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eli5_39422_59134

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{ "a_id": [ "d1q3z45", "d1q4186", "d1q75xs" ], "score": [ 35, 11, 3 ], "text": [ "Choosing an option disqualifies you from using it, keeping you caught in an endless loop.\n\nThe original Catch-22 (from the book *Catch-22*) was this:\n\nSoldiers who were deemed mentally insane would be relieved from combat and sent home.\n\nHowever: If you said you were mentally insane and needed to leave combat, it proved that you had a sense of self-preservation, which indicated you were a rationally-thinking individual. Clearly you were sane, and would be promptly sent back into combat.\n\nIf you *were* mentally insane, you would have no sense of self-preservation and would willingly run headlong *into* combat. You would never admit to being insane, since it would remove you from combat. Your willingness to enter combat is proof of your insanity, but since you never admitted it, you would not be sent home.\n\nThere are more examples in the book like that, but that's the big one.\n\nA catch-22 is any similar situation: you are given options, but they're set up in a way that you don't actually have any options, just the illusion of choice.", "It's a paradox that can't be broken due to contradictory rules.\n\nOne of the more popular examples given today is \"to get a job, you need experience. To get experience, you need a job\". The idea is that you can't get either of these two things, because both of them require the other. The example itself is a bit faulty; having something like luck, good connections, doing volunteer work to gain necessary experience, etc. are ways to break the cycle in this case. Nevertheless, it describes the concept rather well if you only take into consideration \"job\" and \"experience\".", "To achieve Objective A, you must achieve Objective B. But in order to achieve Objective B, you must achieve Objective A." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "doih0r9", "doih3vl", "doih40x" ], "score": [ 8, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "The strong nuclear force, between protons and neutrons, neutrons and neutrons, and protons and protons, can often be stronger than the repulsive force from the same charges.\n\nThat's why larger atomic nuclei require more neutrons in order to be stable - it adds more strong nuclear attractive force without adding more repulsive force.", "_URL_0_\n\nBasically, the neutrons in an atom keep them together by powerful nuclear attraction. There does exist some forms of diproton nuclei, like Helium-2 (2 proton, 0 neutron) but it is often characterized as being highly unstable.", "If we consider the electromagnetic force alone, you're right - the protons should force the nucleus apart. However, protons and neutrons are also governed by the strong nuclear force. As the name implies, it's very strong at short distances, enough to overcome the repulsive effect of electromagnetic force if you have enough neutrons." ] }

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[ [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c5xwuy4" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "So, you understand analog verse digital right?\nIf not, ask me to explain that.\n\nLet's start with how a Laserdisc is analog. \n\nRecords store data in an analog format using height of the tiny little pits imprinted in the surface. If we blew up the size of these pits, you would have things that look like hills and valleys, instead of being in the valley or on the hill, you could be at any point inbetween.\n\nCD's have tiny little microscopic things called pits on them, so small the whole cd feels smooth while truly it's not. If we blew one of those up, it'd look like buildings on a street. Standing on any spot there and you'd either be on the building, or on the street.\n\nLaserdiscs more closely resemble the record in this case. If we blew them up in size and scale, you'd have the hills and valleys. A laser is used to read them still like the CD, but instead of it providing a measurement of \"on building\" or \"not on building\" it instead gives a measure of \"on hill this far up.\" I'm sure you can imagine describing exactly how far up the hill you are gives you chance to give a *lot* of potential answers. Truthfully it gives you virtually *infinite* answers. If we kept blowing up the size of those hills into mountains you could be one mile, two hundred yards, two feet, seven and five eigths inches up the mountain.\n\nSo anyways, what the laser is doing is reporting back how much light is reflected back when it's bounced off of that angle of the hill or valley, instead of if it'd been reflected back or not. Or maybe it's actually measuring how long it takes for the laser to actually travel from the laser gun to the measurer. I'm not actually positive, but I'm pretty sure it's the first. It doesn't really matter either case would work fine for making it an analog device.\n\nWhat matters now is how we record video in an analog way.\n\nHave you ever seen [this](_URL_0_) picture? All colors in light can be made out of Red Green and Blue. This is called the RGB scale. This is why if you look really close at an LCD screen like many computer screens or flat screen tv's or phones, sometimes you can even SEE the red green and blue dots being combined to make the color you see from farther away. In truth you usually need to say how white, or bright, and how dark, or black the color is too. What a laserdisc does is instead of just reporting back one height of the hill, it actually measures many different hills at once. The laserdisc player changes those measurements of \"ok, this much hill here in spot A, this much hill here in spot B...\" into \"ok, this much red in spot A, this much green in spot B.\" That'll make a dot of color, and if you do it *fast* enough, enough dots can make an image, and fast enough still enough images make a video. What in particular makes a Laserdisc analog though is it's not limited in measuring how much red in a particular spot is by ontop the building or not, or even really by how many yards up the hill- it could measure with as much effort as the machine wants to put forth to do it- yards, feet, inches, and more.\n\nStill, it has some limitations, even though the dots of color have potentially infinite range, the TV's almost never do. So that can limit things neven though we using an analog format have a potentially infinite color scale. There's only so many dots of information of colors the Laserdisc can measure out fast enough to make video. That's called resolution. Then there's finally the speed the images flash away to make images look like videos, and that's called refresh rate. Laserdiscs are seriously limited compared to say, Blu-Ray in resolution and refresh rate, even though *potentially* with a very very precise, incredibly expensive, and probably never even made laserdisc player they could offer more color scale, or variety of color.\n\nSo we got rid of 'em." ] }

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[ [ "http://www.novaprinting.ca/images/RGB.gif" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cksiirn", "cksj7s5", "cksjhuh" ], "score": [ 3, 2, 5 ], "text": [ "No, you'll get hot batter.\n\nCertain things happen above particular temperatures. Until you reach those temperatures it just sits there and gets hot.\n\nAnd 175 F is not \"half as hot\" as 350 F. The Fahrenheit scale starts at an arbitrary point.", "First rule of baking.. never vary from the instructions. Baking is a very specific science, or so I have learned during my time in a kitchen.", "You need to turn the water into steam, so 212F for that, and the baking soda needs to break down into carbon dioxide at 176F. In addition there is carmelization at (mostly 320F), and the maillard reaction (varies) that my impart some flavor depending on the reaction. All require higher temperatures.\n\nIf you had the right recipe you *might* be able to bake something around 180. Adding yeast or beaten eggs (ala souffle) might make it work at a low temp. I'm not sure it would happen quick enough to set before the gas escaped though." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "fiv2g86", "fivlthy" ], "score": [ 7, 2 ], "text": [ "In the case of film recordings, they would use an extra strip on the side of the frame that's black, with the audio 'carved' out of it, like [one of these two examples](_URL_0_). A light is shown through the strip, which is picked up by a light-sensitive amplifier, the output of which is sent to the speakers.", "In the case of video (mostly for TV production), there have been several technologies but they all were different ways of dividing the tape into regions for video and regions for audio.\n\nThe process itself was done on specialized analog hardware that was connected to a number of tape players for both video and audio sources, a number of TV monitors to see what was going on, a video recorded in the end. In the middle would be a mixing table for audio and something equivalent for video, which could switch from source to source either as a cut or introducing fades, dissolves, and other effects." ] }

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[ [ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Optical-film-soundtrack.svg/800px-Optical-film-soundtrack.svg.png" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dmgwjzn" ], "score": [ 9 ], "text": [ "They stop to roost at night, and they catch updrafts when possible. They fly in formation to reduce wind resistance. But the answer to your question really is that they do get tired. The weaker birds don't make it." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "f275d28", "f275ebm", "f275k02", "f275lan", "f2788pe", "f279yl4" ], "score": [ 53, 7, 19, 5, 4, 10 ], "text": [ "It is short for \"gasoline\", which is what we call it in the States. \n\nAccording to Etymonline, the origin of the term is...\n\n\"light, volatile liquid obtained from distillation of petroleum,\" 1864, a variant of gasolene (from 1863 in Britain), which apparently was a trade name at first, from gas (n.1) in its then-popular loose sense of \"compound of gases used for illuminating and heating purposes;\" the -ol probably here represents Latin oleum \"oil\" and the ending is from the chemical suffix -ine (2). Shortened form gas was in common use in U.S. by 1897. Gas station as a fuel filling station for automobiles recorded by 1924.", "Gasoline was a brand name for petroleum distillate in the 1800s before it was used as automobile fuel. It's \"gas\" in the same way a \"q-tip\" is the letter Q. It's just a name for a proper thing. The trademark was never registered, and through common usage became shortened to simply \"gas\" as a reference to the brand name Gasoline.", "\"Gas\" comes from \"Gasoline\". The term \"Gasoline\" was first recorded as used in North America in 1863 as a fuel for automobiles. \n\n\"Petrol\" comes from \"Petroleum\". Originally, a refined petroleum product marketed as a solvent, Petrol was soon identified as an automobile fuel.", "Short answer: Americans (myself included) are lazy. It's just a shortened version of \"gasoline\"", "Petrol is the British Short hand for Petroleum. Petroleum is actually unprocessed crude oil. So it is actually fairly inaccurate a term. \n\nGas is the American Short hand for Gasoline which is one of the many products created from refining Petroleum. So while there may be some inaccuracy in language due to the scientific category of gases, there is less inaccuracy when speaking of fuels than the British variant.", "Aside from the great responses already present, it should also be noted that while petrol is a liquid, it's actually the vapors that are ignited.\n\nSlo Mo Guys recently did a video where they tossed a bucket full of flaming petrol against a glass wall, and you can even see that the liquid itself is not on fire, but the flames surround the liquid, burning the vapors and fumes emanating off the liquid mass.\n\nNot that this has anything to do with why we call it \"gas\", just a interesting gas-related annecdote." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cdt0qr7" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Deer (among other animals) see and hear cars nearly everyday of their lives. But they don't see people walking around in the woods everyday, so they know something's up. But, if you have any experience with hunting, you know that when gun season comes in, and everyone's trying to shoot a buck, all the bucks will stay in the woods and be very cautious and spook easy. They won't want to go out in the open near cars or anything, because they know they're being hunted. Come summer time, bucks and does will be much less cautious, and will just stand there if you're not in a car. And if you are in a car, they'll just ignore you." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cu7so73" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "There are two kinds of options trades, a put option and a call option. It's a form of a contract. \n\nA call option gives the buyer the option to buy something at a pre-negotiated price. For example, if I give you $5 now, you promise to sell me an ounce of gold at $1000 an ounce on or before November 1st. \n\nIf the open market price for gold is $1300 an ounce, the buyer of the contract (the person who paid $5) can buy the gold at $1000, and immediately sell it for $1300, and make a profit of $295. The seller of the gold makes less money they could have, but have a guaranteed selling price.\n\nIf the open market price for gold is $900, it would be foolish to buy it at $1000. So the buyer of the contract loses $5, and the seller of the contract keeps their gold and $5.\n\nSee also: \n\n* _URL_0_\n* _URL_1_" ] }

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[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_option", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Put_option" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ey4oyhu" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "Mostly it depends on cartridge size. Assault rifle generally means a select fire rifle that uses an intermediate cartridge. Battle rifles are similar, but use full size rifle cartridge instead of an intermediate size cartridge. Sometimes assault rifle can mean any type of rapid fire rifle depending on who you ask though." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ctdea0m", "ctdeeem", "ctdenww" ], "score": [ 5, 2, 2 ], "text": [ " > data flow \n\nThat's where the heat comes from. \"Data flow\" is not some abstract, non-physical concept. It's electrons moving through wires. And wires have resistance to flowing electrons (similar to friction when dragging an object across the floor). So the electrons bump around in the wire and transfer some energy to the molecules of the wire itself, and that's energy manifests as heat.", "For the same reason a light bulb generates heat ... electrons moving in a material that has a resistance of greater 0.", "You can think about it like your body and its use of energy. \n\nOur body's are constantly using energy - even when we are just sitting with no movement, or when we are sleeping. It takes literal energy (burning of calories) to exist, meaning to breathe, have a beating heart, or think about stuff. This use of energy results in body heat. \n\nThe same would be true if you just turned your car on and didn't drive it - it will still increase the temperature of the engine/car. \n\nSOO.. essentially, any use of energy creates some type of heat. Whether it's the use of energy in a computer, a car, your body or anything else. \n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cx4n84x" ], "score": [ 12 ], "text": [ "They use compressed air under high pressure. Somewhere on the raft or vest is a cylinder of air. When you need to use one in an emergency, generally you pull a cord or lever that releases all of the high pressure compressed air into the raft/life vest, etc." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dui942d", "duifplr" ], "score": [ 4, 2 ], "text": [ "the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) is very old technology, first used in the mid 70s. It's basically a middleman between your operating system and your system-specific firmware at boot; it would load all of that data into your operating system's programming so that it could interface with your hardware.\n\nFor a long time, BIOS was a good-enough way to pull those components together; disk drives and hard drives were slow and most of your boot time came from reading things off of storage media; up until about the mid-2000s, your BIOS process was a very small percentage of your overall startup time.\n\nStarting around the time that solid state drives came along, however, this changed; a full Windows install could be loaded from a SSD in a matter of seconds, and suddenly a 10-30 second BIOS boot was the bottleneck between \"press power button\" and \"usable computer.\"\n\nSo EFI/UEFI was developed to be a more modern version of BIOS, by and large; Because BIOS has been a huge and integral part of computing for so long, UEFI typically doesn't exchange the way we interact with boot settings (ie: f12/del/f2 on boot).\n\nUEFI also allows for remote diagnostics and repair of computers that works even when the OS is hosed or non-existent, which is really great if you need to work on a server that's in a data center in another state.", "It will forever be referred to as a BIOS no matter what it is. Just understand that. Until you die, if someone says BIOS - they are talking about the thing that brings the hardware up to the point that the OS can load and take over.\n\nAt the moment the correct name for what is on your computer is a UEFI.\n\nIt can and will change as time passes. But I promise you that people will never ever stop calling it the BIOS.\n\nWhy? Because The UEFI has the exact same function as the BIOS and the need that it is serving is not going away anytime soon." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c28m4x5", "c28m4ye" ], "score": [ 4, 3 ], "text": [ "The best analogy is to think of it as pressure. It measures how hard a source (or collection of electrons) is pushing against a resistance. The higher the pressure (or voltage) the more electrons it can push across a resistance in a given period of time. \n\nThe reason it's also called a \"potential\" because you're measuring its potential to do work. The higher the voltage, the more work it can do on the same impedance in the same time.", "Assuming a 5 y.o. doesn't know/care/understand Maxwell Equations (hell, even I'm not sure of them and I'm an undergrad)\n\nThink of gravitational potential (=m\\*g\\*h) with reference to the floor level. A ball at floor level has 0 potential energy and the same ball at 1 meter height has 1 unit of potential energy.\n\nWhen you put a slope between 2 points in your room, and drop the ball from higher point, it goes down the slope to the lowest point: that's the potential difference and you \"free\" energy that way ( m\\*g\\*(h_max - h_min) ).\n\nNow think that you can harness that movement of the falling ball with a string tied to the ball and a pulley - that's the consumed energy - the \"whatever it's tied to the other side of the pulley\" needs some energy and that's the voltage \"consumption\".\n\nNow, with electricity - in a chemical cell (your regular battery), electrons (really small balls) \"fall\" from a side of the battery to the other side, because they want to be there (just like a ball on a slope, but because of electronegativity / electropositivity of battery's terminals, not because of gravity's effects).\n\nAnd remember that voltage measurements are meaningful just between 2 points or a point and a reference in an electric circuit." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ecm5pvw", "ecm6jxn" ], "score": [ 3, 4 ], "text": [ "DNA is shaped like a ladder, with 4 types of rung. When a certain protein is needed, the ladder comes apart, and each rung attracts a certain kind of rung from a type of half ladder called RNA. These RNA rungs link together and float off to a factory called a ribosome. This is called [Transcription](_URL_0_)\n\nIn the ribosome, the RNA rungs are grouped into threes, and each group of three attracts a building block called an amino acid. The amino acids form their own chain along the RNA, then separate. This step is called [Translation](_URL_1_ separation, the unique shapes of each link in the amino acid chain cause the whole chain to fold up into a special shape, that your body uses as either building material, or as a tool to make processes run or stop. ", "This is a tricky one. DNA is divided into three letter words called codons which each determine one amino acid (piece of a protein) in a protein chain. Each AA has chemically charged groups on it that cause it to bend and stick to other bits of the chain as it is constructed. This produces a glob of protein that has some function. (Look up protein translation gifs)\n\nOver the hundreds-of-millions-of-years optimization process known as evolution, DNA was copied and changed and copied and changed so much that one gene and one protein became hundreds with different, often useless, functions. Generally a new protein is formed when one gene is accidentally duplicated. Then one of the copies gets changed but that's okay because there's still a spare. The changed one often degrades (also by random accident) because its product is useless, but sometimes it gains a new function and is conserved because it gives some benefit to its host organism. \n\nIt isn't as if DNA codes for the structure of cells, but it codes for the workers (proteins) that build the structure of cells. Different cell types have different workers. \n\n(Additional bit: There are many regulatory proteins too, that tell other proteins when they should be produced. Changing one regulator can make many cell types change drastically. Hormones are a good example (though not necessarily proteins). Testosterone/Estrogen have wide ranging effects on many cells, etc.)" ] }

