayed in films, and you are unlikely to knock the person out, but it is a legitimate method to shock an opponent long enough to deliver other attacks or escape. \n\nSource: I have head butted people and being head butted numerous times, mostly by accident, while training Brazilian jiujitsu. ", "I have a friend who once tried starting a fight with some other guy... My friend went to headbutt the other guy, and knocked himself out on the guy's head. He later woke up in the recovery position... How nice of the other guy!", "Well, there's a few things to discern here.\n\nFirst of all, movies are fiction. You don't \"insta-knock\" someone with a headbutt and walk away like nothing happened in every case.\nFrom a martial arts perspective, the idea is to use the center of your forehead area (which is a stronger more fortified part of your skull) to attack the softer tissues of your opponent (usually around the middle towards tip of the nose) to cause a crushing injury which would incapacitate your target. The main reason would be the shock of impact along with the massive blood/loss of breathing capability.\n\nIf someone is \"knocked out\", its because they are actually suffering a concussion. Each hit to the head causes a concussion in some term, some are stronger which end up putting you unconscious and others are milder cause milder grievances.\nIf you headbutt someone on their \"hard parts\" with full strength, you might both be knocked out by the impact.\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e5q860u" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "This is exactly what [condensing solar tower plants do](_URL_0_). Although more recently, they use the sun to heat a liquid metal like sodium - which can absorb waaaay more heat - which is then used to flash water to steam to drive turbines. \n\n" ] }

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[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_tower" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "crkn7ks", "crkn8ci" ], "score": [ 5, 2 ], "text": [ "The \"Corrupted Blood Incident\" started when Blizzard released a new boss with a debuff called \"Corrupted Blood.\" This attack hit anyone standing too close to the boss and would spread to anyone standing too close to people who had it, and did several hundred damage per second for a while. The boss chamber was designed to remove the debuff upon leaving so it couldn't spread among people who weren't trying to defeat the boss.\n\nHowever.\n\nPlayer pets could also get the debuff, and when you dismissed them, they essentially went into stasis, taking no damage and preserving any status effects. Players would get their pets infected, immediately dismiss them, and call them back in a heavily populated area.\n\nMass panic ensued.\n\nThe plague was only supposed to be on high-level players, and the amount of damage dealt killed new players instantly. What's worse, NPCs could contract the disease, but could not take damage from it. They acted as carriers, killing anyone who stood too close. Entire cities were abandoned as people fled from the plague, and Blizzard only managed to \"fix\" it with a hard reset of the server. Even to this day, there are still some pets infected with it, and outbreaks have been happening for years since.\n\nThe CDC and NIH both contacted Blizzard for any information about the incidebt, and it is still used as a model for how people might react if a deadly and immensely communicable disease ever arose in a heavily populated area.", "Blizzard officially claims it is a bug, but it is interesting nonetheless.\n\nBasically a raid boss had a spell which when used on the player made their HP drain over time for a short period of time. If you had a pet in the raid, it would also affect the pet. HOWEVER, upon leaving the dungeon, your pet would still be permanently affected and the spell of the raid boss then spread to other players (including you) outside the dungeon.\n\nThe big difference here was that the spell was now permanent... Which means that every time you die, and you respawn, you die again. \n\nBasically, in real life it would be something like:\nPet gets virus - > The virus mutates - > Mutated virus spreads to humans - > Humans and pets infect even more humans " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "f797iv1", "f79dl0d" ], "score": [ 7, 3 ], "text": [ "There's enough air trying to both go in and out of the window, and not enough places for the extra air to escape from inside the car, resulting in a little battle between the inside and outside that had to be resolved at the window.\n\nA bunch of air comes in as the car drives, slightly compressing the air in the car. Once the air pressure in the car is high enough, it forces its way past the rushing air to escape back out the window. The reduction in pressure in the car allows air to continue to rush in again, repeating as necessary.\n\nDriving at the right speed allows the air to enter and exit at the same time. Cars with leaks or gaps, purposeful or accidental, allow air to flow. Opening another window, even just a crack, allows the air to flow.", "It becomes a Helmholtz resonator. You can read all about it here [_URL_1_](_URL_0_)" ] }

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[ [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_resonance", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz\\_resonance" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c9chztu" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "First off, rocket engines produce thrust by expelling reaction mass at a very high velocity. Essentially, imagine you're standing on a skateboard and holding a ball. If you throw the ball in one direction, you and the skateboard are going to move in the opposite direction. That principle is called Newton's third law of motion- every action (ie, application of force) has an equal reaction in the opposite direction.\n\n\"Normal\" rocket engines eject reaction mass by combusting it. A rocket engine can, for example, combine kerosene (a very pure version of jet fuel) and liquid oxygen in a combustion chamber. The mixture heats up to enormous temperatures, which causes it to expand outside, exiting the rocket nozzle at enormous velocities. This is the equivalent of throwing the ball from the skateboard.\n\nA rocket that works by combusting its fuel is called a \"chemical rocket\", because its propulsion is caused by the chemical reactions that make the fuel burn. There are a few other way to propel reaction mass, and fusion power is one of them.\n\nIf you don't know what nuclear fusion is, it basically means smacking atoms of matter together so forcefully that they join into a single, larger atom, releasing enormous energies in the process. Fusion power hasn't been used for electric power generation yet, but it's used in hydrogen bombs (or, as they're sometimes called, thermonuclear bombs) - the most destructive weapons we currently have. But, there is actually a fusion-powered source of energy that you see everyday - just look at the sky during daytime and focus on the brightest thing you can find. Our sun, like all stars, shines thanks to nuclear fusion reactions taking place in its core.\n\nNow, how precisely do nuclear fusion engines work? Basically, a fusion reaction is initiated by using magnetic forces to make atoms smack together a high enough velocities to undergo fusion. When they fuse, they release all that nuclear energy, which is then imparted to the reaction mass, forcing it out of the engine nozzle at velocities of around 30 kilometres per second - for comparison, the most efficient chemical rockets only have exhaust velocities of 4.5 kilometres per second. That's what makes them so much better than regular chemical rocket engines. And that's how we'll reach Mars in less than a month." ] }

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[ "http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/04/10/nasa_fusion_engine_fast_mars_trip/", "http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2012_phaseII_fellows_slough.html" ]

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{ "a_id": [ "cjev0qv" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Relevant entertaining and informative youtube video\n\nElectrocution in Water: _URL_0_" ] }

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[ [ "http://youtu.be/dcrY59nGxBg" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cl3rlno" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "It's a jewish tradition. It is a good question as to how or why this custom started. One is the Talmud mentions that after a person dies her soul con­tinues to dwell for a while in the grave where she was buried. Putting stones on a grave keeps the soul down in this world, which some people find comforting. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dbovwn4" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Are you sure this is a real phenomenon? It was my understanding that people are simply trying to remove a distraction so they can pay better attention." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dlal8c2", "dlb0p1z" ], "score": [ 39, 18 ], "text": [ "The honeycomb shape is designed to store eggs. After the queen lays her eggs, they're moved to the honeycomb where they're sealed inside the hexagons until they hatch.\n\nHexagons happen to be the most efficient for this task. It needs to be a tesselation, meaning you can put several of them next to each other un a repeating pattern without any overlap. The easiest options are triangles, squares, rectangles and hexagons. Hexagons use the least amount of wall material per area, so they're the easiest to build.", "They don't actually build the honeycomb as hexagons; they build circles which deform into hexagons, because a hexagonal grid has the smallest ratio of perimeter to area of any space filling tesselation. For a more engaging explanation, [I suggest this YouTube video](_URL_0_)." ] }

