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{ "a_id": [ "dmqfi8b", "dmqguw0", "dmqjly4" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 4 ], "text": [ "Real GDP adjusts for inflation, so its a better comparison to the past. It's great if GDP doubles over a period of time if prices stay the same, not so good if prices have gone up 3x. Nominal GDP just looks at the actual number.\n", "Most people would rather be given a dollar today than given a dollar in a year. \n\nSo a dollar today and a dollar in the future aren't worth the same today.\n\nEconomists called this the 'time value of money'.\n\nOne of the things that affects the 'time value of money' is inflation. \n\nIn the simplest terms, inflation is what you get as the costs of good and services goes up over time. When inflation is high, your money buys less stuff. \n\nSo you use 'real terms' numbers like real gdp to compare things that happened in different years. You are trying to remove the effect of inflation.\n\nWhether you want to use nominal or real numbers depends on the question you are asking. \n\nWhat was the biggest grossing film of all time?\n\nIt's Avatar, which made $2.8bn in 2009.\n\nBut Gone with the Wind made $400m in 1939. \n\nWould you rather have had $2.8bn in 2009, or $400m in 1939?\n\nIn nominal terms, Avatar made lots more.\n\nBut in real terms, Gone with the Wind made more. \n\nIn 2014 dollars (ie in \"real terms\"), Gone with the Wind was worth $3.5bn and Avatar was worth $3bn.\n\nSo in real terms, Gone with the Wind is the highest grossing film of all time.\n\n\"Real terms\" allows you to compare things in different years, stripping out the effect of inflation. \n\n(Source: _URL_0_)", "Nominal GDP includes the effects of inflation. Here's an example.\n\nSuppose a country ONLY picks apples, i.e. its GDP is tied COMPLETELY to apples.\n\nIn 2000, they pick 100 apples, and these apples are sold for $1 each. The country has a GDP of $100.\n\nNow it's 2010. The GDP of that country is now $200. \"That's great! Wow! Doubling your economy in 10 years, that's fantastic!\" you think to yourself.\n\nBut then you look at the number of apples being produced:\n\nIt's still only 100 apples. It's just that the price went up to $2/apple.\n\nIs the country *producing* more? Has it made any advances in population, in technology, in efficiency? No, not really. It's merely an action of price, and theoretically that additional money gained for whoever owns the apple farm is eaten up by people demanding higher wages, which is then eaten up by higher rent, etc. etc. etc.\n\nSo the country hasn't really *improved* at all, but merely changed a price which had no real effect on the country's prosperity.\n\nSo, you say \"well, let's get rid of the effect of that *inflation* and see if the country's improved.\" You set the price of apples back to $1 and find out the country's *real* GDP is still $100, and no *real* growth or improvement has been realized." ] }

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[ [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "eog97qj", "eog98cw", "eoga08q", "eogb99j", "eogcskd", "eogiuag", "eoi17w9" ], "score": [ 12, 10, 5, 2, 2, 5, 2 ], "text": [ "Sure, we could. However, there is a tiny problem. One of the radioactive byproducts is Plutonium. Melting spent fuel rods has to be done in a way that doesn't facilitate the separation of this Plutonium and using it to make nuclear weapons. That's increasingly difficult to convince the whole world you are doing. So, most of the time reprocessing isn't done.", "Fuel rods aren’t simply one kind of material to just melt down. \n \nThe easiest way to reduce their radioactive effects is to put them in a shielded location that people have minimal access to. \n \nWhen they are spent, sure they do produce some heat, but not even close enough to produce steam to drive a turbine.", "The spend fuel rods will be highly radioactive for millennia but will only generate heat so you need do cool them in spent fuel pool for 10 to 20 years.\n\nThe heat output is not that high so non have used it to produce power likely because the cost of the stuff you need is to expensive and would complicate thing and and increase the risk of a accident so it is not done.\n\nThe fuel rods can be reused where you remove the radioactive elements that is produced for storage and extract the uranium for new fuel rods. That is called [Nuclear\\_reprocessing](_URL_0_). Part of the problem with it is that is how you extract plutonium for nuclear weapons so nuclear reprocessing contribute to nuclear proliferation ie the spread of nuclear weapons and what is needed for them. So today there is only plants in countries with nuclear weapons and fuel from other countries are reprocessed in som of them.", "Natural Uranium is most U238. It have an half life of 4.468 billion years so it's relatively stable, but it's not really a good nuclear fuel. The reason is that for a neutron to split U238 it need a really high energy and that doesn't happen that often in a reactor. Fission of U238 will produce between 1 and 10% of the total energy of the reactor, it's just a byproduct and not economically viable. \n\n & #x200B;\n\nThe good stuff is U235 that you can find at about 0.72% in natural U238. At that level of U235 you can't really do anything with that you need to enriched it by diverse method. Below 20% U235 we call that low-enriched uranium and that's reactor grade uranium, but typically reactor use between 3 and 5% of U-235. Between 20 and 85% U235 we call that highly enriched uranium or weapons grade Uranium and that's used in nuclear weapon. Basically, to transform the natural uranium into a more enriched version you need work and energy so you want to enriched it as little as possible to be able to do what you need, either a reactor or a bomb.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nWhen the fuel rod is removed from the reactor, the U235 is gone. Usually you are back to around the natural occurrence of U235 in natural Uranium, which is less than 1%. But when you enriched natural uranium you have tonnes of it that you transform into a smaller quantity of enriched uranium. The spent fuel rod are small quantity with even less U235 in them, it's just not worth it to try to extract what little remain. In addition, the fuel rod now have some U236 in them, which is even worst than U238, so it's a nuisance more than anything else.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nSo in theory we could try to use the less than 1% of U235 remaining, but that is not really economically viable. It would cost more than to get rid of the U235 and dig more natural uranium. Maybe in the future better technology will be available to enrich and restriction will make it more costly to get rid of nuclear waste, which would make recycling of fuel rod more economically viable.", "Spent fuel is extraordinarily radioactive. Also it’s not like a single solid material. You have zirconium cladding, which is the shell. Inside is fuel material, the ceramic fuel pellets. But you also have fission products, you have radioactive gasses, and all sorts of nasty stuff as a result of the random process of splitting atoms. \n\nThe radioisotope inventory is ridiculously high in the fuel rods. Melting them means breaking the zirconium shell that prevents lethal amounts of radioisotopes from escaping.", "I will try to explain what is currently being done in France. Most of the spent fuel is firstly cooled done for a while in actual pools of water. (water is a great biological barrier). After that it is sent to a reprocessing plant where the fission products (aka all of those elements that are \"useless\", usually beta decayers) are separated from the plutonium and the uranium. Successively Pu and Uranium are also divided, by using very acid environments and complicated chemistry.\nThe Pu and the Uranium can then be utilized in a second cycle, in the form of MOX fuel, which is simply a ceramic fuel that contains a specific mixture of Pu and Uranium.\nProblem is, when the MOX fuel is irradiated in the 2nd cycle, things get tricky, there's a lot of bad radio isotopes that are being generated via neutronics capture, like Pu241, Am241 and Cm243. And handling these isotopes becomes very very fucking hard, especially in industrial scale.\nThat is why, it was decided not to deal with irradiated MOX and dissolve it into a vitreous compound.\nThe real hope would be being able to reutilize this fuel, but Generation IV reactors are still too complicated to be built, so governments are opting for geological depositorises for now. Hope that answers your question.", "The best option is to just take spent rods and consolidate the nuclear material back into a usable rod, but a lot a people don't want to. For fear of this technology falling into terrorist hands. So now the US is up a creek with out a paddle as the spent rod pools are over capacity, and Obama put the kabash on the Yucca Mountain site." ] }

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[ [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing" ], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cp72f9g", "cp731um", "cp78zt9" ], "score": [ 3, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "I believe you are referring to things such as chloroform or ether. We think chloroform works by disrupting the sodium-potassium pump in your nervous system. Each substance varies on how it works and I only know chloroform. ", "Many chemicals like carbon monoxide (CO) are competitive inhibitors with hemoglobin for Oxygen. This means that when hemoglobin, the molecule that usually carries the oxygen from your lungs to your cells, the Carbon Monoxide takes the place there in place of normal oxygen. This leads to rapid asphyxiation and loss of consciousness.", "The ELI5 version is that smell is a byproduct of the substance entering your body through the nasal cavity. It's not the smell that knocks you out, it's the substance that causes the smell. \n\nThere are, however, some smells that can cause people to faint for psychological reasons, like putrescine (the essence of decay). Overpowering fear responses can drop you, regardless of what triggers the fear." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cttbcmh", "cttc47t", "cttdzox" ], "score": [ 3, 5, 2 ], "text": [ "The CEO/CTO/CFO are managers, tech leads, or accountants. You wouldn't stick some fresh outta college accountant to be the CFO of your company because that position is the CHIEF Financial Officer. In other words the top of the organization for finance, the one who manages your finance and spending and all that shit. Companies are picky about who they put into those roles because a bad choice will easily end your business in one way or another.", "This [book](_URL_0_) talks about the different skills you need to learn as you ascend from individual contributor to CEO.\n\nIt is a very different skill to manage a group of people than to do the work of those people yourself. (*Managing* programmers is not like *being* a programmer.) And a different skill set again to manage a group of managers. Now you work is not to help individual contributors to their individual thing better. Your work is to help managers manage better, and that's a whole different skill.\n\nAt the CEO level on of the challenges is to manage a bunch of people who specialize in things that you've probably never done. How do you assess their skills, and their ability to assess the skills of the people below them?\n\nLearning this stuff takes time. Most people aren't even interested in doing it.", "ELI5: So many people drive cars, what is so special about Formula 1 drivers?" ] }

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[ [], [ "http://www.amazon.com/The-Leadership-Pipeline-Powered-Company/dp/0470894563" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cz82era", "cz876m5" ], "score": [ 25, 2 ], "text": [ "\"emojis\" are actually characters in a font. Think about the letter \"a\", it has different shapes in different fonts, but in most of those, it's still some sort of recognizable \"a\".\n\nWhen you send an emoji, you don't send the image of it, pixel-by-pixel, but just the character. For the most common ones, such as \"smiley face\", almost every font maker (in this case phone manufacturer) puts a yellowish smiley face. However, more abstract symbols are less defined. In your case, you are talking about the \"'BABY ANGEL' (U+1F47C)\" character. The unicode name only says \"baby angel\". Apple's designers decided to make a smiley face angel out of it, while android designers decided to make a little white angel child. The heart, I believe you are referring to the \"'BLUE HEART' (U+1F499)\" character, which android designers decide to give it a more frosty look.", "As other people have alluded, the individual makers choose how the underlying symbols appear, much like a font. There is no standard. Note though that, at least on the Android platforms, there are emoji sets in play store for different styles, including ones that look like the iPhone set. Most text apps will let you choose which you want to use." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cv1ppkq" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "People usually use the advertisement breaks as a time to do things and come back when the program is back on " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cwb2uq0", "cwb3are", "cwb3r21", "cwb3zlr", "cwb4sqe", "cwb5c9v", "cwb9s9r", "cwb9wkj", "cwbah8l", "cwbc8s6", "cwbdr2v", "cwbdw1a", "cwbeh5b", "cwbf4oh", "cwbtqu0" ], "score": [ 198, 23, 84, 27, 2109, 11, 2, 5, 2, 2, 2, 12, 2, 62, 2 ], "text": [ "You almost always have air in your gi tract. The gurgling you hear is just the air moving around. ", "You might enjoy the word \"borborygmus\" It sounds like what it is! _URL_0_", "Ooh I really know this one!\nI'm a pathologist, and while training I had to cut up hundreds of surgically resected human colons. Sometimes you get one that's sutured shut at both ends by the surgeon, and which contains a mixture of gas and semisolid stuff- just like in life. Well, if you pull one of these out of the bucket in just the right way, or travel a kink through it analogously to a peristaltic wave, you can elicit an absolutely classic borborygmus (belly-gurgle).\n\nThe more proximal GI tract (small intestine, stomach) can make noises too, but its not until there's a good gassy component (ie further down) that you'll get loud noises. This is in health - following obstruction you get classic loud 'tinkling' bowel sounds from the dilated proximal portion.", "Peristalsis. Your bowels' muscles contract in anticipation of the food you're about to eat. Your body knows that you're about to do it because you always eat around the same time. ", "Your digestive tract is like a garden hose. But instead of that garden hose being evenly organized, like the first time you pulled it out of the box when you first bought it, imagine taking the garden hose out of the box and then randomly stuffing that garden hose back into the box. That's sorta how your digestive tract is inside your body.\n\nIf you were to hook the end of that garden hose back up after stuffing the whole hose in that box and turn the water on, the water moving through the hose would cause the hose to expand and then some of the bent corners would shift to straighten out a little bit so water could pass through more easily.\n\nYou have a mix of solid stuff, liquid stuff, and air/gas stuff in your digestive tract (which is your stomach and intestines). When the air/gas stuff is pushed through one of the bends in your digestive tract, the digestive tract tries to straighten out a little bit so it can pass more easily, just like the garden hose. When that happens, you hear the gurgling noise. If that garden hose stuffed in the box carried both air and water instead of just water, you'd be able to hear it make the same gurgling noise also.\n\nEdit: Actually, a new garden hose does carry both air and water when you first hook it up; and when you first turn it on, the water fills the hose and pushes the air out. If the hose has bends in it, you'll be able to hear the gurgling as the water and air pass through the bends in the hose.", "How do you stop getting that feeling?", "I can make my stomach gurgle on command by kind of sort of flexing some part of my stomach and you can hear fluid of some sort swishing around. It easier when I lay down. \n\n", "It's saying \"GIVE ME MORE CHORIZO AND EGG BURRITO WITH BLACK COFFEE!\"\n\nI mean, at least that's what mine is currently saying.", "Its the demons arguing about which one gets to make that sound we wall hope won't happen in public, but enjoy making when we are alone. These demons have really bad breath! Its worse when it has a hitch hiker. ", "bubbling because all its got to digest is bile... sometimes... other times..... its because you have hot liquid shit in your bowels knockin threw your bowels( partly digested food that has caused a scene in your tummy and is being rushed out the back so it cant cause anymore trouble). other times just a air pocket cause chemicaL REACTIONS and swallowed air in your gut ", "Since you're 5, you'll probably enjoy saying the medical term for stomach gurgles: borborygmi.", "Well at first I just think to myself, \"maybe it will just stop after one gurgle.\"\n\nBut no....\n\nThe chance of a subsequent gurgle increases by about 1000% if I am mid-snuggle with a girl. So then I always get asked, \"are you hungry or something?\" I am not hungry, I just have some demon gestating in my colon. \n\n\"Yes, I am a bit hungry,\" I lie to try and justify my embarrassment. Secretly, I want to sign up to have my intestines surgically removed permanently. I have tried hitting my abdomen, I have tried willing the noises to stop, I have even tried chewing my food *more thoroughly*. But in the end, I mostly just pretend that my bowels are not audibly erupting, and hope that she will follow my lead. Then my mind dissolves into a seething hate of all foods more metabolically complex than pedialyte. After that I sleep peacefully, and the cycle repeats the next time I get the chance to snuggle with someone.", "Is there a way to stop your stomach gurgling?", "Something that I thought was really cool to learn was that when your stomach rumbles when you havent eaten in a while, it's actually a migrating motor complex occuring (_URL_0_).\n\n\nThere's a sphincter at the end of your stomach (a little ring of muscle that can contract and close or relax and open), and when you're digesting food, it tends to open a millimeter or two at a time to let food into your small intestine. You don't want it to open too wide, or food that hasnt been mechanically broken down by the stomach enough would go through and you wouldn't be able to absorb as many nutrients.\n\n\nHowever, we all at various points eat things that our stomachs cant break down to a < 2mm size (bits of bone, fiber, wads of chewing gum). If migrating motor complexes didnt occur, we would all have huge bezoars growing in our stomachs indefinitely because all that stuff wouldn't be able to go on. \n\n\nFortunately, a couple hours after your last meal, your stomach has powerful waves of contractions and the sphincter opens really wide. The point of this (which you experience as stomach rumbling) is not to signal to you that you are hungry, but actually to move all the undigestible matter out of your stomach and onwards through your digestive tract. Pretty cool!", "Fun fact: those gurgling noises are called borborygmi. Always thought that was a fun word to say. " ] }

