Datasets:

Pavithree

/

eli5_39422_59134

like 0

{ "a_id": [ "dzzjt3b" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "A nuclear reactor works by generating heat by \"nuclear fission\". This heat is used to boil water to steam, and the steam runs a steam engine with a generator attached.\n\nSo, what is nuclear fission? Some very heavy atoms can spontaneously split in two, and when they do, they explode with a ton of energy which comes out as heat. However, this \"spontaneous fission\" isn't all that interesting. Some very rare types of atom \\(the only type found on earth is an extremely rare form of uranium called uranium 235\\) go one step further \\- they are \"fissile\". A fissile atom when it splits, also releases a bunch of \"shrapnel\" in the form of neutron radiation. If a piece of shrapnel hits another fissile atom, it will also split, sending out more shrapnel.\n\nSo, the trick to making a nuclear reactor is to put enough fissile atoms close enough together, so that when one fissile atom splits, the shrapnel triggers more atoms to split, releasing more shrapnel, causing more atoms to split \\- and so on, in a chain reaction. If you don't have enough fissile atoms close enough together, the neutron shrapnel will just miss the fissile atoms and escape, so you won't get a chain reaction. If you have too many too close together, the shrapnel will hit too many fissile atoms. So first split will trigger 2 splits. Those two splits will then trigger 4 splits. Those 4 will trigger 8, and so on. The chain reaction spirals out of control and the whole thing explodes in a giant fire ball. \n\nSo, in a nuclear reactor a carefully controlled amount of uranium 235 atoms are installed in the reactor, along with various other materials to reflect, or block the neutron radiation, allowing the chain reaction to be controlled. The control system is adjusted so that a steady rate of the chain reaction takes place. The reaction causes the uranium to become very hot, and that heat is then used for energy.\n\nAs I've said, uranium 235 is the only fissile type of atom found on earth, which is why pretty much all nuclear reactors run on uranium. \n\nThere are other types of fissile atom, but they don't occur naturally and must be produced in a nuclear reactor and then chemically refined. Plutonium 239 is an example of this. There is some interest in using artificial uranium 233, because it can be manufactured from thorium. However, manufacturing atoms is very difficult and expensive, which is why plutonium is rarely used for energy. Thorium/uranium 233 is way more difficult still, which is why no one has seriously tried it." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "e90vpi8" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Vessels, old and new, have [bilge pumps](_URL_0_). The video doesn't quite show how is works, but a [chain bilge pump](_URL_1_) basically had a bunch of small buckets on a chain that would each scoop a bit of water at a time and dump it over the side.\n\nAlso, sailor made sure to secure all opening during storms to reduce water ingress. Not only would they close hatches, but stuff all the little cracks with whatever they could to prevent leaks." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Ta9F1q_3Gs", "https://imgur.com/a/LPucb#fBkIYqf" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cqsznbc", "cqt08nl", "cqt0txp" ], "score": [ 3, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Most people aren't militant radicals willing to go to war over their religion — regardless of their religion. It isn't *their* job to reign in the crazy cult-like offshoots.\n\nIt's sort of like how Christians in the United States aren't doing much about Fundamentalist Mormons. Sure, the leader of the faith went to jail because he participated in the religion's practice of marrying and having sex with children… but nobody is crying for the churches to be shut down for encouraging pedophilia — and they certainly aren't blaming the non-fundamentalist Mormon majority.", "They are speaking out: \n\n[_URL_2_](_URL_2_)\n\n[_URL_0_](_URL_0_)\n\n[_URL_1_](_URL_1_)\n\nAdditionally, multiple Muslim nations are joining in attacks against ISIS. ", "There are multiple Islamic countries waging war against ISIS. What sort of out-cry are you expecting? If you are simply surprised you aren't hearing about it, that is more a facet of US media than of its not existing. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [ "http://www.buzzfeed.com/rossalynwarren/muslims-are-speaking-out-against-isis-to-say-you-do-not-repr#.bn9meZbq2", "http://www.lettertobaghdadi.com/", "http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/junaid-jahangir/muslims-against-isis_b_5715563.html" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dbp69xq" ], "score": [ 14 ], "text": [ "Your mouth is 37°C, if it's -3°C You are experiencing a 40°C temperature difference. Now imagine if you blew 80°C air at your teeth. I bet that would hurt too. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d0b1vu6", "d0b68io", "d0b9ua9", "d0bgpjs" ], "score": [ 14, 3, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "They are premium channels. You pay specifically for that channel, so they don't have to follow nearly the same rules as public network broadcasts.\n\nThere are also premium channels that literally just show porn 24 hours a day. ", "The FCC does not regulate the content of cable TV. It only regulates the content of what's broadcast over the airwaves. The only thing keeping TBS and Comedy Central from showing nudity and foul language is market forces. ", "There are no laws against what can be shown on cable or satellite regarding swearing or indecency. Marketing, contracts, and tradition primarily dictate what gets shown when on basic cable as far as swearing and nudity are concerned.\n\nThe FCC requires channel locks on all TVs/cable boxes so that parents can block HBO or whatever. That content rating (TV-MA for example) can also be used for blocking on a lot of newer TVs and boxes. \n\nSince subscribing to a channel over cable is a private transaction, congress really doesn't have grounds to legislate outside of issues they can claim affect the public good. TV ratings and channel locks is as far as they've gotten.", "They are premium channels that you have to specifically subscribe to. Choose to obtain that subscription means that you are consenting to view the type of material on the channels. \n\nAdditionally the FCC has no authority over any cable channel. They only have the authority to regulate those channels broadcast over the airwaves, which would be the local channels package portion of your cable channels. So most of the TV that people watch can show nudity if they wish to do so, their networks choose to self censor. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ddzi55n", "ddzi77j", "ddzi7kj", "de0gcew" ], "score": [ 7, 3, 6, 3 ], "text": [ "Fog is just clouds at ground level. The elevation that water vapor precipitates is dependent on temperature and humidity. Most of the time, the ground level humidity isn't high enough. Sometimes it is.", "fog is typically a stratus cloud, but not always. _URL_0_", "There is no difference. Low lying clouds are called fog. However it is the exact same thing and behaves the exact same way. You can even have rainy fog.", "Nothing.\n\nFog and clouds are both just giant puffs of gaseous water. When it's up in the sky and we can see it all at once, we call it a cloud. When it's down on the ground and we're inside of it? Fog." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [ "https://www.reference.com/science/kind-cloud-fog-147246e564726888" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ekry929" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "Gunpowder (commonly used in fireworks) does not need an external source of oxygen to ignite.\n\nThe mixture of Gunpowder contains saltpeter (KNO3) which supplies the oxygen for the reaction while the charcoal and sulfur serve as a fuel.\n\nSince wet gunpowder can't ignite, A proper water resistant material is used for the casing." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dpak5cz" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Pretty similar to sugar, in a nearly pure state, caffeine is a white, nearly odorless solid. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dyj1fd8" ], "score": [ 24 ], "text": [ "Food passing through your body is less like a car going down a road, and is instead more like a package moving along a conveyer belt. In this analogy peristalsis is the movement of the conveyer belt. When something is irritating to an earlier portion of this belt, the whole thing speeds up. While it still may take a while for the irritating substance to pass through, things already closer to the end of the system will begin to be expelled more rapidly." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cvqxpd1" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "Not exactly sure, but most likely the powder in the microwavable Mac & cheese include dehydrated milk and some other chemicals that mimic the effects of butter (fat) to literally recreate the effects that real milk and butter would behave under the effects of heat. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d5pifc6", "d5pkcek" ], "score": [ 11, 2 ], "text": [ "They make a *lot* of posts to default subs. They're usually pretty decent quality, even if they're reposts from smaller subs.\n\nIt's not like Reddit gives them special privileges, they just try frequently & have a good eye for what people want to see. If you made a dozen quality posts per day to high-profile subs, you'd probably get to the front page fairly often.", "I don't pay close attention to usernames. I did notice, however, that some of the posts on this sub's \"hot\" page disappear while others with fewer upvotes that were posted even longer ago remain. Either there is some threshold of comments per hour that needs to be met or there is some mod favoritism happening." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "csd7v55", "csd8gor", "csdkszc" ], "score": [ 2, 4, 2 ], "text": [ "Donald Trump is a sack of abhorrently old turnips.\n\n\nBernie Sanders is the only candidate worth mentioning. The guy seems like he'd be the best politician in the past dozen presidents. ", "On the Democratic side, we have two main contenders:\n\nHillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders.\n\nOn the Republican side, we have like 16+ candidates this time around. I've only heard of about 1/2 of these people, and they'll start dropping out pretty quickly once the primaries start.\n\n_URL_0_\n\n", "The only two major Democratic candidates are Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders. However Clinton has a large lead of Sanders and is much more likely to become the nomination. The Republican party has a huge number of candidates and many of them are basically the same. Some of the more notable ones are Rand Paul who has very different foreign policy and government surveillance views then the rest of the Republicans. Jeb Bush is a major candidate as well, but he is the brother of George Bush which will be one of the major obstacles for him. Marco Rubio is another major candidate who is younger then the rest of the field. The other Republican candidates are slight variation of each other, if you want to more detail on them you should probably google them. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [ "http://2016.republican-candidates.org/" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cgdwqed" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "When you hold your arms up, you're contracting a complex set of muscles to fight gravity. You have to keep flexing certain muscles, which are constantly getting more tired as you hold them up.. so while we can lay very, very still, it's much harder for your brain to keep your muscles contracted the exact amount needed to keep your arms/hands perfectly still." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "clzp4x4" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "Their equilibrium is off or impacted by being intoxicated and their brain / body is trying to compensate the only way it knows how." ] }

[]

[ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cQdiLKl4Fg", "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uStIIk5Z3s8" ]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cc71np0", "cc71x9z", "cc7hprc", "cc7pdri" ], "score": [ 6, 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Personality, confidence, sense of humor, etc. All those things in the right proportion that matches what you are looking for will overcome physical issues all day. Give this guy a chance. Looks can be fixed. Asshole is for life. ", "Your subconscious may recognize something in him that your conscious mind might not yet realize. ", "Power is the greatest aphrodesiac, which explains why Henry Kissinger has shacked up with some women that are drop dead goregous, despite the fact that he looks like a shaved bear. That being said, tons of other things enter into it, physical attractiveness is really just supposed to be a show to the world saying, \"I'm a healthy -insert gender here- and ergo, you should make babies with me.\" There are other traits that spark the desire to baby make, confidence, social status, money, positive associations between that person and other things, etc.\n", "People tend to look for traits that remind them of home. Without realizing it, if a man had a good relationship with his mother, he will look for a mate that reminds him of her in some way. The same is true for women. Also teenage girls that got along with their fathers postpone engaging in casual sex. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dcguhyi", "dcgusn9" ], "score": [ 2, 3 ], "text": [ "assuming you mean a two pronged connector and not the 3, it's because one blade of the connector is wider than the other. It's called \"polarized\" and it makes the appliance safer to use when the electricity can only flow one way", "If you're in the US, it's because those plugs are polarized, where one prong is wider than the other, for reasons I'll leave to engineers and electricians. \n\nIf you're not, or if you're referring to USB plugs, it's a similar situation except it deals with pin placement and contact between the plug on the device and the port in the computer. \n\nUntil the update to USB-C plugs/ports and USB 3.1 architecture the plug could only go in one way, but a USB-C plug/port has no “upside down” as such, as well as having a single port design for input and output. By this I mean that it doesn't matter which end of the cord you plug into whichever devices you want to connect, unlike previous iterations of the USB standard that used different shapes and configurations for the B-side plugs that pop into devices like smartphones and digital cameras, with the larger A-side plug that connected to the computer. For example, I'm typing this on my phone, a Nexus 5X from Google. It has a USB-C port for charging on both the wall plug and the phone itself. I can switch the cord around to charge with the other end and have no problem, though I'd need an adapter or a cord that has and A-side for the computer and a C-side for the phone. My previous phone was a Nexus 4, which has a micro-A port for charging and data transfer.