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[ [ "https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(biology)", "https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(biology))After" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dlu8myf", "dlu9l8g", "dluc495", "dluca49", "dluf8t1", "dlug5lh", "dlugqoa", "dluhx5y", "dlui6et", "dlui6j6", "dluiigk", "dlujb1m", "dlumppt", "dlumylx", "dlupif7", "dluthdx", "dluuq58", "dluuugo", "dluvc1j", "dlv3eqv" ], "score": [ 18, 1338, 7, 1640, 95, 5, 13, 6, 757, 20, 2, 2, 15, 12, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Animating a face requires many muscles to work in tandem - complex stuff. I see it more as the LACK of making a face. Your mind is too focused on the task to even partially care if it's smiling or where your eyebrows are, slumping into a neutral energy-preserving state.\n\nBut as a perpetual disinterested scowler, I'm hardly a professional in this field.", "This has been asked before, [kind of specifically about sticking out your tongue.](_URL_0_) \n\nSo...you're beta-testing the Discord video server, eh? ;)", "Your brain has a certain amount of resources it can use at once. It doesn't want to waste them controlling unconscious movements when something more important is being done.", "It's basically you're involuntarily communicating through your gestures that you are concentrating and don't want to be disturbed.\n\n > A prevailing theory regarding the evolution of language implicates a gestural stage prior to the emergence of speech. In support of a transition of human language from a gestural to a vocal system, articulation of the hands and the tongue are underpinned by overlapping left hemisphere dominant neural regions. Behavioral studies demonstrate that human adults perform sympathetic mouth actions in imitative synchrony with manual actions.\n\n_URL_0_", "It's called overflow. Engagement in difficult tasks often causes involuntary changes in not just face muscles but other positional muscles too. Your efforts \"overflow\" into other areas of the body, since your efforts cannot make your hands be more hands... I hope that makes sense. ", "Follow up question, why do we grunt/yell when physically exerting ourselves like by doing a heavy lift at the gym?", "Were social creatures. If were making a face its to convey a message. Evolution has led us to the point where these non verbal communications linger despite them not being directly advantageous to survival. In this instance making a face may suggest to onlookers \"this is a difficult task, please act in a way that aids me in performing\" or \"I'm enjoying this, please fuck off\"", "Because we're completely unaware of our bodies. There's a site... lemme find it.. _URL_0_ that addresses this kind of stuff. I learned about it in acting classes, we did some workshops that addressed unconscious physical behaviors. ", "Daniel Kahneman, a Nobel prize winning psychologist and economist, discovered the brain has two \"modes\", which he calls system 1 and system 2. System 1 is fast, instinctive and emotional; System 2 is slower, more deliberative, more logical, and requires concentration to use. \n\nWe have both systems because each is fit for a different purpose. When the lion jumps out of the bush, you don't want to sit down and puzzle out a 13-point action plan.\n\n~~These systems can be manually activated~~ You can help activate these systems by smiling and frowning. Smiling activates system 1, and this is thought to be evolutionary selection to help us get along socially -- quick banter, jokes, being in the moment, and paying attention to multiple things. Frowning activates system 2, and this is thought to be evolutionary selection for rumination -- when something is wrong in your life you need to stop and figure out what needs to change.\n\nActually it would be more accurate to say that (like many things in physiology) they're activated in a feedback loop. Using system 1 makes you smile which reinforces system 1 which makes you smile which reinforces system 1, and so on. Similarly, using system 2 makes you frown which reinforces system 2. We stay in system 1 most of the time because it requires very little mental energy compared to system 2, which becomes exhausted quickly. Our body is always trying to put us back into system 1; or more accurately, system 1 tends to automatically answer questions before system 2 ever gets a chance, and it takes deliberate effort to ignore your first instinct in favor of puzzling something out.\n\n**tl;dr We frown while concentrating because it helps us maintain our concentration. More specifically, it's a biological feedback mechanism for activating system 2.**\n\nKahneman wrote about the two systems in his best-selling book *Thinking, Fast and Slow*, wherein he also goes into detail on the cognitive biases each system is susceptible to. It's a really good book that can help us catch ourselves in the act, and I'd highly recommend it. You can read a brief summary [here](_URL_0_), or a more in-depth one on [Wikipedia](_URL_2_).\n\nEDIT: /u/lansaman also posted [a great video](_URL_3_) on the subject below.\n\nEDIT2: NYT also did a [great summary of the work](_URL_1_), and even gets into some of system 1's cognitive biases, as well as other conclusions from the book on the nature of happiness.", "A lot of people are talking about faces relaxing, or becoming stonefaced with concentration. What about with something like playing guitar? My whole face has a life of it's own when I hit those full step bends, and it's definitely not relaxed... What's up with that?", "The gestural cues thing definitely makes sense, but any photographer can tell you it's about tensing muscles to stabilize one's face and eyes (hence: hand/*eye* coordination).", "I think this falls in the same boat as where our eyes look to when we use different parts of our brain. I've heard it said that one telltale sign a person is lying or telling the truth is to identify where their eyes are looking. ", "There is a term in psychology for this (I forget for know but I'll search for it) but it was observed in young children first. A neuroscientist noticed that when group of children were learning to use scissors for the first time. A lot of them would make the motions scissors do, but with their mouths. It eventually lead neuron recruitment\n\nEssentially your brain is recruiting as many relating neurons of that related skill to complete the task successfully \n\nI'll look for the term", "Based on everything that I'm reading here, the correct answer is \"everyone knows but everyone disagrees so really, no one knows at all\".\n\nJust like virtually anything to do with diet or nutrition.", "It's our way of accessing different parts of our brain which helps us to focus. Biting the tip of your tongue is one of those ways, tapping your fingers on the table is another. ", "If I'm playing drums and start doing something really cool/complicated, it would be an ABSOLUTE WASTE to not bite my lip and make my straining face", "As an expert in involuntary facial movements, I believe it is due to the fact that at least a small amount of our focus goes into not making stupid faces and keeping our tongues in our mouths.\n\nIf we are forced to use all of our concentration we lose the bit necessary to not look like a goob.", "Musicians do this often, even seen a HAIM video? \n\nI also played violin and piano in high school and found myself stiffing my face often.", "Haha, I read that as; \"why do people do FECES when we are doing something that requires dexterity.\"", "I chomp my mouth when I cut with scissors. It's embarrassing. I have to force myself to stop. My kids laugh every time They see it." ] }