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[ [], [ "http://www.thefreedictionary.com/borborygmus" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrating_motor_complex" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dgiafs9", "dgiail4", "dgiak5s", "dgiatkd", "dgibaek", "dgibd74", "dgibmqx" ], "score": [ 3, 5, 2, 2, 3, 6, 2 ], "text": [ "Some would just not work, but most still would. We know this because you can already just not work right now, but most of us still do. Ask yourself why you have a job even though if you wanted to you could go on welfare. Most people think the same way. ", "Nothing, it's designed specifically for situations where large amounts of people are, due to technological advancement, not able to find a job. \nPeople are incentivised to get jobs to get more money and live more luxuriously, but there is now no incentive for people to work at a sweat shop, because robots are doing that.", "Survival and having enough for luxuries are two different things. A large portion of jobs have already been eliminated by robots. There are not enough jobs for everyone currently, and even more jobs will be lost soon. The idea is that most people will stop working 40-hour weeks. Most people will just work one or two days a week, for less than eight hours per shift. Production will not suffer, because robots are still making the products we consume. Products are wealth; essentially, the infrastructure that our parents built can provide us all with an easier lifestyle. The only thing preventing it now is that the wealthy are hoarding the wealth that our parents worked in factories to create. The last problem, of course, is that the rest of the world needs to build the same infrastructure in order to have the same advantages. Since the U.S.A. has done so well, we have a duty to bring the rest of the world into the robotics revolution.", "$15,000 isn't enough to make ends meet, that's teetering on borderline homelessness. I have a college degree and make twice that to pay for a shitty apartment and I still live paycheck to paycheck. I couldn't imagine living off that and possibly trying to raise a kid which many people are. Sure maybe some people are milking welfare but nobody's living anywhere close to a comfortable life off it. ", "What would probably happen is that most businesses would raise their prices for goods and whatever the basic income was would no longer be a survivable amount of money.\n\nTo prevent this from happening strong laws and restrictions would have to be placed on businesses.\n\nIf that happened (the restrictions), it's not really much of a problem if people chose not to work.", "Because most people want to do more than survive. \n\nIt is the same reason someone making $50K a year doesn't work part time for $30K instead. People want steak instead of top ramen, and a car instead of a bus pass.\n\nAlso, basic income is less about fairness and more about pragmatism. Proponents claim the benefits of basic income over means based welfare outweigh the fact a few incorrigibly lazy people will take advantage of the system.", "Most people want more than just survival and a job can provide more than money. It can provide a purpose, a challenge, something exciting and interesting. I love my job because I learn things, I teach others, I help people. Some love their job because they interact with people, they provide something to others.\n\nExtra money on top of basic survival can improve quality of life as they have choice in what they buy and where they can go." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d3p3r06", "d3p40qq" ], "score": [ 4, 2 ], "text": [ "It depends. Being skeptical is actually quite healthy, and there is nothing inherently wrong with questioning what people tell you.\n\nHowever when it gets to the stage where an individual refuses to accept something despite a plethora of evidence being shown to them, there is potential there for a mental illness.\n\nIf someone genuinely believes either \"*everyone is crazy except me*\" or \"*everyone has a hidden agenda accept me*\" then you are into the realms of paranoid schizophrenia.\n", "Believing very unlikely things without some kind of overwhelming evidence is a sign of low mental capacity. It's not insane, but it's not something I want to have a conversation with you or your friend about. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dgdj51j" ], "score": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Way back in the day there was an unofficial trade which developed which was the origin of theatre within Japan. Prostitution was illegal and the theatre quickly merged with prostitution where the equivalent of a burlesque show was a cover for advertizing prostitutes.\n\nLaw enforcement reacted by making women in theatre against the law. Existing plays with female roles needed to be filled by young men dressed and disguised as women, and this practice continued to become culturally accepted." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c5psj0m", "c5pu9zm" ], "score": [ 9, 4 ], "text": [ "It does have a color camera.\n\nWe didn't want equipment damaged during descent, so anything sensitive was protected during that time.\n\nThe pictures we have seen already are from low-res cameras intended to check to make sure things are all right around the rover and help it navigate. Even these still have a plastic cap over them, which will be removed in the future.\n\nIn the next few days people will be making sure the rover is completely entirely intact and operative. Part of this will be getting the camera up and running.\n\nOnce it starts taking photos the photos will take a long time to get back the earth, because the rover can only send small amounts of information at a time. Again, this is why less detailed black and white cameras were used immediately rather than a color camera: each small black and white photo can be sent to earth more easily.", "We do. It has not taken out its fancy camera yet. the current images are from its emergency camera to make sure it didn't land upside down or in any other way screw up. \n\nThere are going to be full panoramic HD photos of Mars once they get the proper camera up and running." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cq7nihj", "cq7v9hv", "cq815bv", "cq81gus", "cq81izq", "cq83xz2", "cq87yhj", "cq8czs3", "cq8fnvb" ], "score": [ 192, 4, 338, 3, 8, 5, 2, 2, 4 ], "text": [ "There's more solid evidence for Tsarnaev, so it made him easier to convict. OJ's case was a lot more ambiguous", "Just the complex it's. For OJ it was \"We say a guy that witnesses say look like you leave the house\" \"You also have a glove\". So more needed to be proved. \n\nFor Boson, it was \" We all know you did it, and have photographic evidence too \". \n\nIt was also more high profile, meaning the US wanted a shorter trial since after all it was an attack", "One was a celebrity who pleaded innocent. \n\nOne was a terrorist who pleaded guilty. ", "OJ had a team of lawyers raising lots of different defense strategies, objecting to evidence, etc. Most of the evidence in OJ's case was circumstantial. Tsarnaev's attorneys didn't really raise very many defenses at all, and there was much more concrete evidence to convict. I mean he was basically on camera committing several of the crimes, and there were reliable eyewitnesses. So the simple explanation is just that OJ's case was much harder to prove, therefore taking longer.\n", "Someone who admits guilt will generally spend a lot less time at trial than someone who claims to be innocent. That is literally why we have trials. To determine guilt. When guilt has already been admitted, a huge chunk of the trial becomes redundant and can be eliminated. ", "OJ denied it, Tsarnaev admitted to doing it. It's that simple.", "Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's defense admitted his guilt. She is only trying to prevent him from getting the death penalty.", "Because the defence was not denying his involvement, only that he was under the influence of his brother and that his involvement was minor. \n\nHad OJ not pulled that glove stint and had said that he did it, but it wasn't his idea and his wife had caused him mental angish which brought this about, the case would have been over more quickly.\n\nCreating a defence of reasonable doubt takes longer to deconstruct for the prosecution.\n\n Also notable is the lack of potential riot.", "OJ had one of the most expensive defense teams of all time - they were nicknamed the 'Dream Team' by the legal community. They stopped at absolutely nothing when it came to discrediting witnesses and evidence. Add this to the ambiguity around the case and the lack of rock-solid decisive evidence and it's quite understandable that he walked." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "clppdj0", "clppm6w" ], "score": [ 16, 3 ], "text": [ "Entrapment is when the police try to coerce someone to perform a crime that they would not have otherwise performed in the absence of that coercion. If the police come up to you and say, \"Steal that car or I'll beat the shit out of you,\" or \"If you steal that car I'll give you a $10 million,\" then it's entrapment, because the person would never have entertained the idea of stealing the car otherwise.\n\nBut just leaving a car out for someone to steal is not entrapment, because no one who otherwise was not interested in stealing a car would be tempted by the bait car. In other words, the bait car isn't what made them steal; their wanting to steal a car is what made them steal, and they would have stolen some other easily-available car had the bait car not been there.", "A lot of people think entrapment is when an individual would not have committed a crime without police involvement. Its not. \"the defense \"applies when, acting with actual or apparent authority, a government official affirmatively assures the defendant that certain conduct is legal and the defendant reasonably believes that official\".\" \n\nFrom wiki.\n\nIt's not entrapment because in no way are you being led to believe it's OK to steal the car. Merely the fact that the car was placed by law enforcement doesn't make it OK to steal.\n\nNow, if theres a bait car and an undecover cop says it's OK to joy ride it and then they get you for stealing, that would be entrapment. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cw7f099", "cw7f0h2", "cw7gfc2" ], "score": [ 2, 6, 2 ], "text": [ "The most easy to understand way is that we've added a ton of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases are clear to visible light (so they let light in), but opaque to infrared light (so they don't let heat out). Carbon Dioxide is the best known greenhouse gas (there are many others), and we've increased the amount of CO2 in our atmosphere by about a third in the last century. ", "Because scientists who study these effects are aware of the long term fluctuations in temperature.\n\nIn effect it's like shining a flashlight outside at night and when someone tells you to stop making it so bright you respond with \"how do you know it's me, there are much larger natural fluctuations in light than those caused by humans with flashlights\".\n\nThe rate of change is unprecedented, and the cause of such a change is obvious and measurable. We know greenhouse gases cause the earth to warm. We know we've been dumping them into the air. We know there are more greenhouse gases then there has been. We know the temperatures have risen. Why wouldn't it be reasonable to conclude that was the cause? Even without all the detailed data supporting it, it's also just naturally follows.", "Just a reminder not to post straightforward questions. I understand that this is really asking for an explanation of human-caused global warming, but the phrasing makes it seem as if it is straightforward." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d3fqrqg" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "In its basest form, cooking is a transfer of heat energy from the oven to the food in order to cook it. \n\nSince the oven can only generate so much heat inside of it at any given moment when cooking, if you place one item inside of the oven, it will cook the fastest because it can easily absorb the most heat. As well, the airflow inside of the oven (convection) will be able to more easily move around the singular item.\n\nAdding extra items splits the heat that can be attributed to the food at any given moment. It also changes the airflow further, slightly restricting its access to the additional food." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dv4a2a1", "dv4cel5" ], "score": [ 5, 19 ], "text": [ "While some mythology surrounds the physical location having significance, most of the importance is traced to the pure tradition of it. At the time Muhammad founded Islam, it was already a major temple & the Muslims just sort of took it over for themselves.", "It ties into the direction of prayer, or [Qibla](_URL_0_), originally it was said that Muslims faced towards the Temple Mount of Jerusalem for prayer until one day Muhammad received a revelation from God to face towards Mecca and the sacred mosque in the city for the prayer, the Kaaba. \n\nThe origin of the [Kaaba](_URL_1_) its-self is the subject of some debate among Islamic and non-Islamic scholars. The Islamic interpretation is that tha Kaaba was origionally a temple dedicated to God by his angles so they could worship him. When Adam and Eve were on the Earth, a [ White Stone](_URL_2_) fell from the sky and showed where he was to build an alter to god. The alter/temple was then later rebuilt by Abraham and Ismael and once again dedicated to god. Over time the tradition holds, the people of the area strayed from the true faith and fell into polytheism and idolatry (the Kaaba would famously become home to more than 300 idols), so when Muhammad became the prophet, he sought to cleanse the temple and rededicated it to the faith of the true god. \n\nOne interesting thing is that the Qibla change I mentioned came when Muhammad and his early followers were still in exile in Medina. It would be another four or five years before they would be allowed to return to Mecca and it would be some time before Muhammad settled.\n\nTL:DR : Islamic tradition holds that the Kaaba was the first temple to God and later Muhammad received a revelation to pray in that direction. " ] }

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[ [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qibla", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Stone" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cab0exa" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Well, I'm not an expert on the subject, but I can definitely tell you where the money goes when someone dies.\n\nAs with anything, whenever the copyright holder dies, the royalties go to his estate. This usually means they are split up according to his will among his children or other beneficiaries. If a company owns the copyright, then this is not a problem." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cf2dknk" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Most of the responses seem to revolve around not having to go later, but that's a bit vague. Much of what is happening is an attempt to stay unencumbered and free of unnecessary weight due to the presumed preparation for physical activity. In more complex terms (ELI15?), stress hormones shut down nonessential systems like reproduction and digestion. Because these hormones are released when you stress about an upcoming event, the body begins to shed things that might hinder movement and activity during said event. A gazelle sensing an impending chase might defecate quickly to avoid the need to do so with a cheetah in tow. Does that make sense, or was it completely incomprehensible? " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cog8jm9", "cog8kvn" ], "score": [ 6, 3 ], "text": [ "They are not doing anything. Other gamers are calling the swat team on them to be a penis. For example this guy is suicidal or has a gun etc ", "Someone else phones the swat team and reports a crime that isn't happening. That's the point. Its to wind people up. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cbk77hb", "cbk7ohy", "cbkdvqv", "cbkdzfk" ], "score": [ 9, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Because the delivery of physical mail is handled by the federal government (delegated by them to the US Postal Service), but email is not.", "Well for starters email is not like letters. Sending an email is more akin to sending a postcard. Anyone who was interested along the route, the mail carrier, the sorter, the driver, anyone can simply read it. Without the \"security envelope\" of encrypting the message, you simply can't assume it won't be read. And most services don't or can't encrypt for you, you can encrypt but it's your responsibility to do so. Further, most people don't run their own mail server. So if a third party business is archiving your mail, requesting abandoned mail (over 90 days old, your mail still on the server is considered abandoned) is asking for business' documents, not yours. ", "The law changes very, very slowly, and is changed by people who think the internet is a giant series of tubes.\n\n_URL_0_", "The simplest answer is that in the early days of email, Congress chose not to treat them the same, and nothing has changed that inertia. \n\nThe same goes for why cell phone communication is not given the same protection as a landline...and why it took years for phone conversations to be considered a private communication with protections like mail (wiretaps did not always require a warrant).\n\nUntil either Congress or the Supreme Court rules that they should be given higher standards of protection, then they will not have it." ] }