\n\nSorry this is long, but I wanted to be thorough, and I'm a bit of a tech nerd. Good day!" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "f1cayxw", "f1ccbrf" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Do you mean the Aurora Borealis (or Aurora Australis)? If so, it's an interaction between charge particles in our planet's magnetic field and solar winds (charged particles that come flying off the sun.) The interaction causes light to be emitted in the green to blue range and is mostly visible at night.", "There could be a number of possible explanations, but assuming you've ruled out a reflection or just an actual like light bulb I think it's possible it something similar to the Aurora's. \n\nEarth is constantly being hit by all kinds of particles, mostly from the sun but also from deep outer space. Some of them are pretty high energy particles, high enough that when they collide with atoms in the air they can give them a bunch of energy. Those atoms don't want to hold onto that energy though, so they will then release it back out as visible light. \n\nAtoms are really really small though so it's not like every time one particle hits one atom it makes a big noticeable glow. It takes a lot of atoms getting hit by the right particles to create enough visible light for you to notice. \n\nWithout going into too much detail the magnetic field the Earth has surrounding it tends to catch these high particles before they hit the surface. They then pull them up towards the poles where they just kinda bounce around. Because the Earth's magnetic field is pulling so many of them together near the poles there tends to be enough of them for this to happen often enough to form an Aurora. \n\nFor any number of other reasons though this could happen somewhere else, like outside your house. It'll be more obvious if you're somewhere without a lot of other light pollution, and probably more likely if you're somewhat close to one of Earth's magnetic poles." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cyf33fd", "cyf9por" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Fronts for 'other' activities?", "These are usually in Chinatown areas, in my experience, and there are thousands of Chinese people who can shop there. \n\nSo now ask yourself - is there enough demand for 2 Ikeas, 22 Walmarts, and 500 other home stores in your city? It's not like people need a new self-closing hamper every day, right?\n\nThese Chinatwon stores are a lot smaller and more chaotic than a Walmart, but one Walmart probably sells the same amount of stuff in a day than 20 of these stores do in a week. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dg57x7x", "dg58nlg", "dg5aawi", "dg5idju", "dg5kfpq" ], "score": [ 66, 3, 5, 114, 14 ], "text": [ "because if there wasn't sand there...it wouldn't be a beach, it would just be a coastline.\n\nsand forms from big rocks banging against each other to make little rocks which bang against each other to make coarse pebbles which bang against each other to make fine pebbles which bang against each other to make sand.", "Sand is just broken down rocks. The ocean tide breaks down rocks over time, to turn it into sand.", "Well sand is carried by rivers and deposited when energy dissipates. So when the river's velocity drops as it enters a larger body of water the coarser material falls out of suspension. Currents can then carry this sand away and push it along low lying coastal areas to form the beach. Continuous wave action further erodes the grains. As the grains become smaller they also will get lighter. Smaller grains are again picked up by wave action and carried into deeper water. As you walk out from a beach the sediments under foot generally get finer due to the reduced energy found in deeper waters. ", "It's caused by geological processes called mechanical weathering, transporting, and sorting. The previously formed rocks in the area are broken down by natural forces. I.e. water currents/waves, wind, ice expansion/melting, and tree roots breaking through rocks. These broken rock fragments or sediment deposits are then moved during a process called transportation. If it's a beach, then most likely the transport medium will be waves and ocean currents. \n\nThe sand is then sorted near the shore by how much force is involved in the transplant. Ex. Larger rocks deposited further from shore because the wave loses energy as it gets closer to shore and cannot move heavy objects. The energy in the waves, by the time it reaches shore, is just enough to move small grains. Usually beaches will have mostly the same sized grains make up the beach.\n\nNotice that each beach has different sized sand grains. Some beaches have very fine sand. And some have very gritty large-grained sand. This is all due to the energy of the waves that reach the shore. The wave size is affected by the slope of the beach. Steep slopes lose energy faster, while gradual slopes lose energy slower. This is why Hawaii has huge waves. Some beaches have black sand. This is usually from volcanic activity near the beach that happens under water. The waves bring in whatever materials that it can push.\n\nHope this helps.\n", "The real question is why is it so coarse, rough, and irritating, and why does it get everywhere???" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dnbfc43", "dnc5ivi" ], "score": [ 141, 3 ], "text": [ "Because it disrupts our homeostasis. Human skin has specific receptors in it which are designed to detect the presence of foreign agents & unwanted dangers such as insects. Have you ever seen how a horse twitches it's skin to get rid of flies? Humans have the same process, except instead of involuntary twitching, it sends a signal to your brain to GET IT OFF\n\nSo, simply put, when you have a substance sticking to your skin, your brain interprets it as a negative stimuli that wants to harm you in some way. This stimuli will make your brain want to remove it, to return to homeostasis", "I don't know, but the ONE time my wife and I tried strawberry lube I could not disconnect my brain from thinking that we were smooshing our genitals in strawberry jam and it was a total buzzkill. We had to shower in order to continue." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "csrs6k3", "csrs96q", "csrsezq", "csrsmyz" ], "score": [ 5, 2, 5, 2 ], "text": [ "Most of them don't store your password itself--they perform a mathematical operation called hashing which is difficult to reverse and store the result. But yes, they do at least temporarily have your password and could use it to hack your other accounts. ", "When you sign up for a service, they don't actually store your password. Instead, they store what's called a \"hash\". This is essentially an encrypted version of your password (this is a one-way encryption, so it can't be decrypted). Every time you sign in, the password is encrypted and the resulting hash is compared to the one stored in the database. If they match, you're allowed to log in. \nOf course, if someone really wanted to and had the ability to modify the code to do so, they could store your password before it gets encrypted by the application. In the end, it's also a matter of how much you trust the company behind the application you're using.", "There is an element of trust here - really, there's nothing - if they've chosen to store your password as plain text, then that's up to them, and you won't know if they do that.\n\nWhat most services do, however, is store your password in a more secure form using a technique called password hashing - a one way process that generates a string of characters.\n\nIf I decide that my password for a site is going to be 'password', when I enter it the server will run it through the hashing algorithm and, if they're using one of the most common ways of creating a hash they'll come out with the string '5f4dcc3b5aa765d61d8327deb882cf99' - and this is what they store instead of your password.\n\nWhen you try to log in, the site runs the password that you've just entered through the hashing algorithm, and sees if it gets the same results as when you first supplied your password. If it does, then great - you're in.\n\nNote that if I type it wrong - if I type 'passwrod' instead, the hash changes completely - '919e682cac825d430a580e842ff0bbc4' - this huge difference means that it's impossible to look at a hash and try to figure out what the password could be.\n\nBut... there's a problem. If I have a list of all the usernames and their associated hashed passwords for a site, I can go through and pick out some of the more common ones. Everyone, worldwide, who uses 'password' has the same hash, and so I can go through and pick all of those out. I could go and find an article like [500 worst passwords of all time](_URL_0_), work out all of the hashes for each password and compare it to a list of usernames and passwords, and there'll be a good chance that I'll have some matches. In fact, some people have already worked this out, and there are *massive* files out there called rainbow tables that have lists of passwords and their hashes so that I can go through and do this matching exercise, and work out huge numbers of the passwords held.\n\nIn order to stop this sort of attack, I need to go one better - instead of just working out the hash, a lot of sites will *salt* the hash, which means they'll add some other value to it. If I do it so that the value I store in the username/password database for the site consists of your username and password, if you and I both use 'password', then your stored value might become '3a3de9811d7c605048ce1f55235bd4a1', and mine would be '4c31177592c3367818f2d0cff3f33891' - totally different, despite us having the same password.\n\nNot all sites do salt values. Some sites might even store their passwords as plain text that can be read by anyone with access to the password file! Although you might get away with it, reusing passwords across multiple sites is just a bad idea.", "Some math equations are really easy to do one way, but absurdly difficult to reverse. The most basic example is multiplying two prime numbers together. 19 times 29 = 551. That is pretty easy. Now, what two prime numbers, multiplied together, equals 731? It isn't an easy multiple of 2/5/10. You would have to start dividing the number by prime numbers till you figure out the equation is 17 times 43 =731. There are other much more complicated equations besides prime numbers.\n\nThe servers don't store your password, but put your password through some binary equation to create a \"hash,\" basically a bunch of random characters (swordfish1 would be stored as %gH & 3@). You put your password in, the computer puts the password through the same equation, and sees if the the result matches the string of characters in their database.\n\nIf they just do this, however, all the people with the same password could easily be compromised. If they figure out swordfish1=%gH & 3@, then everyone with that password loses their information. However, most sites now \"salt\" the passwords, where they add a bunch of random characters too the hash they stored on their server (for one user, swordfish1=a%gFH & & 3@7N-, while for another user it's stored as $#%awgH & T3U@R@). So, what any hacker (or ill tempered employee) would only see these random ass characters, and it will be a massive headache even for a super computer to figure out what are the real characters and what is just extra bullshit.\n\nAlso, if you ever have a website that emails you your password INSTEAD of asking you to reset it, stop using that website, they are not using even the most basic protections too protect your information on their website." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [ "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/top-500-worst-passwords-all-time" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dqbeazg", "dqbeazh", "dqbf036", "dqc0jtn" ], "score": [ 3, 3, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Only when no other antiseptic is available. Only then. Alcohol kills micro-organisms. It also works as a disinfectant.", " > Is this practice applicable in real life?\n\nYes. It isn't ideal, but high-proof alcoholic beverages are, generally speaking, an extremely hostile environment for microbial life. So if there's no clean water handy to wash a wound whiskey will do the job.", "Did you just watch The Punisher? Because thats what i was thinking as i was watching it. Hes in this bunker with millions of dollars worth of equipment and weapons, is consistently getting physically hurt, but doesn't have a decent medkit with rubbing alchool.\n\nAlso I just realised that this is really frequent in the Netflix marvel shows.", "Side comment: another on the spot disinfectant is honey. It's rarely used in movies ( they used it Gladiator!),but honey is a natural antibiotic. It's one of the reasons honey never goes bad." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cb1b5ya" ], "score": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Scientology recruits actors, fast tracts them into leadership positions, and helps them with their careers.\n\nIn exchange, it gets what amounts to a free, lifelong celebrity endorsement." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cy6lfrs", "cy6mhei", "cy73imw" ], "score": [ 8, 7, 2 ], "text": [ "3/4 time means that there are three quarter-notes that make a measure.\n\n2/4 time means that two quarter-notes make the measure.\n\n4/4 means that four quarter notes make the measure.\n\nIn 6/8 time, six eighth notes make the measure.\n\nNow, you don't have to just use quarter notes to make a 4/4 song. Each measure can be broken down. For example, you can use two eighth-notes, a quarter note, four sixteenth-notes, and a quarter note. All of those together make four quarter notes and a whole measure.\n\nYou follow? ", "It's often possible to write the same music with different time signatures. (The difference between 6/8 and 12/8, for example, or 12/8 and a swinging 4/4 can come down to how the transcriber feels.)\n\nTo get close you need to find the beat, and find the accents.\n\nIn rock/pop music a good rule of thumb is that the snare drum plays beats 2 & 4, and the kick drum plays beats 1 & 3, and it's probably in 4/4.\n\nIf you want some to try, I've picked a few with common time signatures (and some without common time signatures!):\n\n[Here's an easy one](_URL_5_).\n\n[This one's harder](_URL_7_). There's more going on, and it doesn't keep the same time signature all the way through. ;-) (See if you can tell me where it changes.)\n\n[And what about this one?](_URL_1_)\n\n[What about this one?](_URL_4_). The drumming trick doesn't work for this one! Bwahahahaha!\n\n[A famous piece.](_URL_2_) You'll probably have to let it run to a bit with a clearer beat before you find it.\n\n[This one's pretty tricky.](_URL_0_)\n\n[Not hard, but famous for its unusual time signature.](_URL_3_)\n\n[Nightmare mode.](_URL_6_) ", "The thing that always confused me is, why is 3/4 time not the same as 6/8 time. \n\nShort answer, as far as I could surmise, is that it's just an unspoken convention. People know the 3/4 rhythm, and they know the 6/8 rhythm, and you can't work out the difference just by doing the arithmetic." ] }