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[ [], [ "https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rcpj0/eli5_why_do_humans_in_moments_of_great/?st=j6jazfse&sh=7ad994c1" ], [], [ "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010027715000840" ], [], [], [], [ "http://www.alexandertechnique.com/" ], [ "https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/dec/13/thinking-fast-slow-daniel-kahneman", "http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/27/books/review/thinking-fast-and-slow-by-daniel-kahneman-book-review.html?mcubz=1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinking,_Fast_and_Slow", "https://youtu.be/UBVV8pch1dM" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d5546nc" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "Force = mass x acceleration. By moving his hands downward as he catches the ducklings, he is lessening the deceleration (acceleration = speed change divided by time.... so increasing the time it takes to move from full speed to stop lowers acceleration or deceleration).\n\nAs they say, it isn't the fall that kills you, but the sudden stop at the end. This is actually true. A less sudden stop is better.\n\nThis is the same reason that slamming on your brakes is less devastating than hitting a brick wall. In both cases you are decelerating to 0, but one case it is over a small time and small space, it the other it happens almost immediately.\n\nLastly, he is catching the ducks a bit above the ground, which gives them less time to pick up speed on the fall." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ff2uobb" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "There's three essential parts in the suspension system of a vehicle. First, there's a connection between the rest of the car and the wheels and the rods that spin the wheels, called axles. Now, that connection is relatively complicated, but we will go with a single frame that comes down and has a hole for the axle.\n\nLogically, that frame presses down on the axle and creates friction that should prevent it from turning. Here, the important part called \"ball bearing\" comes in. This is made of three parts: an outer ring and and inner ring, and many super hard steel balls. The outer ring is bolted or welded to the hole of the frame and the inner ring is bolted or welded to the axle. In the groves the rings have, those steel balls can spin freely. Since they are very hard and have only a tiny area where they actually touch something, which creates almost no friction that would slow down the wheel. More importantly though, rolling friction is much much lower than pulling or sliding friction, so as the wheel spins, the balls spin even quicker and let little to no friction happen.\n\nThe tires are actually not just rubber, but rubber with steel mesh in them to make them stronger. When you inflate them, you put a lot of pressure into them that wants out and presses against the walls of the tire with a certain force. This force is calculated to be big enough in order to withstand the weight of a trailer.\n\nHope this helps, here's a picture of a ball bearing for clarification:\n_URL_0_" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "clwzmk4" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "They just switched to a playoff format this year. But the answer to your question if it was for prior years is simple. \n\nMoney. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c7xzz3y" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "If a particle is \"fundamental\" that means, by definition, that it isn't made up of any other particles. So you can only describe \"what it is\" in some other way than being made up of something physical. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c2lv9da", "c2lveoj", "c2mvvwv", "c2lv9da", "c2lveoj", "c2mvvwv" ], "score": [ 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Bottlenose dolphins, some apes, magpies, and elephants are all able to be self aware by identifying themselves in a mirror and other traits that are used to define self awareness in humans. So my answer would be No we are not required to.\n", "Rights are given. They don't \"come with\" life. We only have rights because we gave eachother rights. Like in a turn-based-game, each person has a turn, because the other people agree to play by the rules and *give* them a turn. They didn't really have to, and the rules are all invented by people.\n\nSo I guess if a robot is self-aware, then it can decide for itself wether it wants to play by our rules. If we give it what it wants it might play with us, or it might not. There will be robots of all types, some who like to be independent, and some who are content being slaves.", "Only if they dont want to kill us.", "Bottlenose dolphins, some apes, magpies, and elephants are all able to be self aware by identifying themselves in a mirror and other traits that are used to define self awareness in humans. So my answer would be No we are not required to.\n", "Rights are given. They don't \"come with\" life. We only have rights because we gave eachother rights. Like in a turn-based-game, each person has a turn, because the other people agree to play by the rules and *give* them a turn. They didn't really have to, and the rules are all invented by people.\n\nSo I guess if a robot is self-aware, then it can decide for itself wether it wants to play by our rules. If we give it what it wants it might play with us, or it might not. There will be robots of all types, some who like to be independent, and some who are content being slaves.", "Only if they dont want to kill us." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d7a1cn0", "d7a9ptb" ], "score": [ 16, 2 ], "text": [ "When you fire an arrow, the energy that is stored in the bow is used to, well, fire the arrow. When there's no arrow, that energy has nowhere to go but the bow, thus damaging it.", "It's like cushioning.\n\nIf you jump on a bed, it's \"soft\" and doesn't hurt; but if you jump on the cement you go \"thud\" more when you hurt your heel on the hard ground.\n\n\nA bow pulled back is like jumping in the air. and the arrow acts like a cushion; making the landing softer.\n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "do8s9n1", "do8y6vf" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "It's an easy way to ensure the human is getting all the micro-nutrients it needs. We could give it supplements for each and every thing but that is more expensive and feeding them a varied diet is an easier way to do it. \n\nThere also some research that questions how easily some micro-nutrients in pill form are absorbed by the human digestive system but by no means conclusive", "TLDR ELI5 : more fibers from more plants = more nutrients + more types of gut bugs \n\nThe rationale behind recommending fiber intake from a variety of fiber containing foods is related to a couple nutritional factors: micronutrients and the microbiome. \n\nFiber is present in plant foods. Eating a wide range of plant foods not only provides fiber, but health promoting micronutrients, phytonutrients, and antioxidants as well. \n\nDifferent plant foods contain different types of fiber in different quantities. Different types of fiber have different impacts on digestion. Soluble fibers for example are filling and may reduce blood glucose response to a meal. Insoluble fibers make you poop better, speeding gastric transit. \n\nIn addition, all the various types of fibers are fermented by different strains of bacteria in your digestive tract - your microbiome. Eating a wide range of fiber types from different plant sources appears to increase microbial diversity. Increased microbial diversity is increasingly suggested in research to be health promoting. \n\n\n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cv34b4g" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "It's likely naturopathic \"doctor's\" squeezing money from them. Basically give a list of symptoms that people generally feel anyway...like aches, fatigue, restlessness...then give it a scary name. Bonus points for tying it to something people have heard of.\n\nSell people on the treatment de jour, and let the placebo effect work its magic. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "edkscxb", "edksiur", "edksqne", "edkt6w3", "edkywjr" ], "score": [ 2, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Yes, and no. An entrepreneur or corporation is mostly responsible, but governments can help reduce risk with various programs and policies. These might be government sponsored training initiatives, or cost share initiatives, or financial rewards for job growth like payroll rebate programs to help promote success and reduce risk for entrepreneurs. They also can bring jobs to a region by recruiting large corporations to open offices in the region (look at the bidding war for Amazon's new HQ for example). ", "They are lying and hoping the economy gets better and proves them 'right'.\nOr get elected at the tail end of an upturn in employment and say it was all down to me! ", "Usually, it means that they will push for tax breaks and incentives...for companies. \n\nThe idea is that those companies will then hire more people. \n\nSometimes this works. For example, if there are incentives to build residential or commercial developments then companies may be more willing/able to build those projects and they will have newly created (albeit temporary) jobs to build it...and permanent jobs for commercial developments.\n\nOf course, the flip side is that companies and businesses stand to make more profits and may not actually provide that many new jobs. The owners & shareholders of these companies may suck up the extra profits....but, they may provide donations to politicians who are likely to keep giving them incentives and tax breaks etc. \n\nAnother thing that politicians might mean, is that they will push for public works. Build a bridge, build roads, build schools, etc. This creates new jobs......however, public works are paid for with tax money....so either your taxes go up, or money is taken away from other uses that you might want. ", "Short answer: It's a lie. Everyone works for money, and you should probably ask yourself if it's possible to be a clean player in a dirty game. \n\nLong answer has more to do with increasing or decreasing regulation. if regs are increased, that's a pretty direct route to more gov't jobs, but since taxpayers pay for that, it shouldn't count as a \"created job\". Decreasing regs typically means more freedom for big corporations which usually comes at the expense of environmental concerns, privacy concerns, affordability, safety, and fair/healthy competition, all because the only game that most politicians and businesses are playing is about money. Often, big biz will literally write the bill that the politician is planning to introduce and it's fucking legal. \n\nIn other words, most \"representatives\" don't actually work for us. \n\ndisgusting? yes. cynical? yes. realistic? yes.\n\nI wouldn't recommend despair tho, you can likely make a difference locally if you get involved with your community.", "Read up on the Wisconsin Foxconn deal for a real life example of what politicians can actually do. \r\n\r\nGive the company tons of taxpayer money for \"jobs\" (@ roughly $300,000 per job), while exempting them from environmental standards, and forcing homeowners to either sell or be threatened with eminent domain, redirect road funds from other projects to roads for the factory, granting of special legal privileges. [Wikipedia](_URL_0_)" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e0b0zuy", "e0bgi9o" ], "score": [ 20, 3 ], "text": [ "Because in Japan, English is seen as extreme, trendy, and cool. It's the same logic that applies to anime when the character yells their attack in English.", "If you look at it, it says Super Mario Odyssey with スーパーマリオオデッセイ beneath \\- which is Katakana, read as Suupaa Mario Odessei; basically telling Japanese people that don't know english how to read it.\n\nthis happens for loads of titles; also, the reverse sometimes happens. Translated Japanese games sometimes have Japanese writing in the logo, with the transliteration below. Or even English games with Kanji in their titles because 'it looks cool'." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e9qnsxj", "e9qw8wx", "e9qz2vr", "e9qz6lm", "e9qzyxz", "e9r3obp", "e9r8iub", "e9r97sz", "e9rab3t", "e9rdg05", "e9rge21", "e9ri4pw", "e9ri6lj", "e9riiel", "e9rjvmc", "e9rlut9", "e9s1p14", "e9s6td2", "e9syfg7", "e9t0lol" ], "score": [ 5406, 269, 5246, 92, 26, 7, 9, 2, 18, 49, 2, 2, 2, 3, 171, 6, 2, 4, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Coma is a slightly outdated term that is used a lot in the media but not in hospitals. \n\nWhat I think you are talking about is when patients are heavily sedated in ICU. We do this for several reasons, including to prevent agitation/discomfort, to prevent dislodgement of the various tubes and lines that are attached to the patient, to lower the blood pressure/heart rate/ metabolic demands of the tissues. \n\nFor example if somebody is ventilated, and would die without that support, but is agitated and flailing around, we need to sedate them so they don’t pull the ventilator tube out. If someone has had a heart attack but is stressed and agitated, we need to sedate them to keep their blood pressure low so their heart isn’t working too hard. \n\nIn the above examples, we use just enough sedation to achieve what we need without oversedating them. They would probably still be slightly rousable. \n\nIf someone has had a cardiac arrest, a brain haemorrhage, or major head trauma it is important to sedate them properly so that they are not rousable - this is probably what you understand as a “medically induced coma”. This is done to slow down brain function to the point where it is not using much oxygen and needs little blood flow. This is done to minimise the chances of ongoing damage to the brain from an increased metabolic demand that is unmet. \n\nIn terms of how this is done, there are several agents available. Propofol infusion is the most common in the UK. Others may include midazolam, opiates, ketamine, thiopentone, dexmedetomidine, or even inhaled anaesthetic vapours. ", "My father was in an induced coma due to a brain injury caused by infection. It was hard to safely awaken him and I remember there were several attempts (eventually successful!). Why is it difficult and what problems/signs of problems might have been encountered? \n\nI tried to ask the nurses/doctors but this happened in Spain and my Spanish vocabulary at the time didn't extend to medical terms. ", "We give sleeping-aid type meds to patient. Small dose = make sleepy. Larger dose = slow down brain activity. Even larger dose = stop brain activity completely. Somewhere between larger dose and even larger dose is comatose state.\n\nBrain activity consumes oxygen. If brain is very active (seizures) or body don't have a lot of oxygen to give (cardiac arrest), then brain gets unhappy when active. We make patient comatose to keep brain slow and happy. \n\nThose are the 2 big reasons.\n\nThere are other reasons, like when your lungs are injured (acute hypoxic respiratory failure), or the brain is sick and sending out garbage signals to your body (acute encephalopathy). In these cases, it's a good idea to turn off the body for a while, until the injury heals.", "ICU RN here. Sometimes we not only sedate a patient, but we also cool them down. Referred to internally as ‘hypothermia protocol’, but officially as ‘targeted temperature management’, the procedure involves someone who has had cardiac arrest, CPR, their heartbeat returning, but they aren’t neurologically 100%. To maximize the brain’s ability to recover its recent brief stint without oxygen, we slow down the body’s metabolism by cooling it.\n\nBy cooling the body’s core temperature to < 95F, the brain can do whatever it needs to do in an environment where the body isn’t using so much of the energy that that brain can otherwise use for healing. This is done with cooling blankets, ice, and more recently a cooling suit.\n\nNow, this is extremely uncomfortable, so the patient is managed by sedating them into a coma-like state. Technically a coma is defined (at least in our charting) as a lack of any response. We typically prefer our patients to be in a ‘happy place’ of sorts where they are able to open their eyes to stimulation, but not strong or aware enough to keep them open. This means the medicine is providing the amnesiac effect while minimizing other problems. Although to fight shivering, and to make sure the patient is never strong enough to pull out their endotracheal tube, it’s sometimes safer to sink into a deeper sedation until we can balance the amount of sedative needed for the 24 hours of cooling required by protocol.", "Ken Hutson post covered it well.\n\nYou can 'induce a coma' usually using a few different types of medication that will usually go in to a patients iv. These run in continuous 'drips' - a bag full of the stuff is going in at a constant dose until you don't need it anymore. There are a few different mechanisms of the medication we can use- some actually work on very similar brain receptors to alcohol, some are similar to morphine, and there are others also. \n\nLet's call it giving some sedation. Unlike TV, this will only be used in the operating room, emergency room or icu because those parts of the hospital have enough people working there to constantly keep an eye on the patient, as they need to be more frequently checked on to make sure things are OK. \n\nIn the operating room, people are Obv just sedated for the course of the procedure, but this usually a much deeper level of sedation known as general anesthesia, which allows them to undergo surgery without knowing about it. \n\nIn the ICU, I think Ken Hutson explained the reasons for sedation very well. Most commonly it's due to someone being very agitated. \n\nThe most common reason for sedation in the ICU is probably if someone needs to be on the breathing machine due to lung problems - the breathing tube is very uncomfortable and so you require sedation to be able to tolerate the tube until your lungs recover, the breathing machine can be disconnected and the breathing tube removed. \n\nAnother common reason is for something causing the brain to not function properly, causing the patient to become unaware of what they're doing and therefore doing things that may cause them to harm themselves or others - this can be someone who is too drunk or on drugs, or any other brain process including infection, tumor, direct brain injury from car accident, etc.. \n\nI'm general, we try to minimize how much we sedate people - laying in bed all day and getting medication that alters your brain function is not good for you in the long term. We will usually try to 'wean sedation' multiple times a day to see if the patient is ready to stop being sedated yet. \n\nHope that helps. Source - I'm an anesthesiology and critical care doc. \n\n\n\n", "I am late to the party, but I'll give it to you from a paramedics perspective. In my line of work we sometimes come across people with injuries or illnesses that are so severe that they can not safely maintain their own breathing. These patients are given several medications to \"induce a coma\" in order for us to stick a breathing tube in them. We start with given what is called an induction drug ( for us it is Ketamine or Etomidate). This will heavily sedate the patient. We then give a medicine that paralyzes all muscles that control moving, breathing etc. At this point we stick the breathing tube in and connect the patient to a machine that breathes for them. After that we give more medicines to keep the patient in a \"coma\". These can be sedatives and/or amnesiac drugs ( they make the person forget everything that occured). For this we give Ketamine, Versed, or Propofol. ", "I was intubated and heavily sedated with pocoferol because I kept having seizures and the doctors didn't know why. In my case, it helped me by stopping the seizures, which can be fatal, while they figured out what was going on.\nFunny enough, I distinctively remember having a vivid dream in which I really needed to get up to pee, but for some reason couldn't. Turns out that after they reduced the level of sedation, I kept trying to get up to take a leak, swearing and trying to wave my arms. I couldn't because there were 4 people holding me down initially, and then they just strapped me to the bed. Woke up after 5 days of induced coma, and my mind was fuzzy like after a prolonged acid trip.", "Aside from the Hospital's perspectives,i'll give you an EMS perspecive.\n\nParamedic here,we usually sedate(what you call induce a coma) people who need to be ventilated, be it because they have a hard time breathing on their own,or we suspect they will have such a problem so we prevent it.\n\nWe ventilate by shoving a big tube down a person's throat...something a person who's wide awake will puke/resist,so making 'em go nighty nighty makes it possible to ventilate them.\n\n\nAlso sometimes people go haywire,and agressive because of reasons not their fault,so we put them to sleep to make them manageable.(before anyone ask,we don't go randomly kidnapping people...it takes a cop and an aprovel from a higher up to be able to do this)", "People should quit talking about sedation when the OP asked about medical comas, there's a huge difference.\n\nOur son was induced into medical comas three separate times to stop seizures. This was done to bring him down to what is called \"burst suppression\". They flatlined his brain with the theory that if his brain could be totally relaxed for a while when they brought him out of the coma his seizures would have stopped.\n\nThe drug they used to get him to burst suppression was pentobarbitol, the same drug used many times to carry out the death penalty. It took twelve hours of inducing the medicine slowly to get him into a coma. He was brought out of his coma very slowly, that took another twelve hours. They kept him in the first coma for 24 hours but he was still having seizures so they re-induced and kept him down for 48 hours the second time. It took another twelve hours to induce again and twelve more to reduce the medication but when he was out his seizures had stopped.\n\nThose comas happened at UCLA Medical Center, we had traveled there from CO for medical care. Our son went into statis eplilepticus, a non stop seizure, again a year later. The doctors in CO did not want to do a coma so I called the doctor at UCLA from My son's hospital room. He had me put the doctor on the phone and basically shamed them into doing their job. We went through the whole thing again, twelve hours to get down, stay at burst suppression for 24 -48 hours and another twelve hours to bring him back.\n\nThe comas were successful , all of them, and our son came back better than before each time. This was a really big deal, my son's records are now used to teach at both UCLA and Stanford.\n\nI hope that helps answer your question OP, if I can help with anything feel free to ask. Peace.\n\nEdit: spelling", "3rd year internal medicine resident, plenty of ICU experience. Going to add my explanation because I feel like the top is a bit too complex.\n\n___\n\nFirst, define coma. Do you mean do we give them enough medications so that, as long as that medication is \"on\", you can't wake them up no matter what you do? \n\nBefore answering that, let's go one subfolder deeper.\n\nDefine \"wake up.\" In the ICU, we don't really use \"wake up\" a whole lot. It's more about a **response**. People can respond in different ways. If you call their name, maybe they open their eyes. Maybe they move. You might even be able to get a person who looks totally \"asleep\" to follow a command, such as, \"Move your big toe!\" This is how we categorize responses. \n\nWhat it *isn't* is the typical picture you have of a person being asleep in bed, and then suddenly awake, fully conscious and ready to start the day. \n\nBack to the notion of coma. The definition of coma, in medicine, is \"unarousable unresponsiveness.\" From here: Plum F, Posner JB. The diagnosis of stupor and coma, 4th ed, FA Davis, Philadelphia 1995. \n\n**Unarousable** means, no matter what you do, you can't get them to look like anything but unconscious. They look like they are knocked out. \n\n**Unresponsive** means that if you use your voice by shouting their name or anything, or if you cause them pain, they don't react to it in any way shape or form. \n\nIt is rare that we use medicines to make people \"unarousable and unresponsive\" in the ICU. One really common example of that outside the ICU is every single surgery that requires \"general anesthesia.\" So if a surgeon is about to open up your chest to fix your heart, you had better believe you need to be unarousable and unresponsive. You can't be waking up during that. You can't be twitching either. **It's such a deep level of unconsciousness that your brain forgets it has to tell your lungs to breathe.** And that's why during those surgeries, you also need to be hooked up to a breathing machine.\n\n___\n\nBack to the questions. Question 1: how do we induce a coma? Since we now know what a coma is and that it's typically not what happens in the ICU, I will pose a more precise question: how do we **sedate** people? \n\nAnswer: with medicines. Usually it's many of the same medicines used in anesthesia for surgery, just not the gases. We also use high doses of pain medicines. We have to constantly adjust those doses so that we keep the sedation at a \"just right\" type of level. More on that below.\n\nQuestion 2: How exactly does that help the patient? \n\nAnswer: I'm going to answer for the most typical situation in the ICU, and that's when the patient has to be on the breathing machine, called a ventilator. \n\nBeing on the ventilator requires you to have a large plastic tube put down your throat until it goes just above the level of the lungs, so you can get air into both lungs. You can imagine this is uncomfortable. If you are uncomfortable on the ventilator, it is of course an extremely unpleasant experience for the patient, but more than that it actually interferes with the machine. The patient will \"fight the vent\" as we say. It's just a natural response to the very unnatural situation of the tube down your throat and a machine pushing air into your lungs. This is also an important point: mechanical ventilation is very different from normal breathing. In normal breathing, your lungs *pull* air in. In mechanical ventilation, the machine *pushes* air into them. Your body can absolutely tell the difference. So for these reasons, if we think the vent is going to save your life, we will use sedation to make sure it works as well as it possibly can.\n\nIf we aren't putting people in comas for this, what are we doing? In the ICU, there is something called the **Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale** or **RASS**. Look at the table [here.](_URL_0_) \n\nRASS is an effort to standardize what might otherwise be an entirely subjective observation of what the patient looks like. We use RASS to tell us how much of the medicines we need to get them to the appropriate level of sedation. To be in an actual coma, if you look at the table, you would have to be RASS -5. That's the lowest it goes.\n\nWe can certainly get you there by simply upping the doses of whatever sedation we have. But that's a bad thing. We want people to eventually come off the ventilator, right? If they are so sedated that their brains aren't telling their lungs to breathe, they can't come off the vent. We also can't examine them daily to see how they are doing. How can I tell if you have brain damage if I have you on enough sedation to knock out an elephant? I can't, and the brain scan isn't going to tell me if you remember your name. So we keep them in the goldilocks area of RASS 0 to -2. We use a range because, believe it or not, some people just chill on the vent at RASS 0 like it's no problem. Other people are thrashing and super agitated, so they need to be taken deeper.\n\n___\n\nSo there you go. Once again, the medical shows get it wrong and sacrifice accuracy for brevity. If only they'd get writers who could incorporate these simple concepts into their writing in an efficient way instead of putting flat out wrong information. Believe it or not, medical misinformation REALLY impacts how I do my job.\n\nI hope this helps.", "Been there. Was in a medically induced one and on a ventilator. Had very brief moments of clarity, but mixed in worth craziest dreams for about a week. ", "Think of a medically induced coma as sleep.\n\nIf you know how sleep works, I need not to explain further.\n\nSimply put it allows the patient to rest and allow their body to heal. It also allows them to have a slower heart rate, making them more stable. Much harder to develop a stroke or heart attack.", "I’ve always fancied a quick 14 day medically induced coma. Good sleep, no stress, kick start a diet. Sign me up", "ICU Consultant here (also an anaesthetist (uk) or anaesthesiologist if speaking USA). \n\nComa - as in completely unresponsive - is usually only used for patients with brain injuries or with seizures that just won't stop. To achieve this we use general anaesthesia drugs like propofol or barbiturates like thiopentone. You can think of coma and being awake as two ends on a sliding scale, with sedation and general anaesthesia being in between. \n\nIt is possible to measure patient's brain activity by detecting the electrical signals produced by brain cells (EEG). The true seizure terminating states are burst suppression - short periods of brain electrical activity followed by nothing (burst then suppression) - and isoelectric - no meaningful electrical signal. In patients with intractable seizures this type of coma sort of 'resets' the brain. \n\nThe problem with longlasting seizures is that they can cause brain damage. Occasionally patients have seizure activity in their brain, but they aren't shaking as would be expected. This is non-convulsive status epilepticus, and whilst rare, is disasterous to miss. These patients can be monitored with continuous EEGs (called CFAM) but usually only in specialist centres.", "Here's my ELI5:\n\nIf someone hits their head really, really hard, or if their heart stops beating, the best way to let their brain and body recharge is to put them in battery saver mode, like on your iPad. This way their body uses very little energy and gives them time to recharge. We put them in battery saver mode with medicine that makes them sleep. This medicine makes the brain and body use less battery power so that more battery power can be spent on healing.", "Mom went to ER, they sedated her before I got there. She died in her coma. I've always wondered if she died because they sedated her. She went into brain death from sepsis, officially. I think her brain was nothing but a bag of blood by the time I got there from Japan. No last words. I some how hope that she heard my last words to her and she knew I was there to release her from the agony she was going through. ", "How long can someone be induced into a coma (or deep sleep) with still being able to wake up perfectly fine (e.g. no brain damage).\n\nAlso, if this is possible, would this also slow ageing or increase life expectancy? ", "I was in an induced coma for around ten days in an ICU. I contracted necrotizing fasciitis in my groin and scrotum. This led to severe sepsis and other complications. \n\nAs a lot of people explained above, I was sedated due to being ventilated. In my case too, I was kept sedated as I having surgery twice daily to remove necrotic tissue. Rather than being put in and out of sedation constantly it was felt better that I remained ‘under’ so to speak. ", "ELI5 how you get them out of it? ", "And does it work on mother-in-laws?" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cnh0bzl", "cnh0gs3", "cnh0gsp", "cnh0ryu", "cnh0shy" ], "score": [ 3, 2, 8, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Saying \"im coming to vist Disneyland\" isn't enough. If you dont look the part you get denied. I knew someone trying to emigrate to canada via car, they saw a pc in his car and denied him. ", "Buying a passport for a foreign country is very expensive. Unless that country is a hell-hole to which no one would want to emigrate.\n\nAn EB-5 for the US is $500,000 to a million, and that doesn't get you a passport, just a visa.", "What is the purpose of your visit? How long are you staying? May I see your return ticket? Is this the first time in the country? Where are you staying during your visit? What is the address? May I confirm your stay? How much money are you carrying? Why are you carrying so much money? Why so much luggage?\n\nCustoms are trained to detect immigrant intent.", "If people can get a visitor visa (nonimmigrant visa), that is what they do. But most people that want to immigrate will not be issued visitor visas. Taking the USA as an example, if you apply for a visitor visa from a country with a high immigration rate, you have to prove ties to your home country that indicate you truly plan to return. ", "Often times they don't pay the money upfront. They are taken over the border and put in front of a handler that makes them work off the debt. Many times with the threat of violence to them or their family if the try to run out on the debt owed. \n\nEdit: damn swipe text mistakes" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cfoeqqt", "cfogl9f", "cfoiq4q" ], "score": [ 3, 12, 2 ], "text": [ "UV protection is not the only thing you pay for. Many of my friends bought high dollar sunglasses after using mine from Smith Optics and Oakley. Once they put them on they realized how much more clear the image is through the high dollar lenses. In the case of my Smiths it was almost like putting on HD vision. Everything was crisper and colors were more vibrant. You also pay for durability, but not with all brands. I've had my Oakley's since May '07 and they have held up like champs. They've been sat on, dropped and even hit by a high velocity pool stick during an unfortunate incident with a ceiling fan. I even wear them during the summer when I run a yard mowing business with my buddy. They have taken numerous rocks from the weedeaters and still look great. The smiths on the other hand were dropped once and left permanent marks on the lenses. Smiths were $150 vs Oakleys at $115. ", "The answers here are all over the place.\n\nYes, you are paying for name/marketing, but you are also paying for correctly oriented polarized lenses. There is also UV protection, but you can find that on cheap pairs too. \n\nWhat makes Oakleys preferable is that the polarized lenses (which reduce glare) are oriented in the same direction. If they are not oriented the same direction, your brain will have difficulty correcting the slight distortions, which will eventually make it uncomfortable to wear them.", "It really depends on the quality of the dollar store glasses. There are two main types of sunglasses used by the public: polarized and non-polarized. Polarized does a better job of blocking out UV rays but is often more expensive. A quick test to see if your sunglasses are polarized (all name brand sunglasses would be, but some knockoffs claim to be and are false) is when wearing them look at any kind of LCD screen, such as a Phone or Computer monitor. If the glasses are polarized the screen will appear almost unreadable due to the screen being polarized as well. My final thought would be that although polarized sunglasses are superior in eye safety, you don't necessarily need to buy the > $100 glasses as at that price you are indeed paying for the brand\nEdit Note: changed incorrect LED to correct LCD" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ccn40i8" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "From what i understand, the original purpose was for men to serve as protectorate of women; but where laws are abused, these have come to mean \"men controlling women\" where men were traditionally the ones making laws addressing other men as property owners. So all the laws that were supposed to be protective of women are too easily turned around to be restrictive and controlling. Sorry if thats too general." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dkpfgjj", "dkpfuhq" ], "score": [ 6, 2 ], "text": [ "Apparently for the average wire, electricity travels between 70% and 90% the speed of light. So at the very least, it would be less than 3 minutes.", "Imagine electrons in a wire as balls in a hose. If you push one in at one end, an other one will fall out at the other end and this is with the speed of light. But it will not be _that_ electron. Ofcourse the example is simplified. They don't travel in a straight line, they zig-zag in the conductor and go from one end of the wire to the other end in a surprisingly slow speed (this is their drift speed). Talking about centimeters per minute." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cbbg6kj", "cbbgx1f", "cbbhctt", "cbbhh92", "cbbjcga", "cbbl5hl" ], "score": [ 7, 17, 6, 6, 5, 5 ], "text": [ "Style and technology are not the same thing. Just because you can technically do something doesn't mean it's stylish. We can create shirts with LEDs all over them scrolling words across the front. If you worse such a shirt no one would claim you were stylish. Instead modern styles are more simple using fabrics we've had for many years.", "In my view there are two big ways to think about this, (and one small one)\n\nFirst, that flat design is a trend. It's popular and on \"the cutting edge\" of design at the moment, and since many of the hottest apps and websites are beginning to use that style, if you use it as well you take on the appearance of being \"modern\" and \"trendy\".\n\nThe small idea is that making things look physical on interfaces require images or processing (think about asking a computer to render a drop shadow on a textured image), so it is more efficient if things are flat and can be shown using code only.\n\nHowever, there is also an idea of \"embracing true digital design\", or rather, not relying on old physical analogies to accomplish tasks in a digital space. \n\nThink about a switch in an application, it turns something on and off. To make sure users easily understand its function, you can design it to look exactly like switches they use in the real world (example: light switch). They've used those before and are familiar with how they work, so designing them with textures and shadows to look close to the real world counterpart will bring comfort to the user and easily explain the function. Even a more abstract version, one that doesn't have textures or look exactly like a switch, would still rely on shadows and certain movements to mimic the physical counterpart.\n\nBut now, we've progressed where users are familiar with using digital interfaces. People use multiple devices and multiple interfaces throughout their day, and designers are starting to look at interaction and design anew.\n\nOn a screen, in a digital space, how would you accomplish that same task? What would a 'digital first' switch look like, and even further, how would it interact? Perhaps a switch isn't even the best interaction, perhaps a gesture or a swipe is? (think of any interface in a sci-fi movie like Minority Report, with grand hand gestures on a floating screen).\n\nIn many ways the flattening of design is the decision of designers to not be bound by how things look and function in the physical world, and to think about what a user's interaction with the digital space will be. That could represent an evolution in design and interaction, which would very much be modern thinking.\n\nThat explanation may be a little too ambitious, in many ways it's just taking a physical looking switch and reducing it to lines and boxes. But, there is some interesting depth to this recent 'modern' take on design and how we'll start to interact with the digital space.", "Designers are sick of doing rounded curves, gradients and those fucking reflections on everything. Flat designs are them rebelling against what's been hot for the last 5-10 years.", "Minimalism. Everyone loves minimalism. ", "To add on to the excellent answer by /u/gaviidae, styles tend to settle into a simpler form after many cycles of change. Flatness is clear and readable, while roundness, gradients, and shadows are pretentious. You can see the same with clothing, how the more ostentatious types of clothing have fallen out of fashion, such as frills, bodices, tassels, embroidery.", "It's like a sinusoid, common in any kind of art. First you do something simple, then you add some 'special effects' to it, then those effects become too common and don't impress anyone any more so you turn to minimalism. In some time we will become bored with this minimalistic style and invent something flashy again. But obviously every iteration of this cycle is different from any previous one so the style of the future won't be exactly the same as, say, Windows XP." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cfy18p9" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "ELI5 isn't for questions on opinions. People who agree with his policy will say he was good, people who disagree will say he was bad." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d9s3nto" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "They come from a political cartoonist named [Thomas Nast](_URL_0_).\n\nAndrew Jackson's opponents called him a jackass, and he used the animal in his campaign material. Thomas Nast represented the party as a donkey in his cartoons, and popularized the symbol.\n\nAs for the Republican Elephant... he did a cartoon with a donkey scaring animals at a zoo. The elephant was labeled \"Republican Vote\". It stuck.\n\nSimilarly, the party colors are a tradition from stupid origins - They used to be randomly assigned by the news media each election. In 2000, the election was contested and dragged on for weeks. People got used to red=republican blue=democrat." ] }