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[ [], [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_of_tubes" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dc0qghx", "dc0repu", "dc0thf8" ], "score": [ 2, 15, 2 ], "text": [ "Clowns and dolls sometimes Fall Into 'The Uncanny Valley' for many people. Quick Google of The Uncanny Valley will tell you why these things are creepy, but the jist is: they look human, but at the same time not human enough. I think I read somewhere that it reminds humans of death in some way.", "As far as dolls and clowns go, the scary feeling might be due to the \"uncanny valley\". This refers to the observation that the more an inanimate object has human characteristics (in appearance and movement), the more an observer feels an affinity for it. For example, a stuffed animal elicits feelings of warmth and cuteness. A robot that looks more human inspires people to think of it as more human and feel more comfortable with it, even to like it more. But: there's a limit. At some point, when the thing starts to look very close to human, but slightly off, the feelings of affinity turn to feelings of revulsion, disgust, and fear. This is likely because it starts to look like it's *wrong*, that it's a diseased or menacing person. Things that this applies to are said to fall into the uncanny valley. \"Valley\" comes from imagining these ideas as a chart. On the X axis, the further right means the more human-looking. On the Y axis, the higher numbers mean greater affinity and feelings of warmth. The line thus charted rises as it goes to the right, until it abruptly falls down to its lowest point. Then it soon rises to its highest point as you get to the maximum of looking human and the maximum of feelings of affinity --for those who actually *are* human. Thus there's visually a valley in the data points. You can google \"uncanny valley\" and it will probably be easier to see this chart than for me to have explained this.\n\nSo, clowns look human, but slightly wrong. Same with dolls--feelings of cuteness arise and are then snuffed out as you realize you're not looking at an actual baby, and the dead doll eyes evoke corpse more than cuteness. Zombies do this too -- it's one reason why the shuffling zombie gait is disturbing. At a distance it seems like a person, but as it approaches, you realize there's something wrong, and tense up to judge what it could be, only to realize that it's a dead thing. Another hypothesis as to why clowns may be scary is that, with a face covered in makeup, including a huge fake grin, you can't accurately assess what emotions the person dressed as the clown are actually feeling. You can't see if there's a danger to you that is being obscured by a mask.", "The easiest answer is probably due to what's called the \"uncanny valley.\"\n\n[Here's a graphic chart.](_URL_0_)\n\nBut the easiest way to explain it is that, as something becomes closer and closer to looking \"real,\" there's a certain point at which point it suddenly becomes *just* close enough that it looks *almost* real, but we can still tell - but it's so close that it doesn't quite match up, and causes a sense of unease.\n\nFor an example, let's assume there's a scale of 0 - 100 on how \"human\" a robot looks. We'll say a rating of 0 is something like a trash compactor that has absolutely no relation to a human form, while a 100 would be a perfect imitation of a human. We could put different things on the scale, a mechanical arm might rate at a 10, something like C-3P0 from Star Wars might be a 40, etc. But when we would get to somewhere like 85-99, there's a sudden drop of how \"acceptable\" the robot would be. It would look *just* close enough to seem human at a glance, but under closer observation, or even subconsciously, you'd notice the differences, the things that make it not *quite* perfect. The eyes looking wrong, the skin too shiny or plastic, the movement not quite natural, etc.\n\nThere's no set number, and it varies from person to person, but that's the reason why, aside from other technological limits, there are very few attempts at making robots look truly human. The closest we get are things like LoveDolls, and even then most people indicate being more creeped out than aroused.\n\nTL;DR - the closer something looks to human, the more we accept it, until it gets close-but-not-quite, in which case we experience a massive decline in acceptance." ] }

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[ [], [], [ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Mori_Uncanny_Valley.svg" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "eu5gk03" ], "score": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Lets keep it simple and use a 3x3 grid of LCD cells. In front of the cells, there are 3 horizontal electrical conductors, behind the cells there are 3 vertical conductors. \n \n1v 2v 3v\n\n[ ] [ ] [ ] 1h\n\n[ ] [ ] [ ] 2h \n\n[ ] [ ] [ ] 3h \n\nIn order to actually change what a cell is displaying, you need to pass a current through it. For the top left cell, you'd send a signal on 1v & 1h. Middle cell? 2v & 2h, etc. \n\nPassing a current along *only* a horizontal conductor is not going to have any affect on that row without a signal on the vertical conductors as well.\n\nSo in our example, we would need basically 6 wire connections to control 9 cells individually. As you scale it up, the disparity between number of connections and individual cells increasing exponentially. so for 640x480, you have 640+480 = 1,120 connections for 640 * 480 = 307,200 cells." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ceop9f1", "ceopdun" ], "score": [ 7, 4 ], "text": [ "This is gonna take some clarifying. Typically when you are referring to straight exhaust pipes, what you are saying is that the exhaust pipe has no catalytic converter, resonators, or mufflers. By law, cars are required to have some sort of muffler and catalytic converter to meet sound and emissions standards. As far as having exhaust pipes come out the back, that is more expensive. Normal cars have the plain steel pipes because they are meant to be functional only. Higher end cars have pretty exhaust tips because it improve the aesthetics of the car. Mechanically, though. There is no difference. As far as coming straight out the back, that is at the discretion of the auto manufacturer. With cars with center pipes, though, this prevents the car from being able to have a towing attachment.", " > Regular coupes, sedans, vans and trucks all, usually have, one exhaust sticking out of one corners of the bumper.\n\nThis is the cheap way to do it. If the engine isn't inline, then they'll connect the exhaust at the end of the headers, pipe the exhaust through a single emissions system, and out the back. Two separate pipes would require twice the emissions controls (I'm talking about catyatic converters, here) and twice the steel in piping, plus all the additional weight.\n\nAnd most of these cars are little 130 hp whatever engines anyway, it's not like they really rely on breathing out as well as a sports car running at its red line.\n\nIf they want to be asthetically pleasing with a pair of tips, they can always split the exhaust at the end, and I've seen that on plenty of coups and sedans (I think it looks stupid; I *KNOW* it's only a single pipe underneath, lets not pretend it's something it isn't).\n\nAs to why along one side instead of the center..? I'm not exactly sure, but I'll speculate if the car is rear wheel drive, you have to pipe down the side to avoid the drive train, and you'd waste steel to redirect back to the center. Even if the car is front wheel drive, you have to pipe around the transmission, and whether the engine is inline, or trans-mount, or... really any other configuration, you're already exhausting off the side of the engine to begin with; you're already asymetrical. And putting a bend in the pipe for asthetics is an additional flow restriction, robbing power. As for the fake dual tips, usually the second exhaust tip vents very little, and the tip closest to the exhaust pipe will do most of the work." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "da541ph", "da543ir", "da545u0" ], "score": [ 5, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "120v can certainly kill you. If that video is to be believed, the current draw is incredibly small which is why he wasn't fried. If you did the same thing with 10 car batteries hooked up in series (roughly 120v) you'd be killed without question. \n\nThere are some small factors that make AC more dangerous but the most important elements are the same. Anything above 40v (AC or DC) is considered dangerous and the thing that actually does the damage is current. \n\n**Please get your electrical information from a reliable trustworthy source as it is dangerous and can hurt you.**", "Don't know where you got your information, but 120VDC will kill you just as dead a 120VAC.", "120 VDC is very dangerous. He probably had dry fingers with calluses, and the contact point was small. The 1-2 mA he mentioned is not enough to hurt. \n\nAC does tingle more, but DC can cause involuntary muscle contractions which can be more dangerous than AC. OTOH AC can mess with your heart to a greater degree, but the difference is often exaggerated. \n\nI have been shocked by 174 VDC a few times which hurt a lot. I have been shocked by 120 VAC which were unpleasant, but not terribly painful. I am pretty careful, but in 40 years of electronic repair, you're bound to get zapped a few times.\n\nRegulatory agencies treat AC and DC voltage levels approximately the same in terms of danger. " ] }

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[ "https://youtu.be/op_J1fgK4Pc?t=1m40s" ]

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{ "a_id": [ "dl79e5k", "dl79es9", "dl7auf4", "dl7bfjf", "dl7cids", "dl7cyre" ], "score": [ 6, 10, 3, 2, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Pretty sure this was for marketing by manufacturers as RC helicopters (one or two fixed blades) were on the market for a long time, and they needed something 'new' instead of calling them octocopters or the sort", "Some drones today have semiautonomous features that can help them fly back to the point of departure in the event of signal loss or a low battery state. RC copters have a tail rotor, and no autonomous features, and are generally piloted by people that know what they're doing, not just some asshole with money to burn.", "An RC helicopter is controlled entirely by the user, just like a regular helicopter. If you take your hands off the remote, it's going to go down in an uncontrolled crash.\n\nQuadrocopters however use a bunch of guidance systems that function independent of the user. They have a whole bunch of on board sensors which are connected to a controller, which keeps the drone stable in the air without requiring any additional user input. If you take your hands off the controls, most drones will autonomously come to a halt, and then either hover at that spot or go down in controlled descent. Some drones even have autopilot features which allow them to move without any user input.\n\nIf you put the same kind of features into a regular RC-helicopter, or plane, it'd also be a drone. ", "I fly drones commercially over power plants, construction sites, etc. you name it, I've flown over it. \nI don't call it a drone, I call it a camera. \nEvery. Single. Time I say the word \"drone\" it is immediately followed up with the question \"so does that thing have hellfire missiles on it?\" HAHAHA I haven't heard that one before. ", "They were called quadcopters for several years. The media started calling them drones because that sounds scary.", "1) Function:\nThere is a heavy degree of autonomy implied by the word drone, that is usually not implied by the word helicopter. \"Drone\" is also used to refer to other types of unmanned military aircraft that don't look anything like a helicopter.\n\n2) Specificity:\n\"Helicopter\" has come to connote a flying vessel of a very specific type, usually with one main propeller and another for stabilization. The word helicopter has become specific enough that it isn't even used to refer to other types of manned vehicles that are driven upward by propellers. \n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c5p68m0" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "It creates magical folder on your hard drive. When you put files in it, they are assigned to your account, so you can access them on other computers with access to internet. What's more, you can share it with some of your friends to exchange files.\n\nThe most important thing however, is that it's more convenient than sending mails with attachments, or uploading it to rapidshare and sharing a link. You just copy your files there and they automagically appear on the internet and in your friend's shared folder." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dbgerbq", "dbggbbv", "dbgjfgh", "dbgjvzl" ], "score": [ 11, 8, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Abuse does not occur in a vacuum. There are always underlying causes- maybe the abuser himself was abused in some way, or maybe his physical or emotional violence is a reflection of frustrations felt in other areas of the abusers life. It's not necessarily as simple as teaching someone that abuse is wrong. Virtually all abusers are either inherently emotionally or psychologically unstable, victims of past abuse, or suffering from problems elsewhere in life. ", "Domestic abuse is always about control, many abusers or people trying to explain abuse away say it is an anger issue, however if that was true the abusive behaviour would happen in every area in their lives. The vast majority of abuse is psychological and physical attack only usually happens because the abuser is loosing \"control\" of the person.\n\nIt is a mixture of \"reasons\" no one size fits all in no particular order:\n\n1) It could be that they experienced abuse as a child, although it is not usually the case, most abusers come from non abusive backgrounds.\n\n2) They have underling mental health issues, but these would be shown in other areas in life, domestic abusers are usually very good at hiding the abuse, if it was due to underling psychological issues they would be unable to do this.\n\n3) Living in a society where people are objectified makes it easier to dehumanise a partner and take control of them. As society changes we now see men being objectified in the media, its interesting there is an increase in women abusing men as well (or more reporting?).\n\n4) Many abusers have extremely low self esteem, they build up their self esteem by taking control of another person. So unless they are willing or able to work on their core personalities traits, they wont change. \n\n5) Societies attitude, looking for external reasons, drugs, alcohol, anger issues, the partner are all blamed first before the person themselves, so why should they change, their beliefs are constantly reinforced by society. Every time a partner kills a partner, they were going to leave them, they were a good partner, what a nice person (there are endless news reports like this). Society and the media bear some responsibility for reinforcing abusers whole belief system, that partners \"own\" each other and if there is a good reason its okay. Its sad but thats the case.\n\nPlease note I have been careful not to use he/she as abuse happens across both genders. ", "Maybe it's a commitment fallacy. From the abuser's view they might know that they did something horrible, but as long as the relationship isn't over they can make ist up to their victim. So they stay and try to make ist work, but it happens again. Then they feel like it becomes more and more important to make their victim stay under any circumstances, because they deserve a chance to make it right...", "In order for the cycle to end their needs to be an intervention. They aren't going to voluntarily go to anger management classes on their own. So the courts have to be involved and compel them. But that only happens if the victims speak up and call the police. But many don't. \n \nBut many times it stops with a new generation. A man will say I am never going to hit my kids or my wife like my old man did. It caused me so much pain and I will never inflict that on some one I love. And they don't." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cmrvmcs" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Because he doesn't want to give it any more fuel than it already has. Counter suing would just drag things out and give it even more attention." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c43bwe5", "c43ci4e", "c43d1nt", "c43dzjw" ], "score": [ 9, 3, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "\"College\" is a catch-all term for postsecondary education.\n\nA community college is an institution that is usually cheaper and provides two-year programs (Associates degree). Many people go to community college for the first two years to cut down on cost of education, and then transfer into a four-year college to finish their Bachelors degree, because usually you can transfer credits over.\n\nFor four-year institutions, \"university\" and \"college\" I believe are technically different things but in American culture are more or less interchangeable terms. Liberal arts colleges, as the term implies, focus more on education in the liberal arts, i.e. a well-rounded education with less focus on technical or professional education. On the other hand, universities usually offer a wider range of programs, including professional programs like engineering or fine arts. \"Private\" and \"public\" refers to funding - public universities receive some kind of state funding, so they are cheaper to \"in-state\" students (i.e. students who can prove that they are residents of the state, as opposed to students who move to that state to attend the university), while private universities rely more on student tuition, donations from individuals, research grants, and other sources of funding. They are significantly more expensive, but are generally considered more prestigious (not always true).\n\nLiberal arts colleges also usually offer a much more limited range of programs at the graduate level (or I think Europeans refer to this as postgraduate), and I think they rarely offer Ph.D. programs.", "Also universities offer grad school programs (masters and PHD) where colleges only offer bachelors/associate degrees. That is the technical difference between a college and university", "Here, the terms \"University\" and \"College\" are used interchangeably. If there was a difference I would say that \"University\" typically means its a larger institution and does research. Universities and Colleges typically offer 4-year degrees (Bachelor's Degree) \n\nCommunity colleges are colleges on a smaller scale that service the community as the name implies. They typically offer 2-year degrees (often called an Associates Degree).\n\nAs a foreigner, \"public and private\" institutions won't matter too much to you. The difference between those is where the funding for the institution comes from, either the State or a Private foundation. A student can get a much better tuition rate from a college in the State that he grew up in. Rough example: A student who grew up in Virginia might only pay $10k a year for tuition at the University of Virginia while someone from outside the state would pay $40k a year. The purpose of this is to keep the money and the talent within the State. You're a foreigner so none of this matters much to you. ", "I'm an American who's now living in the UK and had the same questions the other way around. Some random points to add on top of what the others have said.\n\n-A diploma in the UK is most similar to an associate's degree in the states, whereas a BSc degree is a BSc degree. In the states, a diploma usually just refers to the document you hang in your office that says you have a degree.\n\n-Technical or vocation qualifications vary from profession to profession. There isn't really an equivalent to the british NVQ system, though an Associate's degree might be the closest (but still very different).\n\n-Also, a lot of the vocational qualifications change form state to state and often aren't country-wide.\n\n-US public school is UK state school\n\n-US private school is UK public school\n\nGet ready for the student loans!" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cozsozk", "cozspu0" ], "score": [ 6, 2 ], "text": [ "A camera is just a fancy method of exposing some film, or in the modern version a way of sensing and recording light. But the lenses are what collect and focus the light, and a cruddy lens will make even the best camera render terrible pictures.\n\nThey are both important really, but making a passably good camera is easier than making a good lens, so a cheap camera with an expensive lens is going to be better than an expensive camera with a cheap lens.", "Well the camera itself just records the image. The lens alters the image. Inside the camera there is a small, silver square called the image processor, (this would have been film in the old days) and that records the image that reaches it. However, the lens can alter how much light comes in, how much is in focus, contrast levels, and color. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eby7oai" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Faraday's law: if you change a magnetic field around a loop of wire, it causes a current to flow\n\nLenz: the current will form such that it opposes the change. So it predicts the direction of the current. If you ever have a crank flashlight, this is why the crank feels \"heavy\". It makes sense why something like lenz law exist; if it didnt, then you could create more energy than you put in." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d7a0coi" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "There have been a lot of religions throughout history and nearly just as many ways they have disappeared. You would probably have to be more specific to get anything more than a general answer. Some of the ways that the religions have faded away are through (making up my own terms here) *absorption* where two religions gained aspects from each other until they blended together, *decimation* where the practitioners died off until there were no worshippers left, *eradication* where there worshippers were forced to abandon their old religion (see the Inquisition) and *enlightenment* where the followers rationalized themselves away from the religion." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ccie8h7", "cciedvc" ], "score": [ 7, 2 ], "text": [ "No, the way they get the oil up is by pumping heavier than oil liquids into the reservoir. That leads the oil to float up.\n\n(That is, after the pressure from natural gas and other factors has stopped making it go upwards. Creating void into reservois is pretty much impossible.", "Also where the oil is being pumped out of isn't literally a massive circular cavern. Its hundreds of thousands of millions tiny cracks between rocks." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "coe26vq", "coe2d5b", "coe39nd" ], "score": [ 5, 3, 8 ], "text": [ "Oh, logs. I initially read dogs and got freaked out. I will now go back to sleep...", "It relates to density and the ability for the heat from a flame to permeate the entire object. Same reason it's easy to light a single piece of paper on fire but not as easy to light a rolled up magazine.", "Its mostly about the amount of oxygen available (surface area). A wad of hay has a lot of surface area and low density. Basically an entire piece of hay is exposed to oxygen. Only a tiny bit of a log is so it needs a lot more total energy to burn. This is why coals are incredibly hot. The entire mass has had time to heat up but only a small amount receives sufficient oxygen to combust.\n\nIts also why green wood is harder to burn. The moisture acts as an insulation against storing energy, evaporation causes cooling and out gassing effectively reduces the amount of oxygen at the surface of the wood (yes, oversimplification but basically correct )." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ctan450" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Tunnel vision. \n\nPerhaps, while you are driving, you should take notice at your surroundings more frequently. Keeping your eyes on the road ahead is good, but it's equally important to be aware of everything else around your vehicle while on the road. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cj8ws5o", "cj8x49t", "cj8x4et" ], "score": [ 2, 3, 3 ], "text": [ "I know someone like this. It took her 5 years to learn how to properly speak English clearly and even now she talks way to loud. ", "I'm not sure if this directly addresses your question, but there are a lot of great videos on Youtube of people getting their cochlear implants turned on for the first time (which allows them to hear at a basic level after being deaf). I also recall seeing some follow-up videos, so you might be able to compare their speech before and after.", "Cochlear implant implantation studies have essentially answered this question. This is a device that is an electronic ear, eli5, it has a mic and electrically stimulates nerves the ear normally would in a non hearing impaired person. The answer is that it depends on when the person gains the sense of hearing. If they get it as a young child they learn much more quickly and sound much closer to anyone else. If it is later in life more conscious effort seems to be involved and seems to be more of a struggle. So just like learning a foreign language it is quite natural for a developing brain and possible but more effort for a developed mind. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cfmqolb" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Too much sugar (or salt, or any solute) in a solution will raise the \"osmotic stress\" on the organism. Basically, the osmotic pressure drawing water out of the yeast and into solution will be stronger than the yeast's internal mechanisms for stopping that from happening, and the yeast will dehydrate and die" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dwjdtmw", "dwjg9vt", "dwjgbz3", "dwjgtwe", "dwjh2lk" ], "score": [ 5, 2, 8, 4, 3 ], "text": [ "A big factor was that labour was dirt cheap in that period. Many other overheads to do with employment nowadays was also fairly well non-existant. So you could have large numbers of cheap workmen where today you would need machinery.\n\nWikipedia suggests an inflation-adjusted figure of $20M rather than 5M though. The Royal Gorge Bridge was constructed as a tourist attraction not a major road connection, so your comparison might not be particularly valid.\n\n_URL_0_", "I'm not an expert on this, but I had a similar conversation about the NYC subway recently - specifically why the UES/2nd ave extension was astronomically expensive. 100 years ago, most of the NYC subway system was built using 'cut and cover' where you just tear up the middle of a major street and build a subway down a ~30ft trench dug under what (was) 2nd Ave. Then you build the subway lines and rebury it all. At the time, it was expensive, but no where *close* to what the 2Ave extension cost.\n\nThe guy I talked with (an architect and building engineer) explained that *a lot* of it is due to the fact that today we are a far more litigious society and that the local government can't just say \"shut up - we are building the subway\" - at least in the US anyway. Individuals have a lot more power and authority to prevent local governments from unilaterally acting. In the case of 2Ave extension, *all* of those businesses and residents would have been massively inconvenienced and harmed for a few years - enough so that they would have been heavily incentivized to lobby/yell at/sue until the project was derailed. As such, the only way to get the 2Ave extension passed was to do this crazy-assed deep boring method which was insanely expensive. \n\n'Democracy' and individuals having a lot of power in local government is clearly a good thing, but there are also some costs - the ability to pull off 'grand scale' projects at a reasonable price is one of those costs. Different countries have different powers to unilaterally act - look at China and the 3 Gorges Dam - I really doubt something like that could be built in a western democracy at *any* price. ", "Why would you say they are similar? Royal Gorge Bridge has a span of 286m with relative short towers so the ground below and a deep gorge in the middle. It is 5.5 meter wide and has a load limit of 910 ton. The total length is 384m\n\nMillau Viaduct has 6x 342 meter bridges and 2 204 m at the end. So a total length of 2460m That is 6.4 times longer. The support of bridge span has to go down to the ground as as it is a multi span bridge so the longest is ~270m. A guess is the average is half that 135m for 7 supports. The bridge is 32 m wide so the total surface area of the bridge is 37 time larger. \n\nThe road is a 2 lanes per direction highway with a max speed of 110 km/h. I cant find any load limit so it has to survive a highway full of 40 ton trucks on is. I can find any information about the Royal Gorge Bridge in the past but today the speed limit is 10 mph and oversize vehicles, including large trucks, RVs and buses, are not permitted to cross. I would guess that the max weight/axel pressure is quite low and that the speed was not high in the past as it is a wood deck\n\nAnother complicating factor is that it looks like hard rock in Colorado but is softer limestone in France that complicate how the towers/pylons are build.\n\n\nSo the bridges are not the same size at all and the traffic limits are not the same so you can compare the bridges at all.\n\nThe only comparable face is the clearance below at 291 an 270m. But the depth of the gorge is not relevant if it is a single span bridge on top. The cost would be the same if it was 1000m deep, as long as it it to deep to build a bridge with supports from the ground the depth is not relevant, that if temporary or permanent support are more expensive then the alternative. For a mult-span bridge the clearance bellow is important as Millau Viaduct has 343 m pylons and Royal Gorge Bridge have 46 m towers.", "I think it would be very inaccurate to compare those two bridges in anything but height above the ground.\n\nOne was a small project built as a tourist attraction and the other is a gigantic project many, many times in size that is meant to channel extreme amounts of traffic though it.\n\n\nJust for comparison:\n\n\n\n & nbsp; |Royal Gorge Bridge| Millau Viaduct \n---|---|----\nMaterial| Steel with timber deck|Concrete, steel\nTotal Length| 1,260 ft (384 m)|2,460 m (8,070 ft)\nWidth | 18 ft (5.5 m)| 32.05 m (105.2 ft)\nLongest span |880 ft (268 m)|342 m (1,122 ft)\n\nOf course a small partially wooden bridge that does not need to carry much except for the occasional tourist is going to cost less than a modern mega-structures engineering marvel.", "What do you mean, \"a pretty similar bridge\"? The Millau is six times as long as the Royal Gorge, six times as wide, has seven pylons instead of two, and is rated to carry actual road traffic, not just occasional passenger vehicles. Plus the impressive thing about the Millau viaduct, which is that its pylons reach down two hundred meters to hold it up.\n\nNo one would *bother* to build the Royal Gorge bridge today– it can't handle modern traffic needs– and no one in the 1920s could have even begun to build the Millau Viaduct. We spend more because we can do more." ] }