[]

[ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Z66wVo7uNw", "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVvkjuEAwgU" ]

[ [], [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmDDOFXSgAs", "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvV5mryQF1I", "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqOOZux5sPE", "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpbbuaIA3Ds", "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAYhNHhxN0A", "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0J2QdDbelmY", "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ik9qECIWgc", "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DBaCRl2h87I" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d3v8gzx" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ " > If an object is cast with forward motion and spin, the spin gradually causes that object to accelerate towards the direction of it's spin, right? \n\nNo. You are probably thinking of a context where there is some kind of friction or drag force, and you can get coupling between the rotational and translational motions of the object.\n\nBut in general, they are not coupled, and spinning motion will not cause translational motion.\n\n > Like a slider in baseball, or spinning a soccer ball to get it to curve. Why does this happen? And then, why does the spin on an (American) football cause it to stabilize in the air rather than change trajectory?\n\nThe reason why it happens in these cases is air drag. See the [Magnus effect](_URL_0_), for example." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_effect" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cj1eonk", "cj1eplh", "cj1eylt" ], "score": [ 3, 6, 2 ], "text": [ "If you have enough firepower, there's always a way. The problem is that Cuba does not have that firepower, obviously. So, they can always throw a fit and shoot at Americans stationed there if they wished, but it's not really a winning proposition for them.", "Not legally. [We have a perpetual lease](_URL_0_), by treaty. As long as we keep paying (which we do), they can't do anything about it.\n\nAnd they don't have the force to make us leave, not to mention they wouldn't want to start that level of incident.", "They have three tools at their disposal:\n\n* diplomacy - they could try to convince the US to leave, or build up international sentiment against them staying\n* legal - they could state they case in international court the US lease is not binding\n* military - evict the US via direct force or embargo\n\nAt this time, they don't have the means to effectively use any of those methods." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban%E2%80%93American_Treaty" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c4ywtrm" ], "score": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Basically, water towers serve two purposes:\n\n1) They store water so that when we all simultaneously get in the shower in the morning, there's a buffer or reservoir to give us all water. There's not usually enough natural water to run all those showers at the same time.\n\n2) Because water towers are tall, the water inside them wants to fall down because gravity. So they provide pressure to push water through all the water pipes.\n\nMost water towers are full of water and are actively in use. It costs money to keep them up (rent on the land they sit on, maintenance on the tower, paint, plumbers to keeping the pipes from leaking) so if the tower isn't in use, it's usually torn down and the metal **sold** as scrap to get a little money.\n\n**Edit.**" ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cjekxep" ], "score": [ 8 ], "text": [ "Because Coke isn't pre-mixed for you.\n\nWhat they are doing is mixing Soda Water with Coke Syrup, the result is the Coca-Cola you know and love." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cqfweds", "cqfz7e4" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Read Nightwatch by Sergei Lukyanenko. It deosn't give an actual reason, but the made up one is pretty cool. Russian distopic modern fantasy. Seriously though, my guess would be either: 1. Extra energy (I sometimes just start running places too.) 2. Seeing a little critter or something that you don't.", "Her advanced feline ears might have heard something really interesting, that was totally inaudible to humans." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "e8g9u01", "e8ga26z" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "LI5 means friendly, simplified and layman-accessible explanations - not responses aimed at literal five-year-olds. Read the rules.", "Because theres a minimum word requirement to post answers. Simple answers are often under that requirement so you end up getting overly verbose and complicated answers to often stupid questions." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cwwgmvd", "cwwht1z" ], "score": [ 30, 2 ], "text": [ "It didn't 'only start in the last couple of months'. The Syrian Refugee Crisis has been ongoing since the start of the Syrian Civil War. Specifically, in April of 2011 when [5,000 refugees fled Syria to Lebanon] (_URL_0_).\n\nFor the first few years western interest in the crisis was low as refugees flowed into primarily camps in Lebanon, Jordan, and Turkey. Interest remained somewhat low as refugees pushed into Eastern Europe and Greece. Media and political interest only really picked up when these refugees started landing on the doorstep of Western European nations in appreciable numbers, fueling the perception that this is a recent crisis when it has been ongoing for years.", "Because the US media starting making a big deal out of it recently. \nSee how it works? \nThey stop talking about it, and it appears to go away. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://syrianrefugees.eu/?page_id=163" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cw0ayqy", "cw0b62x" ], "score": [ 2, 3 ], "text": [ "I'd imagine it's because you're inhaling it so quickly it goes right into your sinuses and doesn't have time to tickle the hairs in your nose.", "Cocaine (and/or the ingredients included in it) make your nose lining numb. Doctors used to use cocaine as an anesthetic for people with broken noses (my college roommate being one such person). " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cgbrc58" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "I once had a neighbor with an obnoxious alarm that would go off at the slightest provocation. Since it was going off during daylight hours & would shut off after 15 minutes, the city said they couldn't do anything about it.\n\n...but I got him towed for leaving his car parked in a \"no parking on Sunday\" zone." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cwfxh1c" ], "score": [ 13 ], "text": [ "Cryolipolysis, or 'Fat Freezing', is fairly straight forward. It is a nonsurgical treatment that, effectively, targets certain pockets of fat and exposes them to cold enough temperatures to \"kill\" the fat cells. Although there are a number of methods to do this, such as Kybella (Deoxycholic Acid), through the use of a Laser and a couple other treatments, the most effective has been exposing fat to significant cold. What happens is that when subcutaneous fat is exposed to low temperatures, these fat cells can be damaged beyond the point of healing while not harming the skin. In a nutshell, chilling the fat cells below body temp but not to the point of freezing causes the fat cells being treated to die (localized cell death) that is removed by your body over the course of a few weeks. \n\nThat said, this is the basis for how Coolscultping and every other Cryolipolysis treatment works. If you have an area of skin that contains fat cells that are treatable with 'Fat Freezing', a doctor or asthetician will hook you up to a thermal conduction/induction pad and apply low temperatures through the Cryolipolysis machine to the area being treated. They will make sure you don't undergo hypothermia or any negative cold exposure condition. A single treatment lasts about an hour and multiple treatments are generally needed to see the full effect. There are side effects, which can include redness in the skin, localized numbness and localized pain, all of which is normal and tends to go away after a month. Your doctor or asthetician will be able to futher tell you about all of the side effects. \n\nDoes it work? That's the big question. The answer is that it does. It works - treatment in the right candidates has been shown to work quite well. Whether it works for you, however, is a different question. It depends on you. Obviously, there is the question about whether you are a candidate. To be blunt, treating a female patient who is 5'4\", 300 pounds and is severely obease will not see results. Treating a male patient who is 5'10, 210 pounds will result in some positive effects from treatment. Your weight, the location of pockets of fat, where the treatments are targeting (ie Lovehandles vs. Stomach Fat), what kinds of fat you have (Subcutaneous vs Visceral) in a given area for treatment, etc. all have a huge effect on whether it will work. \n\nI do want to stress that this is not an alternative to diet and exercise. This is meant to contour the body, not serve as an alternative to actual medical care, proper health and nutrition. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c3llov5", "c3llyli" ], "score": [ 8, 3 ], "text": [ "Instant coffee is essentially regular coffee that is brewed and then freeze dried. The water soluble compounds from the coffee are separated from the solids and packaged. ", "hielevation has it right. What comes in the instant coffee jar are not coffee grounds. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dfoagbw", "dfo3756", "dfo3orn" ], "score": [ 2, 3, 4 ], "text": [ "The Riemann integral is *defined* as a limit of Riemann sums - you need them to prove properties of the Riemann integral, such as linearity and the fundamental theorem of calculus.\n\nThere are other ways to define an integral, such as the Lebesque integral, which is defined for a larger class of functions than the Riemann integral (and is equivalent to the Riemann integral for Riemann integrable functions). The Riemann integral is usually introduced first since it doesn't require measure theory.", "The Reimann series is the eli5 for integrals. It's just way to teach the concept of an integral to someone who doesn't understand it yet.\n\nIt's also a good numeric approximation that's easy to implement. If you are computationaly challenged, it's easier to calculate a bunch (but still finite number)of areas and add them together than it is to actually do the calculus.", "You need Riemann sums to define (Riemann) integrals.\n\nAlso Riemann sums are a way of numerically approximating integrals. That can be very useful for integrals which we don't know how to solve in closed form." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cu2bva8", "cu2bwum", "cu2c8gd" ], "score": [ 4, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Basically, after the democrats pushed through the Voting Rights Act and Civil Rights Act, the Republicans decided they could capture the south by using race to capture the southern white vote (white people in the south were not a big fan of black people).\n\n_URL_0_\n\n > Nixon's advisers recognized that they could not appeal directly to voters on issues of white supremacy or racism. White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman noted that Nixon \"emphasized that you have to face the fact that the whole problem is really the blacks. The key is to devise a system that recognized this while not appearing to.\"[37] With the aid of Harry Dent and South Carolina Senator Strom Thurmond, who had switched to the Republican Party in 1964, Richard Nixon ran his 1968 campaign on states' rights and \"law and order.\" Liberal Northern Democrats accused Nixon of pandering to Southern whites, especially with regard to his \"states' rights\" and \"law and order\" positions, which were widely understood by black leaders to symbolize southern resistance to civil rights.[38] This tactic was described in 2007 by David Greenberg in Slate as \"dog-whistle politics.\"[39]", "About 1968. Both parties sorted out along new ideological lines on social issues, including abortion, and civil rights. LBJ sealed the deal by actually passing civil rights legislation and making folks in the South really mad. If you look at the maps, Democrats used to win the South all the time. Now the Republicans do. ", "In the post Civil War era, everyone was racist, Republicans and Democrats alike. The civil rights laws made then weren't based on any sort of principle that black people should be treated equally.\n\nWhen the 1964 Civil Rights Act was passed, both Republicans and Democrats had mostly come around to the idea that we should treat black people well. And both parties still mostly believe that today.\n\nSo what causes the perception? Well, there are a lot of people in the former Confederate states who are still proudly racist. They used to all be Democratic, but they got mad at the Democrats when the Civil Rights Act passed, so now they're all Republicans." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_strategy" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c35bfzv", "c35bx4j", "c35cggl", "c35cqn8", "c35cuty", "c35fk2j", "c35g083", "c35bfzv", "c35bx4j", "c35cggl", "c35cqn8", "c35cuty", "c35fk2j", "c35g083" ], "score": [ 60, 33, 3, 14, 14, 2, 2, 60, 33, 3, 14, 14, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Well, [there are](_URL_0_). But that aside, it's a very good article about photosynthesis and the process involved. Probably above the ELI5 level though.", "This is pure speculation on my part, but I would guess that it's because it's relatively energy inefficient. Animals tend to eat extremely concentrated forms of chemical energy. For example take a cow, which grazes on grass all day. It might eat 50 lbs of grass. That grass, however, took 20-30 days to grow, using photosynthesis, and the cow used that energy in a single day.\n\nThis logic applies even more strongly to carnivores.\n\nReptiles, fish, insects, and other types of animals are a lot more energy efficient than mammals, but I'd still guess that they use it faster than photosynthesis is able to convert the energy in sunlight to stored chemical energy.\n\nThis would be a great question for /r/askscience; please PM me if you post it, since I am interested!", "Like watabit said, this looks like a question for [askscience](_URL_0_)!", "I've always wished my hair would photosynthesize, so laying in the sun could be like having a snack.", "Actually, humans photosynthesize - we make Vitamin D from sunshine.", "It would dehydrate us rapidly. Plants use an absurd amount of water to photosynthesize molecules. The \"veins\" of a plant carry water from roots to their leaves. These veins work the same way as if you placed to pieces of glass together drawing water up between them. The water eventually reaches the leaves and does its thing and then is sucked out of the leaves into the air through tiny holes. ", "The efficiency of photosynthesis under optimal conditions is [3%-6% of total incident solar radiation.](_URL_2_) \n\nIf you assume the average person could expose a maximum of half their surface area to direct sunlight (ie naked, lying down), that would provide around [0.9m^2](_URL_0_) (for a male) of surface area for photosynthesis.