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[ [ "http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0881985.html" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cjuwf42", "cjuyw61" ], "score": [ 5, 2 ], "text": [ "Because bottled water comes from tap water sources.\n\nRead any bottle of water. It will say which municipal supply it comes from.", "Bottled water usually comes from tap. While that may vary across different regions, that's irrelevant. The FDA specifies water quality minimums that makes differences moot." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eegw8nl", "eegwgiw", "eeh0ejh", "eeh13f0", "eeh5q81", "eeh6x3o", "eeh8317", "eeh9gq1", "eehbofs", "eehdjlx", "eehfyen", "eehfzs2", "eehg44z", "eehhsby", "eehhzhj", "eehjcyb", "eehrx2r", "eeiqwiu", "eej3815", "eejjd41", "eeju8dr", "eejvtd2", "eejvx3d" ], "score": [ 2, 626, 85, 24, 42, 24, 5475, 31, 7, 5, 1042, 4, 2, 721, 3, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Actually magnetism is somewhat similar to gravity as explained in another post, as that they’re both potential fields, except instead of attraction we’re working with repelling here.\n\nThe force that one magnet exercises on the other is very similar to the electric force, which forces statically charged objects with the same charge apart.\n\nELI5: Equal pokes (so north-north or south-south) really don’t like being next to each other, so the closer they get, the harder they push on one another. When a magnet levitates, the force is supplied by the other magnet though, as if there is a spring pushing between the two of them. If you would release the bottom magnet, the whole assembly still falls.", "Ask yourself why if you release a paperclip in mid-air it spontaneously moves to the ground, where does the energy come from that makes it move downwards so quickly? \n\nThe term you are looking for is [Potential Energy](_URL_0_), like in the link a good description is \"the energy held by an object because of its position relative to other objects\". The paperclip already holds that potential energy (in relation to the magnet or vice versa), what you are seeing is the conversion of that energy to kinetic energy (movement).", "The energy is already possesed by the magnet, when magnets of opposite polarity combine, both go to a lower energy state and are more stable than when they started. \n\nWhere did they get the energy in the first place? They decayed from higher energy molecules, were exposed to extreme heat, pressure, radiation, or other magnets.\n\nWhere did those things come from? Exploding stars, planet formation, plate tectonics... Etc/ to be continued?", "It's very hard to understand what exactly you are asking. I dont blame you for that since of course it's hard to ask a question about something you dont understand exactly when u dont understand it. The specific physics of magnetic potential has been explained in other answers so i wont get into that. I think the problem you are having is kind of different anyways. So to answer your question: We dont know. Physics doesnt tell you *why* something happens, only * how*: do the math like so and so and you get a correct prediction of what will happen. Listen to what feynman has to say about magnets and the nature of physics here:\n_URL_0_", "Magnets don't actually *use* any energy because they don't do any work.\n\nTake a look at your kitchen table. Where does 'the energy' come from that let's it remain standing? It may not seem intuitive because it takes *you* effort to stay standing. But that's because you're balancing on two stilts while constantly flexing and relaxing muscles and shifting your weight around. The table are just a bunch of atoms sitting on top of each other, pushing on each other through contact to resist the force of gravity.\n\nA magnet is similar - it exerts a force (though through a magnetic field rather than direct contact) but it doesn't actually do any work that takes up energy. You can do work with a magntic field. Moving magnetic materials through it, pushing off of it, etc. But the permanent magnet you're doing all this too isn't actually supplying energy. Just like you can drop a bouncy ball on the floor, and it will jump back up - asking where the magnet gets its energy is like asking where the floor gets its energy to repel the ball.", "Magnetic force is like gravitational force in that it can act at a distance without contact. Two magnets snapping together is just like an object falling to the earth. \n\nMy understanding is that we don't know much about what actually causes either force, only that they exist. I think these are the only two common forces like this.\n\nInterestingly, gravity gets weaker as a function of the square of the separation distance (d^2), while magnetic force weakens as a function of the cubic (d^3). ", "Physics is weird. One of the things they teach you is that an object sitting on a table is applying force to the table, and the table is applying an equal force to the object, just in the opposite direction. This does not require any energy input. No work is being done.\n\nMagnets are similar. They apply a force on each other that is similar to the force of gravity, only with a different type of field (2 poles). They'll seek the lowest energy state, which is where the opposite poles are together. It requires energy to pull them apart, just like it requires energy to lift the object off the table.", "The energy is stored in the field, in much the same way as gravity, in the form of potential energy. When a comet nears the sun it speeds up. Its kinetic energy is increasing and its potential energy is decreasing by the same amount. As the comet speeds away from the sun and it slows down again, so its kinetic energy decreases, but its potential energy increases. again by the same amount. No energy gets used up, it just swaps from being stored as potential energy in the gravitational field to being kinetic energy of the comet. However, letting the magnets hit each other after they attract causes the kinetic energy of the moving magnet to turn into other forms, mostly heat. That heat reduces the magnetic field of the magnets, reducing the interaction between the two magnets. Let the magnets slam together often enough and they will no longer be magnets, and you will have lost the energy associated with that as it will have turned into heat, or thermal energy\n\n & #x200B;\n\nThe energy in the field arises from the interaction force itself. Any time there is an interaction between objects we associate a field with it that allows for determination of a potential energy function, as ultimately all interactions arise from one or more of the gravitational force, the electro-magnetic force, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force.", "Tbh it seems that we don't know how magnets work in the true sense (even based on comments here). We cans say a superficial explanation like \"all the atoms are lined up this or that way\" and that's unique, but when you get to the nitty gritty there seems to be a lot of unknowns and disagreement.\n\nI bring this point up because *it's true for much of science*. Science isn't about definitive answers. Most everyday OTC drugs you take we have no firm understanding of with any totality. Hell, one of the few we figured out (aspirin) we only truly figured out fairly recently, and people have been sucking that stuff up for thousands of years.\n\nThat being said I'm getting a kick out of answers here because I'm super interested in how magnets work. I'm actually really curious how zapping metal with a shitload of electricity makes it a magnet - if anybody has an easy way to explain please do!", "Veritasium did a video on electromagnets: _URL_1_\n\nMinute Physics did a video on permanent magnets: _URL_0_\n\nElectromagnets are said to cause a magnetic force by creating an imbalance of positive and negative charges in a wire due to the movement of electrons due to relativism as in theory of relativity.\n\nPermanent magnets are magnetic due to number of free electrons in the material which are near the middle of the elemental table. Then you have the way the crystals of the material line up. Then you have the magnetic domains lining up.\n\nWatch the videos and it should help explain things in a simple to understand way.", "I think the simplest answer to this question is: they get the energy from you! You give them the energy to come together when you pull them apart, same as you give a book the energy to fall to the ground when you lift it up and put it on the table.", "Imagine a magnet sitting at the bottom of a valley (this is known as a potential well). When you put the paperclip close it wants to fall down that valley (potential well). The paperclip already had the energy because it was on the top of the valley/hill so when you brought the magnet next to the paperclip it was just doing the magnet equivalent of rolling down a hill. Then you give that energy back to the paperclip when you pull it away from the magnet.", "The energy is stored in the position of the objects.\nWhen something is falling it's releasing the energy that someone/something made to move it off the ground.\nWhen an object moves towards a magnet it's releasing the energy that was used to increase the distance between them.\nMore or less", "Think of it like a boulder sitting on a hill. It took energy for someone to roll that boulder all the way up the hill, energy which the boulder has stored as gravitational potential energy. And although the boulder is in an equilibrium state and is not currently in motion, it still has potential energy waiting to be unleashed. If the force of friction holding the boulder in place on top of the hill were to be overcome - say, but a man pushing on the boulder enough to get it rolling - that potential energy which it has stored would be converted into momentum and the boulder would go tumbling down the slope until it settled at a lower energy state at the bottom of the hill. \n\nMagnets, too, are full of potential energy. Ordinarily the atoms in a material tend to have their electric poles aligned in a random fashion, but if a strong magnetic field is applied to the atoms as the substance is changing phase - such as cooling from a liquid to a solid - then all of the tiny magnetic fields of the atoms in the material align to this external field and get locked in a single direction. This can form a permanent magnet, and is analogous to the material \"storing\" a bit of the energy supplied by the external magnetic field. Incidentally, when a magnet is then used to pull something towards it, the magnet is weakened - some of the energy stored by the atoms in the magnet is converted into momentum, and their alignment becomes a little less well organized. Done enough times, a magnet will no longer be a magnet, as enough of the atoms inside of the magnet will lose their special alignment and the material will de-magnetize. ", "In production the magnets are magnetized using a magnetic field generating coil, this coil is typically powered by a large bank of capacitors charged to a very high voltage, the capacitor bank gets charged up and then a contactor/relays are activated by the user to connect the coil and discharge the electrical current which is then converted to magnetic current by the field coil, this imparts the charge and polarity into the magnetic material. \n\nNaval rail guns are loosely based on this technology. ", "I havent seen it get more specific than electrons, half populated orbits in proper polarity so let me answer your question and correct but unspecific comparisons with gravity.\n\nPermanent magnets is what i believe youre referring to. Where does the energy come from? Photons. Yeah, photons, or specifically the probabilistic emission and reabsorption of photons. This continually happens, and is at a quantum level.\n\nYou see, permanent magnets are elements that have half filled outer electron shells. And electrons, although negatively charge do have polarity. Meaning they have a negative pole and a more negative pole. As they problistically orbit they emit/absorb photons. Photons themsevlves have no polarity but do interact with electrons. And when emitted, retain a transverse spin based on what the polarity was of their source.\n\nIf you followed this so far, congrats. So a photon has no charge, but if it was emitted from a negative source, it will attract a positive location because it has the proper longitudinal spin. Note, ITS not attracted to anything, the charged object is the one manipulated. \n\nAlright, still following? Photons can be emitted with regularity and so much so, they might as well exist there statically. We call these virtual static photons. Because they exist in that space more time than not, they have an affect on matter because of their spin, the nature of the interaction is based on spin which is based on what emitted the photon.\n\nSo, electrons dont need to flow to create a field, and the field doesnt degrade in a permanent magnet unless heated above a point where atoms can reorient. Which doesnt happen through normal repulsion. Consider the amount of energy lost and work done, and divide that out per atom. You soon realize that the atoms in the magnet dont have that kind of energy. \n\nSo, again, where does this work come from? At the lowest level we know currently, which is absorption and emission of photons, which result in static virtual photons, that have transverse spin characteristic of their emission source. Its a quantum interaction we can see at the macro level.\n\nEdit, friend read this and suggested, spin isnt quite correct. Its an additional transverse state that conveys information based on its emission source. ", "Let's get some terms straight.\nForce is mass times acceleration. In order to change the velocity (or move from rest) of an object requires an acceleration and thus a force. If you have friction then you have to apply a force opposite the friction just to maintain velocity. The SI unit of force is the Newton = kg m / s^2\nWork is force times distance. As you accelerate an object over a distance you do work. The SI unit of work is the Joule = N m\nEnergy is work over time. How quickly you can accelerate an object over a distance requires energy. The SI unit of energy is the Watt = J / sec\n\nSo when you ask where does the energy come from in magnets, you are asking where does the ability to do work come from. Or, how do magnets move things.\n\nSo, if nothing is moving then there is no work, energy does not change. If a human or a stool is holding something no work is done to the object there is no change to the energy of the object. (The human consumes energy because we have loose skeleton and our muscles do micro movements to keep realigning our bones to support the object but the object itself does not change energy level).\n\nEnergy can not be created or destroyed. All the energy in the universe that ever has been and always will be is somewhere from the big bang until the eventual heat death. So th energy comes from somewhere and goes somewhere.\n\nNow, how do magnets work? There is potential energy in the alignment of the molecules. This is done in the earth through heat and mechanical forces aligning the molecules. You can also create a magnet by waving a magnet in the same direction over and over a soft metal or you can wrap a wire and run an electric current or you can just bang on the metal. No matter how you magnetize, energy is being stored (transferred from one location to another). \n\nSo magnets are like batteries. The molecules require energy to align themselves then that alignment is locked in so the energy can not transfer. When you separate two magnetic objects you put energy of distance into the system. Letting them slam back together converts that energy into motion. The impact into sound and heat.\n\nTldr:\nSo how do magnets work. God blessed them and made them work. Just kidding. It takes energy to align the molecules, it takes energy to separate the magnets. What you are experiencing is that energy being transferred back into motion, sound, and heat. The energy was always there.\n\n", "I guess a similar question is where does the energy come from for a book to fall to the ground. The answer is the book has the energy already, you can imagine you put the energy into the book by lifting it up. \n\nYou put the energy in the paper clip when you moved it away from the magnet, when you let them come back together you’re expending that energy. \n\nIf the paper clip was manufactured far away from your magnet then it is manufactured containing that energy already. The only way to release the energy associated with all these paper clips is to bring them closer to your magnet!", "Lots of poor answers here that don't really address the question.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nPermanent magnets contain stored potential energy in the form of polarised domains (basically areas of similarly/identcally oriented electron groupings). These domains only form due to particular processes which cause this orientation, and those processes (which I am not going to get into) require energy, and it is that energy which is then passed to and stored in the permanent magnet. Then, as the magnetic field of the permanent magnet interacts with other magnetic fields in the environment (due to other permanent magnets, electromagnetic fields etc) it gradually degrades, losing energy due to these interactions (it is possible for these interactions to strengthen a magnet, also, though that would require a specifically oriented external field providing the energy to do that). So, the true permanence of a magnet is really only possible if it were to exist in some place where there are no other electromagnetic fields existing.", "Electrons provide the energy. Free electrons within the magnet that allow for an external array of fields radiating out from the magnet that align in a wave like pattern but in 3 dimensions. Talking about it is one thing, but seeing it work visually really made it all make sense to me.", "I'm not seeing this question being asked so I'll ask it. Consider two magnets arranged so that they repulse each other. One is floating above the other. Is any energy being used here? Wouldn't energy be required to hold up the floating magnet?", "In a related question, how does something like a fitness bike that has magnetic resistance work? Why doesn't the magnet get super hot. What is absorbing the energy put out by the rider?", "My dad asked me this a while ago and I actually realized the answer that he wanted to hear that wasn’t aligned dipoles and things that I don’t fully understand. \n\nQuick thing: Potential energy, like gravitational PE exists because of distance of two things with the a force applied between them. It is the same idea with electromagnetic, just that it is the charge of the two objects rather than mass. \n\nThe reason that magnets can keep attracting, using seemingly limitless energy is because every time that you separate the object and the magnet, you are converting the work you do to electromagnetic potential energy that is used up when they once again come together. \n\nThis isn’t quite a 5-year-old explanation, but my best shot might be;\nEvery time you pull the magnets apart, you are giving the energy back to them so that they can attract again. " ] }

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[ [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energy" ], [], [ "https://youtu.be/MO0r930Sn_8" ], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://youtu.be/hFAOXdXZ5TM", "https://youtu.be/1TKSfAkWWN0" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d4hpsrm", "d4hry7o" ], "score": [ 7, 20 ], "text": [ "From what I've witnessed, it just knocks you out. Makes you lethargic, sleep for hours, a bit disoriented when you wake up, sluggish, etc. One of my friends who is psychologically healthy took an antipsychotic because he thought it might help him sleep. It did, but not in a healthy, restful way.", "Most anti-psychotics utilize a mechanism of blocking the brains dopamine receptors based on the idea that over-active dopamine pathways contribute to a variety of unwanted mental experiences. This generally leaves a person feeling less stimulated, possibly more apathetic and more lethargic in a manner that varies from person to person. There is also emerging evidence to suggest that long-term use of anti-psychotics causes structural changes to the brain, but the significance of this is not yet understood.\n\nA great place to turn to answer your question though would be that many of the disorders which anti-psychotics are prescribed for do not actually entail the person is psychotic. A small dose of an anti-psychotic may be given to someone who has insomnia for example, while a perfectly aware and sane person suffering from PTSD could be taking the same dose of the same anti-psychotic as his neighbor with paranoid schizophrenia. The name of the drug may imply a limitation on its use that runs contrary to what a very general and universal mechanism of the brain it acts on that is able help many different kinds of people.\n\nTLDR: There is ultimately not a concrete neurological difference between a psychotic person and a non-psychotic person and anti-psychotics are a broad class of drug used for a wide range of problems and generally have similar secondary and adverse effects for people with different conditions.\n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dlh4vfz" ], "score": [ 8 ], "text": [ "They didn't use computers at all. They recorded to tape, just like all audio recording was done back then. The audio (dialog, effects, music) would be mixed using an analog mixer and then mastered to a final tape, which would then be encoded on the master videotape (or film, possibly) for the episode." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cmabgiy" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "I'm not extremely educated on border politics either, but I would assume that open borders would cause a massive influx of immigrants, increasing population immensley. There will be direct effects such as less jobs, homes, etc-- but I imagine that there would also be indirect effects such as an increase in racial violence and crime." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c5xddhy", "c5xdzji", "c5xf6yf" ], "score": [ 3, 2, 10 ], "text": [ "Every organism evolves every generation. It's simply a term that describes how we became more fit more surviving in our environment. There's no good answer for \"why\" we evolved as we did that isn't tautological- the answer is \"because that strategy worked\".\n\nThere's no direction in evolution; we didn't become more advanced- just better-equipped for our environment. You seem to be interested in how humans became human; try this [ted talk](_URL_0_) that explains how cooking was extremely influential in developing our brain, our intelligence, and thus our humanity.\n\n", "Other comments have addressed the issue of one species being \"more evolved\" than another. They're right; every species in existence today has successfully evolved to this point. No species is more evolved than another.\n\nAre you asking why humans evolved the way they did? Well, to answer that, I'd have to first decide how far back to go. You see, all primates have evolved in favor of intelligence. Compared to other mammals, primates have very large brains in respect to body size. A down side to having large brains is that it takes a lot of energy. If you don't live in an environment where you can get a lot of energy (calories from food), then intelligence isn't a favorable trait. Food is a common stressor on animals, so, in fact, it makes sense that not every animal has evolved to have high intelligence. \n\nMost primates live in trees. Great apes (orangutans, gorillas, chimps, bonobo chimps, and humans) don't live in trees full time, due to their large size, but most live in trees at night for protection. Great apes also can't really swing from tree to tree, as you might see a monkey do, also due to increased size. Instead, they'll walk along heavy branches and hold the branches above them. This started to favor selection for more upright great apes. All great apes are upright, compared to other primates. While humans are the only ones that walk bipedally all the time, other great apes are knuckle walkers. They don't walk on four legs like, say, a shrew. They walk predominantly on their hind legs, but they use the knuckles on their front hands for support. They don't *need* their front hands for walking. This frees the hands up for other tasks. The hands are pretty specialized, and all of us great apes have opposable thumbs for grabbing things. We can hold objects while we walk. We don't need to use our mouths, which allows us to carry items and, well, communicate more with verbal language. Having free hands with our high intelligence also allows us to make tools. Other great apes make tools, too. Human ancestors made tools to break open bones. They would scavenge bones and break them open to eat the marrow inside. The marrow is very nutritious and calorie dense, and it likely allowed for our brains to be able to evolve to what they are today. You see, first we evolved to be more upright, then we evolved to walk, and THEN we evolved our extreme intelligence. We humans would not have been able to evolve this level of intelligence if we didn't have our hands and opposable thumbs to be able to make tools to get a new food source. We wouldn't have evolved these type of hands if we weren't more upright and not total quadrupeds. Sme nothing's are able to evolve after other things are in place. a species might evolve one trait for one reason, and then evolve a new trait based off of that old trait for an entirely new reason.\n\nDo you have any specific questions you wanted to ask about how an human trait evolved? You question was so big, that I really didn't know where to start.", "Forget the word evolution, it apparently has misled you completely about what is really happening. There's no conscious process in action here, no species decides:\"Oh fuck, water level is rising, I'd better evolve flippers.\"\n\nEvolution is really a dumb process. You essentially only need two things: \n\n1/ variety of characteristics over different individuals within a species, doesn't matter if it comes through mutation, sexual recombination of chromosomes, whatever as long as the characteristics can be passed on to the next generation...\n\n2/ a specific and persistant set of environmental conditions, doesn't matter which as long as it is not so extreme as to kill every individual \n\nNow, you get these two ingredients and you let the clock run. As your critters develop in the environment, you'll notice that some individuals will be more successful in producing offspring than others. Their characteristics will be more present in the next generation since they produce more offspring. Let the process produce more generations and you'll see that whatever successful characteristics will get more and more abundant in successive generations, while detrimental ones will be less and less abundant, just because the individuals with more of the good characteristics are more likely to reproduce than those with the bad characteristics. So good really only means \"was conducive to producing more offspring than if it had possessed another characteristic\".\n\nOf course, there are a lot of additional factors. There is a lot of pure dumb luck involved too. The best cock might be overrun by a truck. There might be links between a certain good characteristic and a certain bad characteristic which make them pass on to the next generation together. Then, it all depends on which one of the characteristics has the most impact. If the good characteristic is more beneficial than the bad one is detrimental, the characteristics might thrive in future generations. If it's the other way around, no. Peacocks have huge colorful tails making them very attractive to females, but also very vulnerable to predators.\n\nThere's no \"improvement\", there's just adaptation to an environment. And that adaptation is not even conscious. If it was, dolphins would probably evolve gills, instead they are limited by their body plan and have to do with the mamalian lung system. But it's really used optimally for what it can do.\n\n[This is a fun little app that illustrates these basic principles.](_URL_0_)" ] }

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[ [ "http://blogs.plos.org/neuroanthropology/2010/10/28/food-for-thought-cooking-in-human-evolution/" ], [], [ "http://boxcar2d.com/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ch474ga", "ch47ygc", "ch49rv0", "ch4a7rx" ], "score": [ 9, 22, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Because, paradoxically, a touch of salt can make things taste sweeter.\n\nSource: Cook's Illustrated Magazine", "There are glucose receptors in our 'sweet' taste buds called [SGLT1](_URL_0_) that only trigger when both sweet and salt are present, but register only sweetness. These are different than our regular sweet receptors in our taste buds, so that little bit of salt increases the total number of receptors picking up sweetness. ", "Salt enhances almost every flavor there is, including sweetness. We have a natural positive response to salt and an urge and craving for it all the time. In any food, salt will taste good by supplementing the flavors that are already there.\n\nAll the chefs that I know try to create their dishes to stimulate all four of the main tastes at any time. It creates a more fulfilling experience. When something tastes salty, sweet, bitter, and sour all at the same time, it's a big mouthful of flavor.", "Put a bit of salt in chocolate milk. It tastes way better" ] }