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[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Gorge_Bridge" ], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dx8t9yo", "dx8y1yv" ], "score": [ 4, 3 ], "text": [ "Amazon and Walmart are huge companies but no one person owns the whole company. It's really hard to start and grow a company like that these days without getting outside investors.", "Part of it is because there are more competitors in the oil/gas industry because of anti-monopolistic policies and principles of free markets. Over the past several decades, some of these competitors have become giants in their industry. For example, Saudi Aramco has recently been valued at around $2 trillion by Reuters in late March should the company go public. Because of this, they have a massive influence on the market which makes it hard for anyone to gain market share.\n\nOne would also have to consider the history of Standard Oil's rise to the top. The company was in a strong position to capture much of the rapid growth in the industry at the time when oil was emerging as an important segment of the market. Standard Oil made numerous strategic acquisitions to set themselves up extremely well for the inevitable growth in the oil industry. \n\nI guess to answer your answer in a more succinct manner, Rockefeller rose to intense wealth because of how he positioned Standard Oil while oil was becoming a massive input into developed economies. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cuynepk", "cuyo22v" ], "score": [ 16, 2 ], "text": [ "Well one of the reasons is because, your body is trying to control it's temperature. When you’re exposed to direct heat while spending time in the sun, your body ends up working overtime to keep you cool. Your heart rate and metabolic rate can increase, too. All this extra physiological effort can make you feel tired or sleepy, even if you’ve just been sitting in the sun. \n\nThe second reason is, you’re Dehydrated, even if you’re not engaged in strenuous physical activity, spending time in the sun can quickly dehydrate you. This is partly because your body is working hard to stay cool and partly because you may be losing fluids and salts through sweating. Fatigue is one of the primary symptoms of dehydration, which can increase your risk of heat exhaustion and finally, the third reason is, your body is experiencing chemical changes. The sun’s ultraviolet rays can penetrate the skin and cause damage. The cascade of chemical changes that produce these effects can also cause fatigue after hours in the sun.", "When the body is overheating, the brain will signal your blood vessels to dilate (expand). This results in increased blood flow to all areas of the body allowing it to distribute the heat throughout the body to be expelled by the evaporation of your sweat.\n\nNow, the cost of all this is that your brain is overall getting less blood flow than it normally would, meaning less oxygen, less energy produced, leading to increased fatigue from activity. The brain having to expend energy to ensure it and vital organs don't overheat also expends a lot of energy. These are what make you feel tired." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "doktp81", "dokud08" ], "score": [ 3, 11 ], "text": [ " > A ceramic is an inorganic, non-metallic, solid material comprising metal, non-metal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and **covalent** bonds. \n\n > A diamond is a transparent crystal of tetrahedrally bonded carbon atoms in a **covalent** network lattice (sp3) that crystallizes into the diamond lattice which is a variation of the face-centered cubic structure.\n", "I'm a physicist who spent 25 years making and using high tech ceramics. \n\nFirst of all, atoms and materials don't care how we classify them and what definitions we invent. They just do what they are going to do then we make up names for it.\n\nThat said, I never heard anyone say that diamond is a ceramic.\n\nI would add to the definition quoted by /u/Phage0070 by adding \"and formed by sintering.\" Sintering is foundational to ceramics and no-one has figured out how to sinter diamond. You can get close by sintering silicon carbide as a matrix with diamond powder in it but that is still not a diamond ceramic.\n\nAs a side note, the definition quoted by /u/Phage0070 would also include geopolymers, which ceramists don't include as ceramics." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "chp0y98", "chp0zul", "chp11fs" ], "score": [ 6, 6, 5 ], "text": [ "For the most part, it was faster than printing, and in some cases, more formal. As more things get typed or communicated electronically it has become mostly obsolete.", "It's kind of obsolete now since there is no longer much need to hand write stuff. Its purpose was to be able to write entire words without picking up the pen. That made writing faster, easier, and neater (although it takes a little while to get used to reading it).", "It's not required for signatures - that's just tradition. There's no \"legal\" need that any person be able to write in cursive.\n\nThere's debate that teaching cursive is no longer needed.\n\nThe side that is for it proposes that it is still a relevant skill today. That it's faster than printing, and there will always be a need for a non-electronic way of writing.\n\nI'm a parent, and I agree that it's less important than it used to be. I don't mind that my daughter has learned it, but I doubt she uses it much in her life and expect that as time goes by it will continue to be used less and less." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dyc1uz3", "dyc21nq", "dyc45l5" ], "score": [ 4, 3, 6 ], "text": [ "I don't know for sure if this is how they do it, but they could be doing a domain name lookup to see if the domain at least exists.", "Well it doesn't _instantly_ know it doesn't exist. In fact, unless the website has sent an email there beforehand it has no way of knowing if Nsyion@_URL_0_ actually exists or not. \n\nNow, in the case of google or hotmail, there _might_ be some APIs like IsValidAddress(\"nsyion@_URL_0_\") that the website could call, but outside of that:\n\nFirst off, we can check the form of the email. Is there an account name, the \"@\" symbol and a properly formatted domain? There are lots of javascript and other language libraries that check things like emails to make sure they're the right form. \n\nSo now it _looks_ like it could be legit. So next, is the domain real? If so, there will be what they call an MX record in the domain name system, and the domain will be there. SO I could do a simple DNS query. Yep, _URL_0_ is in there and its MX record points to one of the gmail server clusters. Ok, so the mail host is legit. \n\nThis all could be done relatively quickly... a second or two. But until you go to send an email to the actual address you won't know for sure. ", "In general, it doesn't (in the sense that the website doesn't go out and figure out whether or not there's actually a mail server with a mailbox somewhere for that specific email address).\n\nWhat they actually check is whether the email address fits the official specification for how an email address has to be formatted (or, often, they make up their own check on email address formatting and get it wrong - I use an email address that ends in \".co\" instead of \".com\" sometimes and fairly often a website will refuse to accept it as a valid email address).\n\nYou can find the specification here, but it is not written in a way that is particularly easy to understand: _URL_0_\n\nSo if you put \"nospam\" in an email box on a form, and the form tells you to enter a valid email address, it isn't that the website went and looked and saw that there's no email address \"nospam,\" it's that it looked at the string \"nospam\" and determined that it couldn't **possibly** be an email address (in this case, because it doesn't have an \"@\" symbol or a domain name)." ] }