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[ [], [ "https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Pypd_yKGYpA" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dier6wl", "dierd6v" ], "score": [ 3, 5 ], "text": [ "An annuity is an investment where you pay into it over time (the accumulation phase), then one it is triggered, it makes payments back to you (the annuitization phase).\n\nAnnuities a good because the are usually low or zero risk, and provide guaranteed income in retirement.\n\nAnnuities are bad because they typically have lower returns than other investments, and are not liquid. If you need access to the money in the annuity before or beyond its payout, you typically have to pay a large surrender fee. ", "Actuary here. I've worked with annuities at a life insurance company for several years. There are two basic types of annuities, deferred annuities and payout annuities. \n\nDeferred annuities act like a bank account. You put money in and it grows at a fixed rate or some other rate determined directly or indirectly by a market index (depends on the type of deferred annuity you have. These are usually used before retirement. The money grows tax deferred, which means that you don't pay taxes on the earnings until you start withdrawing the money. \n\nPayout annuities provide income, either for retirement or from a lawsuit payout (aka structured settlements). These can have both life contingent and non-life contingent pieces. Life contingent means it's dependent on the life of the person. This makes life contingent annuities good for protecting against living too long in retirement. Non-life contingent means a fixed amount of time, e.g. 20 years. You'll often see a \"life annuity with 10 year certain.\" That means that it pays out for the maximum of 10 years or the life of the person with the annuity." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "egibiem" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "It is. Freezing cold water is like 60 degrees or so. You can walk around in that with no diffculty." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cpcg6z2", "cpcgc3h", "cpcgdlu", "cpchzz1" ], "score": [ 98, 6, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Cable TV is 1000 guys in a room all screaming at the top of their lungs about different subjects. You and anyone else interested chooses which one you want to listen to and go stand next to him. \n\nCable Internet is a million guys in a room being quiet, you ask a few questions until you figure out which one you want to have a full fledged conversation with, then you go find a quiet out-of-the-way corner to have that conversation in. However, there's only so many corners, and other people may interrupt the conversation, or they might want to talk to the same guy and his attention is divided between the two conversations. ", "There's a lot more going on under the hood with the internet services.\n\nCable TV is a signal directly from your cable provider to you. It's always broadcasting all the channels, and you just pick the one you want to watch--in a sense, it's always 'downloading', your TV just isn't always listening.\n\nWhile Netflix may be going through the same wire to get to you in the end, the signal has to travel from your computer, through your ISP, through the internet infrastructure to Netflix's servers, to tell them what you want, and each packet of data has to go back. Net connections also usually check to make sure the data didn't get corrupted, so that slows it down, too--a piece of a file might have to get sent more than once.", "It's because the internet is server-based and it takes more to get things done. When you try to connect to a website or service, your request first has to find it's way to the proper location. Once it's reached the appropriate server, the server has to process the request and send you back what you're supposed to get, based on what you asked for, and the return package has to find it's way back to your computer. \nOn cable, you tune into a channel, and you just get whatever is coming through that channel. The only work to be done is connecting you to the proper channel. This is the same reason you don't have to buffer radio. Your antenna vibrates at a specific frequency, and you get whatever is on that frequency, whether you want it or not.\nA metaphor would be calling a takeout Chinese place and ordering, they make the food and you come, pay and leave, versus eating whatever your mom cooked for dinner. One of them involves a lot more communication.", "The easiest way to describe the difference is that cable television is only sending 1 signal (granted, 1 signal contains many channels of video), copied and split and distributed to the masses. There are no other competing signals on the line and the flow is 1 way. Netflix on the other hand is a 1 to 1 connection between you and Netflix's servers, but with the busy internet in between. It's sort of like the difference in traffic flow on a fast moving 5 line highway, vs one of those crazy intersections [like this](_URL_0_). \n\nIf netflix had a direct one-way un-obstructed connection connection to your house, the performance would be similar to cable television." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c7y8106" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Gelatin basically works like microscopic spaghetti strings. When you dissolve it in hot water, the strings expand, break up, and loosen, then when it cools again (sets in the fridge) the strings contract, coil up, snarl, and knot trapping water molecules in the folds. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dju49mh", "dju4cqf" ], "score": [ 7, 4 ], "text": [ "Quick sand is sand/soil that is saturated with lots of water, making it impossible to support your weight. If you step in it, you will sink into it slowly, and because of its combination of low density and viscosity it can be hard to get back out because you will have a tendency to push against that same unreliable soil to try and pull yourself up, just causing you to get more body parts tangled up in the mess. You won't end up in hell, but you might end up sinking far enough to get your mouth and nose underneath it, and then you're in a mess of trouble.", "Quicksand is just a mix of very fine sand and water. You don't really sink in quicksand because you are very buoyant in it. However it can entrap animals and could pose a danger if you were heavily laden by baggage or otherwise encumbered or disabled and unable to either right yourself (and get your face above the water/sand) or work your way free." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "df5y1ur", "df5y2jr", "df5yqvi", "df5yvjv" ], "score": [ 7, 28, 5, 3 ], "text": [ "It doesn't mean 'not ordinary'.\n\nIt means it goes beyond the ordinary. It's when something has taken an ordinary concept and expanded on it beyond what's normal.\n\nSame way that 'extraterrestrial' means that something is from beyond this planet. ", "\"Extra\" means \"outside of\" or \"beyond\". Extraordinary means \"out of the ordinary\". Similarly, \"extraterrestrial\" means \"outside of Earth\". The meaning of \"extra\" as \"more\" is derived from \"beyond the expected amount\".", "\"Extra,\" as we use it as a standalone word in English, is literally a shortened form of \"extraordinary.\" Extra itself is a suffix meaning \"outside\" so, extraordinary (or just extra) is \"outside the ordinary.\"\n\nSo when we say \"extra cheese\" we mean \"An extraordinary amount of cheese.\" Thus, \"Extra ordinary\" would literally mean \"extraordinarily ordinary.\"", "\"Extra\" means \"outside of\", not \"very\".\n\nThus extracurricular, extrajudicial, extraneous.\n\nExtraordinary means outside of the ordinary. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cqp60lq", "cqpcdz7", "cqpg9xs", "cqpok7l", "cqpqyap" ], "score": [ 34, 3, 5, 2, 4 ], "text": [ "Because in Ancient Greek it was pronounced differently.\n\n > In Ancient Greek, it represented an aspirated voiceless bilabial plosive ([pʰ]), which was the origin of its usual romanization as \"ph\". In modern Greek, it represents a voiceless labiodental fricative ([f]) and is correspondingly romanized as \"f\".