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[ [], [ "http://www.world-science.net/othernews/110307_sweet.htm" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cd85nd1" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "You decide to name it and then insist that everyone refer to it by that name. You can do the same if you want to. Whether others will go along with it is another matter of course. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c7kmbwp", "c7kmg4r", "c7kmubj", "c7koa8j", "c7kt2lj" ], "score": [ 57, 14, 2, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Statistically, takeoff and landing are the most dangerous times during a flight. If there were to be an emergency, it is important for first responders to be able to see into the plane to judge conditions and locate victims.", "It also gets the passengers used to the light outside in case of an emergency landing/crash, so they're not blinded by the bright light or unadjusted to the darkness. ", "Read this and thought you meant they asked you to actually open all the windows. As in, you can stick your head out kinds of open. The windows don't actually open, right? Because you could get sucked out of the plane...", "Im not really sure about taking off, but I was on a plane once and when we landed, the Steward asked us to close the windows when we got off (this was in the middle of august heat) in order to keep the cabin cool for the next set of guests.", "I was just on a long flight where this happened. Most of the reasons mentioned are good. Things not mentioned so far:\n\n- people can get motion sickness more easily when motion is decoupled from visual feedback (I.e. reading a book while driving) and keeping windows open lets passengers in the middle seats look out or use their peripheral vision to make sense of the sensations they're getting from their inner ear, neck, stomach, etc and not throw up\n\n- seeing outside can calm people with anxiety and fascinate people who want to see the landscape\n\n- on long cross-timezone flights, they ask you to close the shades so people can sleep through local daytime and be less jet lagged. The new 787 actually incorporates advanced shading and colored lighting to stimulate daylight and minimize jet lag" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ckcg9wr", "ckcglxc", "ckchczk", "ckchkl8", "ckcildz", "ckcjufp", "ckckm80", "ckclt8b", "ckcre5s", "ckd2r4q", "ckd30w8" ], "score": [ 24, 8, 78, 15, 3, 5, 14, 42, 8, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Bacteria requires moisture to survive. When you dry out or cure meat you remove most of the moisture. Bacteria can't grow in extremely dry environments. ", "It isn't always. A common source of botulism is home-cured meat and fish. The meat is usually ground (Latin for sausage is *botulus*) but the fish need not be.", "The outer meat is basically dried very quickly and, as already mentioned; bacteria thrive in a moist environment, therefore, bacteria colonies won’t or have a hard time growing on the meat. Also, when the outer, dried, shell is form it becomes very dense, protecting the interior from the outside. Also, muscles that have not been cut are sterile, so, when protected from the outside properly they dry out, letting you age, say, Prosciutto for up to a year and half. Further reading here: _URL_0_", "Few bacteria can survive in a high salt environment. Those that can are known as halophiles. Aged meat is also kept cold in a low humidity fridge. Cold slows bacterial growth and most bacteria do not like dry environments as mentioned earlier. \n", "There are a few factors that I know of....\n\n(some) Bacteria need oxygen and water to grow, and decomposition in general usually uses some oxygen and water. This is why salted meats work well for preserving meat, because extremely salty stuff makes it hard for bacteria to grow.... it also decreases the water or moisture in the area which also helps slow down bacteria growth/decay.... if you ever buy a big bag of beef jerky from the store, you will see this little packet (not for consumption) which is there to absorb the moisture in the bag and preserve the meat, keeping bacteria and mold from growing. ", "Great answers in here...so how long is dried beef jerky edible?", "No, no - you do NOT remove the outer layer. That IS the dry aged part. What is with that myth??\n\nI had an incredible dry aged steak last night I made in my fridge (28 days wet, 30 days dry) and the absolute best part was the rind.\n\nPLEASE don't have off the rind or at a minimum send it to me!\n\nEdit: the best argument against the karma system is to spend 5 minutes with the average redditor. People down voting this post have never dry-aged steak and don't know what the fuck they are talking about.", "As a butcher I can safely say that a dry aged steak is amazing. As others have said the meats arr typically dry aged in a dry environment to limit bacteria growth. They're also aged in a cold environment to further limit bacteria growth. Also the meat is typically stored as a whole muscle. As in if you're dry ageing a ribeye you would age the whole ribeye not just the steak. Then you would clean the outside and badabang you have a beautiful great tasting steak. The reason that is a beautiful great tasting and tender steak is beacause the meat is starting to breakdown. ", "I saw this on season 2 (one of the Sean Brock episodes) on \"Mind of a Chef\" (netflix, public broadcasting). Roughly what I remember: when you salt or sugar something before drying, you pull so much moisture out of the food that the bad bacteria go dormant. During the drying process there are other bacteria that flourish and help preserve the meat. I think smoking helps with this process as well. Watch the damn show, it's really great!", "So I can walk around with my pants down with no fear then?", "Explain aged cheese while you're at it" ] }

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[ [], [], [ "http://www.seriouseats.com/2013/03/the-food-lab-complete-guide-to-dry-aging-beef-at-home.html" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dhdtjmo", "dhdwifr" ], "score": [ 5, 5 ], "text": [ "Amino acids spontaneously self assemble and then self replicate in nature, and this is reproducible in the lab. There are over 500 known amino acids, and you only need 21 to make a human. Inorganic compounds can be used as a catalyst. Organic chemistry is an entire branch of it's own that is basically the study of carbon and all the molecules you can make from it. You can make more things out of just carbon atoms than you can make from all the other elements *combined*.", "Don't think of 'living material' having some intrinsic difference to non-living material. It doesn't. When you die, the material in your body won't undergo some sort of transformation of state from living to unliving.\n\nRather, life is the result of a complex series of processes that occurs in matter under certain circumstances. \n\nThink of crystallization. There is matter that will crystallize under some circumstances, and not under others. It's not that the matter itself is altered somehow, but that the circumstances promote a particular set of reactions." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ccwjylb", "ccwk0ma" ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text": [ "Credit is typically scored on scales similar to Fair Issac and Co's (FICO)300 to 850 pt range (there's a bit of difference in the top and bottom of certain bureaus). Good scores are usually above 750 (the Median score in the US is between 700 and 725 depending on the year and bureau used). Most lenders charge a premium for scores below the 650-690 range (for sub prime borrowers). \n\nIf you're asking how to get your credit score. Most of the free scoring services require signing up for a subscription to credit monitoring. If you cancel (it used to take a phone call and was a bit of a pain) it's a free way to obtain your score. Certain other sorts of purchases may give you a copy of your credit report (which may include your score). Anytime you're denied credit you have 60 days to get a copy of your credit report from the bureau they used. \n\nIf you're asking how to get a higher score, unused credit lines open for a long time are a major factor in your score. Late payments lower it (late means 30 days late). ", "There are three major credit monitoring agencies. You can actually get an annual report from them for free. (_URL_0_)\n\nIf you want a numerical score you'll have to pay a bit more -- all it really amounts to is an at-a-glance look at your creditworthiness. [Here is a range chart with descriptions](_URL_1_)\n\nCredit revolves around taking debt and paying it off. Common forms of debt include: House mortgages, car loans, business loans, student loans, and of course, credit cards. \n\nBuilding credit generally means you are demonstrating you are responsible about debt. Are you making payments consistently? Are you paying more than the minimum in terms of credit card debt? Do you carry high debt balances for a long time? All of these things and more factor into improving or hurting your credit score. \n\nThe better your credit, the better your loan amounts/rates/etc will be." ] }

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[ [], [ "https://www.annualcreditreport.com", "http://sealcredit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/creditscorlevl.jpg" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cs0tqnv" ], "score": [ 13 ], "text": [ "A blackhead is when the oil that your skin produces gets stuck in the pore and turns black to due to exposure with the air.\n\nA whitehead is when the pore gets clogged, infected and all sorts of awful stuff builds up under the surface." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "fk2twe0", "fk3b8rf", "fk3gdxf", "fk4as0y" ], "score": [ 80, 4, 17, 2 ], "text": [ "Bats will turn right-side up for a moment to pee or poop & then go back to hanging out upside down. They will also pee & poop while flying. Most bats spend a lot of time grooming themselves as well, very much like cats do.", "Actually bats usually don't hang upside down. They cling to the ceiling with all fours meaning it's not like a hose going straight up, moreso out to the side. The only time they hang is when they are fully asleep, at which time they don't defecate at all.", "I'll just leave a link to my old post with picture of fruit bat urinating ;)\n\n[_URL_0_](_URL_1_)", "I imagine a bat is asking how humans urinate and defecate without getting it all over our legs since we stand or sit most of the time. Answer is the same: we change position to do our business. Bats don't urinate or defecate while upside down." ] }

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[ [], [], [ "https://www.reddit.com/r/mildlyinteresting/comments/as9omh/fruit\\_bat\\_peeing\\_mid\\_air\\_seychelles/", "https://www.reddit.com/r/mildlyinteresting/comments/as9omh/fruit_bat_peeing_mid_air_seychelles/" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "clw9umq" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "It's a counter-intuitive reason - it's *because* they lick themselves all day.\n\nCats have very abrasive tongues covered with small spines pointing back toward the throat, which serve as a mini-comb when licking upwards (which you may notice your cat always does when licking itself.) \n\nYour average indoor cat won't have much to remove except sweat, while outdoor cats have to deal with dirt and parasites as well - which the tongue deals with quite well.\n\nIf your cat has bad breath it's a result of cleaning itself, not the other way round. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cunmaw3" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "No way of teaching as a whole is better than another. You are making a false assumption. \n\nEach country has a different system because they have different cultures that stress the importance of different things, and that encounter different problems. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ctf2v7y", "ctf34p5" ], "score": [ 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Exactly what it sounds like. The thing needs to have evidence supporting it so much that there is no reasonable doubt that it happened. There might be some doubt (I could concoct a crazy story as to how it works) but that story can't be reasonable. If it's reasonable, there's reasonable doubt. If there's no doubt that's reasonable, then it's proven beyond a reasonable doubt.\n\nThis is differentiated from other standards like \"clear and convincing evidence,\" \"preponderance of the evidence,\" and others.", "The phrase \"beyond reasonable doubt\" means that the evidence necessary to make a case cannot be questioned by any reasonable statement. Let's break this down:\n\nLet's look at \"reasonable\". Suppose I show you a magic trick where I make a coin disappear out of the palm of my hand. It would be reasonable to suspect this was accomplished by hiding the coin or simply deceiving you into thinking the coin disappeared. However, it would NOT be reasonable to accept the coin actually disappeared by magic.\n\nLet's look at \"doubt\". In the above example, you might question if the coin disappeared via actual magic, and so that is doubt. You see something you just can't believe, you can't accept that what you saw was \"real\", that's doubt. \n\nSo to prove a case beyond reasonable doubt means that you have presented evidence in such a way that no one can come up with a suggestion that doubts or questions your evidence as truth that is also a reasonable claim. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cl4qen9", "cl4rfbk", "cl4soae", "cl4tovn", "cl4uc8i", "cl4uxq0", "cl4uy5f", "cl4w2qt", "cl4yuud" ], "score": [ 5, 13, 5, 8, 160, 4, 14, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Not a patent lawyer, but it's my understanding that you can only patent specific machines or manufactured items. So the person who came up with the curved shower curtain rod could have patented a rod, but then someone would just put a slightly different curve in their rod and not violate the patent. Or they could use a different material or a different method of gripping the walls. In fact, some curved shower curtain rods have been patented: _URL_0_. Edit: This is a design patent. There are also utility patents. You can get either for curved shower rods. Whether a slightly different curved shower rod infringes those patents is up for a court to decide if the patent holder sues the alleged infringer.\n\nThe scope of Apple's patent is unclear right now. They have a patent on a rectangular design that has curved corners. Whether that patent would only extend to the particular dimensions on the device they patented would have to be decided in court if Apple sued someone for also using curved corners. Say, for example, that Apple patented and 10\" x 8\" device with rounded corners and you made a 10.5\" x 8.5\" device with rounded corners. Apple could sue you, you could argue yours is different because of the size, and a court would sort it out. I don't know the details of their patent, so I don't know if it's specific to phones and tablet-like devices or plastic materials as well.\n\n**tl;dr** - It's not just about the rounded corners in general, but how they are implemented in specific designs. You could patent curved shower rods, but you would have to patent a specific design and someone would just design a slightly different one to get around your patent.", "You can't patent something that's \"obvious.\" I'm not being snide; non-obviousness is literally a requirement to get a patent grant. \n\nEDIT: I don't know anything about a 'rounded corner' patent, but there's either something you're missing there or Apple had some *very* good lawyers ... which I wouldn't have trouble believing. ", "I agree it's sounds weird but it's a different kind of patent called a design patent where you are patenting the appearance of something. _URL_0_. Normally when people talk about patents they are referring to utility patents. It stills seems like a pretty general patent even in the context of a design patent. ", "There are a few reasons it went down the way it did. As for why Samsung and Motorola don't patent every idea they have? [They do](_URL_1_).\n\nBut in this case it's less about a unique invention and more about an iconic design. Coca Cola, for example, has a patent on the shape of their bottles. In the same way, Apple's patent isn't just \"rounded corners\" - it's a specifically aspected rectangle, and the radius of its corners. For example, [here](_URL_0_) are the two phones in question when it actually went to trial. To avoid that particular patent, all you would need to do is change the aspect ratio of the device, or the radius of the corners. The patent itself isn't very strong -- the fact that the case went to Apple is a testament to how closely Samsung copied the iPhone.\n\nAs for the shower curtain - as someone else pointed out, all you would need to do is change the curve a little to avoid any legal issues.", "Couple of points.\n\nFirst Apple didn't patent round corners. They had a design patent which covered the whole device in look and feel. It had round corners, but that on it's own is not enough to protect a design patent, nor stop someone from using round corners. \n\nYou are probably relating to the Apple vs Samsung case. In that case Samsung copied every aspect of the device, software, packaging and advertising. Which is why Samsung lost. The media just glosses over most of the findings to click bait the anti-Apple stuff. \n\nA design patent is more for protecting the design of something (not an invention in the sense you think). They were made to protect the fashion industry and designers who were getting ripped off due to loop holes. \n\nOne point of a design patent, everything in the design patent has to be infringed on. Just one component of it is not enough to bring someone to court. \n\nThe Shower one sounds more like a utility patent. So without a link to it, I can't comment on it. ", "People have patented curved shower curtain rods. Here are some utility patents:\n\n* _URL_3_\n* _URL_0_\n\nHere are design patents, like the one for Apple's curved corners:\n\n* _URL_2_\n* _URL_1_", "As OakBlood3 already [said](_URL_0_), Apple's patent is a design patent on the appearance of an object which is a different thing from a utility patent on a curved shower rod. The media has incorrectly confused \"Apple patented square with curves\" with Apple patented the look of their phone including the icons, single forward button, etc.\n\nIf the shower rod was curved, had a fancy mount design, and a custom pattern on the rod, the shower rod could likely get a design patent on the entire design. \n\nIt's not that Samsung had a rectangle with curved corners, it's that Samsung copied everything else too. The smoking gun was a Samsung email where an executive ordered the designers to make it look more like an iPhone.\n\n(and I'm an Apple hater)", "Doesn't it cause shower water to more easily get outside of the tub onto the bathroom floor?", "The intention in patent law is to allow people to protect their intellectual property (that is ideas that they create) by granting them a monopoly (normally illegal) on the exploitation of those ideas for a limited period of time. The idea here is that this incentivises the creation of new ideas that eventually filter into the public domain leading to a net public good. Patent law is not meant to be there to serve companies but to incentivise research and development that benefits us all. Right off the bat this comes with a cost, that people can own ideas. This is not particularly intuitive and has a weird aspect where, even if you have an idea all by yourself, someone else is allowed to take ownership of it if they thought of it first or if they patent it first. You can use the idea if you pay them. In addition, to stop people simply sitting on patents and not using them, there is also a cost to maintaining them. \n\nThis is where things fall apart in large companies because the cost of maintaining the patents is relatively small to them so they patent everything to a ridiculous degree. To illustrate, if you are a researcher at one of these groups, you will work with a specialist legal team (Who are bigger than the research team) to ensure that all the patents you file are as broad as possible:\n\n_URL_1_\n\nThe original idea was that none of these patents will be used, they are intended as an insurance policy or to be used to get favourable deals buying out small start ups by threatenign them with law suits that can run into the hundreds of millions even if they win. All of the companies involved in the law suits that came about in the design of mobile phones had patents on each others technology. The problem was worsened by the fact that, in the US and a few other places, you can hold a design patent on the look and feel of a device. These allow you to cover a heap of ground, for example, the curved edge patent that Samsung was sued for actually covers a whole bunch of devices with slightly different bezels and curves:\n\n_URL_2_\n\nIn general, the reason no one else patented these is because they considered them to be obvious and to exist in prior art. For whatever reason, the jury in the US did not feel that previous round corners were similar enough to apples rounded corners to warrant prior art status although i would say most people would agree this counts:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nHowever, prior art is something that comes up when a patent is contested, not when it is filed. Both sides included a bunch of nonsense in the law suit but the apple lawyers did a good job. People in this thread are repeating some of the demonstrably false claims that were made like the radius of the corners being exactly the same when they are not the same, they are within millimetres of each other but the width of smart phones are within mm of each other because hands are a certain size.\n\nIt should also be telling that the only place where this lawsuit was brought successfully for the rounded corners design was in the US where apple is based and there were several issues with the juries decision. " ] }

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[ [ "http://www.google.com/patents/USD542897" ], [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_patent" ], [ "http://i.imgur.com/gMPblSh.png", "http://i.imgur.com/OzqdixL.png" ], [], [ "https://www.google.com/patents/US7076815", "http://www.google.com/patents/USD542897", "https://www.google.com/patents/USD397928", "https://www.google.com/patents/US7926127" ], [ "http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2irdml/eli5_if_apple_could_patent_design_things_like/cl4sgyc" ], [], [ "http://www.slashgear.com/lg-ke850-slim-touchscreen-phone-152979/", "http://www.ipwatchdog.com/2013/08/23/the-power-of-portfolio-strong-design-patents/id=44774/", "http://www.google.com/patents/USD593087" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cfvt49n" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "It's not a bone, it's a cartilage. It holds your nose together." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cyhb4r4", "cyhb55k", "cyhb5z3", "cyhb6ol" ], "score": [ 36, 19, 2, 4 ], "text": [ "[There are two ways to hang, high hang and low hang.](_URL_0_)\n\n[High Hang is when they are dropped a far enough distance that the stop at the end breaks their neck and they die instantly. This is the kind where they drop and don't twitch or anything. This is the type most often used in legal hangings, and in suicides that succeed.](_URL_0_)\n\n[Low Hang is when they don't fall far enough to break the neck, so they slowly suffocate, sometimes it cuts off blood flow, but not always. This is generally more horrific and graphic, as the person often spends their last remaining moments struggling for air. This is generally the kind used in a situation where the person being hung is despised, or in failed suicides. It's often the one used in failed suicides because the people who do it often realize what's happening and fight it.](_URL_0_)", "Dropped from too high - > decapitation\n\nDropped from right height - > broken neck\n\nDropped from too low - > strangulation", "Traditionally when people are hanged, they use the hangman's noose. If not that just a variation of a slipknot will do.\n\nThe goal is to be dropped from a height in order to snap the neck. If not dropped from high enough, then the victim chokes to death.", "The way and speed hanging kills you depends on the type of hanging being used. You've got your long drop, your short drop, and no drop. The long drop aims to fracture the spine and kill you right quickly. Occasionally it even results in ripping the head off, although I believe generally that is not the 'desired spectacle.' Shorter drops, or no drop are designed to cause strangulation, and can take 15+ minutes to kill you. Your weight essentially tightens the rope around your airway. A lot of suicides use no drop. Essentially tie a noose, climb an object, remove the object. Sounds like a shit way to go to me. " ] }