\n\nAt 40 degrees latitude, the earth receives [~600 Watts of solar energy per m^2](_URL_1_). At 6% conversion efficiency, that means 36 Watts/m^2.\n\nUsing our person exposing 0.9m^2, you could generate 32 Watts. Converted to calories, you would generate 0.00765 Calories per second. Over the course of an 8 hour day completely exposed (naked lying in direct sun), you would generate ~220 Calories of glucose, or about what you get in 1.5 cans of Coke. \n\nThis meagre amount of calories comes with the risk of skin cancer (almost a guarantee) and enormous complexity combining photosynthetic parts with heterotrophic parts - not to mention if its cloudy, or dark, or you're standing upright etc etc etc you will reach nowhere near this number. Further, most mammals (except for us), are covered in fur to keep them warm. In most climates, removing the fur to allow for photosynthesis would cost more energy than it gains through heat loss. \n\nI suspect, evolutionarily speaking, it is not worth it. \n\n", "Well, [there are](_URL_0_). But that aside, it's a very good article about photosynthesis and the process involved. Probably above the ELI5 level though.", "This is pure speculation on my part, but I would guess that it's because it's relatively energy inefficient. Animals tend to eat extremely concentrated forms of chemical energy. For example take a cow, which grazes on grass all day. It might eat 50 lbs of grass. That grass, however, took 20-30 days to grow, using photosynthesis, and the cow used that energy in a single day.\n\nThis logic applies even more strongly to carnivores.\n\nReptiles, fish, insects, and other types of animals are a lot more energy efficient than mammals, but I'd still guess that they use it faster than photosynthesis is able to convert the energy in sunlight to stored chemical energy.\n\nThis would be a great question for /r/askscience; please PM me if you post it, since I am interested!", "Like watabit said, this looks like a question for [askscience](_URL_0_)!", "I've always wished my hair would photosynthesize, so laying in the sun could be like having a snack.", "Actually, humans photosynthesize - we make Vitamin D from sunshine.", "It would dehydrate us rapidly. Plants use an absurd amount of water to photosynthesize molecules. The \"veins\" of a plant carry water from roots to their leaves. These veins work the same way as if you placed to pieces of glass together drawing water up between them. The water eventually reaches the leaves and does its thing and then is sucked out of the leaves into the air through tiny holes. ", "The efficiency of photosynthesis under optimal conditions is [3%-6% of total incident solar radiation.](_URL_2_) \n\nIf you assume the average person could expose a maximum of half their surface area to direct sunlight (ie naked, lying down), that would provide around [0.9m^2](_URL_0_) (for a male) of surface area for photosynthesis.\n\nAt 40 degrees latitude, the earth receives [~600 Watts of solar energy per m^2](_URL_1_). At 6% conversion efficiency, that means 36 Watts/m^2.\n\nUsing our person exposing 0.9m^2, you could generate 32 Watts. Converted to calories, you would generate 0.00765 Calories per second. Over the course of an 8 hour day completely exposed (naked lying in direct sun), you would generate ~220 Calories of glucose, or about what you get in 1.5 cans of Coke. \n\nThis meagre amount of calories comes with the risk of skin cancer (almost a guarantee) and enormous complexity combining photosynthetic parts with heterotrophic parts - not to mention if its cloudy, or dark, or you're standing upright etc etc etc you will reach nowhere near this number. Further, most mammals (except for us), are covered in fur to keep them warm. In most climates, removing the fur to allow for photosynthesis would cost more energy than it gains through heat loss. \n\nI suspect, evolutionarily speaking, it is not worth it. \n\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://www.independent.com/news/2010/jan/30/first-known-photosynthetic-animal/" ], [], [ "http://www.reddit.com/r/AskScience" ], [], [], [], [ "http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2001/IgorFridman.shtml", "http://zebu.uoregon.edu/1998/ph162/l4.html", "http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7241e/w7241e05.htm#1.2.1" ], [ "http://www.independent.com/news/2010/jan/30/first-known-photosynthetic-animal/" ], [], [ "http://www.reddit.com/r/AskScience" ], [], [], [], [ "http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2001/IgorFridman.shtml", "http://zebu.uoregon.edu/1998/ph162/l4.html", "http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7241e/w7241e05.htm#1.2.1" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dahj99e" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "The rate at which your bladder is filling is also a factor in stimulating the urge to pee. If your kidneys are excreting greater volumes than normal your bladder will be stretching faster and you will get the urge to go before you reach maximum capacity." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "f6c1jbp", "f6fwbk7" ], "score": [ 50, 6 ], "text": [ "Think of it this way. If you start with a sphere and then poke any portion in or out, you create an irregularity which needs more material. The bit of material right at the corner or edge holds little volume and is wasteful. Eliminating all the corners and edges leaves no wasteful bits to remove.", "The mathematical proofs are definitely not eli5. Here is a different way to think about it.\n\n \n\n\nOne could reduce the problem 2D : why does a circle have the least perimeter for the same area?\n\n \n\n\nOne could further reduce the problem to 1D: why is the shortest way between two points a straight line? Because every other way involves a detour from the shortest path.\n\n \n\n\nNow generalizing to 2D: a circle is is the shortest way to \"sweep\" an area, because at every point we are the shortest distance from the center as possible. Every other way involves a detour i.e. the distance from center becomes larger than what is required to sweep the area. If this distance from the center becomes larger, then we are increasing the perimeter.\n\n \n\n\nIn the same way, we can generalize to a sphere in 3D." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dmf0n39", "dmf10r4", "dmf11is", "dmf11z1", "dmf14z4", "dmf1c32", "dmf1jbz", "dmf4t36", "dmf5zvc", "dmf89fe", "dmf8pj9", "dmfbiue", "dmfbwwx", "dmfc2hh", "dmfdh2e", "dmfel3c", "dmffoqz", "dmffu0z", "dmffyvc", "dmfgaoo", "dmfguak", "dmfh3bb", "dmfha8h", "dmfhev8", "dmfhl3q", "dmfhxsg", "dmfi9gm", "dmfia5j", "dmfif1d", "dmfigt5", "dmfiza9", "dmfj0fr", "dmfj77m", "dmfj7u0", "dmfjhsf", "dmfjkwe", "dmfk49c", "dmfkj3f", "dmfkjft", "dmfkmaj", "dmfkqjy", "dmfkvvp", "dmfl6ro", "dmfl6sa", "dmfldkc", "dmflf0j", "dmfluiq", "dmfmfbp", "dmfwvid", "dmh4edz" ], "score": [ 21, 2, 59, 208, 78, 13, 3, 2, 17, 5, 4, 2, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 7, 2, 2, 6, 7, 3, 2, 2, 4, 3, 4, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Do you use a snooze function? Snooze makes your brain go into sleeping mode again just before you wake up from the second alarm. This makes people wake up tired. ", "What is your diet like? Are you getting enough nutrition? Your diet will play a major roll in this.... ", "What is you diet like? I used to sleep for 9 hours and wake up so tired, felt like I barely slept. Made some dietary changes and started to exercise, now I feel fresh and alert even after 5 or 6 hours. ", "It is possible that you could have a sleep disorder, like sleep apnea, which causes you to wake up multiple times an hour and also deprive your body of oxygen. It can cause some serious health issues, including being tired all the time no matter how much you sleep. Source: I have apnea. Talk to your doctor. ", "I have exactly the same problem. For my whole life, regardless of how much sleep I get it's always incredibly difficult to wake up. \n\nI used to think I had some kind of deficiency, or that it might be sleep apnea (I have sinus issues). I've even tried going to the doctor, but nothing has made a significant difference. \n\nSometimes something will help temporarily (like taking vitamin D, or when I started taking estrogen) but it always goes back to 'normal' after a few weeks.\n\nAs far as I can tell it seems to be genetic. Some people are 'morning people' and others are 'night owls'. In my experience morning people wake up early and have lots of energy in the morning, but they wear out fast and by the early evening are starting to wane. Night owls on the other hand wake up later and take a long time to build up energy in the morning, but then can keep going long into the night without feeling tired.\n\n", "Sleep schedules and day/night rhythyms are complicated and your sleep needs vary a lot with your activity, age, stress levels, and the time of day. Getting 6 hours of sleep in your normal sleep time is more valuable for feeling rested, than getting 6 hours of sleep at a time when you are normally awake. \n\nAs for the immediate feeling of being rested, or tired, when waking up; much of that will depend on what part of the sleep cycle a person was on when they woke up, and the length and quality of the sleep they got. \n\nBy way of example, if I dont sleep semi reclined then I toss and turn often, sleep less, and wake up tired. If I put a few extra pillows under my shoulders I stay in that position until I wake, and 6 hours of reclined sleep feels like 9 hours of tossing and turning sleep. \n\nThere are also individual temperaments that can handle less sleep, and others need much more to be functional. As you age you generally need less sleep to function versus when you were a kid. children for instance may need 10 hours of downtime, where as a 50 year old might feel great after 7 hours. \n\nWhen you sleep your body is cleaning itself of stress toxins, which are waste chemicals that build up in your body and brain as a side effect of stress and daily activity, exercise, etc. One way to think of it is that much like muscles getting sore from lactic acid build up, being awake too long, or very stressed, results in a build up of metabolic junk that makes you feel ill the more of it builds up. During sleep downtime the body filters it out (funky morning pee is usually packed with them) which helps you feel better, as well as the mental cleanup on memories and mental processes like committing short term memory to long term etc. ", "Do you wake up in the morning, or are you woken up? This makes a big difference. If you rouse, you are awake when you get out of bed. If you are heavily asleep when someone or something wakes you up, you take a fair while to wake up.\n\nIn addition, different people will need different amounts of sleep.", "Not drinking caffeine after 1400 in the afternoon helps massively. Better yet, no caffeine at all.", "You mentioned below that you wanted an explanation of the genetic factor, so I can try and provide one for you. I'm something of an insomniac, ditto my father and sister. We all share similar tolerances to lack of sleep, to staying up, and to waking up without much effort. \n\nThere are a variety of endogenous hormones in your body that mediate sleepiness, and the sleep cycle. One of the most common is called \"adenosine\". It promotes sleepiness, and suppresses arousal (sciency term for how awake you are). It's the receptor subtype thats influenced relatively well by a cup of coffee, or some other caffeinated substance. \n\nVariations in your bodies natural adenosine receptors can make you more or less receptive to the effects of this substance, in much the same way as some people have a greater or lower tolerance to alcohol or weed or even just basic dopamine / seretonin. Your bodies receptors aren't all identical to those of other people, and small variances in the genetic code can influence the effect of these receptors. These don't neccessarily have to all be based on the receptor - they could also relate to more/less efficient post-synaptic cleanup of neurotransmitters etc, but the end effect is the same : you can vary from other people in terms of how you react to the same input of neurotransmitter.\n\nMe + my family all appear to have a variation in this receptor (amongst other things we're not very fond of caffeine), and as a result seem to be much more \"awake\" on average than most people. I think of it as being naturally two coffees up on the average person. Some variation like this (or others, there are a lot of these chemicals that influence sleep) could account for the variation between you + your SO's sleep patterns.\n", "Are you depressed? I'm willing to bet you don't have a hard time waking up when there's something special or exciting happening that day. ", "Part of the problem may also be when you're waking up in your sleep cycle. Waking up in the middle of a REM cycle tends to make you feel less rested than waking up at the end.", "Lots of sleep cycles are 90 minutes. Usually a good sleep will include 4 or more sleep cycles. If you wake up in the middle of a sleep cycle, you'll feel more tired. I routinely feel better if I get 6 hours of sleep compared to 7 hours due to how sleep cycles work. ", "I wake up from my dreams at least 4 times every single night. I think it has to do with me gaining consciousness that I'm dreaming and I wake up immediately. Therefore I get shit sleep unless it's 10 hours of it", "The short answer is neurotransmitters. The more dopamine and serotonin you have, the easier it is to get up. These neurotransmitters regulate sleep (especially dopamine) and cause you fall asleep better and sleep better. Essentially the more depressed you are, the harder it is to wake up.", "So you've heard of Night Owls and Larks, people who stay up late and people who get up early.\n\nOn top of that there's \"morning type\" and \"evening type\" people.\n\nMorning type folks, like your SO, wake up, feel alert and awake straight out of bed. They slowly lose this as the day goes by.\n\nEvening types (like you), wake up groggy and take their time to wake up. As the day goes on, they get more alert. Crashing out just before bed.", "While it is helpful to get around 8 hours of sleep, it does vary per individual. \n\nIf you didn't know, people go through different stages in the sleep cycles. \n\nThe problem is to wake up feeling refreshed, a person must wake up at the right stage of the cycle. Otherwise you will wake up groggy, no matter how many hours you slept. \n\nThere are websites and app that provide a sleep calculator. It estimates the time you need to sleep based on the cycles for optimal wake up time ", "Have you been using your phone or laptop right before bed? That white/blue light can mess up your sleep pattern", "Since I own a beddit I can see my sleep patterns. The beddit sensor measures breathing and heartbeat and can tell if you are in deep or light sleep.