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[ [], [ "gmail.com" ], [ "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5322#section-3.4.1" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d2pgskh" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Well, it's not that simple.\n\nNot all white blood cells are the same. HIV primarily attacks T-cells, thus sabotaging a vital part of the immune system. Making more T-cells would merely result in more virusses, as the virus reproduce in these cells.\n\nLeukemia results in the overproduction of white blood cells, but these are damaged and often non-functional, depending on the specific cancer. In addition, various leukemias produce various immune cells." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cm2u76x", "cm2uvx9" ], "score": [ 3, 5 ], "text": [ "water is much denser than air so sound can travel across it much better; radar doesn't need a medium to travel through since it's electromagnetic energy, essentially light at a much lower frequency", "Imagine you have a pool table with a dozen or so pool balls spread out on it, if you laid a flashlight down on the table and turned it on so the beam of light went across the table odds are the most of the light would get through, there aren't many objects in the way. If you filled the table up with two hundred pool balls they'd block almost all the light for sure. That's radar, it travels best when nothing is in the way, and water is way thicker than air, so it has more \"stuff\" in the way. But sonar uses sound and sound is all about physical things bumping into each other, air molecules, water molecules, whatever. So in this case the \"packed\" pool table, or water, with lots of stuff, does a better job of transmitting the sound, and sonar works better. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e1rjrj4", "e1rrxps" ], "score": [ 7, 2 ], "text": [ "Until somebody more knowledgeable answers: I guess because they are polarized and therefore reduce reflections.", "Light contains two waves; electric and magnetic. One electric wave triggers the creation of a magnetic wave and vise versa. This is how it propogates itself through a medium. These waves are 90 degrees apart. So when a light wave is travelling towards you, if the electric wave is in an up and down motion the magnetic wave will be in a left to right motion. When the electric wave is going up the magnetic is going to the right. When electric is going down, magnetic is to the left. This can be rotated to any angle around the axis of travel, as long as they're 90 degrees apart.\n\nThe angle in which these electric and magnetic waves are facing has an impact on how the light interacts when encountering a change in medium\n\nWhen light hits the atmosphere it bounces of the air and is scattered in all directions and at all angles.\nSo the number of waves travelling at any one angle is reduced, this reduces the intensity. When light hits a puddle on the road, it is likely to orient in the same direction as the reflective surface. Waves travelling in the same angle at the same frequency amplify in intensity. This is called polarization.\n\nSo while you're driving you have unpolarized light entering your eyes from all around. Then you have high intensity polarized light coming from the puddle in the road. This produces the glare effect.\nPolarized light from a puddle on the road will likely be horizontal. So polarized sunglasses contain lots of very tiny vertical slits and therefore only lets in vertically polarized light. Any non-vertical light would be reflected or absorbed and the glare disappears from the road. Fisherman use this to ignore polarized light coming off the water and see the light coming from the fish in the water. This is also used for 3d movies. 3d glasses are just polarized light filters. Each eye \"lense\" filtering light differently to trick our brain into perceiving the 3d image." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d3bn76z" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "CEO is a job, and you want to get the best person for this job because it can determine the fate of your whole organization. Most people qualified to be CEO of a nonprofit could also run a similar-sized for-profit company, so the salary has to be somewhat competitive." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d0damg5" ], "score": [ 10 ], "text": [ "Not true. Effaclar has both and I believe there are a few others on the market. They do entirely different things to try and solve the same problem. BPO is an anti-bacterial that kills the bugs causing the infection and salicylic acid exfoliates and reduces inflammation. \n\nBoth ingredients are a bitch to work with from a manufacturing standpoint. BPO is highly explosive if it dries out, so storing and working with it is a pain. LRP (L'Oreal) contracts out the manufacture of it because they don't want it in their factory. Salicylic acid reacts very strongly with any ferrous metal, so you have to be absolutely certain that any metal it comes into contact with is 316L. Even a low-grade stainless steel will cause the solution to turn a very dark purple color and it will grow crystals really easily. Huge pain." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cdgctel" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "First We had Cd's. They held about 700Mb.\n\nThen we refined the technology and made the pits and lands on the disc smaller, and the Laser more accurate. We could squeeze about 4.7 Gb onto one of those. Being really clever, we managed to \"re-focus\" the laser at two distinct layers within the disc, meaning that we could double up that data density to 8.5Gb.\n\nThen, we worked even harder focusing the laser, on lens technology and on manufacturing methods to make discs with even finer tolerances. We end up with the current state of the art: Blu Rays that can hold about 25Gb on a single layer disc and 50Gb on a dual layer disc.\n\nWhilst the technology is basically the same, there are important differences - A Blu Ray player uses a shorter wavelength laser (It's blu-er!) which means that it has a finer resolution. This allows it to read and write date into an even smaller area, increasing the data density on the disc. But really it's incremental refinements of a technology, just like Processor dies or Hard Disc platters, allowing us to cram more and more into a smaller space, and still read and write to it reliably.\n\nJust to add: [This image explains it really well](_URL_0_). Just incremental improvements." ] }

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[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comparison_CD_DVD_HDDVD_BD.svg" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "e73438n" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "There is speculated to be thousands of planets similar to Pluto (which is Planet X) around Pluto. Anything bigger would be easily noticeable but because Pluto and it’s counterparts are so small and so distance. At least as common knowledge, aren’t necessarily worried about." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "crtn1yb", "crtn45o" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Tapeworms live in the intestine. Not positive but by the time it got there, probably nothing out of the ordinary.", "Do you mean 16m Scoville units? Police pepper spray is usually in the neighborhood of 2 million and that will pretty much ruin your day. With eight times that you'd probably go into shock or something, never mind the tapeworm." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d81sehr" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "The white-colored wax coating(Carnauba wax) of the peppermint tic tacs have a marshmallow/vanilla smell and taste, which is why you only taste it for a few seconds after which you get the ordinary mint taste. The wax is used to give it a shine. \n\nSometimes I wish the tic tacs tasted like vanilla from start to finish. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ctn5ocs", "ctn5ox9", "ctn7wdj", "ctndlwq" ], "score": [ 3, 8, 4, 3 ], "text": [ "Because they (pretty much randomly) drew the line of \"nudity\" with showing the nipple ... which imho is quite ridiculous but whatever.", "Because of cleavage, there is no way to draw a line as to when too much boob is too much (and it would be weird and too much hassle to blur cleavage), so they just blur the nipple. ", "If they're concerned with it being considered \"nudity\" I don't get why they wouldn't just blur the whole thing. The only thing that's different from males is the fatty part. Everyone knows what a nipple looks like, so if that's all they hide they might as well not hide it at all", "That's what our culture has decided the line is. Nipple exposed=nude. Other countries where females are allowed to show their breasts haven't overly sexualized women. It's not the end of the world to have a boob on TV there" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d22wc13" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ " Microsoft collects at least:\n\n* Search queries submitted to Bing\n* Voice commands to Cortana\n* Private communications including email content\n* Information from documents uploaded to OneDrive\n* Requests to Microsoft for support\n* Error reports\n* Information gathered from cookies\n* Data collected from third parties\n\nMicrosoft say the saved data is used to \"improve and personalise\" each user's experience of using Windows 10, for targeted adverts via a unique customer advertising ID and to inform users of new software, security and account updates. \n\nYou can opt out of some of this by adjusting your [privacy settings](_URL_0_)." ] }

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[ [ "http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/08/windows-10-doesnt-offer-much-privacy-by-default-heres-how-to-fix-it/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ecoqd78", "ecoqeis" ], "score": [ 7, 3 ], "text": [ "The Chinese government is very authoritative and secretive. This is quite the opposite of how the US government is designed to work. So if an American company tech company is working with the US government there will be public records. And the US companies can refuse to work with the US government without the government ever being able to punish them at all. This is quite different from how things work in China. There does not have to be any public records of how the government and companies are cooperating. And the government have the authority to either help or damage a company depending on how they respond to government cooperation.", "US tech companies are not threatening the security of other countries by inserting back doors into their infrastructure with the intent of crippling them in a future war. Or at least nobody can prove that is taking place. China on the other hand is, and is currently the sort of government which can realistically be expected to take such actions in the future if the opportunity presents itself." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "etj8242", "etj880l", "etj8i9l" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 10 ], "text": [ "Electric motor has power that efficient at low speeds. Gas motor more efficient at high speeds.\n\nUse gas motor to recharge batteries as well when cruising down highway. Some use power from braking to recharge batteries as well.", "Since no one else seems to be answering, I'll tell you what I know, which is next to nothing. On most models, the brakes and wheels collect energy, which the batteries can use to power the vehicle at cruising or low speeds. So the gas will get you going, and the battery kind of.... waters it down. YouTube probably has a dozen videos that explain it more accurately.", "Hybrid vehicles are electric vehicles which use a gasoline motor to charge the battery. \n\nWhy do they do this?\n\nGas engines are designed to work well and most efficiently within a certain RPM range. In a typical gas car, this means that in order to keep the gas engine working in its \"optimal range\" as the car moves through various speeds, you need a transmission - gears that convert the engine's speed into the car's speed. Transmissions are complex, heavy, prone to wear and failure... so if we can do without one we're better off. \n\nElectric motors have (to simplify things) the benefit that they work most efficiently across a wider range of speeds. So we don't need a transmission. But batteries (currently anyway) don't have the same energy density as gasoline. You'd have to recharge an electric vehicle more frequently than refil the same size / performance gas vehicle. And batteries are _heavy_.\n\nso lets combine the strengths of both. We get simplicity of an electric vehicle, but we can reduce the size of the battery by adding a small gasoline motor that is only there to charge the battery. Oh, and to help the brakes we can recoup some of our electricity as we brake." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ccxovsk" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "In theory, politicians are supposed to represent the interests of the people they represent. In practice, politicians want to get reelected. Either way, it's often in a politician's best interest to do things that citizens in their district like. Therefore, convincing a congressman that his or her constituents feel a certain way can change his or her vote. \n\nNote that for elected officials who rank as highly as congressmen, you're not going to actually speak directly with them. More likely, you'd reach someone who works for the congressman, like an intern or congressional aide. These people do, in fact, communicate with the representative directly. If a single person contacts an aide, the concern will almost certainly be ignored. However, if a large enough group of people seem passionate about a certain side of an issue, it's likely that the aides will be sure to inform the congressman. This doesn't guarantee a change in his or her actions, but it can persuade the representative. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eywh091", "eywvv31" ], "score": [ 20, 3 ], "text": [ "[Canker sores](_URL_0_) are white because there are several layers of skin cells that are growing on top of the sore to cover it that don't yet have the same capillary blood supply as the rest of the mucous membrane of normal mouth tissue. Capillaries carry blood right up to the surface of the membrane, making it appear pink. Where there aren't many capillaries the tissue is not pink.", "It's an intense outgrowth of collagen. Scabs are dried blood. The mouth doesn't dry up so you have the collagen healing matrix visible. People who get canker sores have an overreaction of the collagen type I fibers. It takes about 10-15 days for this overgrowth to subside." ] }

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[ [ "https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/canker-sore/symptoms-causes/syc-20370615" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cga5q9m", "cga8442" ], "score": [ 7, 2 ], "text": [ "Your DVR doesn't know what is currently playing on your TV. \n\nAll it knows is the schedule the networks publish. It checks the schedule and the clock, pushes Record when the schedule says the show starts, and Stop when the schedule says it is over.", "[This article sums up this problem and the solution really well]\n(_URL_0_)\n\nThe DVR schedule is pushed down to the DVR. Programming changes/updates in the schedule can take about a day to get to your DVR. So if the program runs a little late, there's no way for your DVR to know that. It just thinks your sporting event was scheduled to start at 7:00pm, since that's what the schedule data says.\n\nIf you read the article, it goes into the fact that *\"Accurate Recording\"* a system used in various other parts of the world solves this issue. It transmits as parts of its signal, information about the current and next show. Once your DVR sees a change in the \"current\" TV show, it knows that the show that was just airing has ended. \n\nApparently, some US cable providers could provide this service right now, but the broadcasters would have to send this information to the DVR. And why would they? That is more of an incentive for people to use DVRs instead of watch live TV. Watching DVRed programms means skipping of commercials, which means less ad revenue." ] }

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[ [], [ "http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2013/06/accurate_recording_the_one_amazing_feature_that_makes_european_dvrs_so_much.html" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "czlhqmt" ], "score": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Big birds are, ironically, in more danger. The bigger the bird, the longer it takes them to get airborn, and the more likely they are to be on the menu. Small animals generally aren't worth the trouble to catch, especially because they're light and fast. The little birds aren't afraid of you because they know they're not worth your time to catch, and anyway you're too slow to catch them anyway. Larger birds know that they would make a decent meal and if you got close enough you might be fast enough to grab one." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ddfkl6m" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "The wings needed to support the weight of a human are huge. They need to be [about this size.](_URL_0_) And that's just too large for human muscles to flap more than a couple of times." ] }