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[ [ "https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/250jm7/eli5what_happens_when_someone_is_executed_by/" ], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "di54ijj" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "daydream: “spontaneous, subjective experiences in a no-task, no stimulus, no-response situation…[and] includes unintended thoughts that intrude inadvertently into the execution of intended mental tasks… and undirected ideas in thought sampling during wakefulness” \n\nStaring at a certain area means lower novel visual stimulation, and that seems to be a pre-requisite for a daydream. When something demands your attention, the state is gone. AFAIK, not much is known about the daydream state.\n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d2cay0u", "d2cay5f" ], "score": [ 5, 11 ], "text": [ "I believe it falls into \"philosophy\" once it crosses a line of provability.\n\nIf it *cannot* be proven by virtue of it being unprovable (such as the claim: \"You might be in a simulated reality and think it is real, but the real reality actually works differently but you have no way of finding out\") then it would be up to philosophy to examine it instead of physics.\n\nPhysics tends to stick with claims that can be made where there could be evidence for or against those claims.", "Science asks \"how\" and philosophy asks \"why.\" \n\nEssentially the scientists make observations, and construct theories to explain how the laws of nature interact, what those laws are, and how that explains the observations. \n\nThe philosopher looks at the scientists' work and asks, why are the laws of physics the way they are? What does that mean for our society and help us cope with the human condition? " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cle6d5a", "cle9cmg" ], "score": [ 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Some cat walk fashion is not intended to become everyday fashion. There is a thing called haute couture which is really art that happens to be displayed on a person. The idea is to do way out there things almost ignoring that is is clothing.\n\nOn the other hand there is pret a porter (ready to wear)which is more like the stuff you eventually see in stores. Even here, it sometimes ends up being an inspiration for a concept rather than the actual clothing that people buy. For example certain colours, fabrics, use of zippers, length, layering, etc. can be ideas that make their way from the runway to walmart.", "High street retailers will look at what the capital-F fashion designers are doing--in addition to often employing a trend forecasting service to do it for them--and design their own takes on the trends they see. There's an economic advantage to going in the same direction as everyone else, because consumers will buy more if they see things that complement that season's purchases.\n\nObviously, there's a difference in price levels between the two market segments, so they'll often water-down the concept a bit (taking off some costly design details, moving to a lower priced fabric, etc.) as well as making changes to the design to fit their own label's aesthetic. At this stage they'll probably also consult their legal departments and make sure nothing is close enough to get them sued.\n\nFinally, due to the lightning fast turn-around time modern manufacturing and logistics high street retailers invest in, they can easily have their own garment on the salesfloor before the original designer.\n\nAlso, just some clarifications from reading this thread:\n\nSome clothing (including prêt-à-porter/ready to wear) shown on the runway is never meant to be sold. Sometimes the cost of producing the garments is too high, or the demand too low, and those particular garments are used more for marketing's sake to present a designer's mood for the season. An extended and/or reedited collection is presented to retailers in a showroom.\n\nHaute couture, on the other hand, you can think of as a marketing vehicle for the big Parisian brands. Though there are definitely customers, many of the houses do not profit from those collections of five-to-six figure dresses made custom for the client, but they make great photo-ops for the media.\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "crnubq8", "crnunc4" ], "score": [ 6, 4 ], "text": [ "A few things can cause this:\n\n\n- If the source of income for the community dries up, then the community's money is likely to run short, leading to a decrease in the amount of money the community can put into their homes, leading to a decline.\n\n- \"White Flight\": if a number of minorities move into a neighborhood (even successful minorities trying to move up in the world), it can be the case that members of the majority group leave because they see it as a sign that the neighborhood is getting worse, leading to a decrease in home prices and a self-fulfilling prophesy.\n\n- New homes. If a new housing development shows up with better homes, people move in; leaving the previously desirable neighborhoods less desirable, just by comparison. ", "There is a theory in criminology known as the [broken window theory](_URL_0_) that states \"maintaining and monitoring urban environments to prevent small crimes such as vandalism, public drinking and toll-jumping helps to create an atmosphere of order and lawfulness, thereby preventing more serious crimes from happening.\"\n\nAnd \"an ordered and clean environment —one that is maintained— sends the signal that the area is monitored and that criminal behavior is not tolerated. Conversely, a disordered environment —one that is not maintained (broken windows, graffiti, excessive litter)— sends the signal that the area is not monitored, and that criminal behavior has little risk of detection.\"\n\nA more ELI5 explanation would be that when an area looks good and has no visible signs of crime, people feel that it is better maintained and policed, so they are less likely to commit crimes. But once the first rundown house on the corner has a broken window that doesn't get fixed (or somebody graffitis a billboard, etc.), people will notice that as a problem and act less proper. This leads to hoodlums hanging out at the rundown house, then public drinking happens there, another window gets broken, then drug use starts going up, and so on until you get the whole neighborhood goes downhill and you've got a new ghetto." ] }

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[ [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_windows_theory" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "euzgm4y", "euzi82p", "euzkrkd", "euzwpec" ], "score": [ 6, 3, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Most territories were settled by war or a straight up swindle. Then there was the infamous land rush (some say grab.) That's where you get your square states.", "Even Canada and US dispute borders sometimes. So basically it is agreed upon by both/all countries.", "A combination of historical documents that establish the borders in the past and many wars and diplomatic disputes (some still on going) over where those borders lie. Most of those arguments rely on inaccurate surveying of the past. In the middle east, a lot of their borders were determined by France and the UK after the end of WW1. Nowadays they have sand dune like barriers erected along the borders. I.S. actually started tearing those barriers down in areas they controlled.", "Not exactly answering the question but an interesting fact - Not all land borders are fully agreed on. In fact if you were to look on Google Maps in different countries the land borders would be different. A good example of this is between China and India in which \n\n'If you look at Arunachal Pradesh, one of India’s 29 states, from the Indian version of the website you will see the border that its government believes to be correct. View the same region from within China and it appears as \"South Tibet\" under Chinese control.' - Telegraph newspaper\n\nThis is more common than you would think - worth taking a look for yourself." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cnfg4b8", "cnfswfd" ], "score": [ 3, 4 ], "text": [ "I think in term's of brain chemistry it's almost the same although kissing causes other chemical reactions which would be absent. ", "So this is only from recollection, it is by no means fact. But I remember a TED talk where this guy got on to talk about masturbation vs. sex. And one of the main point that he made, was that when your rubbing one out your focused on yourself and yourself only, you do not care at all about anyone else's pleasure. Which is why people who masturbate a lot tend to not do as well in bed. Besides the point, when you're doing it with a girl there is communication (however frantic and confused), there is touching (which has been proven to increase dopamine levels, hence why people hug in sad and happy situations), and you also care about if the other person has a good time. All of these things are happening in your brain and the brain is releasing more, and different types of chemicals, thus your experience tends to be better. Oh and you get to to see and touch real boobs which in and of them selves amazing." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dmez815", "dmezmhy", "dmezqz5" ], "score": [ 5, 11, 2 ], "text": [ "These are both false. We'd be vegetables if we could only use 10% of our brains. Not sure where that 30% thing came from, but we don't usually need 100% of our strength to perform daily tasks. We save 100% of our strength for times when we need to lift a car off of someone who's been in an accident, for example. Adrenaline aids in those endeavors.", "This 10% of our brain bullshit is, well, bullshit. It's a misconception from the fact that we only use 10% of our brain at any given time (that's also only partially true). The way neural networks are is that you simply can't use all the pathways for a calculation. It's like saying you'll get to work faster if you use all the roads rather than the fastest single route.", "Looking at the spirit of the question rather than its inaccurate assumptions, there's a couple reasons.\n\nFirst, those massive bursts of strength that you hear about (\"woman lifts car off her pinned child, details at eleven!\") are incredibly bad for you. It's not just your muscles that have to take the strain of having all of their fibres trigger at once. It's the tendons that connect them to your bones and then your bones themselves, and your circulatory system as well. If people could willingly fire up that strength, especially little kids, they'd wear themselves out if not actually rip themselves apart or kill themselves through accidents.\n\nSecond, they're massively energy intensive and not necessary so that makes that energy investment a bad idea. Our brains require a LOT of fuel to work properly as an example. But we evolved as a species to not waste a tremendous amount of energy because as apes and cavepeople we needed to invest that energy into surviving long enough to make more baby apes and cavepeople. Anything extra, like having supergenius intellect by leveraging every element in our brain, was counterproductive and would have a tendency to get naturally selected out. It just cost too much energy and wasn't needed in the successful strategy of making more apes and cavepeople." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cc62g11", "cc62iz3" ], "score": [ 4, 2 ], "text": [ "You would have a new constitution.", "In the unlikely event that a constitutional convention was held, the likely event that 3/4 of the states (38 states) would not agree on too much would happen." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dkhurrn", "dkhuyay", "dkhxi9a", "dkhzvrr", "dki1odr" ], "score": [ 57, 10, 2, 8, 2 ], "text": [ "They refresh their own cells, so it will always have the donor DNA. Cells don't come from a different place in the body. The existing cells just split in two, keeping their DNA intact. The only way to get an organ with your own DNA would be to grow them with stem cells.", "Nope - the way that our cells regenerate is to split in half, creating two genetically-identical \"daughter\" cells, and they keep your DNA as a blueprint. This means that my liver cells (that contain my DNA) will always replicate by splitting into two new liver cells that each have a copy of my DNA. \n\nSince no other cells in an adult's body can turn into liver cells (or any other organ), nothing in that liver is being replaced. So if my liver ever ends up inside someone else, it'll still keep my DNA for however long it lasts.", "No. This is why transplant recipients have to take immunosuppressant drugs for the rest of their lives. The transplanted organ will always be \"foreign\".", "Never. Organ transplant recipients take immunosuppressive drugs for life as their body will forever regonize the foreign DNA with one exception: Organ transplants received from identical twins. Because that IS the same DNA. ", "Never is the right answer, alas.\n\nJust to give you an idea of how deep this goes, one of the problems of bone marrow transplants is [graft vs. host disease](_URL_0_), where you're producing immune cells that doesn't recognize you as you." ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [ "https://www.lls.org/treatment/types-of-treatment/stem-cell-transplantation/graft-versus-host-disease" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "csrkclu", "csrkn3i", "csrkpxw", "csrl00v" ], "score": [ 2, 7, 4, 2 ], "text": [ "They don't that I'm aware of. But those sensors are usually set to a decent weight so that that didn't happen.", "They don't, but in my experience, the only seat besides the driver's that has sensors is the front passenger, and even then the beeping associated with that seat is often temporary.\n\nThe driver's sensor will keep on beeping because the manufacturers assume it's not a heavy package driving the car. ", "When I transport 5 gal water bottles in my car, I have to buckle the seat belt or I'm driven mad by the alert chime.\n", "It doesn't. Have you never put a heavy package in your front seat and get mad annoyed at being told to put on your seat belt the whole time? " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c8yd33w", "c8yj5m9", "c8yk11o" ], "score": [ 11, 5, 2 ], "text": [ "In terms of stability, it's just to do with how tightly the nucleus is bound by the Strong Nuclear Force - as you go higher in the periodic table, atoms get less stable (although it's not a straight rise; 92 [uranium] is more stable than 91 [Protactinium] for example), simply because the strong nuclear force has to act over a larger radius, counter more repulsion by more protons against protons, etc.\n\nIt just so happens that 93 is just too unstable to be found in the wild; any generated in supernovas, etc has since decayed and turned into radiation - out in space, at any one time, there (should) be these elements floating around, but they simply don't exist for long enough for us to find them; thus we have to create them ourselves.", "An atom is a itty bitty bitty little nucleus surrounded by a fuzzy, gooey ball of electrons. The nucleus is made of a bunch of protons and neutrons. Protons have a positive charge, and positive charges repel each other because of the electrical force.\n\nBut wait, if positive charges repel, why is there even a nucleus? Because there is another force, the [nuclear force](_URL_1_), which holds them together. The nuclear force is stronger than the electric force, but only over very itty bitty bitty distances. \n\nSo imagine building a nucleus by adding one proton to it at a time (and let's ignore the neutrons for now). When you have two protons, you have helium. The range of the strong force is much larger than the size of two protons, so it has no problem holding the protons together. But as you keep adding protons, they start to get closer and closer to the border between nuclear attraction and electric repulsion.\n\nOnce you get to 84 protons, or Polonium, weird things start to happen. The protons are on the edge of that border, so the nuclear force has trouble keeping them together. Sometimes, a proton jiggles its way across the border and leaves the nucleus. The strong force just can't hold together such a big ball of positive charge. \n\nHow often these protons leave the nucleus is measured by the [\"half life\"](_URL_0_) of the element. Polonium has a half-life of less than three years, so if you put a chunk of it on a table and wait for 3 years, half of turns into another element. That's radioactivity for you. \n\nBut 3 years is a long time and you can keep adding protons to your nucleus over that time. Once you get to 92, you have Uranium. All of the outermost protons in your nucleus are now on the border of the strong nuclear force. It's very likely that they will wiggle across the border and the atom will decay into something else. Trying to put another proton onto your nucleus will be awfully difficult. \n\nIt's so difficult in fact, because of all that positive charge in the nucleus, that you have to switch to adding neutrons to make the next element, Plutonium. That's basically how we make the \"man-made\" atoms. We smash a beam of neutrons into a big atom like Uranium (or bigger).\n\nSo there are two forces inside the nucleus that compete with each other; the nuclear force and the electric force. The nuclear force only works over tiny distances, and it gets really weak out on the edges of a Uranium atom. To go any bigger, you have to start doing difficult things, and Nature doesn't like to do difficult things. \n\n*note: the neutrons play a HUGE part in the details of this, like why Uranium and Plutonium have such long half lives, and why Technetium (element 43) is so unstable. I've glossed over a lot of serious nuclear physics to make the point more clear.* ", "A better way to say it is that only certain elements naturally occur _right now_ in large amounts. The heaviest stable element is lead, at atomic number 82; everything heavier than that is unstable to one degree or another. Some isotopes decay faster than others, though, so even unstable elements may still be around from the formation of the Earth if their half-lives are long enough - uranium for example. Others have shorter half-lives but are being constantly produced by another process, such as radium which is created by the decay of uranium.\n\nIn other words, whether something is \"naturally occurring\" or not depends on when you're asking the question, and how hard you're willing to look. For example, there's a tiny amount of naturally-occurring technetium today, but not much since most of it has decayed away over time. If you went back 4 billion years there would be a lot more of it, and if you went forward 4 billion years there would hardly be any." ] }

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[ [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_force" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ddl0or8", "ddl0p3c" ], "score": [ 4, 3 ], "text": [ "Although [this video](_URL_0_) focuses on the making of a film for Prince, it does touch on how the process is basically:\n\n* Ask\n* Maybe trade favors\n\nMight be some information in there to help...but the video is still hilarious.\n\nEdit: I do wonder how Tom Petty feels about how I associate *American Girl* with Buffalo Bill.", "I feel like this one answers itself. They request the artist and commission them to write it. If they (the film crew don't like the song, they request another to be written, or they hire a different artist. " ] }

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[ [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XK6Gb8RY2NY" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cyq0u7a" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "The plastic used on the side lights is probably of different quality. The headlights also get hot...which likely cause the plastic to breakdown quicker. You can easily buff (polish) the headlight plastic to make them clear again.\n\nI'm also guessing this truck is a 2001 Toyota Tundra. " ] }

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[ "http://i.imgur.com/Ngx2s8t.jpg" ]

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{ "a_id": [ "cwou2sj" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "First we need to remind you XOR definition:\n\nXOR function result is equal 1 if both arguments are different.\n\nXOR (0, 1) = 1\nXOR (1, 0) = 1\n\nXOR function output is equal 0 if both arguments are same.\n\nXOR (0, 0) = 0\nXOR (1, 1) = 0\n\nNow let us assume we have 3 drives with the following bits:\n\n| 101 | 010 | 011 |\n\nAnd we calculate XOR of those data and place it on 4th drive\n\nXOR (101, 010, 011) = 100 (XOR (101,010) = 111 and then XOR (111, 011) = 100\n\nSo the data on the four drives looks like this below:\n\n| 101 | 010 | 011 | 100 |\n\nNow let’s see how the XOR MAGIC works. Let’s assume the second drive has failed. When we calculate XOR all the remaining data will be present from the missing drive.\n\n| 101 | 010 | 011 | 100 |\n\nXOR (101, 011, 100) = 010\n\nYou can check the missing other drives and XOR of the remaining data will always give you exactly the data of your missing drive.\n\n| 101 | 010 | 011 | 100 |\n\nXOR (101, 010, 100) = 011\n\nWhat works for 3 bits and 4 drives only, works for any number of bits and any number of drives. Real RAID 5 has the most common stripe size of 64k (65536 * 8 = 524288 bits )\n\nSo the real XOR engine only needs to deal with 524288 bits and not 3 bits as in our exercise. This is why the RAID 5 needs a very efficient XOR engine in order to calculate it fast.\n\nSo when adding one drive for parity you will be able to rebuild the missing data in case of any drive failure.\n\nIn our example we have explained RAID 4 where parity is on a dedicated drive. RAID 5 will distribute parities evenly between all drives. Distributed parity provides a slight increase in performance but the XOR magic is the same.\n\nfrom _URL_0_" ] }