\n\n_URL_0_", "Not answering your question, but in Portuguese we also had Ph for F. In 1910 in Portugal (and in 1930 in Brazil) the grammar academy just officially changed the Ph to F. No problems at all since then.", "What about the name Stephen where the \"ph\" has a \"v\" sound?", "It's down to the evolution of the English language, there are 40 sounds with 26 letters. In Old English \"ph\" wasn't used it was just \"f\" It's mainly down to loan words from Old Norse and Frankish-Norman. English didn't really become standardised until way into the colonial era. \"ph\" and \"f\" are not the only ones that suffer from this other words do. \n\nIt's mainly related to spelling and not speaking as example in English there are 3 forms of \"a\" but we only write it down as \"a\" but there is \"æ\" as in air and after while after has a more \"ah\" sound and short a \"ah\" and long a \"ar\". ", "In Latin, < P > represented [p], the sound in the word \\ < s**p**in > .\n\n < PH > represented [pʰ], the sound in the word < **p**in > .\n\nThe difference between those two sounds is *aspiration*. Say < pin > and hold your hand or a piece of paper in front of your mouth. You should feel a little puff of air, because in English, initial voiceless stops (/p/, /t/, /k/) in stressed syllables are aspirated.\n\nNow do the same thing, but say < spin > . There won't be a puff of air, at least not a big one.\n\nIn Latin, those two sounds, the unaspirated [p] and the aspirated [pʰ], were distinct sounds, and a word could have different meanings depending on which one you used. (In the same way that \"tad\" and \"dad\" are different words in English.)\n\nA very common sound change across languages is [pʰ] to [f]. That sound change happened in Vulgar Latin, so a lot of Romance languages ended up with an [f] sound represented by < ph > .\n\nEnglish borrowed a lot of vocabulary from French, and French was one of those Romance languages (maybe all the Romance languages were like this, idk) that had [f] represented by < ph > . So English ended up with a bunch of words spelled with a < ph > and pronounced with an [f].\n\nLater on, English borrowed some words directly from Latin, that may have also had the < ph > digraph. Latin didn't use < ph > to represent [f], so I assume since we already did do that, we just pronounced those < ph > 's as [f]'s as well.\n\nEdit: According to Wikipedia, /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ in Latin were only used in loanwords from Greek, and were probably only pronounced with aspiration by educated speakers.\n\nEdit 2: Intrestingly, when the Portuguese designed the Vietnamese alphabet, they used < ph > to represent /pʰ/, but now, in modern Vietnamese, that sound has been replaced with /f/, so Vietnamese also represents /f/ with < ph > ." ] }

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[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi" ], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "co8ax7j", "co8dbtq", "co8j17s" ], "score": [ 6, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "You have a lot of time to do post-processing when it's not live. That's a main reason a movie is released months after filming has completed.", "Two main reasons. One, the cameras used in Live TV are often smaller and lighter, with a single color processing chip that results in less color distinction. Cameras on set are either higher end with multiple color processors, or still use Film. Post processing on higher end cameras allows for more polishing and tailoring forthe final product.\n\nTwo, live TV is typically recorded at 30 frames per second (or higher). Classic film and TV are shot in 24p (24 frames per second). This is what gives the biggest difference in the \"feel\" of live vs others. This is also why newer 120Hz+ HDTVs have that akward unnatural feel if you're watching a show shot in 24p but being displayed at much faster refresh rate. In order to make up for the missing frames, the video processor speeds up and slows down certain frame sets.", "Basically, you can move the lights around between camera setups, and you can color correct.\n\nIn normal \"single camera\" shooting (Like a normal 30 Rock episode), you can and do tweak the lighting pretty much every time you move the camera. Shooting live, you need a flatter \"general purpose\" lighting setup that will work okay for every angle but doesn't necessarily look amazing at any angle. You also need all lights above the set and out of the field of view of the cameras in live production, whereas in single camera you can have a light or reflector just off camera for a nice effect. You can get the actors to shift their positions to get better shots. You can refresh makeup between takes. All sorts of little subtle things that you'd never think of if you've never been on a set because the end result makes it all look like it happens naturally. In live production, you can't change your mind about anything once the show starts.\n\nIn many cases, you will also use different lenses in live production. In a single camera style shoot, you will have a person dedicated to focusing the camera. (Focus Puller, or 1st Assistant Camera Operator.) So, if you want to have nice soft blurry backgrounds that make the subject \"pop\" in the frame, you can shoot with \"wide open\" lenses so only the actor is in focus. To do that, you need to rehearse any camera or actor moves so the focus puller knows how to move the focus setting on the lens through the course of the shot. Autofocus isn't good enough because it doesn't always know which thing should be in focus, and if it gets confused it may make the whole picture go blurry and useless for a bit which ruins the shot. The 1AC may need to use a measuring tape to check the exact distance between the camera and the actor to make sure things are exactly in focus, which requires walking into the camera's field of view during shot setup. Obviously during live production you can't have somebody stopping the scene to measure, or repeating a take because focus wasn't right so you \"stop down\" the lenses or use different lenses so you don't get the nice soft background and more of the scene is in focus.\n\nWhen framing shots in single camera, you can put the camera right next to an actor's face to get an interesting shot. But when shooting live, each camera has to stay out of the field of view of every other camera which limits how interesting and varied the shots can be that you can get. One camera person walking right up to an actor would be visible to the other cameras, ruining their shot in a live production so such gags would have to be *very* carefully planned.\n\nThen, in editing you would only pick the nicest looking takes, which is obviously impossible when shooting live. Then you send the project off to color correction where the image gets tweaked and refined until it looks like the director/DOP and colorist want it to. This is probably the biggest shift in the image that you are noticing, but it is the hardest to explain. Look for some colorist demo reels on vimeo, and you'll see some idea of how much the image sometimes gets changed during coloring." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eixyio1" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "Batteries generate electricity via chemical reactions.\n\nChemical reactions rely on molecules that would like to interact bumping into each other. For some reactions they have to bump into each other with enough energy to overcome their natural stability enough to cause them to undergo a reaction (eg. wood oxidizes very-very-very slowly in air, but given enough energy(heat) it reacts violently with air as \"fire\").\n\nCooling down a battery makes it harder for the chemical reactions to happen, as everything becomes more stable with the lower-energy bumping around. Conversely heating up the battery pushes the reactions to happen more often, possibly to the point that un-intended reactions start to happen and the battery explodes." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dxsfwcx", "dxtbf4z" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Significantly. Even a little wind could through a long enough shot several meters off course. ", "A great deal. And it doesn’t just uniformly make every shot shorter, or push it into one direction or another. It also affects what club you can even hit, for a LOT of reasons. Woods and drivers are meant to be hit in a lower arc for them to be effective, whereas irons and wedges follow a steeper one. A driver hit directly into the wind will have a proportionally larger loss in distance than an 8 iron hit into that same wind, because a driver depends on overcoming a lot more air resistance than an 8 iron. \n\n\nThere’s also the way the increased resistance affects the spin of the ball. A golf ball spins backwards while traveling through air, which causes it to rise as it travels, “climbing” the air resistance at the same time that it falls to earth, resulting in a longer distance. Wind messes all that up, and will start falling much quicker once it reaches it peak height. To compound this, a significant portion of a balls total distance travelled occurs on the ground via rolling. It reaches the bottom of the flight arc still traveling at significant horizontal velocity so it rolls for some time after landing. Wind causing a ball to fall almost straight down at its flight peak *also* means the ball will have very little horizontal velocity once it does land, and the ball will also lose out on its rolling distance. Wind is a golfers second worst enemy. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cf304pj", "cf30b4x" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Not all diamonds are crystal clear. They don't need to change the color, just try to sell and market the ones that are colored to begin with.\n\nChemical impurities or structural defects can add color. These are found in diamonds naturally. It's just that for decades, companies like DeBeers have sold everyone on the fact that the best diamonds are perfectly clear.", "Diamonds are pure carbon, chemical impurities in diamonds change the color." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cvqxc02", "cvqxd7f", "cvqxfvt" ], "score": [ 5, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "The earth has both th atmosphere to burn up many before they can do damage and the active geology and erosion to cover up damage after enough years.", "Earth has huge amounts of tectonic activity, liquid water, and living plant life that covers what we would see. Also, the moon pulls a huge amount of astroid strikes off of a collision course with Earth.", "This does not need wordy explanations. The simple answer is weather erosion. Earth has weather, weather erodes surface features. The impacts are all there and visible, they are just worn down. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "crrgdjd", "crriisa", "crrj8v5" ], "score": [ 2, 5, 3 ], "text": [ "What? No that's gross. Return that sponge. Sponges should be fluffy but dry when you take them out of the plastic.", "The answer is deceptively simple and pure marketing: Sponges are moist because manufacturers wet them just before packaging. Typical cellulose kitchen sponges get hard, wrinkled, and crusty-looking when dry. But adding about half of an ounce of water restores them to new heights of consumer-friendly glorious sponginess.\n\nThe only reason that sponge packages are airtight is to keep the moisture in, and the water used is purified and distilled. This is done to make sure that there are no bacteria sealed in with the sponge. Otherwise, the moisture would be a potential breeding ground for all sorts of nasty stuff, and the sponge would be spreading germs instead of cleaning them up.", "I'm pretty sure sponges are treated with an antibacterial and antimicrobial substance before packaging, as I have contact allergies to some of those sorts of substances, and I can't handle a brand new sponge unless it's been used once first to wash that off." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dx1rnl0" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "A person or group is in charge of either composing/ editing music or picking out music that best fits the description of the script or the scene presented. Generally scripts would say something along the lines of \"80s rock\" or \"club music\" or it would be assumed to be what was or could be popular at the current setting whether in the past, current, or future. Different genres of music are often associated with different moods as well. Upbeat for happy, metal for action, etc. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cxrkk1q" ], "score": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Fresh meat is sterile on the inside. The curing process basically keeps the outside of the meat dry (the smoke is mainly to keep flies away) and lets it dry. Water content is also reduced through the use of salt. Without water, the meat doesn't provide a good environment for bacteria to grow.\n\nCold cuts are full of water, and also have been sliced, exposing them to bacteria (also present as a result of mixing etc during production). It's a pretty good environment for bacteria to grow in." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dftnh13", "dftoaf3", "dftylmz", "dfu9rsp", "dfu9zqg", "dfua6rb", "dfub93g" ], "score": [ 24, 15, 5, 5, 4, 2, 5 ], "text": [ "He was a child star in the 1960's in one of the most popular groups of the day (The Jackson Five), and as the world watched him grow up, he stayed popular by releasing popular songs. Some he wrote, some he did not. Thriller is consistently labeled as the greatest music video ever made. The Thriller album is the most sold album of all time. It happened to be my first cassette I got as a kid (I was 7 when Thriller came out).\n\nHe was rarely controversial, his songs were a little bit racy, but under the radar compared to other artists around at the same time (see: Madonna)", "His (not so) private life was a huge mess, but his music was (is!) vibrant, original, catchy, and lyrically and visually superb. The music video for Thriller is second to none, especially if you consider when it was made. The man was a master of his art. New artists *still* name him as an influence even now.", "Other answers are good. I would just add that he was also an excellent performer and fantastic dancer.", "I'll add to all the comments here by saying that Michael definitely had a sound all his own. Nobody at the time sounded like Michael and if they did, everyone compared them to Michael.\n\nAlso the dancing. Today, pop stars incorporate dance into their stage performance but it usually feels like an afterthought (because it is). Michael was a brilliant dancer, amazing singer and had an iconic look.", "Artistically, he tended to always be just slightly ahead of his time. Michael Jackson didn't follow the trend: he was the trend. He would set it, time and time again. He was also around long enough that he was one of the few that was considered \"hip\" by several generations. And I do mean generations: when I was an early teen and he released his last real album (Invincible), the single would be played by all the radios that catered to teens. He was still very much hip and edgy. At the same time, he was also an artist our own parents (including my own mom) had grown with and loved. How many artists of 2017 do you know who can cater both to 13 years old and 50 years old? There's not a lot of them.\n\nHe was also very good at finding the right people to work with, which allowed him to stay relevant on not just music, but also video clips, live performance, etc. His shows were always the state of the art of what can be done live, he and his crew were the Michael Bay of live performances.\n\nIn other words: he was a great singer/songwriter, but also a huge performer and, perhaps above all thing, a clever businessman (clever enough that people didn't even realize he was actually kind of a businessman) who just knew in advance what move to do and whom he needed in his crew to stay on top. By leveraging synergies between the three aspects, he was able to set the trend and get the critical and commercial success he is known for.\n\nWhile I adore Michael Jackson as an artist, I think people really underestimate how much of a businessman he was. You see how Sony or Universal launch a new artist and \"format\" it with the aim of making him or her a new superstar and cater to a large audience and be hip and bring tons of cash? Like, how they launched the career of Bruno Mars, Justin Timberlake, Rihanna and whatnot? Well, Jackson basically did the same job, except he did it by and for himself, with that \"new artist\" always being him.", "His music transcended genres despite being repeatedly defined as pop. His singing, dancing and videos embraced true originality and made it accessible to people of all ages, backgrounds and nationalities around the world. Anybody these days can be an \"artist\" but he really was one. He was a spark of originality like few others who appear and change music in ways others cannot fathom: Bowie, prince, Lennon, reznor, Coltrane, Hendrix, Joplin, yo yo ma, Chopin, Mozart, carl orf,Beethoven, Axl Rose, James Hetfield,public enemy, Eminem, run dmc, Tupac, biggie, the wutang clan, Alice cooper, Marilyn Manson, Danny elfman, skinny puppy, kmfdm, Richard James, rick james, bad brains, the Sex Pistols, siouxsie and the banshees, ozzy fucking Osborne, Stevie wonder, ray Charles, madonna, pat benatar, Billy idol, Elvis Presley, Atari Teenage Riot, John Williams\n\nI know you're only five, but you need to believe me when I say that He was the real deal. He sang and danced and made videos and spectacle like no one else. He's gone now, there was a time when musical magic walked the earth. \n\nHis name was Michael Jackson ", "Without internet, media dictated who was famous. Despite his enormous talent, he was chosen to be the king. Every thing he did was reported. His releases were given worldwide attention. He was so hot right then\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ck3awrq", "ck3b4td", "ck3bh0e" ], "score": [ 18, 10, 5 ], "text": [ "Yes. They're not getting the M & Ms for free.", "If they are actually M & Ms, they'll have bought them and worked out a deal of some sort.\n\nHowever, most trailmix utilizes generic version of M & Ms - you can make a hard shelled chocolate candy of various colors and not pay M & M for the right to do so.", "Look closer - those ain't M & Ms. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d5krfcs", "d5krggp", "d5lqf15" ], "score": [ 3, 12, 2 ], "text": [ "Compressed air bends light.\n\nLight interacts with the air, which is why you can see \"heat waves\" on hot days, and why the sky appears blue in the first place.