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[ [ "http://www.picture-newsletter.com/paraglider/paraglider-blue-sky-47.jpg" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "chzqd5f", "chzqx4l", "chzrfso", "chzrfy3", "chzru2p", "chzrwz9", "chzth8k", "chztjeh", "chzu6rw", "ci0916t" ], "score": [ 33, 3, 5, 8, 4, 2, 2, 2, 8, 2 ], "text": [ "Because most people are not in their correct evolutionary niche. Humans evolved, and are adapted to, living in the savanna of Africa - the correct temperature, plenty of available food, wide spaces to see predators from afar. Almost every single technological and cultural advance we've had has been related to coping with *not* living in our original home. \n\nAlso, humanity has had hundreds of thousands of years to evolve around tool usage. We can't digest uncooked food as well anymore, since almost everyone has been using fire for so long. Instead of sharp claws, we have soft hands for making and using tools. etc\n\ntl;dr - a modern day human being dumped naked and tool-less into a temperate European forest is a bad example since that is not our natural habitat. A modern day human being dumped naked into the African savanna with some stone tools and the knowledge how to use them and make more would be a good example.", "Well, humans are social animals and reliant on tools.\n\nAssuming it's not just 1 human dropped in the middle of nowhere with no access to any kind of tools, then I don't think your premise is right about humans being hopeless in the wild.\n\nGroups of humans have survived all kinds of extreme conditions, and adapted themselves to every continent except Antarctica, and we even have temporary bases there. No other animal can claim that.", "Cats teach their young to hunt, seals teach their young to swim.\n\nHumans pass down knowledge through the generations. Less knowledge, less chance of survival.", "I think an important thought for you to consider is the following:\n\nA bird's nest in your idea of \"the wild\" is like a human's house. Just because our nests are more complex and built through collaboration and the usage of tools doesn't mean it's not natural.\n\nIn other words, the reason we made it so far is that we created things like cities, cars, planes, books etc. That is how we survived in the wild and if you look at the planet our way is a lot better off than the vast majority of other animals.", "A big factor is that humans are mammals and rely on their intelligence rather than instinct like reptiles. Reptiles for instance know what to do to survive as soon as their born. Mammals on the other hand, when born, need to be cared for, and taught many of it's survival techniques. This is why most mammals tend to form social groups. It's different evolution paths, and simplified for ELI5. In reality there's more grey area which differs for each animal. If you dumped any adult mammal in an unfamiliar environment it wouldn't know how to start either. ", "Because we're no longer required to learn and sustain that knowledge of how to survive under them circumstances. \n\nI wouldn't know where to start if I was in a jungle with no tools or anything. Quite simply because I've never had to learn. We humans have evolved so much over the course of thousands of years that learning how to survive in a jungle/the wild is something you'll learn ONLY if you want to learn it. It isn't part of the human habitat to live in the wild anymore.\n\nIf I ask you about how do you live in space? Well, you won't know much about it - because you don't need to, it's not part of the evolved human. Same goes for anything. Why would we expect anyone to be good at something they've never done before and have no experience of? \n\n", "Like all answers here, humans have developed tools and lost the ability to live in the wild. The same is also true for animals bred in captivity.\n\nWhen the young ones are orphaned or is born in a zoo, they are fed by humans. They don't know how to hunt. Just we don't either, at least not by instinct anyway. \n\nIn 2003, some chinese tigers were sent to africa, to teach them hunting. Because they were highly endangered, they were taken care of in captivity. Due to that, they lost the need and ability to hunt. ", "We are social animals and we have a tendency to depend on each other for survival.\n\nThere are many other animals like this. If you put a single bee or a single ant out in the middle of nowhere they wouldn't last long either.", "The simplest answer is that we are a social organism. Cats for example, have evolved in such a way that they can survive largely on their own as a single organism. Humans by contrast have evolved as a social organism.\n\nImagine it like putting stats into an RPG character. A cat put it's stats into speed, reflexes, constitution and and so has a high attack and defense. It can solo most quests.\n\nA human put stats into intelligence, communication, charisma and tool use. So it needs to party for the hard quests because it's stats make it squishy and bad for soloing. But together we form a party that can take on the master lvl quests.\n\nEdit for grammar.", "Time to do this justice. \n\nIn our speciation as of today there are two distinct groups of animals. Animals that breed a ton of offspring, with hardly any survival, their brains made with instinct to survive, rather than learning and intellegence,\n\nAnd animals that bear only few offspring, huge intelligence, and spend a lot of time and resource to make sure these offspring survive.\n\nExample: salmon and wolves. Salman hatch thousands of eggs, maybe like 15 survive. When they hatch momma and daddy salmon are already in the ocean. Baby salmon don't need momma and daddy salmon, they just grow up.\n\nWolf momma has a baby. Wolf daddy goes and spends recourses to feed all 3. As baby wolf grows, momma and daddy wolf show him how to hunt, survive, and be part of the pack,\n\nThey both have their own strengths and weaknesses when it comes to survival.\n\nA human is like the epitomy of the nurture spectrum. We have brains and develop ALL skills of survival through social construction. There is no instinct. We learn from other humans. That's it.\n\nIn the wild, we need other humans that have been in the wild. All these animals know how to survive because they were taught, have the instincts, or a mixture of both. Humans lack the instincts." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d63q7za", "d63qhep" ], "score": [ 18, 2 ], "text": [ "They *are* considered a legal monopoly. This is the *whole purpose* of a patent -- to give a legal monopoly to someone, for a limited number of years, in exchange for inventing something and publishing a detailed description of the invention.\n\nSociety benefits because without this incentive, companies would never bother spending hundreds of millions of dollars on new inventions -- there'd be no way to earn enough money to pay for them.\n\nSociety also benefits because once the patent expires, the invention has been published (in the required patent-application documents) so everyone will know how to copy it forever.", "The principle is not the problem, but the specific implementation can be. In the case of pharmaceuticals, the patent period is short (20 years) while the costs of bringing a drug to market are high (lots of testing etc.), and so the company charges a high price while it can. \n\n(I'm personally taking a therapy that would cost something like $60,000 a year retail. but I'm in a country with socialised health care. It's been on the market since 2010, but the patent that gives them exclusivity expires in 2019 - the missing ~11 years was development & testing time.) " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cxw9yhj", "cxwa5h2", "cxwaosf", "cxwb9mv", "cxwbec7", "cxwc36m", "cxwcsap", "cxwcw4u", "cxwda0y", "cxwddez", "cxwddsy", "cxwdqkw", "cxwe29g", "cxwer81", "cxwflju", "cxwg7yu", "cxwgb2j", "cxwgvth", "cxwh12o", "cxwhbro", "cxwhgt5", "cxwhyic", "cxwj8c1", "cxwlvtq", "cxwmade", "cxwpicb", "cxwsfbg", "cxwt2w2", "cxwybgc", "cxwz680" ], "score": [ 1876, 4380, 62, 5, 59, 560, 16, 12, 7, 23, 6, 2, 4, 3, 5, 6, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 13, 2, 6, 2, 5, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "If by \"knocked unconscious\" you're implying due to a physical blow, often, the blackout only lasts a moment, and is caused due to a strong shock to the brain, temporarily disabling cognitive functions. If knocked unconscious for a long period of time, this is considered a coma, and can certainly be deadly if not carefully treated. In all instances, a coma will result from brain damage in some form, ranging from minor to major, and even critical. \n\nTo answer your question, what *decides* when you wake up is often when your brain has recovered from the shock and can function properly again. In most instances, this is near instantaneous, so there's no need to worry. During a coma, it can take much longer, and without proper support, might result in death. Even with support, it can! There are many factors that affect it but the most highly attributed factor is to regain cognitive functions.\n\n**Edit:** \nFor those commenting that this is a non-answer, please keep in mind that *no one* is really sure why we wake up, or what decides it. All we know now is that we do. I've explained it the best I can without any misinformation, I apologize if it is not to your liking. I'm trying to answer any questions you have in replies to this thread, so keep them coming.", "Definitely depends on what part of your brain needs to recover. I worked in an ER and our \"go to move\" was to take our knuckles and rub them vigorously across the sternum of a patients chest. (The bone between your breast) the pain wakes you REAL fast.\n\nComes in handy for less serious events like your buddy is black out drunk or gets knocked out at a bar. ", "So in the movies when they hit someone in the head and they pass out for hours that's just bullshit? ", "Can I piggy-back on this to ask what decides when a person wakes up from normal sleep, if they aren't awoken by an external stimulus (nose, light, touch, etc.)? I would initially guess needs like hunger or urination, but what if, say, the person were on a food-tube/catheter? (Not the prettiest idea, but you get where I'm going with this.)", "There are some good answers here! To add to them as best I can, consciousness is more of a spectrum not a simple awake/asleep state. This is most commonly measured by the Glasgow Coma Scale - which gives points for;\n-Eye reactions and movements\n-Verbal interaction\n-Body and limb movements\n\nThere is of course being fully in a coma or 'knocked out' which the person does not respond even with reflex eye reactions on all three parts of the scale. As they wake they may recover all three at the same time or one side more than the other.\n\nThis can give the appearance of being 'unconscious' for longer than they actually are.\n\nAs an example I was recently a first responder at a motorbike accident. The person was in a helmet but was completely unconscious for all of 30 seconds before he was starting to move about and make incomprehensible sounds for about 5 minutes. Moved to opening his eyes, talking to himself for 15 minutes and finally sitting up and talking to me another 5 mins later. So he was in that grey area for 20 mins.\n\n This is where the first answer comes in that:\n'It depends on what parts are injured'.\n\nSo those systems that have had a physical shock in the brain are slowly return to functioning or are limited by swelling and/or bleeding. \n\nAnd memory is a compex system which is altered with mild and severe injuries, which also recovers on a spectrum. Which shows with the answers on this thread of people losing hours, days even weeks.\n\nThis is where the theory and current research is going into - what happens to the electric impulses? Do neurons get temporarily disconnected in low grade concussions vs the full traumatic brain injury where there is widespread damage to conducting fibres (Diffuse axonal damage)?\n\nFor the ELI am a neuroscientist there is some evidence and theory out there but the better answer to those questions is that we dont know yet :)", "The blow to your head shakes your brain and most importantly it shakes/bruises an [area in your brain stem responsible for your wakeful state- called Reticular Activating System](_URL_1_) . Duration of \"being knocked out\" depends on the amount and duration of neurological disruption [in that part of the brain](_URL_0_). People who \"pass out\" but wake up as soon as they're horizontal - typical just fainted. People who got knocked out, came out of it and then went out again are in trouble as there's a good chance they are bleeding inside their skull. Anyone who within 24hrs after a head injury becomes a DIC head, (disoriented, irritable combative) needs to go to EMERGENCY right away as their brain is swelling or bleeding and can kill or damage their brain if left unchecked.\nedit : words", "TBI friend fell out of loft. Was unconscious for I don't know how long. The scatteredness is pretty constant. Frustrated and scared easily a lot. He knows it didn't used to be this way. Higher functions and smart still but emotional stability lost. Lamenting easy to cry. MD talk like these are the common traits of traumatic brain injury - progress slow. If he has to rewire pathways waking up is slow. Been 10 years. Very slow progress. I forgot an important feature is that mostly you would think him normal. People can learn to relax and quit escalating scaring themselves so neurons can come out and play repopulate. ", "Jesus fuck these answers are retarded.\n\n**Reticular Formation**: If you get knocked out it is usually due to damage of this system. This system is key importance **to your ability to stay alert and awake.** It is also the reason you can sleep in a moving car as it is phasic in reception and will quickly adapt to constant stimuli. \n\n**It also has control over the cardiac and vasomotor system**. It takes orders from the Hypothalamus of the diencephalon. If you get into extreme amounts of pain it is possible for your Hypothalamus to order the Reticular Formation to **drop BP** and possibly so low to the point that you pass out due to not enough circulation. \n\nThe easiest way to gain control of the reticular formation is **to induce pain** to make the passed out victim gain alertness. If the person has low BP you must restore that BP using a **Mineralocorticoid** which makes the blood thicker. ", "As someone who used to lose conciousness on a regular basis I cant describe what makes you come too again. Though when you are unconscious and come back around it is literally like not existing and then waking up and being like 'oh yeah that's right, I am alive and that's a thing'. Because of this death is just not scary at all for me.", "If anyone wants answers from an experiential point of view, I'm in the unique position to be able to discuss the following phenomena: \n- syncope due to cerebral hypoxia (brief transient drop in blood flow to the brain) \n- traumatic brain injury \n- concussion \n- bonus: status cataplecticus! \n- also conscious sedation and general anesthesia", "I kind of want to add onto this, does anyone remember back when everyone was doing the hyperventilation and then having someone press on their chest and pass out? Kids were out for a minute or two sometimes. How's that work?", "I fell off a bunk bed while asleep when I was 10 years old.\nLanded on my left side on a thinly carpeted concrete floor, mostly on my left temple and hip.\n\nI don't remember falling or hurting myself, I don't remember anything ht waking up on my side with my legs somehow under the bed.\n\nMy guess is that I was knocked out, but I have no idea for how long and I wish I knew how my legs got under the bed. \nI dealt with that concussion and a nearly - fractured pelvis for weeks.\n\nAnyway point is I feel like I'm an idiot now so I've always wondered if I somehow did some damage.", "Lat year I got knocked out playing Australian football, I woke up on the bench a short time later. The thing is, between the time I was out and the time I remember waking up, I'd stood up wandered over to the sideline and answered questions correctly (where are you)?..(what day is it)? Is this a case of the memory section of my brain kicking in much later than all my other brain functions and this is usually the case or am I a actually a robot?", "Your brain has an arousal system built into the brain stem. It responds to stimuli such as sensation and sound to keep you awake. People with trauma to this area can become comatose. The ability for arousal is on a scale. The top of the scale is complete wakefulness, near the bottom is arousal to painful stimuli. The knuckles across the sternum is the classic move. Try it out on yourself the next time you feel sleepy. ", "It's also important to add that if you perform a sternal rub and there is no response from the patient... Call 911. If a person has no reaction to that painful stimuli then now you have to be concerned with things like protecting their airway and ensuring they're breathing. It can be a true emergency. ", "Really depends on how much of your brain was damaged. You have a network of brain cells called the Reticular Activating System that goes from your brain stem to the cortex (outside of your brain), which helps keep you alert/awake/conscious. When this system is damaged or \"stunned\" you lose consciousness. When it begins repairing itself, and has repaired itself enough, you regain consciousness. Medically induced comas use medications that suppress this network to keep you unconscious. That's also why the more severe the brain injury, the longer you (typically) remain unconscious. \n\nEdit: I'm a neuropsychologist ", "Happens a lot in jiujitsu.. It's a carotid artery choke blackout though not from a headkick or anything. People don't tap fast enough and start to snore. From what I've personally seen it's more of a startled fuckwhereamI thing.. not slow or anything, just like a light switch was turned off, they snore a bit, then all of a sudden eyes open and fuckwhereamI", "Why can you pass out from pain? One time, a doctor was cleaning my ears by digging a metal stick down into them. It hurt very badly, and coupled with the ungodly realization of knowing a metal stick was being jammed into my ears, I began passing out. Luckily he left the room shortly thereafter, and I immediately laid on my back to recover.", "Related question if anyone happens to see my post buried way down here... How do smelling salts prompt such alertness/pull you out of a fog?", "There is a portion of your brainstem called the \"reticular activating system\" which is responsible for level of consciousness. When you have head trauma, you can have signals that suppress this normal function. Once they wear off, your brain starts to behave like normal again. Any cortical injury (the area on the top of the brain) can depress level of consciousness temporarily. However, damage to the RAS can leave you comatose long term. ", "I have a related question... what is exactly the biological reason why people can be knocked unconscious with a punch to the head?", "The actual part of the body that wakes people up is the Reticular Activating System. \n\nThis part of the brain integrates other centers and is integral in the sleep wake cycle in humans. When in a Coma or trance like state, inclusive of sleep, it is the reticular formation that sends excitation signals to the brain that activate a cascade that allows multiple centers to excite leading to arousal (the brain type). \n\nThe determining factor is how much excitation the reticular formation experiences, and hormonal mechanisms that may stimulate the cascade of excitation that occurs in the brain.\n\nWhen: When the RAS receives enough stimulation to send any type of signal leading to minor or major excitation of brain centers...... the level or arousal can widely vary.\n\nHow: Cascades of excitation signals from the RAS across the brain to different lobes, with or without hormonal interaction.", "From what I've seen from that one video clip of some type of African fight Club jacking the person off helps. I don't know the science of this technique but it sure woke him up. ", "Also work in ER. Easiest way to check if someone is ACTUALLY unconscious vs faking it is to lift their arm directly over their face while they're lying on their back. Let it go and if they smack themselves in the face they're likely legitimately out. Either that or they're a seasoned frequent flyer or Oscar calibre actor. ", "It's not necessarily a bodily function that wakes you up. When you are \"unconscious\" there is an interruption in the flow of neurochemical transmissions. A brief flicker in electricty as it were. Waking up is just the resumption of the flow.", "None of these responses answers the question. \nI believe the question is what functions of the body cause it to wake up on IT'S OWN when unconscious. ", "It really depends, the brain is very complicated and the truth is we know very little about it. We keep patients awake during some procedures just so we can check if we screwed up. Other times there are very sensitive sensors monitoring brainwaves, neuron responses, etc. \n\nA stimulus of some sort is required. Sometimes pain is the stimulus. Sometimes it’s light intensity because our biological clock resets from its 25 hour cycle every morning in response to a certain lumen intensity. Sometimes it’s smell. \n\nIf there is head trauma you don’t want to rely on lights. Or waking them up too soon anyway. ", "If someone faints, place them on their back and gently bring both their knees up to their chest and press firmly (but not too hard!!)\n\nThis will work if it's just a basic faint / syncope, because it quickly forces blood from the torso back up into the brain. Works just like that old water pump grandma used to use!\n\nIMPORTANT: if they don't *immediately* \"come to\" when you do this, place them in the [recovery position](_URL_0_) and call 911.", "I don't use a sternum rub, to close to the center mass of a person, and if they wake up swinging, I'm in the danger zone. Instead, I take my pen and lay the tip across a fingernail and apply pressure... works beautifully.", "SYSCALLs to the brain, yo. When the interrupt handler is done, it'll transfer control back from the kernel (the brain) to the user (you). It's just a series of instructions!\n\n\\#computerscience\n\nCompleting the analogy: Neural impulses bring sensation back into your nerve ends through electric stimulation, giving that \"jumping\" feeling (i.e. you feel like you've jumped back into your body)." ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Concussion/Pages/Causes.aspx", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticular_activating_system" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery_position" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "clhjpw0" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "I'm guessing...\n\nMeat has bacteria living on it. The bacteria, eat, fart, poop, and die. The farting combined with the decay of their little bodies creates various gasses that fill the space inside the plastic, eventually to the point of pressurizing the package.\n\nWhen you open the package you're releasing these pungent gasses." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ceizhfr" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Go a week without smoking a single cigarette and then get back to us. \n\nOr at least track how long you can go without a single cigarette." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e0g49gn", "e0gc6nt", "e0hk2z5" ], "score": [ 9, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "It’s legit. A retainer is basically a deposit. \n\nHere is how my firm bills: the attorney diminished the $1,500 deposit by billing X hours at X rate per hour. When the retainer is gone but the case is still pending the client would replenish their trust account with another deposit. \n\nYou should have executed a “retainer agreement” or “engagement letter” with your attorney that explains the retainer process. \n\nAnd, you should receive a statement that shows the work that has been completed. If not, ask for one. ", "There are ways to be shady, still. So, if you still think something doesn’t sound right ask questions. Best of luck with your case. ", "Attorney here.\n\nThere is no one kind of \"retainer,\" and the term actually has at least two different meanings.\n\nA classical retainer is a set amount of money paid to an attorney every so often (month, quarter, year, whatever) to keep them as \"your attorney.\" Usually, you'll get a set amount of legal work for this fee as well.\n\nHowever, as the term retainer is usually used, it is a deposit. Some attorneys just bill after the retainer is used up. Others use an \"evergreen\" retainer where a certain amount must be kept \"on deposit\" at all times, so the client's bill will be whatever amount is needed to restore the retainer balance to the required amount.\n\nThe rules, if any, on how a retainer may be structured, would be in your jurisdiction's rules of professional conduct." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dwd4jq2" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "A large portion of pain is our brain reacting in many different ways. Chemical output, signals crossing, etc. \n\nTherefore, when we see pain, our brain has a memory of what that potentially feels like, as a way to defend against it in the future. When these memories are activated, our brain starts the process of “being in pain” and we ALMOST feel it. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d9bg5s8" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Most fears are learned, except for a few that instinctively set off the fight or flight reflex (like falling or loud noises). Children have to have a reason to find things scary before they develop a fear. This can come through a scary experience, or simply recognizing that other people find things scary. As for a fear of rodents, throughout history they have been more dangerous to children than to adults. If an adult gets attacked by a mouse or rat they can fend them off, but a child has a worse chance of doing so. Therefore, mothers who live in areas where rodents may have access to their children have had to be vigilant to make sure their children were kept away from these rodents. The kids see their mom freaking out because a rat is near them, so they learn that there is some danger associated with the rat. Later, when the kid is older and rats are less of a danger, the kid combines these early danger associations with learned associations with rodents and hygiene, leading to an adult phobia of rodents. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "elfsmdy", "elfzl6u" ], "score": [ 2, 9 ], "text": [ "I believe it has to do with concrete needing those lines/slits in it for when it expands and contracts during temperature changes. Asphalt doesn’t. I could be wrong tho.", "Asphalt is flexible (picture the consistency of old gum mixed with gravel), and that flexibility transfers the weight of vehicles and the vibrations to the gravel below. This transfer of energy causes vibrations/noise to be absorbed, making it quieter. In contrast concrete has almost no flexibility, so the sound will travel over a large area across the surface, keeping the sounds/vibrations loud." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cp0mrjw" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Part of being a soldier means accepting the possibility of death as a necessity of the job. A soldier's death is unfortunate, but it is not a failure. To bear arms at a soldier's funeral is a sign that the struggle for which they risked and lost their lives will continue, to ensure their death as a soldier had meaning, that others will carry on what they have fought for.\n\nMany people think that there are no good deaths, but by nature of their profession, soldiers must believe that some deaths are better than others.\n\nIs it in poor taste to kill flowers to put them on graves?" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d7zlaut", "d7znsd0" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "I'm going to describe a right handed pitcher. Picture the strike zone as North, East, South, and West. Slider goes more like East to West. A Curve is North East to South West. A Cutter is more like a ball starts straight but ends up coming in on the hitter. It would start in the center of the strike zone and end up East of the strike zone. Now screw ball is unpredictable. If I remember from my baseball says correctly, a screwball if something like a knuckleball in the fact that it can move anywhere. Even the pitcher has no idea where it will go. ", "Not what you asked but a cutter is a type of fastball. I forget which direction it breaks but it depends on which hand the pitcher uses to throw. Basically a pitcher will have a primary fastball pitch (or more) that they throw. A lot of times they'll have a change up which is supposed to look like a fastball but 5-15 mph slower than their fastball to screw up a hitter's timing. Then they'll have their breaking balls which are even slower (curve balls and sliders) which will break downward or to the sides and leave the hitter swinging in the air while the ball is passing below their bat.\n\nIf you happen to have a Playstation 4, MLB The Show is a great game and it'll help you understand pitching a lot more." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dxguoka", "dxgusl6", "dxgwupq", "dxhauro", "dxhgr4c", "dxhj1j0", "dxhjf1k", "dxhkjd2", "dxhnqqo", "dxhoe8w", "dxhs6ym", "dxhvot2", "dxhvs1e", "dxhzo98" ], "score": [ 4640, 424, 58, 27, 4, 471, 5, 47, 125, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "The ribs act like tiny beams, reinforcing the side of the can against crushing. A smooth-sided can is much easier to dent.", "It increases the structural integrity of the can. If you have ever seen a water tower you can see a scaled up version of that. They often have ribbing on them too.", "Corregated materials are a design trick. Imagine a long ribbon laying flat on a surface. Making it curve while still laying flat is quite difficult, it requires either a lot of stretching, or for some of the ribbon to crinkle up. This is because the distance required for the outside of the ribbon to go around the curve is longer than the distance required for the inside, but both parts of the ribbon are the same length. \n\nHowever, if you pick up the ribbon, you can easily curl it up into a spool, because its not very thick. The same rule applies, the inside of the curve is shorter than the outside, but the thin material means the difference is small, and the ribbon is quite capable of stretching that small amount without distortion.\n\nWhen we're building things, we generally want to use as thin a material as possible for weight and cost reasons. But because thin materials are usually easy to bend, we have a problem. One solution is to arrange the thin materials so they're more like the ribbon curving on the flat surface than the picked up ribbon that we can curl easily.\n\nThe ideal way of doing this actually to curl the material into a cylinder shape. That way, no matter which way you try to bend it, there's always some parts of the material that are far away from each other, and would have to stretch or crinkle up a lot to allow the cylinder to bend.\n\nCorrugation is a slightly less ideal way of approximating a series of cylinders, but is easier to manufacture in wide or long sheets. It works the same way though. No matter how you imagine bending the corrugation, some parts of it have to travel much further than others.\n\nTin cans are corrugated for this reason. It makes them less easy to dent, and slightly stronger against crushing.\n\nCorrugated cardboard is the same, and is actually stronger in most ways than solid cardboard of the same thickness.", "Ribbing make can strong. Can stack many can on top of other can. Saves space, easy to ship. Profit.", "I own a machine shop and work with a lot of canners and repair seaming chucks, rolls, etc. I thought those ribs were for gripping the sheet metal making it easier to cut. I never asked, I just assumed. Repaired those forming dies a thousand times. ", "He mentions the ridges on food cans about 8 min in but this is seriously the [most interesting video](_URL_0_) on the most mundane topic I've ever seen. Just in case you wanted to know more about cans than you ever intended to.", "Corrugation geometrically stiffens any thin material. Corrugated core cardboard, for example, and corrugated sheet metal are all much stiffer for having the corrugations compared to the uncorrugated material.\n\nCans that are corrugated are stiffer, and harder to dent.\n\nEven steel drums take advantage of this. Usually steel drums will have two to four corrugated ribs spaced out. This is essentially for the same reason. Fewer ribs are needed due to the thickness of the steel drum and the greater depth of the ribs.", "Tin cans are hot filled then sealed. When the contents cool it pulls a vaccum in the can. Without the ribbing the can would implode. The reason aluminum cans don't have this feature is because they are pressurized with carbonation that pushes out on the walls giving them strength. ", "I talked to someone who works in a can filling factory. The food is often cooked in the can at 121 C, so the ribs allow the cans themselves and the steam produced to expand during said cooking, and then to contract back to regular size after cooking, without damaging the seal.\n\nStrength is a secondary concern, usually the crush strength isn't as important as the vertical strength (stacking strength). \n\n", "For several reasons, but most important is the crystal lattice of Tin. The anatomical structure of tin is that of a semi-concerted 9+2 arrangement of protons to neurons. \n\nThis scales upward (think water crystals packing) allowing for optimal ribbed satisfaction for her pleasure.", "Soda cans do not have this ribbing because the internal pressure of the contents keep the can from crushing. The ribbing is on the tin can because the contents lack sufficient pressure to prevent the crushing.\n\nTLDR: The ribbing provides structural strength. ", "i used to work at a tin plating line in an integrated steel mill\n\nadding the ribs also work hardens the steel, which adds a considerable amount of strength (\"tin\" cans are actually tin plated steel)\n\nELI5 would be when you hurt steel, steel gets stronger\n\nanother fun fact - consumer tend to think fruit doesnt taste as good when it comes from plastic. that's because they've actually grown accustomed to the flavor of tin-tainted fruit ", "Related question: Why don't can manufacturers design all their cans to be easily stackable? Most are, but some aren't, so for those you have to stack them rim-to-rim, and they easily fall.", "Ribbing is always there for your pleasure .\n\nIt helps stimulate when it goes inside you.\n\nYou'll understand when you're older. \n\nFor now, just know that grip makes thing much easier to work with.\n\nAlways remember to put a serious tag." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "corqi1z" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ " I assume it makes it easier for people to use the rear emergency exit. There's more space thus easier access to the doors." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ccta6fs", "cctadjh", "cctbrrx" ], "score": [ 9, 4, 2 ], "text": [ "Study more.\n\n\"Fools and fanatics are always so certain of themselves, and wiser people so full of doubts.\"", " > Why do I feel like I did well on an exam but end up doing shit?\n\nLikely some variant of the [Dunning–Kruger effect](_URL_0_).\n\n > And how can I prevent it\n\n* Study more. \n* Take notes. \n* Re-write your notes in a more organized fashion outside of class. \n* Join/form a study group. \n* Take advantage of your professors' office hours.", "Just \"study more\" is not really the thing, but \"study smarter\" is. People have different learning styles, perhaps you need to identify the best ways for you to learn and remember. \nRe-writing notes is a good idea, do it with a text or other guide, make sure the notes make sense to you. Study groups can be good, but make sure the others in the group have a good understanding of the material, and pull your weight.\nOffice hours are also a good idea, but go prepared with specific questions or confusion from your notes. Ask prof to go over the test with you and find out where you went wrong.\nDon't give up. " ] }