\nI tell the app when I want to wake up and if you set smart wake then it will potentially wake you earlier but in light sleep.\n\nPeople feeling tired may have a set time they go to sleep and wake up and always wake up in deep sleep feeling tired as the sleep cycle is regular.\n\nWaking up earlier may \"fix\" it.\n", "For what's it's worth, I have asked myself this question many many times. \n\nI could honestly lay in bed for close to 14 hours without trying. Not exaggerating, I have literally had issue through issue with work because of one constantly reoccurring issue. My arrival time. I have always been told my performance at work is commendable but my constant and predictable attendance issues are my limiting factor. I had to turn to self employment just to get around this.\n\nI can not stress how much physical activity helped me. I would always shrug off a suggestion thinking \"Dude, when I'm at work I'm active as hell, walking around everywhere\". Unfortunately that's just not enough, I found you need to elevate your heart rate, really \"run\" yourself out. \n\nI can't stand as a poster boy for this, ended up becoming self employed and more or less choosing my own hours (dependent on my client more than anything), but night work helped me a lot. \n\nI honestly hate to sound like every other \"10 steps a better sleep bullshit out of my arse\" article on the web. But this I stand by from personal experience.\n\nIf I had to go back to a 9-5, you could your bottom dollar I would \"try\" to exercise lol.", "What is your diet like? Do you eat a lot of sugary foods, caffeine?", "I've been in the former category all my life. Stop eating carbs or severely cut back on them. I get way less tired throughout the day now.", "Food. Eat right. I didn't realize how much food impacted me until I got strict with my diet. \n\nCarbs and sugars will leave you drained. Most pre-packaged carbs are nearly the same as eating straight sugar bc of how they've been processed to make them super easy for the body to convert to sugar. \n\nFocus on proteins, healthy fats (so pretty much from meat), and veggies. If it has to be \"processed\" to create it, odds are pretty good it's no good. ", "My SO and I have this EXACT issue, and while I do not rule out or eve suggest that any other suggestion here is not a heavy contributor, I have another theory that I have done a bit of research into recently.\n\nI find that my SO even after a 10 work day, often hits a wide awake second wind that makes her highly functional all night and into the morning, while I spring out of bed at 5 or 6am with that same energy she had, I used to get upset with her on days she did not work as she wouldnt be out of bed at noon when I went home for lunch and most days until 3pm, but then would be awake long after I had gone to bed.\n\nThen came this article that I read that sparked my interest, it essentially stated that, in early human behavioral development, in an attempt to be safe from predators around the clock, we had people that were active at night and some active by day, and this went on for long enough that we have people today, genetically predisposed to being \"night-owls.\" \n\nI found this to be very interesting, educational, and helped me get over my notion that she is \"wasting\" her days off/weekends, this may very well be contributing to your differences.", "I read your comments here about how many snooze alarms you set, and we might be related. I don't do it anymore, but when I used to have to be at work at 6, I would set an alarm for 4 to be awake at 5:15 I was constantly late because I had moved in with my wife (then GF) that year and she always turned it off instead of snoozing. She would see me sit up completely in bed and assume I was up and turn it off. I would be too exhausted to get up though and I was late like twice a month. It would have been more, but I didn't go in that early every day. \n\nI am much better now, but I HAVE to exercise. It doesn't matter if I gain weight, eat healthy or poorly, etc. I have to run every single day or I sleep like garbage. I also really only need 5-7 hours of sleep. If I sleep 8 or 9 hours, I get tired just like I used to do first thing. I do 6.5-7 hours of sleep when I can, I exercise, and it's MUCH better now. ", "I can only speak for myself but when I eat fewer carbs and/or fewer calories, I need less sleep to feel refreshed. I'm not sure why. I also increased my B vitamins and iron and it helped with getting through tired slumps I'd have in mid-afternoon. I'm pretty sedentary so I can't comment on what regular exercise might do but I'd probably move mountains if I started a regimen. ", "Do you have a reason you like, to wake up? Also... earplugs. Earplugs and completly dark room. Also maybe try a winding down routine before bed.\n\nAlso... qi gong... and ither morning rituals help.", "Dehydration causes fatigue. Drink a glass of water before and after you wake up, see if that helps.\n\nE: before you sleep, not during :(", "When I sleep too long, I feel sluggish upon waking. Maybe you don't actually need 8+ hours. Try 7.5 or 7 and see how it works for you.\n\nIt's also important to sleep and wake at the same time, 7 days a week. Your body can and will get into a rhythm and wake up at the right time on its own. I wake minutes or seconds before my alarm, usually. I actually don't even really need the alarm. I'd never oversleep so long that I'd be late for work. \n\nThis comes from routine. It also makes it easier to go to sleep each night. People suffering from insomnia sometimes get the same advice.\n\nBTW I think you're being foolish to dismiss apnea out of hand. If you're waking up tired you have nothing to lose by having one conversation with your doctor about this incredibly common condition. No one's saying there's \"something wrong with you.\"", "So have you talked to your doctor? That sounds like some of the symptoms of my wife's sleep disorder called hypersomnia. All this medical advise coming your way and the real answer is talk to your doctor. They went to school to learn what is abnormal for literally a decade or more. Let them provide that information.", "I have always been groggy in the morning, even when I was a kid. After being woken up the first time I would fall back asleep and dream that I was getting ready and upon being woken the second time I would think I was up and dressed and ready to go! I have set stereo alarms that required me to get up and walk across the room to turn them off, set so loud it would wake my neighbors, but instead of me turning it off I would fall back asleep and the music would become part of my dreams. I worked nights for 10 years, which solidified the late night/wake late cycle. For the last two years or so my schedule requires me to be up and ready early, and that required me to try to resolve the morning grogginess. I eat a whole food diet, and I have found that taking vitamin b complex early in the day really helps, also drinking lemon water, and something called oil pulling as soon as I open my eyes really helps me feel alert. My so brings me coffee in bed most mornings which gets me up but the oil pulling is far better at giving me the fully awake experience early in the day.", "depends what you did the day before. drinking, sex, smoking, exercise all impact how you feel when you wake up.", "A lot of times it's your diet and lack of exercise. Most people hate hearing that, but it's more often than not the answer. ", "You're probably not waking up right after you REM cycle. \n\nWaking up immediately after your REM cycle allows you to be awake when your brain has already been active producing dreams while you sleep n what not.", "I think Op is referring to the coined term \"morning person\" vs not that. I also have no medical issues, no vitamin deficiencies, I don't snore, etc. However, like op I have to summon every ounce of willpower I have to get out of bed in the mornings. I'm not depressed as far as I know and once I'm awake I really enjoy being so and look forward to the day. When it comes to the process of waking up though...I will actually fabricate skewed realities in which I convince myself that I don't have work that day because of some bizarre reason. I will dream that I've already started the day and am going about it as normally scheduled. My so tells my that I lie to her in my sleep all the time lol: \"I am up, I already let the pups out\" \"I'm getting ready now\" all while dead ass asleep.\n\nedit: fixed a few autocorrect damages. ", "I used to be tired as all get out and slow to get going.\n\nThen, I started adding purpose to my life and a lot of hobbies. So now, when I wake up I immediately think of all the cool stuff I can be doing and that energizes me right away.\n\nLOOK OUT WORLD, HERE I COME!", "Everything you've described in your post as well as in response to comments is what I go through. Dragging myself out of bed each morning, getting 6-7 hours of sleep each night, several alarms to get me out of bed, eating a relatively healthy diet, moderate exercise and about 5 cups of coffee daily. I don't drink coffee post 4 pm and meditate before sleeping. I highly highly doubt this is genetic though since my parents and all my grandparents have been early risers all their lives. None of them would wake up groggy and dragging themselves out of bed. It'd be great to hear if you've found a solution to this! ", "For me, it's a post-concussion thing. My eyes diverge in focus, but I am not consciously aware of it. Part of how this shows up is exhaustion anytime my eyes are open. I don't know if this helps. All I wanted to point to is that it could be a multitude of reasons and a blanket reason as sleep or mood issues, will not give you a true answer. Keep asking for possible tests until you get a definite reason. Good luck! ", "I'm a little late but I hope someone by now has linked you to the AMA from 2015 by a UCSF researcher studying a sleep-efficiency gene:\n_URL_0_\n\nThe AMA includes a link to a BBC article about the discovery: _URL_1_", "There can be many factors, including diet, exercise, genetics, when you sleep, nighttime habits, when you eat, sleep disorders, etc. Maybe an adjustment to lifestyle would help with a more restful sleep, such as cutting out screen time late at night, eating earlier, and sleeping earlier. ", "I'm the same way. I used to think I would be an earlier riser the more I get older. But at 30 I still can't get out of bed in the morning! \nThere is a really interesting Vox video on this. It could be in our DNA! _URL_0_", "If you are asleep the whole time (not waking up randomly), then you can plan when you go to bed so you wake up between REM cycles (90 min intervals).\n\nThis seemed to help me so I don't wake up tired being shocked by my alarm clock.", "I used to think I was just not a morning person, but it always came down to how much I slept and how I woke up. I generally would go to bed at like 4am and wake up at noon or later. But if I'm really tired and fall asleep earlier, like midnight, and wake up on my own with no alarm or anything, I usually get up at like 7 or 8 feeling completely rested and full of energy. I think it's just the whole sleep cycle thing and when I cut it short with an alarm, even if I still get 6+ hours of sleep, I feel super groggy and shitty. ", "Let me ask you one thing. Does this happen to you during weekends as well? I have the same issue you have but only non through fri. I don't work weekends. I'm my case I think it's psychological not because I hate work, but because I spend so many hours at work that during weekends I want to wake up really early to use my time as much as I can.", "I was always incredibly tired although getting 9 or more hours of sleep a night. I even saw doctors about it. I started getting LESS sleep however, (like 5,6 or 7 hours) and have felt much better. you would think, if you're tired, you need more sleep. in my experience though, I needed less sleep. ", "A lot of this has to do with REM sleep cycles. Waking up during the middle of REM sleep can definitely cause you to be groggy, whereas waking up between REM cycles allows you to feel more refreshed, awake, and ready to start your day. If you ever feel like your alarm woke you up in the middle of a dream, you were in the middle of a REM cycle and you will likely have trouble waking up and being productive. I believe this is because you are closest to being awake when your brain is in between REM cycles, so the transition to consciousness is easier from light sleep than it is from deep sleep. \n\nNow I'm no expert on the topic, but my understanding is that after 6 hours or so of sleeping, your REM cycles shorten to around 30 minutes. For this reason, I would recommend trying to manipulate how much time you sleep. Try cutting it to 7.5 hrs, for a few days and see how you feel. Maybe 7 hrs, play with it a bit and see what amount of sleep works best for you. Since we usually can't manipulate exactly when we'll fall asleep, this just helps you find a target amount of sleep which will **usually** have you waking up refreshed. \n\nPersonally, I do best on 6-6.5 hrs of sleep, as I usually wake up in between REM cycles and feel fine, despite not getting that much sleep.", "I have trouble waking up in the morning, always have. A few years ago I did a nutrition type diet where I measured all my foods and didn't have any junk/processed foods at all. After 2 weeks I started waking up in the morning not tired. It was so weird. It felt so alien to me. Since then I slowly went back to processed foods more often and now wake up sleepy again, but I would say diet has an effect. ", "Having regular sleep/wake hours resolved the issue for me. The trick is to be as consistent as possible as to when you go to sleep at night. Yes, that does mean no more staying up till 2-3 AM on a Friday night when you normally need to go to bed at 10 PM on weeknights.\n\nStick to this and the problem will resolve itself. If something comes up where you *have to* stay up late, be sure to get yourself back to the regular schedule the next night.", "Your diet has a huge part in this, a diet very dense in carbohydrates will most of the time leave you waking up in the morning needing to replenish your energy stores. Because carbs burn so quickly you have most likely depleted or come close to depleting your stores energy and the body will then in turn stay tired. Of your diet was more focused on fats and protiens, which burn much slower you'll find your body wakes up with plenty of stored energy and you will skip that tired feeling in the morning. ", "Could have a thyroid going out. My dad used be fine then was suddenly tired all the time; his thyroid just stopped working.", "Inflamed sinuses can make you tired and lethargic, no matter how much sleep you get. In my case, it is always related to the food I ate in the last few days.\n\nIf this sounds like you, try a super strict diet for a week. Vegetables and chicken only -- no flour, milk, caffeine, corn, grease or oil of any kind (avoid all the usual allergens). See if that helps. Certainly helps me.