\n\nSo when the air is compressed, it can warp the light passing through it even more than normal, since there's more air in the way instead of having most of the light manage to reach you without hitting any air molecules.", "You are seeing refraction of light in the shockwave. The speed of light in air is dependent on the density and temperature of the air. When the lightwave hits an area of denser air it will slow down, however the part of the wave that hits the area first will slow down first making the wave turn. Similarly the light will turn when it hits an area of lower density air. You do not need a shockwave to observe this. Rising hot air will also make distortions. If you are looking at something far away you will also see it is fuzzy and may move around, just like the objects behind a shockwave. This is also why stars twinkle.", "Not serious... And more ELIC...\n\nHollywood has such a high special effects budget, that they can afford to add visible shockwaves in real life.\n\nThey don't add them to firecracker explosions, because they just don't like you personally." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c79ooie", "c79piue", "c79qock", "c79usvd" ], "score": [ 13, 2, 10, 2 ], "text": [ "Because lines are far easier for a processor to figure out than a curve. It saves processor time for other functions like AI and Physics. \n\nEdit.\nEli10: deleted apparently I am off see below comments for better explination.", "and when you make a video game level (in most cases) you have to make the curves as a series of straight lines. As an example, a column will look more like a cylinder the more flat sides there are on it, but the more flat sides there are the more things to render", "What cory89123 and boddah87 said are correct, it is harder to render. \n\nIn addition: Computer's can't make a curve. Computers can only render images in tiny squares called pixels. Immagine you make a circle out of blocks. Looking up close you can tell that there are jagged edges from the blocks, and the circle isn't completely round. Now step back a little and the edges start to blur. Step back some more and it starts to look more smooth. Eventually you'll hit a point where you can't see all of those jagged edges and it looks just like a circle.\n\nA technique called Anti-Aliasing is used to change the color of the outside edges and blur them a little. While blurring sounds like it will make the image less realistic, it actually makes the images edges seem smoother. _URL_0_", "It's a shortcut that makes the math a little easier, and the speed a lot faster." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cjias2v", "cjic8jb" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "I've been playing DayZ for weeks now and have been living almost exclusively off of Lemon-Lime Spite and Nota-Cola ", "So long as you do not start out dehydrated and drink enough you will get enough water. The sugar levels and caffeine levels may cause problems for you if they get too high, but the amount in a soda is not nearly enough to reduce the amount of water you take in than more than 3% of volume and likely far less. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "djrt1z3", "djrthbc" ], "score": [ 7, 2 ], "text": [ "\"Time\" is not a concept. Our concepts of time are. \n\nTo put it another way, \"Length\" is a thing, but \"a meter\" or \"a mile\" are our own concepts. It doesn't matter what you call a meter, it'll still be the same length. \n\nAs for how we, or other species *perceive* time, that has nothing to do with either. The way our brain (or the equivalent on a fly) works doesn't really care if you call it \"a second\" or not. If your brain processes more impulses *during* that time, it could be *perceived* as moving slower. \n\nOur own brain does that on occasion, usually in moments of emergency. ", "Time is definitely a thing! It is an intrinsic part of the universe. Nothing could ever move or change without it, heck the concept of space-time is literally that there are at least 3 spacial dimensions that are \"glued\" together in a four-dimensional continuum called time.\n\nWhat you are alluding to in the title when you say \"time is relative\" is the theory of relativity. The passage of time for a given body is directly affected by its acceleration, velocity, and any gravitational effect that it is being influenced by.\n\nAs to how flies perceive time as moving slower than we do, this is not because of relativity. Flies are said to perceive time as moving \"slower\" because they take less time to respond to stimuli (as has been shown for many smaller animals. You can read [this article](_URL_0_) for some more information.\n\nIf you have any more questions or want some clarifications, feel free to ask!" ] }

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[ [], [ "https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/sep/16/time-passes-slowly-flies-study" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "e6dfppu" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "Because the industry figured out that at best, demos barely affect sales, and at worst, actually decrease them. \n\nConvention demo's run fine... on one specific set of hardware, and no player can get into it for a longer period to run into to many issues. It would take quite a bit of effort to release it online in a state that isn't shit, and then the return is near zero. \n\nCause it turns out, that few people that consider buying a game with no demo available, opt to not buy it because of the lack of demo. There's however, more players that wonder if they would like the game, download the demo then opt to not buy the game. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cgkvhj6" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Synesthesia is when two or more senses overlap or interact in a way that is unusual. Some examples are someone associating colours or smells with certain sounds or people associating colours with letters or numbers. These associations are not universal, so while one synesthete may associate the number 5 with red, another may associate it with blue. The cause of this sensory confusion is not definitively known, but one suggestion for its cause are areas of the brain associated with senses experiencing \"cross-talk\" causing use of one sense to trigger a signal from another." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cvlhz47", "cvlj0mr" ], "score": [ 5, 3 ], "text": [ "I guess the general thing here is that Reddit is also radically pro-freedom of any kind. And for many people, stronger gun laws would breach their freedoms.", " > mostly liberal people\n\nNot really as much as they like to say they are. There's a big libertarian streak & they can be very conservative on social issues that don't benefit middle class white males." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "du4omzb" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "There isn't a satisfying answer to this. It simply *is*. We observe that this is the case, so the \"why\" is that it does. All of our theories about the universe and how it works (and why things do things the way they do things) all *rely* on the fact that light travels at the same speed to all observers." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "f321h37", "f323cjr", "f3271wr" ], "score": [ 41, 3, 4 ], "text": [ "You didn't drink any water for several hours. That's really most of it. 5 to 8 hours of never drinking anything is a lot. \n\n\nBesides, the color doesn't just indicate hydration. While you sleep, your body is also cleaning out toxins and such and it dumps those in your urine too, so that's likely at least a minor factor.", "You tend to breathe and sweat when you sleep, and both are methods for losing water out of your body. You'll notice your breath is much more humid on the way out than the surrounding air.", "Your body is not dehydrated. It's a common misconception that you'd need to drink so much water that your pee is clear. Urine is used to get rid of some bad stuff in your body and the longer it stays in the stronger the colour since it's more concentrated. If you drink a lot of water during the day and your urine is clear, it means that your body has to remove all the excess water it has inside through your urinary system and thus the pee is clear since it has a ton of water in it." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ei0buzb", "ei0byjo", "ei0d6l1", "ei0kc8l", "ei2fnm9" ], "score": [ 7, 2, 2, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Believe it or not, by historical standards a 3% growth rate is actually very high. Economic growth is a massively complex phenomenon and there are a ton of factors that determine an economy's growth rate. In the simplest terms, economic growth is a result of people deciding to delay current consumption (i.e. people save some of their money). The money that is saved is used to invest in new capital goods (e.g. tools for workers, buildings and so on). Because an economy has more capital than before it can produce more than it did before and that's what we call economic growth.\nThe rate of growth then depends on the savings rate as well as a ton of other factors such as: population growth rate, income distribution, standards of living. \nHope that helps somewhat :)", "Cant get blood from a stone. There are lots of poor countries, yes, but they are so outrageously poor that even large economic gains dont change the global economy much.