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[ [ "http://blog.open-e.com/how-does-raid-5-work/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cyftolf", "cyftuih", "cyftvqk", "cyfuiuk", "cygl3g1" ], "score": [ 2, 9, 2, 130, 2 ], "text": [ "The short and long answer\n\nYes all knives are just sharp metal\n\nbut the quality of the metal varies drastically as well as the design of the knife.\n\nThere is a huge difference between an antique Damascus blade and a serrated tanto blade. One I am going to display one and the other I am going to use daily. \n\nEdit: a word", "There's a difference in the method of creation, materials and craftsmanship. Modern cheap blades are forged from melted steel. A Damascus blade is forged by folding many many layers. This changes the dynamic and appearance of the blade. \n\nThe composition of the blade changes the cost too. A high carbon steel blade holds a sharper edge and costs more.\n\nA cheap blade won't cut as well because it won't get as Sharp. \n\nBoth blades cut, one cuts better. \n\nLike a Mercedes is a better drive than a Ford.\n\nI used to work steel and restore straight razors, that's where I learned these things.", "There do exist objective differences in quality among knives that matter. One big one is the quality and weight of the metal, which affects how sharp an edge can be attained and how long that edge remains sharp. There are also the human factors like how comfortable the grip is, how well balanced the entire knife is, etc. \n\nThen there's the subjective stuff. \n\nIn the end, what accounts for the wide spread in prices is the knives' respective value, and *that* is nothing more complicated than \"whatever price is arrived at mutually by a willing seller and a willing buyer.\"", "I personally don't think $150 is a valid price for what you saw, that was probably mostly a marketing thing. It may have also been a collectors knife, but if it was a cabelas or bass pro, it's probably to sucker people that like to have \"Top of the Line\" gear for everything they do, even if it's just going camping once a year, and maybe a fishing trip factored in.\n\nDifferent things affect price though, and you have to consider the market for those things. A folder is going to be weaker than a partial tang knife, a partial tang is going to be weaker than a full tang, all of those add to the price. \n\nThere's also the quality of the steel. Some cheapass stainless is gonna stand up to abuse, and not rust, without needing much maintenance. It's pretty bomb proof. The drawback is that it'll lose the edge pretty rapidly, and is a bit tougher to put an edge back onto when it's needed. \n\nCarbon Steel comes in a million different grades, and you could argue with knife people for months about what grade is best for what, but in general, carbon will take a better edge, hold that edge longer, and is easier to sharpen when needed. The drawback to that is that carbon steel is super sensitive to rust, and needs more frequent sharpening. Carbon tends to be more expensive, and the higher end carbon even more expensive.\n\nSome types of handles are better or worse. Some are handmade, and a labor of love, seriously, check out people making knives or even just handles on youtube. There's a lot more labor that goes into it than you'd guess. Some more expensive, and differently treated handles will cost more, and anything handmade is going to cost more than a mass-produced handle. Plastic, and other poly materials are of course going to be cheaper. (And more likely to break) \n\nAnother thing is simply the quality. Some company pumping out a million blades a day is gonna put a shittier edge on it, a shittier finish, basic QA stuff, whereas someone putting out a smaller quantity can afford to take the time to put some more care into it.\n\nMost knives are really only great for a few specific applications. While a knife is one of the most versatile tools on the planet, they are purpose built. It's not practical to carry around a six or eight inch camping/bushcraft knife every day if I'm cutting a few zip-ties here and there. It's equally impractical to carry around my shitty folder if I'm going camping and using it to split wood, and make tent stakes, or even a whole shelter. That means that those expensive knives are geared toward a smaller market share, and need to have a higher cost, because they can't rely on economy of scale. Those knives are also going to be a one-time purchase. You can buy one good knife, it'll last you your lifetime. There's people on /r/bushcraft using their grandpops K-Bar from Vietnam, essentially meaning a good quality knife is going to last 2 lifetimes if well cared for. ($150 for 2 lifetimes isn't a bad deal)\n\nFor example, on a day to day basis I carry a stainless SOG Fielder, it's a little folder that's about $30, I don't mind losing it at that price, it's stainless, so I'm not worried about it if I'm sweating through my pockets, or caught out in the rain, and I don't use it a shit ton so I don't mind that I only have to take it to a stone every other month or so. \n\nIf I'm hiking/backpacking I have a bit of a larger knife that's carbon & full tang. It ran me about $60 IIRC. It's great for doing a few tent stakes, and fucking around whittling or something before bed. (Something my folder is not nearly good enough to do well, and that my larger camp knife is a little unwieldy for) I don't mind that I have to oil it every night, and sharpen it at the end of every trip, because I'm only doing that 4 or 5 times a year\n\nMy camping knife is larger, also carbon, also full tang. I can use it to baton wood for the fire, chop small stuff to setup a primitive shelter, I could use it for a trowel in a pinch. etc.\n\nMy fishing knife is a small, almost filet knife, partial tang, stainless. It's not cutting much more than fishing line, occasionally a few low hanging branches to make the fishing line. I want a shitty floaty handle on it because I'm clumsy. It also runs about $10 and is almost not worth trying to sharpen if need be.\n\nI'm a firefighter EMT, and in my gear I have a folder knife with a hook-tip blade, and a straight blade to cut through seatbelts, car wreckage, all kind of shit at every kind of call. I'd like carbon for the performance and edge retention, but it sees so much abuse and water that it's really gotta be stainless, and it needs sharpening often. \n\nFor the EMT side, I carry a leatherman. The knife on it is shitty, but it's enough to cut anything my shears can't. The tools on it are invaluable though.\n\nMy point is that even though \"outdoors\" is already a relatively small market, each individual facet of \"outdoors\" has a different, smaller market.", "different grades and types of metal will sharpen better/stay sharpened longer for one. \n\nalso craftsmanship and economies of scale. handmade in a guys garage with grizzly bear bone and bald eagle talon? that's gonna be expensive. Like a lot of things, a knife that gets the job done can be pretty cheap and mass produced, but some people just like to collect nice things or have the very, very best. Economies of scale come into play because not very many people at all need a $150 knife.\n\nMy brother has probably put a grand into his knife collection, and its not really that big. I use them sometimes and can't really tell the difference. His $150 knife cuts paracord just as well as my $30 knife in my experience, but im not using any of my knives for anything that is really important to my health or safety. i.e. a firefighter might want a nice seatbelt cutter that is top-notch when that situation arises. \n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e7osp2i", "e7osqcq" ], "score": [ 19, 14 ], "text": [ "Ahoy, fellow redditor. Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained:\n\n1. [ELI5: When liquid is poured from certain bottles, why does it 'glug' and not just pour smoothly? ](_URL_1_) ^(_10 comments_)\n1. [ELI5: Why does juice come out in short bursts when I pour it? ](_URL_0_) ^(_4 comments_)\n1. [ELI5: Why do soda bottles \"glug\" when you empty them? ](_URL_4_) ^(_8 comments_)\n1. [ELI5: When pouring something out of a bottle, how is the \"glug\" sound produced? ](_URL_5_) ^(_2 comments_)\n1. [ELI5: Why does liquid \"pulse\" out of a bottle when emptying instead of just a steady stream like my faucet or a cup of liquid? ](_URL_3_) ^(_6 comments_)\n1. [ELI5: Why do you need to make two holes in a can for liquid to pour properly? ](_URL_2_) ^(_5 comments_)\n", "Your opening isn't big enough such that air can enter the carton at the same rate that milk leaves. As you pour, the milk completely blocks the opening, which ~~increases~~ decreases the pressure inside the bottle, causing it to suck back alittle so that air can get in, and then milk spurts back out again. \n\nYou can peel back the opening or pour a bit slower to avoid this. \n\nedit: decrease" ] }

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[ [ "https://np.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/38pi58/eli5_why_does_juice_come_out_in_short_bursts_when/", "https://np.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3o0h34/eli5_when_liquid_is_poured_from_certain_bottles/", "https://np.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/joze1/eli5_why_do_you_need_to_make_two_holes_in_a_can/", "https://np.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4rs5pc/eli5_why_does_liquid_pulse_out_of_a_bottle_when/", "https://np.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7x72jl/eli5_why_do_soda_bottles_glug_when_you_empty_them/", "https://np.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/58w7os/eli5_when_pouring_something_out_of_a_bottle_how/" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c647j1c" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "The interval of existence, for purposes of engineering mathematics, simply states that, if we put a differential equation into standard form of:\n\ny^(n) + a__1(t)y^(n-1) + a_2(t)y^(n-2) + ... + a_(n-1)(t)y = a_(n)(t), where the powers of n indicate the nth derivative and you have y(t_0) = b_0, y'(t_0) = b_1, ... , y^(n-1)(t_0) = b_(n-1), then if all of the a_1(t), a_2(t), ... , a_n(t)'s etc are continuous on some OPEN interval c_1 < t_0 < c_2, then there exists a solution to the problem, and that solution is unique.\n\nLooking back, that's a little on the dense side. So, to re-state, we're saying that if we're given a differential equation that has functions attached to all of the y-derivatives that are all continuous at at least one common interval, then there exists another continuous function that is the solution to the DE over that same interval. It says nothing about whether or not it's possible to find said solution, or if there exists a continuous solution if none of the continuous functions share a common domain.\n\nI won't even try to explain the proof behind it at a ELI5 level, or even a basic first/second year calc level, as if it's possible, I'm certainly not capable of doing it. If you are interested in it though, Wikipedia has a good dense description of it at the following page (it has a different name than most are used to, which is why I'm including it): _URL_0_\n\nAs for your final question, you can think of solution curves as the way that water is flowing in a pond/lake/river. Thus, if I were to drop a leaf into the water at some point along the solution curve, it would move along the path of the solution curve, and never deviate from that path. Now imagine if you have two paths that cross at a single point. What will happen if you put a leaf in the water at that point. Which way will it go? Clearly it can only move in one direction, but the solution curves indicate it should move in both, which is clearly an impossible scenario. The same holds for tangent curves at a point, as those curves will not be tangent (presumably) as soon you move a short distance away from (x0, y0), at which point, which way does the leaf go?" ] }

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[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard%E2%80%93Lindel%C3%B6f_theorem" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "fg2th6k", "fg2uw92" ], "score": [ 4, 3 ], "text": [ "It’s a series of Genetically programmed behaviors that they follow. Basically think of the various jobs in the colony as different flowcharts of activities that the bees perform. Based on the job and type of bee, they are hard wired to follow these different patterns of behavior. these can be pretty complex with a lot of steps from start to finish, but you can break them all down into a chain of simpler behaviors/activities which can all be genetically controlled. Bees can learn to a certain extent but the important behaviors are instinctual so they do them automatically when the time is right. think of it like a robot executing a programmed series of steps.", "Someone else posted about how they are programmed to build the their homes, so I’ll just add that they actually just build circles and gravity squeezes them together and it naturally becomes hexagonical because it’s the strongest and most efficient structural form." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dmb1s1x" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "I can't do really a scientific explanation, but I can speak from experience (not proud of it). When intoxicated, your body has a tendency to go somewhat numb to sensation. If You're drunk enough, somebody could slap you in the face, and you will hardly notice. The same is true with a taser. The physical damage is still occurring, but your nervous systems response is delayed if not complete obsolete during intoxication." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dp2v9sl", "dp2vhgw" ], "score": [ 11, 2 ], "text": [ "It's reimbursement for the opportunity cost you've incurred by having capital on loan. \n\nNot an economist, just a guy. ", "Think of the interest rate as the time value of money. Most of us want our money now, not later, so if we loan it out, we expect to get more back later to compensate for waiting. \n\nThe top chart shows an equilibrium, where money available equals money loaned, the second chart shows what happens to the interest rate when the supply of money decreases.\n\nIf people are saving their money rather than spending it, then that money is available to be loaned. Money follows the law of supply and demand, so if there is a lot of money available, then the interest rate will be low. \n\nBut if everyone is spending their money on cars and vacations, then the money is not available to loan, so the price of money with go up. \n\n" ] }

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[ "https://s1.postimg.org/9426pvaa67/econ1.jpg" ]

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{ "a_id": [ "cv3gz2h", "cv3hamx" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Bethesda (company that makes Skyrim and the modern Fallout games) has always made their games with modders in mind. They even release a [development tool](_URL_0_) for all their games to allow for easy modding.", "The Bethesda RPGs come with basically the same tool they use to make the games available to the public. Engine enhancements go on behind the scenes to add new primitives like the AI for letting people have schedules that was developed between Morrowind and Oblivion, but the game world, quests and all the game-specific stuff is really done in the construction tool (TES Construction Set for TES games, GECK for Fallout) they hand out.\n\nSo it becomes fairly trivial to add new locations, items, quests, etc. and save it as a game-compatible archive. (.esp files mainly.)\n\nThe game engine is made to load these files in a given order, the new overwriting anything from the old that 'collide'.\n\n**TL;DR:** It was very intentionally made to be easy; they release the majority of toolset they themselves use and give good documentation on how to use it." ] }

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[ [ "http://www.uesp.net/wiki/Skyrim:Creation_Kit" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cnhjsg2" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "For the most part, most of the work is being done on the server. You don't really need to know how much ammunition or what gun's they're carrying but not using. You do need to know: where they are, what direction they're facing, what direction they're moving, with what speed, what gun they have out, whether they're shooting, jumping, setting up us the bomb, etc..\n\nEvery client (player) isn't going to repeat the same maths except for the maths required to display the models and scenery, so the server does the work, reconciles the world, and sends packets to the clients. You'll get thousands of these packets of data per second, at a latency of around half your ping to the server (the amount of time it takes a packet of data to get from you, to the server, and back again), which your computer simply uses to reconstruct the view of what's going on.\n\nThe server receives data from the clients (players) about what actions they're doing (moving, turning, jumping, firing), reconciles the world, and then updates everyone as to what's going on. The clients do comparatively little aside form display the world and send your player actions to the server. In computing we call this a 'thin client'." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eseemlp", "eseeqez", "eseeu29" ], "score": [ 8, 4, 6 ], "text": [ "It's the ferrite bead. It's a bunch of winded wire used to reduce noise on the cable, to provide a more stable electric current to the device.", "Ferrite bead/ring. Reduces interference from poor power sources. Usually used on audio/visual stuff to reduce buzzing on speakers/microphone recordings/etc.\n\n_URL_0_", "Think of it as a muffler for electricity. Engineers use it as an easy way to quiet electronic devices that have resonances or “ground-loop” noise issues with straight line voltage powering them. Imagine an electronic hum or whine being emitted externally or through speakers/headphones etc. It is a cheap and easy way to fix noisy devices without having to troubleshoot and fix one, or maybe several, contributing factors." ] }

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[ [], [ "https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrite_bead" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ch6zlev" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Well, for protons it's pretty easy; you take a hydrogen atom, and pull the electron off it, and you have a proton. Electrons are even easier (it's possible to make a device that basically spits out electrons). For heavier stuff, they usually just use the nucleus of some other atoms with all the electrons pulled off (the Large Hadron Collider's heavy-ion beams are lead nuclei). " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dc6nu7d", "dc6oyia", "dc6p5o6", "dc6pb1f", "dc6tt6d" ], "score": [ 8, 9, 2, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "They test to make sure that the drug is better than the thing it's curing. That doesn't mean it's completely harmless. Most of the side effects are quite rare, but they have to list pretty much anything that anyone on any of the studies reported experiencing while taking the drug.", "Possible side effects aren't guaranteed side effects. You may get one side effect, or maybe another, or probably none at all. Drug makers are required to advertise all possible side effects that occurred in their clinical trials. Those trials comprise probably thousands of people; conceivably if one person got a runny nose and thought it was because of the drug, that would end up listed as a side effect (that's probably an exaggeration but you get the point).\n\nI've been taking an acid reflux drug for a few years. I just looked up the side effects and I've literally never had any of them (or if I did, it didn't affect my life enough for me to notice). This is the intended experience of the vast majority of drug consumers.", "I could be wrong but I'm of the belief that in the litigious culture of America if you take a medication for a headache and it gives you the runs, if that is not mentioned as a possibility in the side effects, the drug manufacturer is going to get sued for millions.", "They are required by law to inform people of all side effects, and in doing so they avoid being able to be sued. ", "You also have think about when the benefits far outweigh the downsides. This is especially true with stronger drugs for more serious conditions.\n\nAlso consider that there are over 7 billion people on this planet. Everyone has a slightly different body that responds slightly differently. By blanketing every single possible symptom they've seen they can effectively insulate them from possible lawsuits better.\n\nWe have gotten so used to these warnings that we are fairly numb to lists of side effects." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ccpcodr" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "Pulling the trigger lifts the \"sear,\" the part that keeps the hammer cocked. The hammer swings forward, striking the firing pin. The firing pin makes an indentation in the \"primer,\" the small metal circle at the center of the back of a cartridge of ammunition.\n\nInside the primer is a chemical called Lead styphnate. When crushed, the Lead styphnate detonates. This serves two purposes: to pressurize the cartridge somewhat, and to ignite the gunpowder. Modern gunpowder burns vigorously at ordinary atmospheric pressure, but when the cartridge is pressurized by the primer, the gunpowder burns almost explosively fast. The gunpowder converts, via the process of combustion, into highly-pressurized gas, which forces the bullet out of the cartridge and down the barrel." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "chdjrx6", "chdjspk", "chdkgaz", "chdkkpt", "chdkvsw", "chdl8ba", "chdlbfk", "chdtj5e" ], "score": [ 9, 2, 4, 4, 2, 3, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "It probably has to do with the fact that you don't worry about others when you're speaking. \n\nYou think about lots of things when your surrounded by people, which can make you nervous and so in your case you begin to stutter. \n\nBut I'm no expert on this.", "This could be for a variety of reasons. Stutter is most commonly caused by genetics, your development as a child, neurophysiology, and your family dynamics.\n\nMy wild guess is that it's neurophysiology. You probably process speech differently when you're by yourself as opposed to when you talk in front of someone or talk to someone.", "While I don't have an answer, I bring forth an anecdote. \n\nMy dad has been in commercial radio for nearly 40 years. He tells the story of a news guy they had who would stutter like crazy, right up until he put his headphones on. As soon as he was listening to himself talk, he didn't stutter at all.\n\nMaybe there's an experiment/solution in there for you?", "I've read that children learning to read have an easier time reading when they practice in front of their dogs or cats. I'd be interested to know if a similar principal could apply with you? Maybe you can try speaking in front of a dog and then graduate to 1 person followed by a group of people.... have you thought of that?", "MY theory is you may be more pressured to be eloquent when in front of people, leading to you stuttering. I have the same problem, I can explain things to myself but not others. ", "I stutter too. For me it all comes down to Performance. If I feel as though I am 'performing' with my speech then I will stutter. I noticed for myself that the most important words always seem to get blocked off (Punch line of a joke or something). Sometimes its those regular words like 'the' and 'and' but much more frequently its the content. \n\nWithout going into too much detail on the content, mostly the stuttered words are the ones which help me in one way or another to tell a story about myself. In my head it amounts to saying 'I am building on the funny side of my personality now'. It's hardly ever something that I'm aware of doing. \n\nIt pretty obvious then why it doesn't happen when I'm alone, I have nobody left to perform to. Those personality building performances are not for you, they are for others perception of you. What actually causes me to stutter in reaction to that? I have absolutely no clue. I only know for my own personal experience that 90% of the time its because I'm trying to tell them who I am somehow. Try it next time you stutter to see how much of your speech is a performance. ", "it could be that with your friends your mind is is going faster than your mouth, but that could just be me. I've had my speech impediment since elementary. it could be that whenever you hangout with your friends you get excited. this excitement could be a factor.like my friends always tell me; \"relax and think about what you're going to say. I also want to ask how you feel about your stutter?", "From what I understand, stuttering is caused by your mind evaluating the speech that is coming out of your mouth, and overcompensating in real time. While you may not feel like you're doing anything different, you are taking heed of what you are saying and your brain is in a constant struggle telling yourself what it didn't like, and you reflexively attempt to make corrections, which result in more errors. It's like trying to speak while being heckled.\n\nTo this end, stuttering have been solved through things like distorting or delaying your voice to make it more difficult for you to recognize yourself. Being more relaxed reduces the demand you have on your speech and also helps, which could explain why you may not stutter if you don't know if someone else is listening to you." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c293evf" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "From the moment a cat is born, the mother picks the cat up by the scruff of the neck to carry its baby around. The kitten grows to understand that if it is being picked up by the scruff of the neck, it's mommy must be doing it, and it freezes and lets her do her job. \n\nIt is instinctive, much in the same way that you are born knowing that you need to eat food when you get hungry. Nobody teaches you this, you just know. The same rule applies to a cat when the scruff of its neck gets pinched - whether it is in trouble, its mom is protecting it, or whatever, the kitten *knows* to freeze and let its mom do its job." ] }

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[ "http://www.reddit.com/r/WTF/comments/j4aav/temporarily_paralysing_a_cat_with_a_bulldog_clip/" ]

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{ "a_id": [ "cglfu8j", "cgljsj9", "cglkjzy" ], "score": [ 26, 3, 7 ], "text": [ "First off I'm very much against TM, because I feel its a cult profiting off the current fad status of alternative medicine. I meditate daily. I would recommend you watch this:\n_URL_0_\nIt has received some mixed reviews, but overall gives a better idea of the shady aspects of TM.\n\nTM is a meditation program, where the basic skillset is no different than almost all 'normal' meditation techniques that are free and have always meant to be free. The only 'unique' thing might be the fact you get a personal teacher ($$), who gives you a personal mantra (which comes from a list that the TM organization gives them).\nTM is a business, as are 99% of things with celebrity spokespeople.\nIt has a long list of certification levels, and a main school, that will happily take your money. Sorta like if Scientology started a yoga program or something. At the TM school you can learn to 'fly':\n_URL_1_ They strongly believe that if 1% of the world population is hopping in the lotus position simultaneously, we will achieve instant world peace. They vehemently deny Newton's laws of gravity. TM also follows a teacher that (by historical standards) was never qualified or allowed to teach others, he was merely an assistant that secretly traveled the world as a commercial entity.\n\nTheres been a lot of really shady moves made by the TM organization, too many to list, you should check out David wants to fly for some specifics. David Lynch is probably their biggest supporter, and he has never made any sort of valid argument as to why. Hes one of my fav directors too :(. TM's celebrity endorsements really started with the Beatles, which is sadly why this nonsense still exists. I think the most telling sign of this company being a sham is by looking at the multitude of copycat companies that have sprung up in recent years, some of which have made it to mainstream media for things like members dying or outright fraud. \n\nMeditation has helped my life immensely, there is just no reason to pay endless money and buy into a shady system like TM. Meditation was never meant to be a commercial entity, I recommend you simply search youtube for a howto, and you'll be ahead of the TM program.", "Sit down, relax and repeat 'im' in your head for 30 minutes. Repeat twice daily. Nothing more. ", "Considering other things celebrities swear by, such as Scientology, I wouldn't waste my time. " ] }