\n\n If, however, your nose and head feel open and clear, and you're **still** tired in the mornings, then ignore the above and seek another cause." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/3kj669/science_ama_series_im_yinghui_fu_i_study_the/", "http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20150706-the-woman-who-barely-sleeps" ], [], [ "https://youtu.be/JuCYyKJ0-X0" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ccd6uqz" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "This is a really complicated question, most importantly because the relationships are always changing. When the federal government was established, it was by contract, the Constitution, of two parties, the states, and the people. At that time the states had more individual power and the purpose of the federal government was to establish uniformity between states where needed. Over time though this dynamic has changed quite a bit. There are still though specific concerns that belong to the states, and those that belong to the federal system. For instance a crime committed my fall in the purview of the state, or the purview of the federal government. Assault and battery is a state offence, but kidnapping and bank robbery jump to federal jurisdiction. It is the task of those bodies to investigate and prosecute the offenders. There are also differences in spending requirements. Some programs are funded on the federal level, some on the state level. The oversight for those programs usually follows from the body in charge of the spending. Added to this are the different relationships between different states and the federal government. For instance here in Texas the federal government cannot own land. It has to lease it from the state. In contrast something on the order of 90% of land in Nevada is owned by the federal government. As for the power of the states to influence the federal government it has diminished quite a bit. The original purpose of the Senate was to represent the states in the legislative system. Senators were appointed by state legislatures and sent to the Senate to represent them. The 17th Amendment however, established direct voting for Senators. Taking that power from the states. States do from time to time though write laws that buck federal laws. With varying degrees of success. All in all it is a really broad question to answer in any meaningful way. Perhaps if you narrowed it down a bit I could provide specific answers." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d9elyb7", "d9enx6w" ], "score": [ 5, 2 ], "text": [ "To begin with, there is no communist rule that all workers be paid the same thing. The theoretical principle at work is \"from each according to his ability, to each according to his need\" or, rather, the idea that all people ought to contribute to society as best as they are able, and in return society will provide for them as best it can.\n\nOne must keep in mind that communism was actually dependent on a society creating--through a prior phase of industrialization and capitalism--such affluence and abundance that it could meet all citizens' realistic needs (communism as Marx envisioned it requires a post-scarcity economy, among other things). This was never the case in any real, existing society. All \"communist societies\" were societies that have adopted a state socialism model in order to attempt to bring about a communist society (at least, that's what they claim). It's never actually produced communism, which is likely something that cannot exist. Communism is more like a theoretical utopian goal than an actual real thing. It's an imaginary concept used primarily for engaging in thought experiments--like unicorns or actual free markets. It is unfortunate that, over the years, it has been used to justify a great deal of violence both among different societies and within individual societies.\n\nNeither do communists actually strive for \"equal pay for all workers.\" Communists seek to abolish wages entirely--and, should they fall short of that goal, to strive to make sure that workers are paid for the full value of the labor they perform. No more, no less.", "Well. Theoretical \"Communism\" is one thing, and it may sounds really nice (the comment above). \nReality is - it wan't communism in USSR. You had to get paid for work you do so you can spent what you've earned pretty much the same way as jn the west.\n\nOn top of that you had a total control of who produces what, where and when it is sold. In Russia (and the rest of Soviet block countries) it was managed centrally. There was governing bodies as part of the government that were planning what to produce and how to move produced stuff around the country. And how to trade with other countries. \n\nWas it a success? Except a few good periods (like I guess 20-30 years in total between 1917 to 1991) - the rest of it was sub-optimal (deficit now and then for random things, lack of options, stuff with bad quality). And all the same - you still have to pay for that out of what you've earned. You can't get more than your salary.\n\nSo, it never was a communism really, or socialism for that matter. \n\nPs. a Russian here" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "df6c3wk", "df6mj32", "df6qjfz", "df6v89h", "df6xt4p", "df72b1u", "df73lyk", "df74hiw" ], "score": [ 3877, 68, 34, 17, 11, 10, 2, 5 ], "text": [ "Seeds generally require three things to \"decide\" to germinate: warmth, oxygen, and water. \n\nWater affects seeds by causing them to swell enormously and break through their coating, allowing the seed to begin to grow. At the same time, the water activates hydrolytic enzymes (chemicals which cause water to react with other chemicals, producing hydroxides and hydrides), and these enzymes break down stored food and other nutrients in the seed into useful things which the plant can use to grow - an example being the breakdown of stored starch into sugar (glucose) molecules, which can be used by the germinating seed to respire aerobically and produce energy for all sorts of things, as well as the production of cellulose for cell walls.\n\nOxygen is required for the seed to germinate because it is used in many processes, but most importantly, aerobic respiration which provides energy to the plant (as mentioned above). The seed simply cannot germinate without oxygen.\n\nTemperature affects many chemical reactions in the plant, and usually lower temperature means slower/no reaction, which again means that the seed cannot grow and germinate. A sudden rise in temperature allows reactions to occur, which in turn allows the seed to germinate.\n\nHow do the seeds hibernate? Well, a seed is robust, and requires a very tiny amount of energy to remain living. Similar to how a chicken egg can remain dormant and rely on minuscule nutrition for 10 days while the mother chicken decides whether or not to sit on it, the living part of a seed (called the embryo - [here's a diagram](_URL_0_)) can also consume tiny quantities of food and remain living for a long time, waiting for the right conditions to begin growing. The embryo has evolved to survive on a small amount of nutrients in a number of ways. A huge proportion of the energy intake of a human is spent on heating the body; plants do not heat themselves, and so don't need to spend energy on this. This is also the main reason that a snake can eat a deer and not eat again for weeks or months. The embryo doesn't grow or repair itself either, another large expense of energy for most life. It is incredibly efficient.\n\nIn the case of the Siberian seeds which were germinated after 32,000 years, the freezing, oxygen-starved and dry conditions in which the seeds were kept would have slowed down the processes of the embryo significantly, allowing for more longevity, as the embryo would consume its stores at a much slower rate. In carefully controlled lab conditions, with the right care, the seeds are able to germinate - although they probably wouldn't have been able to do so if they had just been planted in some field.", " > The mature seeds had been damaged—perhaps by the squirrel itself, to prevent them from germinating in the burrow. But some of the immature seeds retained viable plant material.\n\n > The team extracted that tissue from the frozen seeds, placed it in vials, and successfully germinated the plants, according to a new study.\n\n\nI don't think they sprouted like normal seeds. It sounds like they used tissue culture to do it. I know in the other [2,000 year old seeds that previously held the record](_URL_1_) they had to treat the seeds so they could absorb water, provide nutrients for it and it took months to germinate a seed. Still pretty amazing though.\n\nedit: They have also revived [250 million year old bacteria](_URL_0_).", "Nothing in here about decomposition? Why does the seed not decompose?", "In addition to the original question... I wonder how the DNA/RNA remains intact over such a long time.", "That's a good question. I read somewhere recently that DNA begins to degrade after a few hundred years so how can these seeds germinate? ", "Is it possible that an asteroid or something of the sort literally \"seeded\" our planet, not with some of the organic components that contributed to the chance random chemical reaction that created self replicating DNA, but perhaps with actual seeds? \n\nAlso can asteroids travel to different star systems? I assume in all the chaos there are a fair amount of random objects that get slingshot out of our solar system and over billions of years get caught in the gravity of another solar system? So perhaps if life exists elsewhere in our solar system it all has the same origin, but perhaps even life in other solar systems is also from that same origin. \n\nHow long would it take for DNA to spread around the galaxy via rogue objects? ", "plants are considered a living organism. are seeds considered living organisms too? Or is life born when it touches water?", "The record is 32,000 years? How exactly did they date that seed?" ] }

[]

[ "http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/02/120221-oldest-seeds-regenerated-plants-science/" ]

[ [ "https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zhp4q6f/small" ], [ "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/reviving-ancient-bacteria/", "http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/051122-old-plant-seed-food/" ], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "fm4tma8", "fm4v47h" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Someone could give a more detailed explanation I’m sure, but atoms are different. They have different amounts of protons, neutrons, and electrons. This makes them behave differently. The atoms also combine in different ways to create the different materials.", " > **If everything is made up of same kind of atoms, why are different things made up different materials?** \n\nEverything *isn't* made up of the same kind of atoms. The different \"kinds\" of atoms are grouped into elements and things are made up of different elements in different combinations which results in things being made of different materials." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c2xx1c8", "c2xx1c8" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Lets say you have a large box of rubber balls of 2 different colors (red and green). You are going to sell the box of rubber balls to your friend for 100 dollars, but your friend won't buy the box if the balls are all mixed up. He will only buy the box if all the red balls are on one side of the box, and all the green balls are on the other. \n\nYou're pretty bad at sorting things, so you decide to hire your older brother to sort the balls for you. The problem is your brother would charge you 110 dollars to paw through all the balls and sort them, so your net loss would be 10 dollars. \n\nYou could also try just closing up the box and shaking the hell out of it. It doesn't cost any money to shake the box, but the chances of everything being sorted in the end are pretty much zero.\n\nWhat about your younger brother? He'll work for free (because you'll make him), however he can't handle a complicated task like \"sort all the balls in the box\". Instead you and him devise an incredibly obfuscated method of sorting the balls. Ok, what i'm about to explain is really stupid, but just bear with me. This is all just an analogy.\n\nSo you're going to put a piece of cardboard into the box so there is a big divider. Your brother is going to sit in the box with a flashlight. You are going to be on the outside and start shaking the box. Every once in a while your brother will turn on his flashlight and look at one of the balls randomly flying towards the center divider. If the ball is green, he will open a tiny trap door letting the green ball go through. If the ball is red, he will close the trap door and wait for the next ball You set you plan into motion and see what happens.\n\nAnd hooray! It totally worked! You've sorted all the balls and it didn't cost you any money. Well, not very much money. I mean the flashlight was out of batteries, so you had to get some replacements. Then the flashlight kept running out of batteries because your little brother was using it so much. But batteries aren't that expensive. After looking at your receipts you find that... uhoh, you've spent 110 dollars on batteries. \n\nSo bringing this back to reality. When we have a nice ordered box of balls we can get work out of it (e.g. a charged battery, or a bunch of water sitting at the top of a dam). Once we've extracted all the work out of it (e.g. an uncharged battery or a dam with equal amounts of water on both sides) it's pretty much useless. Thermodynamics says that if we want to restore a battery or a dam into a useful state, it takes energy. Not only that, the energy spent restoring the battery or dam will be *more* than the energy we would get back out of it.\n\nThe some smart ass physicist (James Clerk Maxwell) said \"well, if we had some demon in some system performing minor little actions, he could use the randomness inherent in a system to restore energy without actually expending energy\". The problem is the demon still has to expend energy to sort things. At the very least the demon has to make some observation before he can perform some meaningful action. That observation will necessarily use up energy. For every unit of useful energy restored, one unit of energy must have been expended to make an observation. \n", "Lets say you have a large box of rubber balls of 2 different colors (red and green). You are going to sell the box of rubber balls to your friend for 100 dollars, but your friend won't buy the box if the balls are all mixed up. He will only buy the box if all the red balls are on one side of the box, and all the green balls are on the other. \n\nYou're pretty bad at sorting things, so you decide to hire your older brother to sort the balls for you. The problem is your brother would charge you 110 dollars to paw through all the balls and sort them, so your net loss would be 10 dollars. \n\nYou could also try just closing up the box and shaking the hell out of it. It doesn't cost any money to shake the box, but the chances of everything being sorted in the end are pretty much zero.