\n\nConsider the economic situation in which people live on the equivalent of one USD per day. That doesn't just reflect their poverty it tells us how low the cost of living is and thus how weak the economy is. Where I live assuming my only expenses were food and water it still wouldn't be possible for me to even survive on less than probably ten dollars a day.\n\nSo in places like that even if economic power increased ten times over the area would still be crushingly poor by the standards of wealthy nations.\n", "1% is due to population growth, while a further 2% is due to actual productivity growth per person.\n\nThat's a remarkable achievement. Imagine if every year *everyone in your whole country* can, on average, get 2% more done than the previous year. Or to put it another way, everyone this year can get over 20% more done than they could in 2009, and about 44% more than they could in 1999. This is a very high rate of increasing productivity.", "Don't fall victim to the fallacy of unweighted averages. \n\nSuppose you have $100, and I have $1. Now you find $1, and I find $2. Your growth rate is 1% (from $100 to $101). My growth rate is 200% (from $1 to $3). However, our combined growth rate is NOT the average of 1% and 200%. We started with $101 collectively, and now we have $104, a growth rate of approximately 3%. \n\nPercentage terms are useful for normalizing comparisons between countries of very different sizes. It's real and important that you grew by 1% and I grew by 200%. However, it doesn't make sense to calculate the sum or average of things expressed in percentages. This is precisely because percentages remove from consideration the relative size of the things you're trying to combine. \n\n & #x200B;", "To get the world GDP growth rate, we do not average the GDP growth rate of each country weighted by how many seats they have in the UN general assembly. So the numerousness of the developing countries do not matter.\n\nNor do we weight them by how many people each country has, so the populousness of them also doesn't matter.\n\nTo assemble a year-over-year GDP growth rate from individual countries growth rates, you would weight each one by the countries prior-year GDP. (Although really, you would just sum the GDP over the world in each year and then divide one year by the other, rather than doing any kind of average of the country-level growth rates)\n\nThe high growth rates of some developing countries doesn't lead to a high growth rate of the world, because those developing countries GDPs are small enough that they don't overwhelming leverage in the world stats.\n\nBut they do have some leverage, and indeed the world growth rate is quite a bit higher than the developed-country-only growth rate (3.7 versus 2.1)" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cm6nwt1" ], "score": [ 14 ], "text": [ "\\They don't do it because they don't see the point. The real power in NATO comes from the US, so as long as the Americans keep up the spending, they're still golden. Not to mention, since the end of World War II, Germany has generally had a rather pronounced anti-war stance, so having a large army isn't exactly a popular choice.\n\nThat said, it's not really fair to make fun of Germany in this regard. NATO has, what, 28 member states, and only about 5 which meet the 2% minimum. NATO is already *significantly* more powerful than any other military force on the planet, so it's kind of hard for most countries to justify ramping up military spending they'll never actually use, when they could instead put that money into social services. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cqvmi65", "cqvmpmb" ], "score": [ 2, 5 ], "text": [ "bombs are not designed to leave much fallout. it just creates an immense heat wave and pressure wave that obliterates everything for miles.\n\n a nuclear reactor is really just a atomic bomb explosion stretched out over many years to give continuous energy output. a meltdown would irradiate the area for many many years", "Because they spread out everywhere, and over a large area.\n\nChernobyl's waste is mostly concentrated in the reactor itself when it melted down.\n\nBoth are dangerous and still present, but the concentration levels at Chernobyl are what makes it more deadly.\n\nPlus the bombs \"consume\" a good amount of the product, and there is a lot less product in a bomb than in Chernobyl's reactor." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cyfro9c", "cyfs60t", "cyfy959", "cyg6bv1" ], "score": [ 24, 10, 4, 2 ], "text": [ "Ultimately its supply and demand - a person can only bill so many hours in a day, if they can sell every hour they keep raising the price. The demand is driven by the perceived (and perhaps real) benefit of one lawyer over another, specifically when it comes with successful experience in niche areas (types or law and/or industries)", "Generally it is experience and expertise. Someone with previous success can charge more vs someone who is a novice. Doesn't necessarily make them better, but chances are they are better. A lawyer charging less may also have more clients, so you get less of their time", "A list of factors:\n\n-reputation, experience\n\n-known to win high profile cases, known to dismiss cases that would have been a clear loss\n\n-the field of law that one is practising, i.e. corporate or securities law tends to pay more\n\n-the pedigree (which law school, clerkships at high courts)\n\n-the potential for damages, the more at stake, the more likely one is to get a stronger lawyer and hence a lawyer can charge more\n\n-lawyers that have more clients then they have time to deal with so they up the price and become more selective", "One other factor I have heard about from friends in legal profession. The intimidation effect that top level lawyers bring to the case.\n\nCase: Friend was threatened by lawsuit. Lawyer who wrote the threatening letter was cut rate guy. Friend consulted super status national partner level lawyer who wrote counter letter. Lawsuit threat disappears. Fear factor at play -- sort of like Belgium not wanting to take on Russia.\n\nCost him a pretty penny -- but much less than a lawsuit would have." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cm63exh", "cm65yf0", "cm67g2b", "cm68dpn", "cm68r8y", "cm6b2ae", "cm6e15p", "cm6f363", "cm6fajj", "cm6fevf", "cm6fjm3", "cm6ge26", "cm6gh2k", "cm6hqb5", "cm6huat", "cm6ifzi", "cm6j39k", "cm6jm14", "cm6nb5p", "cm6nno4", "cm6rzib", "cm70coy", "cm7l6h1" ], "score": [ 1903, 36, 20, 27, 140, 69, 8, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 34, 3, 2, 8, 4, 6, 6, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "The ELI5 method is that by separating the thing a microscopic barrier forms between the two, allowing them to \"know\" they are separate objects. For example, if you cut a piece of metal, the exposed surfaces oxidize extremely rapidly. This oxide layer prevents the two parts from reintegrating as that layer separates them. \n\nThere is an interesting phenomemon called [Cold Welding](_URL_0_) where two parts can weld together without being heated. This occurs in space with extremely clean parts and is basically exactly as you say. As Feynman put it\n\n > The reason for this unexpected behavior is that when the atoms in contact are all of the same kind, there is no way for the atoms to “know” that they are in different pieces of copper. When there are other atoms, in the oxides and greases and more complicated thin surface layers of contaminants in between, the atoms “know” when they are not on the same part.\n\nAs well, one of the reasons for flux in soldering/brazing/welding operations is to clean off contaminants and oxide layers, allowing the metals to melted together and joined. With no flux you may not be able to penetrate the oxide layer and you will end up with remaining distinct interface and a failed joint. \n\nEdits: \n\n* Brazing may or may not involve flux depending on the materials, the other two (as far as I know) do use flux all the time. Also, often times in welding the flux is for shielding of the weld, but I have encountered scenarios where it is also cleaning the parts to be bonded. \n* It should be emphasized that the conditions to get cold welding are reasonably extreme (vacuum, near perfectly mating parts) and it will realistically only happen in metals. Theoretically if you could separate the bonds of any material without otherwise disturbing the atomic structure, you could rejoin anything. Theoretically this could work with various organic things as well, assuming you could sever the bonds perfectly without damaging anything. However with our current tech, this is impossible. Metals are simple (basically a repeating lattice of atoms) so as you cut it, you don't have to worry about damaging any complex non-repeating structure like what is present in organic things (meat, fruit, wood, etc.). \n* Realistically, even for most simple materials cold welding isn't going to happen. Metals are special as they are more open to joining (proper enthalpy to spontaneously join with itself, credit /u/pyr666). \n* Seizing by Galling (as opposed to seizing due to rust) is a technically separate but similar phenomenon. This occurs over time as two parts rub against each other, they scrape small bits of material up and can end up \"cold welding\" (technically friction welded). The difference is that this requires cyclic stresses, cold welding is near instantaneous and requires only a relatively small external clamping force. ", "Also, I'm on mobile or I'd link it, but check out optical contacting. Basically they take two glass surfaces that are \"perfect\" and press them together to form whats actually an incredibly strong bond without glue. ", "Another thing to consider is that even a very sharp knife is actually quite rough if you look at it under a powerful microscope. So you don't make perfectly smooth cuts, you damage the thing you are cutting.