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[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wants_to_Fly", "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHwhGUo90jw" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d4qvwoi" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Native Floridian, never heard a word about this. Any sources?" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cd321za", "cd32ghd", "cd32j2v" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Because it's often something that someone does to themselves. It's not caused by a bacteria, virus etc. \n\nBeing drunk isn't a disease either. ", "\"Disease\" is just an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. It is a broad term covering more than infections; having your arm cut off would also technically be a disease.\n\nIf you don't like the term then you don't have to use it, but that is what you get when using medical terminology.", "Obesity is technically considered a 'disease' by the dictionary definition of the word (which includes self-inflicted conditions and lifestyle choices), but common usage of the word implies a bacterial/viral/genetic cause outside the control of the afflicted.\n\nA *lot* of people are annoyed by victim culture. \n\nThe obvious rational for classifying obesity as a \"disease\" is that it implies (by associating it with the above) that the person lacks control / responsibility for the condition, and the person should be treated medically (instead of getting their fat ass on a treadmill and eating right).\n\nWhich is of course bullshit. Yes, obesity may be a side effect of some genetic conditions/medications in *very rare cases*, but obesity in and of itself is otherwise totally-self inflicted.\n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cbcqhpo", "cbcqk55" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Spiders are poisonous. Heights can break bone upon fall. Water can drown. \n\nThese are things that are millions of years old. As old as our species. If a person is born with a fear of something that might kill them, and their neighbour is not, their neighbour is much more likely to be killed by that thing. Adapting to avoid things that might kill you. Adapting to like things that wont. You are afraid of the dark, snakes, lions, wolves, death, water, heights, etc. because they are dangerous. You love the opposite sex, sugary foods and starches, salts, light, babies, dogs, cats, and anything that looks like you because it is good for you.", "It is complicated, in the sense that there are many factors and ways that anxiety disorders can arise. A few reasons:\n\n1. Egocentricity and pessimism. Anxious people tend to think that the world in general is a bit malicious and that if there's a 1:200,000,000 chance of something bad happening to them, they'll be the ones to have it happen to them. Because they're \"special.\" Some people with anxiety, once they realize they're just like everyone else, are comforted.\n\n2. Chemical imbalance. Some people get imbalanced brain chemicals, and it manifests itself as anxiety.\n\n3. Phobia and stress management. Some people deal with stress, chemical imbalance, and pessimism by directing all their bad feelings toward something or someone or some idea. Like spiders. \n\n\"Oh, yea, I have insomnia, my boss gave me a warning at work, I'm so unlucky because I got back to my car just as the timer was up and got a ticket before I could put in another nickel...I'm ok, really. OH FUCK IS THAT A SPIDER!?!?\"" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c2zrkz1", "c2zrkz1" ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text": [ "I'm no expert, but I sold A/V equipment for quite some time, so I'll take a crack at this for you: \n\nWe'll start with how a speaker works. There's a cone that vibrates to make sound. This cone is controlled by a wrapped up piece of copper called a voice-coil. The voice-coil can have a positive or negative charge, depending on the type of electricity pumped into it by the amplifier. Depending on the charge, the voice-coil moves the cone creating the right combinations of vibrations to produce sound. \n\nThe amplifier needs to provide enough power to accurately create the right combination of positive/negative charges to produce sound. If the amp doesn't have enough power to fill the voice-coil, some of the instructions get lost and therefore the sound distorts and doesn't sound as clear. \n\nI'm not going to get into impedence because I REALLY don't understand it well enough to explain it properly. I will say if you're spending < 10,000 on a system it does not matter though. \n\nLooking at wattage in amplifier specs is hard because it's usually vastly overrated. Look at RMS power, as that's usually the most accurate. 100+ watts RMS/channel is a good level. A good receiver should cost more than $500, preferably more than $1,000. It's the power source of your whole system and it can make shitty speakers sound decent, but a bad amp can make decent speakers sound shitty.", "I'm no expert, but I sold A/V equipment for quite some time, so I'll take a crack at this for you: \n\nWe'll start with how a speaker works. There's a cone that vibrates to make sound. This cone is controlled by a wrapped up piece of copper called a voice-coil. The voice-coil can have a positive or negative charge, depending on the type of electricity pumped into it by the amplifier. Depending on the charge, the voice-coil moves the cone creating the right combinations of vibrations to produce sound. \n\nThe amplifier needs to provide enough power to accurately create the right combination of positive/negative charges to produce sound. If the amp doesn't have enough power to fill the voice-coil, some of the instructions get lost and therefore the sound distorts and doesn't sound as clear. \n\nI'm not going to get into impedence because I REALLY don't understand it well enough to explain it properly. I will say if you're spending < 10,000 on a system it does not matter though. \n\nLooking at wattage in amplifier specs is hard because it's usually vastly overrated. Look at RMS power, as that's usually the most accurate. 100+ watts RMS/channel is a good level. A good receiver should cost more than $500, preferably more than $1,000. It's the power source of your whole system and it can make shitty speakers sound decent, but a bad amp can make decent speakers sound shitty." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e5gj33d" ], "score": [ 9 ], "text": [ "The effects of psychological wounds are similar to physical wounds but are much harder to identify and treat. Imagine the wound on your mind as a large physical wound like an infected boil.\n\nUsing that area of the body only results in mind-numbing pain so you avoid it. However, that just creates a sense of anxiety that you'll disturb the wound while going through your daily life.\n\nHowever, depending on the location, the wound is hard to ignore. If it's on your foot, every step reminds you of pain. The wound may also get worse the more times you disturb it so healing is difficult.\n\nFixing the wound is very hard. Unlike a physical wound where you can see how large it is, a psychological one requires poking and prodding it to figure out its size. This takes a great deal of willpower to relive those memories and could lead to more trauma. By figuring out the triggers and effects, the trauma can be slowly and gradually treated.\n\nHealing is hard if the wound has become part of who you are. If you cover it and ignore it, it can fester and get worse over time and affect other parts of your mind. Even if it heals and becomes a scar, the wound may have been such a constant part of your life that you feel emptier without it. Some may even seek similar wounds in order to \"feel\" something. These things happens often to people with childhood trauma where the person's brain is not developed to handle these traumas." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d12wdr5" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "The bacon you buy at the store is not cured. It's smoked for flavor but this does not mean it doesn't need to be refrigerated. It will last a little longer than raw meat but still spoil in a few hours at room temp. \n\nYou can buy cured bacon at many butcher shops, this doesn't need to be refrigerated." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dbbvk0n", "dbbvxoa", "dbbxmis" ], "score": [ 3, 26, 3 ], "text": [ "I have always wondered this. Also, how does one get into doing this? ", "Artists are there to give the media an image to show alongside the story.\n\nArtists are allowed in federal courts even when cameras are not because the reason for excluding cameras has nothing to do with privacy. Cameras are excluded to prevent lawyers (and also other people in court) from playing to the camera. The judge wants a by-the-book trial, not a circus where the lawyers try to make themselves famous.", "Those images are not of the jury they are of the counsel tables. Many courtrooms do not allow cameras in a courtroom arguably because they do not want the courtroom to turn into a spectacle.\nThe public enjoys having an image so I guess news stations pay someone to create these images." ] }

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[ "http://d2jv9003bew7ag.cloudfront.net/uploads/Marilyn-Church-Mia-Farrow-and-Woody-Allen-trial-1993.jpg", "http://static-18.sinclairstoryline.com/resources/media/41e5a1a3-31c4-44a6-a07f-d2d0926c521d-0926Roofhearing06sketch.jpg" ]

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{ "a_id": [ "c3xp4rd" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "The evolution of Fast Food is actually fairly interesting but the term is applied to any food that can be prepared and served very quickly. While any meal with low preparation time can be considered to be fast food, typically the term refers to food sold in a restaurant or store with preheated or precooked ingredients, and served to the customer in a packaged form for take-out/take-away.\n\nFive Guys is trying to fit into between Fast Food and Fine Dinning by offering food that is more pricey then fast food but cheaper and faster then fine dining. Subway on the other hand has exactly the same price point as other Fast Food restaurants and is equally fast to MacDonalds." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d0a17c3", "d0a1ave", "d0a4r97", "d0a8yl3" ], "score": [ 44, 2, 10, 2 ], "text": [ "In modern times, it is legally restricted how lawyers can organize themselves--it's viewed as a bad thing for an attorney to be under control of a non-attorney shareholder for example, considering his special duties toward clients. But that doesn't really answer the historical question.\n\nA lawyer is a typical example of a professional. He trades on his reputation, and it's all about his abilities. You cannot separate the service from the attorney providing it--being represented by John Doe is not the same as being represented by Richard Roe. So it makes sense for lawyers to be business for themselves, albeit with clerks or secretaries assisting them perhaps. \n\nA partnership is an extension of this model--you've got lawyers working together, but they're still individuals with clients specific to them, they just pool some of their capital and other business sources.", "Why do you think it is abnormal? This structure is typical for a no capital structure. The organization you describe as normal is for high levels of capital. As a result of business property tax and other standing annual costs, this common structure is less in favor and commonly the model moving offshore. Most people do not realize that inventory is taxed in many states for example, and when it is explained they express disbelief to me. The structure of partnership is inherently piece work, or by contract or client if you will. Also you will see the clerks and \"journeymen\" paid less as they \"learn\" the ropes. Accounting firms often follow a similiar pattern, as will doctor groups with \"residents\". Its a service business model for sharing profits basically.", "Most law firms are no longer organized as partnerships. Law firms are usually organized as some type of limited-liability entity and the shareholders (the owners) of the entity are referred to as \"partners.\" They're called partners because of tradition more than anything--back before you had a ton of different corporate forms, and you were limited to corporations and partnerships, law firms organized themselves as partnerships and the people in charge were of course partners. When all you had was partnerships and corporations, it made sense to organize a law firm as a partnership because corporations had (and still have) all kinds of procedural rules for decision making that are unnecessary when a bunch of people who are basically responsible for their own work are working together. \n\n", "This answer specifically address American lawyers only. \n\nFrom my memory of legal ethics, and business administration law\nthe historical answer was that there were originally two legal entities that were were allowed, the corporation, and the partnership. Attorneys were prohibited from forming corporations as the owners of corporations have limited liability. Their liability is that of their original investment into the corporation unless the owners of the corporation commit acts that allow the corporate veil to be pierced. Attorneys having limited liability was seen as a bad idea since main liability an attorney has is malpractice. Lawmakers did not want to grant attorneys limited liability out of fear that attorneys would commit malpractice, close the firm without paying the injured party damages and open a new corporation under a different name. \n\nThis same worry also lead many states to prohibit attorneys from practicing under trade names for many years, and other laws preventing attorneys from advertising until the mid to late 1970's. \n\nIn the mid 1980's the LLC was created. Attorneys were originally prohibited from organizing as an LLC because of the limited liability. However, many states have recently allowed attorneys to use professionsal corporations and Professional LLCs. State law creates an exception to the general limited liability for malpractice. Many law firms have reorganized as profesional corporations or as PLLCs. \n\nIn regards to Limited Liability Partnerships, the organizational structure does not limit the liability of a general partner but rather creates two different levels of partnership, General partners and limited partners. Originally, the general partner had unlimited liability but has controll over the entity. Limited partners have limited liability for their acts (their original investment), but is prohibited from exerting controll over the entity. States have began to remove the prohibition of limited partners having controll over the partnership. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "craifh1", "craijta", "craiky4" ], "score": [ 2, 6, 2 ], "text": [ "It depends on how seriously the copyright holder wants to go after them. If a local advertisement creates a song that sounds vaguely like an AC/DC song for use in a 30 second radio spot, could AC/DC sue them and win? Maybe. Depends on the specifics. How it was used. How it was generated. How much it resembles a specific song.\n\nBut also, it's just not worth AC/DC's time. Is the advertisement doing something illegal? Maybe. But also the ad agency is taking a calculated risk that no one cares enough to challenge them on it, and they are likely right.\n\nSo, they \"get away\" with it based on the fact that it takes a lot of time, energy, and money, to sue someone for such a minor thing and it's not worth it 99% of the time.\n\nHell, even challenging the copyright on a song worth millions of dollars is barely worth it, much less an advertisement spot of questionable legality.", "Advertisers employ musicologists who study the original track and make sure it's far enough away from any popular tracks. \n\nAlso, there are thousands of songs that use the same three chords. Pop music is very formulaic. Maybe they get hammered on Reddit for being a ripoff but they probably aren't breaking any laws.\n\nSource: I'm in advertising and employ a musicologist.", "In the US and most Berne Convention countries there's a compulsory licensing system for music.\n\nBerne Convention = a copyright treaty.\n\nCompulsory license = you pay a fee and you can use the song. The band's consent doesn't matter.\n\nThe compulsory licensing system is there so that music is accessible/can't refuse to license out their music for dumb reasons.\n\nFolks get sued when they don't pay the license.\n\n[Read more here](_URL_0_)." ] }

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[ [], [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_license" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cbgbn5q" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "/u/Kleppr answered it, but you should probably know that it can be called a \"one way mirror\", \"two way mirror\", \"one way glass\", or \"two way glass\"." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eyonmgc", "eyonqrj" ], "score": [ 8, 13 ], "text": [ "The brain decomposes. As soon as blood no longer feeds the brain, it starts to die. Neurons die, and information is lost. Even if you kickstart the heart once the brain is dead, the human being will refuse to boot up: data error, no boot device detected. If brain damage is even more severe, the low level structures that regulate breathing and heartbeat are dead as well, and you cannot kickstart the organism at all. This is why brain death is considered the most important factor determining biological death.", "The first and most important thing that happens before bacteria even get started is that your brain starts to die. That begins within minutes of cardiac arrest. Within a fairly short time after the brain's resources are expended, a wave of depolarization sweeps through the brain as the delicate balance maintaining electrical potential breaks down. This is broadly considered to be irreversible. \n\nThe truth is that different parts of you die at different rates, but the brain is a hungry organ and it pretty much dies first. Since we *are* our brains, the rest is mostly academic." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cs12z24", "cs142t2", "cs16h70", "cs17065" ], "score": [ 8, 4, 10, 3 ], "text": [ "It's basically just to make him sound fancy and posh, nothing else. You're way overthinking the joke.", "\"Esquire\" is a title used in formal settings in absence of another (Sir, Dr, etc.). It's archaic for the most part today. Lawyers sometimes still use it. It's derived from the word \"squire\", as in someone who is not a knight.\n\nBill is free to use it as he likes.", "At the time of the film's release (1989) there was a popular television advertising campaign for a new brand of appealing and affordable watches called ESQ (pronounced: \"Esquire\"). The commercial showed average people introducing themselves as \"Joe Somebody, Esquire.\" Their name would be written on the screen along with \", ESQ.\" tacked on the end. i.e. \"JOE SOMEBODY, ESQ.\" The campaign implied ESQ watches provided a feeling of luxury that you would expect from wealthy professionals but came a price many could afford.\n\nHere is an example [Esquire commercial from 1993](_URL_0_). I haven't found one from the same year or earlier than the movie.\n\nIf you listen to the way they phrased it, you'll see Bill says it the same way. ", "Its supposed to tell you Bill is a rather goofy person. It sounds posh and self-important, which Bill isn't, hence the humor. \n" ] }

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[ [], [], [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5PMH_o7Bjo" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c4bsqbw", "c4bswfc", "c4bsxs9", "c4btw0u", "c4bvaxu" ], "score": [ 2, 5, 2, 12, 4 ], "text": [ "An airplane has a pilot. If something is not going well he can make adjustments to thrust or direction. Only really advanced rockets can do this. \nRockets are mostly just a tube of fuel lit on fire and pointed in a direction. Rockets that have guidance systems still just have tiny flaps on the side instead of a full wing like on a plane.", "For a pretend rocket, lay a straw on a table. With only one finger, push -- don't roll -- the straw across the table in a straight line as fast as you can. \n\nFor a pretend plane, take the same straw but grab it in the middle instead when you move it across the table.\n\nRear-mounted engines vs. middle-mounted engines make a huge difference.", "Launch it isn't any more difficult. Getting it to stay on track is the trick. Theoretically it should be easy, but not how real life works. ", " & #3232;\\_ & #3232; I Know its you Kim Jon", "1. Airplanes are easy because the [minimum requirements](_URL_6_) for flight are actually pretty basic. All modern research is basically improving on a [design](_URL_1_) that already works perfectly. However, there's nothing in nature that leaves the earth's orbit, so we're [starting from scratch](_URL_2_) with this one. Research moves slowly because there's a lot of math involved, and everything has to be built from scratch, and everything from fuel to testing equipment is very expensive. As a result, there aren't a lot of tests, which [fuels](_URL_5_) the slow pace. Speaking of...\n\n2. Rocket fuel is basically pure [oxygen and hydrogen](_URL_9_), although different rockets use [different things](_URL_7_). Only these react violently enough to generate the thrust needed to reach escape velocity. In order to have enough of it, it needs to be pressurized. But even this is kind of dumb because...\n\n3. So, Newton's laws in action: Say you're at the skating rink and you don't feel like moving your legs, so you shove a bunch of little kids in order to propel yourself. Each kid will roll a couple yards, but it'll be enough to move you a foot or two. If that's the only way you can move, you'll need [a lot of little kids](_URL_3_). Same thing with rockets: when a single molecule of fuel reacts, it explodes out of that rocket, and as it does so, it provides enough energy to move the rocket a tiny bit. That's why rockets are so huge--they's basically pushing against air, so it needs a lot of fuel. Because rockets are so huge, you can't just slap wings on them and send them on their way.\n\n4. Why do they bother with multiple stage rockets? Rockets are huge because they need so much fuel, but after you've burned a certain amount, you're just wasting gas by hauling around an empty fuel tank. Better to jettison and launch again with a smaller tank. Of course, this adds more moving parts, and the more complicated something is, the easier it is to fail.\n\n5. There is a [lot](_URL_0_) of [other stuff](_URL_4_) to think about.\n\n**TL;DR: nice try, [Kim Jong Un](_URL_8_)**." ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_cooling_%28rocket%29", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion", "http://i.imgur.com/KK5XB.jpg", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_engine_nozzle#Aerostatic_back-pressure_and_optimum_expansion", "http://divegallery.com/moray2_.jpg", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Flyer_III", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster#Propellant", "http://i.imgur.com/W2lUI.jpg", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "f5p8t2v", "f5pu2r1" ], "score": [ 5, 3 ], "text": [ "Your body starts to use up other sources of energy, usually starting with muscle, and gradually working it's way onto parts of your organs.", "Body uses different sources of energy with different priority. It goes sugars > glycogen (sugar stores, like starch) > fat > protein. It doesn't wait until you deplete one source to move to the next, it's usually all happening at once but with huge differences in amounts being used. Towards the end of a marathon for instance you begin to deplete your glycogen stores, so you start heavily shifting to fat metabolism (that's why when they \"hit the wall\" their thirst is actually quenched, as fat metabolism releases a bunch of water). When you're running low on fat, after starving for a while, muscle starts getting used up more significantly, so you lose muscle mass. When that's running low, general protein starts getting used like those in organs, at that point you actually die, usually due to cardiac arrest (heart stops) brought about either due to weakness due to tissue degeneration and lack of energy or arrhythmia (heart rhythm no longer regular) due to an imbalance of electrolytes (from ions being released from inside of cells and such) that normally allow the electrical signals to travel in the heart for it to contract." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ckyorln", "ckyp62b" ], "score": [ 4, 3 ], "text": [ "They are - or have been - involved in most of the same wars as the U.S. Further, if you'd had your countries virtually destroyed twice in the last hundred years, you might believe that it's important to maintain a strong military even in times of peace.", "The UK and France are members of NATO, and have commitments to maintain their militaries at a certain level." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cryv13d" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "This lets people know, as well as police, that your car is broken down and you are not with it, but you intend to come back for it, and that there is not any other reason that it is sitting there. " ] }

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