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[ [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "fcra4f7", "fcjk74h" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "On the other hand two habits can be linked to eachother..in this case it might be easier to try eliminating both habits at once.\nFor Example ; smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol can be difficult to change separately because eavh of them is triggering the other one", "I imagine it's because of the pace.\n\nIf you knew someone when they were younger and was always in contact, you wouldn't notice them growing taller much.\nBut if you didn't see the person for a long time you'd go, \"you're so much taller now!\"\n\nSo if you want to change your habits, slowly transitioning would make it easier as there would be less changes at a time to process.\n\nIf you do one habit at a time you would be focusing on just that one and it would be easier to handle.\n\nWhich is why ex-smokers just smoke less until they stop smoking (e.g 7 sticks a day to 6, down to 5...)\n\ntl;dr it's just easier to handle small amounts of change than if you were to handle a lot at once." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "fbfhybk", "fbfk49a" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "The rail system was privatized a few years ago. That didn't work as well as they had hoped. Perhaps it will improve in time. Hope springs eternal.", "“Assigned” seats are pretty bogus if you’re not in first class, because people generally can’t be bothered to ask you to move but you’re more than in your rights to ask them to leave your reserved seat. \nAs for lateness- I guess it depends where you’re from. I’m from the south west and the latest delay i had (for a london train) was 40 mins. \n\nBut also- railway was privatised and as a result tracks /routes were completely wiped out and new ones made, separate companies sprang up and different town stations and companies have different ‘perspectives’. IEG In my case, GWR will miss your station if it’s too full, but south western rails will cram you all in, thus some trains will be heavily delayed and some will be running on time but extremely cramped carriages." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cdp0wek", "cdp14t6", "cdp1lov", "cdp2ee5" ], "score": [ 2, 3, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Camera trickery. If Frodo and Gandolf are both in focus, and the background is blurry, you assume they're the same depth. Except really Elijah Wood is 10 feet in front of Ian McKellan.\n\nOther times you don't see the bottom of the set. There are actually two paths for the actors to walk on, one for the hobbits and gimli, and another for the taller people.", "Lots of forced perspective shots: \n_URL_0_\n\nAlso some composite shots where they put two actors on sets built to different scales - a good example of this is Gandalf in Frodo's house, ducking through doorways and bumping his head on the lamps.", "For shots with Hobbits and non-hobbits in the same frame, body doubles, masks, and CG were used. Source: behind-the-scenes on one of the movie DVDs. ", "LotR used forced perspective. Hobbit used digital compositing (film big people on one stage, small people on another and combine the two images) because the 3D cameras wouldn't let forced perspective work." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "fkcom4h", "fkcpwfm", "fkcqenv", "fkcwpqn" ], "score": [ 9, 4, 2, 29 ], "text": [ "both humans and birds have immune systems designed to kill off invaders. So, to be a successful invader, you need to adapt to sneak past the immune defenses. Fortunately, for humans, most tricks that work to get past a bird's defenses don't work on a human.\n\nSadly, bats and monkeys are closer to humans, and so we tend to be susceptible to a few of their diseases.", "Think of organisms as being different media formats. You have a player that is designed to play a certain format and another that is designed for a different format. Let’s take record players for example. You have one that plays 33s and another that plays 45s. If you put the disk from one on the other it won’t sound right. This is sort of how parasites (viruses included) work. They have evolved to function in a specific environment provided by a specific set of hosts. They don’t tend to work all that well outside of their given chain of transmission. However, let’s say you have a mutation that causes your record player to have both 45s and 33 rpm speeds and now allows you to play records of both formats. You can now operate both formats...this is similar to how mutations of a parasite can jump across species. But let’s take it a bit further. Since the player was not originally designed to function with it, it sounds really bad when using the new format. It works, but in a really horrible fashion. In fact it not only sounds awful, but actively destroys the new format discs. This is similar to the reason new parasites can wreak havoc on a new host. They have not evolved to function together, and thus can be pretty virulent.", "The immune system of each species distinguishes friend or foe differently. To bypass immune system, disease has to mimic the cells characteristics unique to each species.\n\n & nbsp;\n\nImagine all bird cells having \"wings\" as a standard feature. The disease cells must then also have something resembling these \"wings\" to bypass bird immune system police. Now come to human immune system, they recognise human cells should have \"hands\". Any bird disease that has these \"wings\" is easily recognised as abnormal by human immune system and promptly neutralised.", "Diseases are like Legos. Sometimes you can find a Duplo that will connect to a Lego but mostly not. Diseases connect to your cells through some mechanism that allows them to evade your immune system and connect, like a Lego to your cells. If you're an Erector Set, a Lego disease means nothing to you, no way to connect. If you're a cheap Lego knock off though you're in trouble. Like the Lego/Duplo example though, there are sometimes diseases who's \"connection mechanism\" crosses toy platforms, or species." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d0vdk01" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Not sure why it initially developed like that, but some card games rely on the two colors just as much as or more than they rely on the individual four suits. Four different colors would just confuse things too much.\n\nAnd solitaire would become a lot more difficult. Lol" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "da8ubti", "da8vsps" ], "score": [ 5, 2 ], "text": [ "The microwave radiation excites rotational modes in polar molecules. That means that they make polar molecules like water rotate. So the water molecules gain rotational kinetic energy, and the temperature of your food increases.", "If you create a magnetic field, a bar magnet inside the field will move to align with it (like a compass needle and the earth's magnetic field), right? Same thing with water and the EM field in the microwave. But the EM field is a wave, so from the water molecules point of view, the field points up, then down, then up, then down, and so the molecule flips back and forth like crazy. \n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cyt0l7v", "cyt8agh" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "I'd say it resonates (is that the right word?) through your skull directly to your ears.", "There are two types of hearing: sensorineural and conductive. \n\nSensorineural is the normal everyday listening to the outside world whereas conductive is transmitted directly through the bone. The crunch sound in cereal is so loud because the sound is transmitted through your jaw." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dfjq06f", "dfjql04" ], "score": [ 4, 4 ], "text": [ "Putting a nation's leader on currency goes back into ancient history. The first paper currency designed after the American revolution was in 1861 (prior to that we had used coins bearing Lady Liberty's image) and had the then president Abraham Lincoln on the ten dollar note. Other notes had various images related to the nation (such as Alexander Hamilton and Lady Liberty). Since that time, each bill has undergone their own individual changes of iconography, eventually settling on our current dollars of which the one, five, twenty, fifty, five hundred, one thousand, five thousand, and the ten thousand have presidents on them. The remaining two, the ten and hundred, have famous historical figures on them, Alexander Hamilton (the first US treasury secretary) and Benjamin Franklin (former US foreigner minister) respectively.", "I believe it is from Ancient Rome. They were a nation known to let conquered nations keep thier relooks and language with the condition that they would accept a new leader and take part on a new monetary system, to avoid war and such many agreed, and so to make the face of the leader known and keep unity they started printing his face on metal pieces (coins) \nPaper money followed this trend " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "fiq9qpi", "fiq9qqp" ], "score": [ 2, 4 ], "text": [ "much of it is the shape of the wings. the bottom is flat while the top rises up and slopes towards the back this causes the air to take twice as long to travel over the top edge. doing this causes an upward pressure on the wing to \"lift\" the plane.\n\nthis is a very simplified version.", "Without explaining aerodynamic forces in detail, think of water. If you move your hand through it slowly, it will pass with little resistance. If you move it quickly, you will feel enough reaction force to swim. Planes have to use much more energy though because air is far less dense." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dnnqtcu" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "it's read from the source drive. copied to memory (ram), then written to the destination drive. how much so depends on the OS and what else is happening in the system. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "di4uuyz", "di4uvzl" ], "score": [ 2, 10 ], "text": [ "I would have to say no because acne has to do with your skin and pores, and although acne can be triggered by some things such as stress, I'm not sure how a lack of sleep would have any effect. \nHowever, lack of sleep can lead to things such as stress and could possibly trigger acne this way? I'm curious to see what someone with actual knowledge on the subject has to say.", "No staying up late does not cause acne. Acne is caused by a combination of many factors including but not limited to, facial bacteria, clogged pores, genetic predisposition, facial cleanliness, and facial oiliness. Staying up late is not one of those factors." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cn2o86p", "cn2p94z", "cn2tet6", "cn2uaww", "cn346s9" ], "score": [ 7, 14, 10, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "The light fluid coating on your eye creates a small amount of adhesive force, meaning the eyelash is (kind of) stuck to the eye. It's the same reason wet hair \"sticks\" to your face and doesn't just hang straight down at all times (if you have long hair).\n\nAlthough the adhesive force is very small, so is the eyelash and it's very difficult to create any sort of opposing force to pull it off the surface of the eye.\n\nFlushing the eye is ideal because the rush of fluid disrupts the adhesion and the eyelash tends to just fall out with the excess fluid.", "Still waiting for the answer..not how to remove it", "Absolutely nothing, Your body is equipped with a system that is always cleaning it on roughly a 24 hour cycle cleaning anything from your intestines to your fingernails, essentially if you'd left it there and or couldn't get it out your body would get it for you via various processes that occur while you sleep, furthermore, if it didn't get cleaned out it would just sit there and you'd eventually get used to the feeling and not notice it, it's too small to do anything harmful like scratching a lens or such. ", "I'm pretty sure that all eyelashes and whatever comes out of your eye by itself no matter what. I've never heard of anything going back behind the eye or not coming out. You just don't notice it.", "It burrows into your brain and controls you like the little alien on men in black " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cf5zjie", "cf5zqb2" ], "score": [ 3, 4 ], "text": [ "Its all about supply and demand.\n\nIn the city, people drive a lot. So there is a lot of demand for the gas. Companies respond by raising prices.\n\nOutside the city (yes even just a few miles) the amount of traffic is lower, so the demand is lower and the price is also lower.", "The price of a thing is determined by what people will pay for it. People will pay more for convenience. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cqo5dhk", "cqo68fy", "cqoaddc" ], "score": [ 50, 28, 10 ], "text": [ "The short version of this whole shitstorm is basically, Valve has announced that they're going to let people who create mods for Skyrim etc. charge for those mods through Steam. Which I personally think is understandable, some of those mods have an asston of time and effort invested in them and would be worth paying the creator a few bucks.\n\nHowever, Valve is also going to take 75% of whatever purchase price for themselves, so for instance, to make $5 off a mod, the creator would have to list it for $20. I think it's the 'we're taking 75% of your purchase price for ourselves' bit that people are mainly objecting to, and it DOES seem pretty over-the-top to me.\n\nThat said, I personally am firmly in the 'quit griping and vote with your wallet' camp.", "You know, reddit worship Valve but they hate corporations. What happened today is reddit suddenly discovered that Valve is a corporation, and therefore \"not our friend anymore\".\n\nThis makes brains hurt.", "Forbes actually just put out a pretty good article about it _URL_0_\n\nThere's a few problems that exist, especially since many mods created now actually require the existence of other mods to run, and that Bethesda is making money off of other people adding content to the game. (Which is contrary to the norm of them having to pay people to make content).\n\n > Mods have kept a game like Skyrim alive for years after many would have otherwise stopped playing. Bethesda is choosing to look at this like “why are these players not giving us more money?” rather than “wow, this is amazing advertising and community building for our franchise!” Modders usually love the games they mod, which is why they spend so much time on their creations. Changing the equation and turning them into employees is going to dishearten many of them, and attract the wrong sort of crowd.\n" ] }