\n\nWhat about your younger brother? He'll work for free (because you'll make him), however he can't handle a complicated task like \"sort all the balls in the box\". Instead you and him devise an incredibly obfuscated method of sorting the balls. Ok, what i'm about to explain is really stupid, but just bear with me. This is all just an analogy.\n\nSo you're going to put a piece of cardboard into the box so there is a big divider. Your brother is going to sit in the box with a flashlight. You are going to be on the outside and start shaking the box. Every once in a while your brother will turn on his flashlight and look at one of the balls randomly flying towards the center divider. If the ball is green, he will open a tiny trap door letting the green ball go through. If the ball is red, he will close the trap door and wait for the next ball You set you plan into motion and see what happens.\n\nAnd hooray! It totally worked! You've sorted all the balls and it didn't cost you any money. Well, not very much money. I mean the flashlight was out of batteries, so you had to get some replacements. Then the flashlight kept running out of batteries because your little brother was using it so much. But batteries aren't that expensive. After looking at your receipts you find that... uhoh, you've spent 110 dollars on batteries. \n\nSo bringing this back to reality. When we have a nice ordered box of balls we can get work out of it (e.g. a charged battery, or a bunch of water sitting at the top of a dam). Once we've extracted all the work out of it (e.g. an uncharged battery or a dam with equal amounts of water on both sides) it's pretty much useless. Thermodynamics says that if we want to restore a battery or a dam into a useful state, it takes energy. Not only that, the energy spent restoring the battery or dam will be *more* than the energy we would get back out of it.\n\nThe some smart ass physicist (James Clerk Maxwell) said \"well, if we had some demon in some system performing minor little actions, he could use the randomness inherent in a system to restore energy without actually expending energy\". The problem is the demon still has to expend energy to sort things. At the very least the demon has to make some observation before he can perform some meaningful action. That observation will necessarily use up energy. For every unit of useful energy restored, one unit of energy must have been expended to make an observation. \n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dnrxsel", "dnrxux7", "dnrxx1v", "dnryyxz", "dns0e11" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 5, 5, 3 ], "text": [ "What exactly re you asking?\n\nWhy is there a horizon? Because the Earth is curved. The horizon is the limit of how much you can see before the Earth's curvature takes things out of your line of sight.", "When you see an object, you're seeing light that reflected off of it and hit your eyeballs. Light is quantized (there is such a thing as the \"smallest\" bit of light possible), and the further away from an object you are, the less light from it hits your eyes. Plus, the atmosphere disperses and scatters light (this is why the daytime sky isn't pitch black like on the Moon in sunlight).\n\nPut these together, and there's a set distance for how far you can see through air. At some point those photons just aren't reaching your eyes.", "Think of your eyes like telescopes - both eyes have a lens in, just like anything else we use to see at distance like cameras, binoculars, microscopes and telescopes.\n\nNow think about how telescopes see so far - they have HUGE and often multiple lenses which magnify the image hundreds of times, and then the image is directed into an eyepiece \n\nIn comparison, our eyes have tiny lenses which are only really good for seeing clearly up to or below a certain distance, at which point the image becomes blurry and hard to make out.\n\nI can't really think of anything else to add, so if anyone else would like to expand on it, go ahead.", "Believe it or not you're thinking about it all wrong. The human eye is a light detector. It has limits on how faint a light source it can detect (which is why you can see further and considerably more detail during the day then the night), but there's no limit on how far away something can be. If it's bright enough and there's nothing to obscure it, you'll see it's light, even if it's so far away that you can't see it as anything more than a point of light. This is what happens with stars. \n\nFYI The furthest object you can see with the unaided naked eye is the andromeda galaxy 2.2 million light years away.\n\nThat's an incomprehensibly long way away.", "You can see a very far way. In the night sky (if you go some place without light pollution) you can see the Virgo galaxy (M49) and it's 58,000 light years away.\n\nThe Earth is curved, so the horizon represents the place where you can't see more distant thing because the Earth is in the way." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cs3s09x", "cs3t0dz", "cs4c24l", "cs4t5v1" ], "score": [ 5, 5, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "It's the modern equivalent of putting a flaming bag of dog shit on your neighbors porch and ringing the doorbell.", "Malware is a thing because there is and always will be people in this world who find destructive means to accomplish their goals.\n\nSome of those people work for states (countries), a great number of them work for organized crime syndicates, and a few of them are just private citizens who are assholes.\n\nMalware is a thing because you have something they value, but can't (or won't) achieve legitimately: you have money, you have information, and/or you have contentment. Malware achieves the goal of taking one or some or all of these things you have, through an electronic delivery system (your computer).", "The question is vague. If you mean why do people create malware there are lots of reasons.\n\nA company may want to cause distrust with a competitor by using malware creations.\n\nIndividuals create maleware as an initiation into a peer group as bragging rights.\n\nIts created as a revolt against standard views and used to distrup those views.\n\nMalware is created by bored individuals or people who want to prove they are smarter than others.\n\nAnd malware is created because someone can.\n\nIts all the facets of human nature that is responsible for the creation of malware. Where should we start?", "Decades ago, creating malware was mostly the work of lone individuals looking for an intellectual challenge, bragging rights, or sometimes just to be a jerk. It spread erratically through floppy disks and bulletin board systems.\n\nNowadays, most computers are connected to the Internet. For a variety of reasons, this makes them more financially rewarding targets for criminals. Due to the low probability of getting caught compared to many other types of illegal activity, this makes malware an attractive line of business for criminals out to line their pockets.\n\nFirst, computers are often used to handle valuable information -- online banking and online shopping involve directly using your computer to access your money; when filling out forms like tax returns, you're providing your computer with your full name, address, phone number, and SSN -- exactly what is needed to commit identity theft. Usernames and passwords to websites can also have some slight value. Malware can monitor screenshots or keystrokes for this kind of information.\n\nSecond, control of the computer's internet connection may be valuable. Infected computers are frequently used in *distributed denial of service* or DDOS attacks, where many computers all over the world all try to go to the same website at once, with the intent of crashing it. The coordinators of the attack may anonymously contact the affected website and offer to make the attack stop, in exchange for payment. The hijacked internet connection can also be used for other purposes, such as sending spam.\n\nThird, the computer can be used to attack the user. For example, many computers have cameras which can be used to take embarrasing or nude photos of the user. A criminal can obtain these photos and threaten to post them on the victim's social media accounts or email them to family members -- or destroy them in exchange for a small payment. Likewise, some malware encrypts the user's files and documents to be unusable, then holds them for ransom -- the criminals' friendly technical support department will helpfully restore the encrypted information in exchange for a few hundred dollars.\n\nFourth, governments around the world have intelligence departments which like to keep a watchful eye on other countries -- and all too often, their own citizens. The sorts of malware they create tends to be very professional, sophisticated and difficult to detect. Famously, intelligence departments have even deployed software that's crossed the line into causing physical property damage -- the Stuxnet worm was designed to check if it was on a computer connected to certain equipment used for refining nuclear materials, and if so, operate the equipment in a way that would greatly damage it. The worm achieved its goal of causing a large disruption to Iran's nuclear program, but it escaped into the wild and was eventually analyzed by researchers who published their findings (which is why we know about it at all).\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c3id9yp", "c3idfjx", "c3idgv4" ], "score": [ 55, 30, 2 ], "text": [ "The three terms are actually not directly related.\n\n**Republic** is a type of indirect democracy. You choose your representative to the government, but don't actually get a vote in that government. This is why when Ben Franklin was asked what type of government the U.S. formed after writing the constitution, he replied \"A Republic, if you can keep it.\"\n\n**Federation** is a type of power split between multiple entities, and nothing to do with democracy/elections. It is easily defined in contrast to a Confederation & Unitary government. Unitary=Central government has direct and total authority over local governments, which only have the rights allowed by the central. Federal=Power is split (not necessarily evenly) between central and local governments. Confederacy=Local governments have total rights and the central government only has powers grated to it by the state. This has nothing to do with the type of representative governance or even democracy, as I guess a group of dictators could form a Federation.\n\n**Empire** is a less well defined term and it depends on who/where you look for a hard and fast definition. I always used Empire=A form of government & economic structure based off of land/colony acquisition and materiel supremacy. But I'm sure there are others out there which also work. \n\n**TL,DR** America is a **Federated Republic**", "Empire = Sith \n\nRepublic = rebel traitors \n\n\nFederation = Robots ", "A republic is a state that doesn't have a monarch.\n\nAncient times, the Roman Republic was established when the last king, Tarquin the Proud was deposed for tyranny. They were ruled by a Senate, and had aristocratic Senators.\n\nIn 1927, the Irish Free State was a constitutional monarchy, like Canada; they had their own parliament, but borrowed the British monarch. They were not yet a republic. It became the Irish Republic in 1948, basically by doing a cut-and-paste job on their constitution, replacing the powerless monarch with a powerless president. None of the actual institutions of power changed.\n\nThe Chinese Republic was establish in 1912, there was a war to overthrow the Qing dynasty. They removed the Qing monarch and one of the winning general became president.\n\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cpu9kjf" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Gearing alters the distance over which force is applied. Imagine trying to jump three feet straight up; you probably can't, right? But think about spreading it out by jumping three inches twelve times. That is much easier.\n\nIt is much like using a lever, where you do the same amount of work but in a way you can exert more readily." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cmstmwp", "cmstq1w" ], "score": [ 3, 6 ], "text": [ "They are not a homogeneous group, I expect there are religious people who hold any of the above beliefs. ", "A prevailing theme that I've found is that anti-gay Christians tend to believe that the devil is *tempting* gays, and that it's their responsibility to resist temptation. Everyone has temptations, but in their eyes, that's no excuse to give in and sin.\n\nThat's what it means when they say, \"Hate the sin, love the sinner,\" or, \"I'm not against *gay people*, I'm against *gay sex.*\"\n\nAlso, like /u/stuthulhu said, it varies greatly from person to person." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dihvuix" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Graphene units, while pretty small by normal standards, are large molecules that need to be uniform to some degree to make the best use of their properties. Our different methods of creating them are all messy to some degree, if you want to create tubes for example, many of them will be broken up in places. This is due to the process relying on chemical reactions which require a lot of care to be precise, otherwise the heat and other forces cause the material to bump into each other and create kinks in the molecular structure. So we are researching ways to allow us the most control of the process without it becoming chaotic, while still managing its efficiency and producing the large amount of it we need." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dcx48ps" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "It would be because water has a relatively high heat capacity. It will \"trap\" heat. The difference between an inner water layer would be that it is *inside* where it has no contact with the outer water which is colder. Therefore, it would work better than just having the wetsuit on." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cadcxy6", "cadh9zg", "cadhq84" ], "score": [ 4, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Assuming you are American, [this infographic](_URL_0_) is a decent general representation of the platforms and beliefs of the Republican and Democratic parties. This is *super generalized* and there are probably very few people who align themselves 100% with everything on one side, but I think it's a decent description of the \"cultures\" of the left and right wings.\n\nAlso, we in America use the terms \"left wing\" and \"right wing\" differently than others. They are relative terms, and everyone has a different definition of what \"center\" is.\n\nIf you place the center between democrats and republicans, the political spectrum kind of looks like [this.](_URL_1_) The further left you move, the more social equality you get. The further right you move, the more social hierarchy you get.