\n\nAlso, materials like paper or wood are very complicated at a small scale. Even if things could be magically joined back together, once they've been cut they no longer line up when you put them back together. The tiny fibers in paper, or the cells and vessels in wood, are squashed and moved around by cutting.", "objects are objects because they are chemically bonded together or stuck together like velcro. When you cut the object, the force of the cut breaks apart the bonds. To reform the bonds you need energy input, usually in the form of heat.\n\nPlastics are like velcro. cutting it, breaks bonds/ separtes the lego pieces. need heat to reconnect(however all plastics cannot be reformed( see wikipedia pages of thermoplastic vs thermoset polymers) \n\nmetals, oxidize wit oxygen so the material cannot bond, but in a vaccum it would bond because there is no need for an energy input. This is because all surfaces have an energy associated with it. minimizing surface area minimizes energy which things in nature just do.\n\nceramics, need to be reheated to refuse, as the bonds need energy to reform\n\nthis is a basic overview of polymers, metals, ceramic bonding (which differ) and why they can or cannot reform after breaking", "For metals, it's a fine layer of oxygen and nitrogen that separate them. If you cut the metals in half in a vacuum however, they will stick right back together.", "This is a great question. \n\nI'm not a chemist, but as far as I know your intuition is right. It's atoms binding together (and a few other things). But different substances stick together differently.\n\nFirst of all, there are lots of things that do bind back together even after you cut them. Like liquids. You can pass a knife right through water, or join two amounts of water together again. Look at how water beads on a car, and you see that the liquid atoms are indeed weakly sticking together. Glue also \"binds\" things together. Glue molecules are just particularly good at getting close up to a surface and binding all over that surface, just like water. The difference is, glue also has enough internal cohesion to stick something else to the other side.\n\nMetals have something unusual going on. The atoms in a metal object stick together because they are sharing electrons. Think of a square dance where everyone's changing partners - it's hard for them to move away from each other. This is [metallic bonding](_URL_0_). So as /u/dem_brownies mentioned, as soon as a metal atom gets close enough to another one -- bam! Bonded. However, layers of oxide on the outside of a metal object usually prevent this.\n\nNow, moving on to your everyday things that you might cut with a knife, like say a piece of plastic. Plastic molecules are like long threads with weak magnets attached, all tangled up with each other. It should be clear that once you cut or tear them apart, they are not going to rejoin with the same kind of strength. If you apply heat and melt the plastic, those long threads can intermingle again and reform bonds.", "There's the entropy explanation, which is that smashing something just requires a large force in practically any direction, while putting it back together would require all the pieces to be lined up perfectly and for somehow all of the chemical bonds which were broken to be reformed in precisely the same way.\n\nObviously one of these is far more likely to occur than the other, and that's why things break and fall apart rather than grow and self-repair. This is the concept of entropy: disorder always increases, because there are fewer ordered states than disordered states. There are other more specific explanations, but this covers a lot of similar questions e.g why doesn't mixing carbon and hydrogen make oil?\n\nPS: The reason living things seem to defy entropy is that our local reduction of entropy actually massively increases it elsewhere, by waste heat and the entropy generated by the sun.", "This doesnt really answer your question but a fun way to think about elements especially metal (since i am an engineer) is like a big rubber band chain. It can be squished, twisted, stretched and bent (within a certain range) and return back to its original shape. Once you extend past those \"limits\" which is called the metal's elastic range, it becomes permanently deformed. Exactly like when you stretch a rubber band too far.", "You can if its a magnet or a fliud. It's all about forces. ", "A piece of paper is just like an extremely tangled ball of thousands of threads, that has been squished flat. Cutting it is like cutting all those threads. Putting two pieces of threads next to each other wont fuse them into one, unless you rectangle them, like recycled paper.", "If a solid object is holding together and not disintegrating, it's because there is some kind of chemical bond holding it together. For ice it's the electric force between opposite the charged oxygen and hydrogen in the water molecules (which happens because the oxygen pulls the electrons so they don't spend as much time with the hydrogen). When you cut an ice cube in half, you're spending energy to break those bonds. Now, I'm not a physical chemist (just a math guy) so I can't very well describe how this works but after you cut the ice cube you have some positive stuff on one side and some negative stuff on the other side that had just been bonded and \"want\" to be bonded again. The \"want\" is really that it needs to return to a low energy state just like a ball in the air \"wants\" to fall down \n\nHere's the part I'm not clear on. I don't know if that \"want\" is resolved by more bonding within a sliced ice cube or with stuff from the outside air, or if being unbonded causes the electrons all over the cube to shift. Whatever that step is, when it's done the molecules along the cut no longer need to bond to anything else (they are in a minimum energy state like a ball at the bottom of an incline) , so they don't react when you bring the pieces back together. \n\nI'd really love for a chemist to help me out with the missing step. \n\nEdit: I just want to add that you asked an amazing question. When you stop taking the natural world for granted is when you find the best scientific questions. This is definitely a question a smart man asks. ", "Most things (plastics, metals, even wood) are formed via chemical processes into their finished form. Cutting them is a physical process, and would require the same conditions as those present originally to re-form (heat, time, chemical processes, what have you). ", "The most simple answer is intramolecular bonds. \n\nINTERmolecular bonds are the bonds that hold a molecule together, as in, the bonds that put oxygen and two hydrogens together to make water.\n\nINTRAmolecular bonds are bonds that hold millions of water molecules together to make a glass of water (however it is a liquid so obviously they're not held together as strongly as a solid.\n\nSo by cutting something you must be destroying these bonds. It can't just be put back together because they may require special or specific environments (heat/cold/pressure/etc) to form together.\n\n", "It reminds me of a parable my tai chi instructor told me:\n\nLong ago in ancient China, a rich nobleman's son wanted to learn Shaolin kung fu. With great pomp and ceremony, he left his home and went to the temple. He met with the head monk, who agreed to let him study kung fu at the temple. The rich man shaved his head and donned the robes and was led to a room containing a well and a barrel of water. The monk told him to slap the surface of the water with his palm until no water remained in the barrel. The rich man didn't understand, but did as he was told. He slapped the water with his palm and a little water splashed onto the floor. He repeated the slapping for what seemed like hours until no water remained. He found the monk and told him he had finished. The monk instructed him to fill the barrel again and repeat the task. This scene repeated for days. Eventually, the rich son stopped going to the monk and just refilled the barrel without being told. He grew angry. He suspected he was the butt of a cruel joke, and that the monks would never teach him kung fu but he knew that if he returned to his family having only slapped water he would be a laughingstock. Eventually, the seasons changed and the rich son returned home for the holiday feast. His family was so proud of him for studying kung fu, even though he was secretly ashamed that he had not received even one day's instruction. \"What kung fu did you learn? What did they teach you?