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[ [], [], [ "http://www.forbes.com/sites/insertcoin/2015/04/24/valves-paid-skyrim-mods-are-a-legal-ethical-and-creative-disaster/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dnib6x5", "dnidcrg", "dnigkpc", "dnihns8", "dnimbzb" ], "score": [ 2, 11, 3, 28, 2 ], "text": [ "They have drugs that can stop you from being able to control your eyes. In some surgeries you would be fully under a general anesthesia and same deal. There are also eye drops to numb the eyes and they use special instruments to hold the eyelids back. ", "when I had LASIK (about 15 years ago) my surgeon told me that his only real job was to keep my head steady during the procedure.\n\nOn top of that, the machine can detect movement and adjust, and will stop if you move too much. And the actual process is only a few seconds. I remember staring at the red dot and being terrified of moving my eyes. But it happens so fast you don't have a chance to move that much.\n\nThey gave me numbing drops but nothing too dramatic. I imagine with cataract surgery they actually use drops that will paralyze the eye muscles.", "So during cataract surgery most people are given just numbing eye drops to prevent pain but nothing is actually given to prevent you from looking around. However, one can't see much while the strong light of the microscope is shining during surgery, so most people are able to to stay still for the short period without too much difficulty.\n\nIn order to actually prevent the eye from moving an anesthetic injection can be given which temporarily paralyzes the eye muscles. This is commonly used in longer and more invasive eye procedures such as retinal surgery. ", "So I have had several different kinds of eye surgeries, and I can tell you what they did in each instance to prevent eye movement.\n\nSo for lasik, they give you numbing drops and cover the eye that is not being worked on. Even with the drops, you still have full control of your eye movement, the drops are for the pain. Then they have you focus on some kind of red dot/ light while they work on your eye. Focusing on that helps you not move your eye so much. Of course, your eye still might move, so the laser they use tracks your eye movement and stops when necessary.\n\nFor the cryo- laser surgery I had on my retina, they gave me numbing drops and a local anaesthetic. Yes, it is what you're thinking. They stuck a needle in my eyeball to numb it. It was terrifying and incredibly uncomfortable. The needle went in through my lower eyelid and into the center of my actual eyeball. Once the anaesthesia took effect, I could not control the movement of that eye, so the doctor was able to move it around with what I think was a cotton swab to get it in the position he needed it. No worries about my eye moving when it shouldn't, because I had zero control over it. Weirdest. Feeling. Ever. Kinda like when they numb your mouth at the dentist, except it's your fucking eyeball.\n\nMy second and most invasive surgery for my retina, I was given general anesthesia, so I was completely out. No worries about eye movement in this case.\n\nHope this is helpful!\n\n\n\n", "None of the other comments mentioned this LASIK technique:\n\nWhen I had LASIK, the first step was to attach a fucking suction cup to my eyeball to hold it still/keep they instrument centered. It really hurt, even with the numbing drops. It also burst a bunch of vessels in my eye, such that the whites were completely red and I looked like a demon for 2 weeks (I wore sunglasses the whole time). Then a laser cut horizontally a flap out of the surface of my eye.\n\nThen they took the suction cup off, put in a specular (uncomfortable thing that prevents you from blinking) and did the vision correction laser. That one is locked into your eye and follows it or doesn't laser when you move." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cc7b9e8" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "The calculated value of an NFL team that you see in Forbes Magazine is an estimate derived from many factors, chiefly: their annual profitability, assets such as their stadium and private jets (however much is paid off), and merchandising & TV agreements (which bring in revenue).\n\nAs for why the Cowboys have managed to reach the top 3 most valuable sports franchises in the world? Their owner, Jerry Jones, capitalized on their success in the 90s to ink lucrative marketing and merchandising deals that catalyzed the widespread growth of their fanbase. They actually have/had an exclusive deal where they can undermine certain NFL rules with merchandising (wearing Nike instead of Reebok, making their scoreboard sponsored by Pepsi instead of Coke) because Jerry Jones swings around a good amount of influence." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "fcjkipj" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "The only really sour vitamin that I'm aware of is ascorbic acid or vitamin C.\n\nMost fruits vary in sourness from different acids however like citric and malic acid." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "fmtmxse" ], "score": [ 21 ], "text": [ "Contrary to popular belief, cremation is neither fast nor simple, and often involves technically-skilled labor with rather complicated equipment, all of which means it can be expensive to do en-masse.\n\nMeanwhile, a mass grave only really requires unskilled labor and shovels." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cfn9vcu" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "There's an attitude at many companies of 'We don't follow standards, we set them'. Then there is the phenomenon where you hand a specification to 3 engineering teams, and all 3 will have variations in the result. Then there are executives that see money in proprietary accessories you cannot buy from anywhere else." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c40mp8a", "c40qu9j" ], "score": [ 9, 2 ], "text": [ "There isn't really any controversy about it. Just natural and simple economics based on Game's business model no longer being sustainable.\n\nNormally, Game would get lots of copies of games, and pay for them later using the money they gained by selling them. Unfortunately, because business has been going downhill, some games companies wouldn't do this any more because they weren't sure Game would have enough money to pay them back. Instead, they wanted Game to pay up front for all the copies, but Game wouldn't/couldn't do that. So Game didn't stock their games. So Game got lots of bad press and even less money. So more people withdrew. So Game got even less money. And now Game is going to die as a company and/or be bought out.", "They are going out of business, their stocks are super low and recently they could not afford to buy games from EA.\n\nThe way i understand it is that Game did not have the funds to buy enough copies of EA games to stock them, and rather then take the hit EA just did not send them games, this is why people where shocked when Game said they would not shelf ME3 " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eelgikw" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "Pure ethanol is flavorless. The off flavors in spirits come from other fermentation products like esters and fusel alcohols. Those other fermentation products can't be totally separated from the ethanol without multiple distillations and losing a fair percentage of the end product. So cheaper spirits generally do fewer distillations to get more product out of a batch, and end up with more byproducts that taste nasty and burn your mouth." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cixu7wv" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "Because you can gain pretty much every benefit at a lower cost by putting solar panels on rooftops instead of on road surfaces.\n\nA solar panel on a road needs to be durable enough to put up with cars and trucks driving over it, including over gravel and other debris that drops onto road surfaces. The more power an area needs (urban areas vs. rural areas), the more likely there are to be cars covering some or all of the road surface. When panels need repair or replacement, it can't be done without blocking traffic or working at night. Roads are not currently connected to the electrical grid, so in addition to replacing existing road surfaces at great expense, you need to add in connections to the grid.\n\nA solar panel on a roof can be accessed without blocking traffic, doesn't need to be durable enough to be driven on, isn't going to get oil dripped on it, rubber deposited on it, or road debris dropped on it, and is already on top of a building connected to the electrical grid. On many types of roof, panels can be added without removing or remodelling any existing part of the rooftop. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dkmp3oz" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Appealing to people that are \"lost\" and maybe \"down and out, looking for purpose\" is the first thing people who form cults are looking to put out. They show that they want to give people like that a place to belong when really all they want is control over them and to have a following." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cq4kn5f", "cq4kph7", "cq4kqea", "cq4lai4", "cq4sj4u", "cq52ceo" ], "score": [ 3, 16, 14, 3, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Many years ago, circumstance forced my being awake for about five days, this caused hallucinations.", "I think it's dangerous. I used to have mad insomnia. I had to take a pill to force me to pass out and fall asleep. I once didn't take it for 3 days. On the third night, I honestly had some crazy hallucinations. It looked like the chairs in the room were dripping sand, the books were made of snakes, the computer's wallpaper's planet looked like it was spinning. There was also a map of Skyrim up on the wall, and when I shifted my eyes, the map streaked across the wall. It's weird stuff. It's also highly unhealthy and makes you feel sick. Hallucinations: 10/10. After affects: 0/10. Don't recommend.", "I'm at work so you'll have to excuse my lack of sources. \n\nSleep deprivation has been used as a form of torture in the past and it can be FATAL. The record for longest amount of time a human being has survived sleep deprivation is somewhere around a week, 9 days or something, if I remember. Sometimes people claim to have been awake for longer than that, but what's probably happen is that without even realizing it their brain is shutting off and taking micro naps. It's nearly impossible to force yourself to stay awake for that amount of time. \n\nSleep deprivation can cause hallucination and all other sorts of terrifying symptoms. Our brains, really, really need sleep to function properly. \n\nTL;DR Don't force yourself to stay awake for a week, you could die.", "Basic motor functions would decline, you'd also start hallucinating and it could also become dangerous for your heart I believe. \n\nOverall lack of sleep has been studied within the military, the best example I can give is they experimented with three artillery teams, one slept 6 hours, the next slept 4 and the last one slept something like two hours a night.\n\nThe study observed that the team who slept 6 hours were able to perform their duties admirably and efficiently, the team who slept 4 was able to perform at an \"acceptable\" rate and the team who slept only 2 hours performed at \"dangerous levels.\"\n\nBasically the study proved what you already know: Get a good night's sleep if you want to remain focused, efficient and healthy. Especially when doing dangerous tasks the next day. ", "Hallucinations, PTSD, death could result. Body needs rest or it will die. Think of metabolism. We reset our metabolism when we sleep. Of you don't sleep, the body can't go through a recovery phase, build up energy, repair or discard compromised cells. It can kill you to not sleep. Your heart and brain would not be able to keep self maintenance. Like a computer that never gets a restart/reboot.", "During Hell Week in navy seal training they go 5 days with less than 4 hours of sleep while being mentally and physically tested. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ck2xlib", "ck2zjaa", "ck31ks7" ], "score": [ 3, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "When you delete something off of a USB, the USB is marking that space where the file is as blank space.\n\nWhen you format a USB, the USB is addressing the USB so that things can be saved on it and found.\n\nIn your case the later takes less time.", "The operating system maintains something called a File Allocation Table (FAT) on the USB device. This is an index of all the files on the drive; when you open the drive in Windows, it uses the index to quickly look up the files instead of having to physically search the entire drive to find them all.\n\nWhen you format the USB drive (or any drive), all you are doing is deleting the FAT and replacing it with a blank one. This operation takes just a few seconds, because it's just one step and a new FAT isn't very large. The data for the old files is still there, but the new FAT doesn't have a record of them, so the OS doesn't know they are there.\n\nWhen you delete a file, the system is merely going into the FAT and marking that file as \"deleted\". It isn't actually removing the data. If you're deleting hundreds of files at once, then it has to locate the FAT entry for each file and mark it as \"deleted\", hundreds of times. This takes a lot longer than simply writing a new FAT, as happens when you format.\n\nTL;DR: The FAT is an index of all of the files on the disk. Deleting all the files means editing each FAT entry to \"deleted\", whereas formatting the disk means writing a brand new, blank FAT. If there are lots of files, the latter option is faster.", "I have a chackboard with 100 words written on it. \n\nYou ask me to delete every word that starts with A which there are 6 words. They're written randomly on the chalk board. I need to search for the words, and then neatly delete the words without deleting anything nearby.\n\nBut you instead asked me to delete everything (format in this sense) I can erase everything much faster. I don't need to search for anything or worry about deleting the wrong thing. I just get my eraser and wipe the board." ] }

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