\" his family asked, eagerly. \"They didn't teach me anything,\" he mumbled. \"Oh, you are so modest, tell us what they taught you!\" they urged. The man grew enraged. \"They didn't teach me anything!\" he shouted, as he slammed his palm on the table, breaking it in half.", "At first I laughed and thought 'What a stupid question...'\n\nAnd then half a second later I was like 'woaahhh...why don't they?'", "Hmm, let me see if I can try to explain this. Most of the other posts that talked about this phenomena have it on a good basic level, but I want to delve farther. Molecules that exist in something like an apple or a piece of steal, bind together because that is what makes the atoms the \"happiest\". So, when you break away the bonds by splitting a molecule apart, the molecule now is in an \"unhappy\" state and wants to be happy again. Since the other piece of the molecule is no longer there to keep it happy, the atom will look for any other atoms that will make it \"happy\" again. Since our atmosphere has a decent amount of Oxygen in it, the Oxygen will bind to the apple or to the metal (this is where we get rust or the nasty brown in the apple when it is sitting out to long). So, what was split will try to find whatever molecule in the air that it can and will bind to it. This is the main effect. There is another effect in some molecules(some things that are cut) that if you break apart its bond, it can re-bond to itself in a new way and will essentially make itself happy again. These things plus dust prevent this from happening. Dust does not actually bond to the atoms, it just sits on the bonds. Think of bonds bound together by velcro, while the dust is just sitting on the part of the velcro that doesn't bind.(One last thing, dust can do this because gravity at this weight scale has a negligable effect, but that is for another time)\n", "Basically, it depends on materials. Say, ice cream or clay can be cut half and put back together pretty easily. But wood or metal aren't, which requires say wood glue or welding to put them back together.\n\nIn most case cutting does physical separation of alignments of atoms in materials. Like say when we shuffle cards, if you lay one card on top of each other but only covers 50% of surface, after you did the whole deck you can feel that it's hard to push them back together so they are on top of each other 100% of surface. (google \"card shuffle\"), but if you bend and break the contact between card surface, they spring into position one by one.\n\nMost materials are like cards in mid shuffle state, so they tightly overlay each other in atom level, but once you cut them, they lose the alignment like the half shuffled cards. Essentially you pull the half shuffled cards apart and trying to put them back together without doing the first shuffling move, it's going to be very hard to align all the atoms properly, plus some atoms gets displaced/scrapped during cutting, you will never really recreate the original alignment by simply put them back at the same position with naked eyes.\n", "Warning, what follows is ELI15:\n\nAll materials are made up of atoms (obviously) and these atoms form structures (often called lattices or crystal lattices). Now all of these atoms attract and repel each other (at the same time) and have a natural distance at which they like to be from each other. These forces are largely what determine the lattice shape (but that's a different story). So when you cut it in half, all of the sudden a large amount of the forces that keep the atoms in their positions are gone, and so the lattice restructures itself so that all the atoms are at the right distances again. Now, if you try to reintroduce the old atoms (and their forces) they are repelled. \n\nThere are a slew of other microscopic things that happen when you cut something, but this is the jist of it.\n\nDisclaimer: I have only an introductory materials science class under my belt. ", "As I would say to my five year old, What did you cut in half? ", "I don't really get this sub, the point is to explain something like you are five, but that isn't what people actually want. In fact, I recently have a post removed because it wasn't long enough.\n\nactual ELI5 answer is imagine pulling apart something with a zipper. You can visually understand how a zipper is joined and that putting it back together isn't as simple as smashing the two objects into each other. It doesn't cover types of bonds and shit like that, but i am supposed to be explaining this to a five year old.\n", "You may not think you're smart but you asked a very interesting question that I would have never thought to ask.", "Theoretically, if you cut a metal block in half thru a perfect plane area, and stick it back together in a vacuum (so no gas molecules adhere to the atoms in the steel alloy) you CAN DO THAT. The covalent bonds between the atoms will line up and re-adhere together. See Johanssen blocks.\n\n_URL_0_", "So, I think the big thing that most of these answers seem to be missing is, the answer is a bit different for different materials. \n\nMany solid materials, especially pure elemental metals, will actually fuse if their perfectly clean, smooth surfaces are put together. In practice, their surfaces are generally rough enough that any atomic-level contact between them is very minor, so any molecular bonding that does happen is minor enough that you don't notice. Oxidation and surface contaminants (dust and oils and such) are also a large factor.\n\nOther types of materials, are more complicated and I don't know as much about how they form the bonds that hold them together.\n\nPaper, say, is actually a bunch of wood fibers complexly interlocked. Paper fibers themselves are very chemically complex and cannot simply fuse to other paper molecules. The kind of fiber interlocking that makes paper stick to itself can't really happen in a dry environment. The fibers are rigid and won't tangle with new fibers unless something makes them more pliable, like water." ] }

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[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_welding" ], [], [], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic_bonding" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanssen_blocks" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cpwdgro" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Perhaps, The Dealer's move the cars around to different shops along in a network, Or Sell them. As well, it is likely the cars have been sold and are being delivered? " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dbryv6b" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "More scam-y than scam.\n\nIf you want to pay $20 for a cool looking coin, I've seen people waste money on worse.\n\nThe scammy part is when they lead you believe it is real government currency, that it is a collectors' item, and they have a \"strict limit of 5 per customer\".\n\nBut at the end of the day your are spending money and getting what you pay for, so that really isn't a scam.\n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d41dbj8" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Well, it's wrong because of the word evaporate. When water evaporates, the information of water is not gone. It's transferred to another state of matter. It's only lost in the sense you can't get that cube of ice back, in exactly the way it was frozen, even if you could somehow capture all the water molecules. Honestly, I'm not smart enough to understand how Hawking Radiation works, using it's quantum mumbo jumbo. The only way I can reason it, is to imagine its higher frequency means it isn't as bendable. Like the difference between a tree branch and a steel beam. In that rationale, then gamma rays escape the hole because it can resist the force to bend back upon itself." ] }

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[ "http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21699899-even-stephen-hawking-sometimes-turns-out-be-wrong-who-better-put-him-right" ]

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{ "a_id": [ "fk1pp5k" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "It depends on the food! If it’s high-protein, having a cool pan gives the food more time to develop bonds with the metal surface of the pan, especially if there isn’t enough oil to begin with. Eventually a steak will form a crust due to the Maillard reaction, but you’d need to start with a hot pan to jumpstart it, and you can’t move the steak around because that would interrupt the reaction and possibly tear off the almost-ready crust. \n\nEggs do better with a well-oiled, hot pan too— the underside of the eggs is quickly seared and some water escapes and is trapped under as steam that the eggs float on as they cook. If the pan is too cool, that steam doesn’t form and the eggs fuse to the pan." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c7qok10", "c7qpet2" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Do you mean the lottery?", "\"$1000 to $5000 a day\" - BRCC" ] }

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