\n\nBut to call it a \"spectrum\" is to oversimplify. It's not. Some people subscribe to right-wing economics and left-wing society, and vice versa. Every issue is separate, and you can choose for yourself how you stand on each, instead of checking one box and submitting yourself to the views of the \"party.\"", "The terms 'right-wing' and 'left-wing' came about during the French Revolution. Members of the National Assembly began to group together on opposite sides of the chamber, The King's supporters on the right and their opponents congregated on the right. This seating arrangement continued in the Legislative Assembly with more conservative members on the right, moderates in the center and the more revolutionary members on the left.\n\nOur current use is applying the history of these terms to our current political spectrum. Left-wingers are generally social-liberals concerned with social justice and equality. Right-wingers are generally conservative and support laissez-faire economics and see a higher degree of social stratification as a natural outcome. I'm not saying one is better than the other, just trying to give a very high-level summation.\n\n[This](_URL_0_) is a helpful chart and [here](_URL_1_) is a useful quiz that helps explain where you fall on the spectrum.", "Now Billy, a lot of very smart people disagree over how to run our country. But mostly, these people are arguing over one thing: whether or not having a lot of people living together is usually a good thing, or whether it is sometimes a dangerous thing. \n\nImagine a straight line. Imagine that the more left you go, the more you think that working together is a great thing. You think that people should be willing to help each other when bad things happen. You think that people should share their toys, so everyone can play their favourite games. You think that whenever there are disagreements, you should have a grown-up decide, because you trust your parents and teachers because they know a lot more than you. \n\nMost importantly, you think that if there are more people working together, you can accomplish great things. So when you're in charge, you want to do everything you can to make sure that everyone has a chance to work on things they love and are good at. So you want everyone to get to go to school, and you want to make sure people aren't hurt by things that are bad for them, like too much soda. \n\nNow imagine the other side of the line, on the right. You still think that people working together is great, but you think that big groups make it harder for the people in that group to do what they want. You think that when people get together, things will work out better without grown-ups. Kids are smart and creative, even if sometimes they're greedy and sometimes they don't know everything. If you let them, smart people who like the same things will get together and still do great things, and lazy people should be allowed to sleep if they don't feel like working. If adults try to control kids, then you're just going to slow down the smart kids and keep them from making cool things for everybody else. \n\nMost importantly, you want people to be free to do what they want, even if the grown-ups and the other kids don't like it. You want people to be able to eat too much candy and skip studying and sometimes people will get tummyaches, and that will just teach them not to eat so much candy. The universe has a way of balancing things out, and protecting the smarter and harder-working people. Grown-ups should only step in to protect you from really bad things, like other grown-ups. \n\nBasically, the first group wants a lot of grown-ups to do a lot of things that make all the kids work together better. But the second group wants the grown-ups to do as little as possible, and let kids be kids. But there are a lot of things that make this line not work out properly in real life. The smart people all have different ideas, and even within these groups, [people can have really different opinions.](_URL_0_)" ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://images4.fanpop.com/image/photos/22700000/Left-vs-Right-US-Political-Spectrum-us-republican-party-22707903-1415-1022.jpg", "http://americainchains2009.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/left_right_political_spectrum_011.jpg" ], [ "http://www.politicalcompass.org/images/internationalchart.gif", "http://www.politicalcompass.org/test" ], [ "http://dunrobin.tripod.com/political_grid.gif" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cmm4blm", "cmm4c9e", "cmm4ou0", "cmm61qz" ], "score": [ 5, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "[The Shuttle was one of the most woefully inefficient launch platforms ever deployed](_URL_0_). It cost around $8000/pound to put something in orbit using the shuttle compared to $2300/pound for late-60s era rockets.\n\nThe biggest advantage the shuttle had was that it had plenty of room to do experiments in orbit. With the ISS in place, we've got a permanently orbiting platform to do that.", "Because it's much, much cheaper to build a whole new rocket than to clean, refit, and relaunch a shuttle. There was a plan for a 2nd generation shuttle program, but it was axed for budget concerns. ", "The shuttle was an idea that sounds good on paper—have a spacecraft that's almost as easy to reuse as an aircraft. Re-launch each shuttle every week or two and we'll have an empire in space!\n\nIn reality, though, it takes a *lot* of work to get the shuttle ready to be launched again. You have to take a lot of stuff apart and re-check it to make sure that it's safe for human flight (and even still the shuttle had only about average reliability—two fatal crashes in 135 launches). Also, it takes quite a bit of extra weight (and therefore tons of extra fuel) to bring along all the stuff that makes the shuttle able to have a horizontal runway landing. You can use less rocket per kg of payload if the vehicle isn't as massive. \n\nIt turns out that making relatively cheap disposable rockets and capsules is more cost effective than making big, complex, reusable spacecraft. NASA's just doing the economically sensible thing here. ", "And also, no landing strips on the moon or Mars." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Space_Shuttle_program" ], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cwaqeb3" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "It could be a stylistic choice. I live in a rural area of the upper Midwest, and a lot of stations do the same thing. I think it has to do with the (probably correct) assumption that a lot of people here have a very small cultural comfort zone and including rap would cost them listeners." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cvuyaki", "cvuz6xq", "cvv2s7d" ], "score": [ 3, 2, 4 ], "text": [ "People just don't use coins that much. It's the kind of thing you dump out of your pocket at the end of the day (or before a trip). If you're travelling internationally you might dump it in a donation box rather than deal with the metal detector. ", "Never been to Belgium? Only one in three coins in my wallet are Belgian.", "Unsurprisingly, [it depends where you are](_URL_1_). But also note that [coins keep getting added to circulation](_URL_4_).\n\nFinally, consider where you get most of your coins from (change from shops, right?) and consider where they get their coins from (local banks right) and consider where they get their coins from (possibly the [Monnaie de Paris](_URL_2_), via the local [national central bank](_URL_0_) (not the ECB)).\n\nForeign coins obviously show up sometimes, but usually they're massively overwhelmed by the local coins. Also those foreign coins are easy come, easy go: just because they get there doesn't mean they'll stay there long.\n\nYou may also consider [Gresham's Law](_URL_3_): locals probably hoard foreign coins as novel collectibles, driving those out of circulation.\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [ "http://www.fleur-de-coin.com/eurocoins/production", "https://www.ined.fr/en/everything_about_population/graphs-maps/interpreted-graphs/euros-circulation/", "https://www.monnaiedeparis.fr/en/central-banks", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresham%27s_law", "http://sdw.ecb.europa.eu/reports.do?node=1000004113" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dsuo1sd" ], "score": [ 8 ], "text": [ "1. This one's the easiest: just multiply them together. The odds of getting a 6 five times in a row are 1/6 \\* 1/6 \\* 1/6 \\* 1/6 \\* 1/6, or about 0.000129.\n2. For this one, use the fact that the probability of something *not* happening is 1 minus the probability of it happening. The probability of not rolling a 6 is 1 - 1/6 = 5/6. Apply the idea from point 1, and we have the probability of not rolling a 6 five times as 5/6 \\* 5/6 \\* 5/6 \\* 5/6 \\* 5/6, or about 0.402.\n3. For this one, we need to split it up into a few cases. What are the odds of getting a 6 on the very first roll and not a 6 on the next 4 rolls? Multiplying them together: 1/6 \\* 5/6 \\* 5/6 \\* 5/6 \\* 5/6, or about 0.080. What are the odds of getting a 6 on the second roll and a 6 on every other roll? Again, 5/6 \\* 1/6 \\* 5/6 \\* 5/6 \\* 5/6. Continuing on, we have 5 different ways to get precisely one 6. Because these are mutually exclusive events, we can add them up to get the total probability: (1/6 \\* 5/6 \\* 5/6 \\* 5/6 \\* 5/6) + (5/6 \\* 1/6 \\* 5/6 \\* 5/6 \\* 5/6) + (5/6 \\* 5/6 \\* 1/6 \\* 5/6 \\* 5/6) + (5/6 \\* 5/6 \\* 5/6 \\* 1/6 \\* 5/6) + (5/6 \\* 5/6 \\* 5/6 \\* 5/6 \\* 1/6), or about 0.402. If we wanted to simplify things slightly, we could notice that all five of these ways of getting one head have exactly the same probability, so we could jump right to the probability of 5\\*(1/6 \\* 5/6 \\* 5/6 \\* 5/6 \\* 5/6).\n4. Use the same idea as points 1 and 2, but remember that the probabilities may be different. For example, with a standard deck we have a 1/52 chance of pulling the ace of spades on the first attempt and a 1 - 1/52 = 51/52 chance of *not* getting the ace of spades. If we don't get it on the first try, there are 51 cards left and a 50/51 chance of not getting the ace of spades. Extending this out to a 5-card draw and multiplying the probabilities together, the probability of not getting the ace of spades is 51/52 \\* 50/51 \\* 49/50 \\* 48/49 \\* 47/48, or about 0.904. Again, we can simplify this somewhat by thinking about it differently. The ace of spades is *somewhere* in the deck. The odds of it being somewhere in the first 5 slots out of 52 are 5/52; the odds of it *not* being in the first 5 slots are 1 - 5/52 = 47/52." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dmt2l1l", "dmt39ox" ], "score": [ 37, 5 ], "text": [ "Imagine you're on the toilet dropping a deuce. That's the game in the process of saving.\n\nNow imagine that right in the middle, you just stand up and pull up your pants, then leave the bathroom. There was a process that needed to be followed but was interrupted, and probably ruined your save file. \n\nOr pants.", "It'll be writing the new save file. If you cut it of in the middle, part of it will be written but the other will not. The game can't load this and the save file will be unusable. You'd have to start a new game.\n\nSome games though you can use this to exploit things. People used to use it to duplicate pokemon in earlier games. You'd trade one, and when the trade was only half done you'd disconnect. If done in the brief period where it finished writing data to the other game but had not deleted data from yours,, both would end up with the pokemon." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "czey60o" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "* Not everyone has easy access to online banking, which requires a private computer and Internet access. \n* Not everyone is comfortable using online banking, whether it's from a privacy concern and lack of trust, or discomfort with or lack of understanding of computers. \n* Not all bank services are available through the Internet, so it's useful to have a local branch of your bank to visit in the event you need to talk to a banker face-to-face.\n* Minor one, but it lets you know where to (likely) find an ATM instead of having to look it up online. \n* Physical locations that display the name of the bank are useful marketing devices; it's much harder to attract a customer who's never heard of you than it is one who sees your name every day. Also, just having encountered a brand name before makes you think of that brand more favorably than one you've not encountered." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dkjec51" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "It's the same reason the spicy food causes your mouth to feel hot when there is no actual difference in temperature.\n\nThere is a protein in your nerves called TMAP8 that relays the sense \"coldness\" to your brain. Chemicals that are found in mints, wintergreen, and menthol (common gum flavors) and other spices activate your cold sense. \n\nBasically your nerves are tricked into thinking they are cold when there has been no actual change in temp. The \"hot\" chemical in peppers is called capsacin.\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d8m4rew", "d8m5onq", "d8ma8b3", "d8micqp", "d8mvkmx", "d8mwr6i" ], "score": [ 28, 2, 4, 16, 2, 4 ], "text": [ "It takes just as long with a mag swipe. However with the swipe and the pin the terminal have all the information necessary to conduct the transaction and can do so in the background. However if you use a chip the transaction is conducted by the chip and not the terminal so you have to wait for the transaction to complete before you can remove your card.", "You and I go to the grocery store. The clerk asks me for a dollar. I reach into my pocket and give the clerk a dollar. We walk out. \n\nYou and I go to the grocery store. The clerk asks me for a dollar. I reach into my pocket and remember I left my money in the car. I wait inside while you run outside, get the money, run back in, and give the clerk a dollar.\n\nThe old card used a magnetic strip to store information. A magnetic strip is an outdated method of storing data that is highly susceptible to theft. The data are not encrypted, and all you need is an inexpensive magnetic reader to steal any card's data. \n\nThe chip card never gives the terminal non-encrypted data. The terminal communicates the amount required and the chip uses end-to-end encryption to communicate with the bank.\n\nJust like running out the the car, sending an encrypted message, rather than storing information on-hand takes more time. This will probably slow over time. It can be faster, but the infrastructure has to change. Not a huge incentive to do so since its basically the same anywhere, and you don't go into a store knowing how long the check out on your chip will take. \n\n\n\n\n", "When you swipe the card, the account number is read from the mag stripe unencrypted. If you're using a debit card, it sends your PIN to the bank encrypted - but the actual card data is unencrypted. For either, you send the card number (which doesn't change) all in one message to the bank (really the processor) and it's done. \n\nWhen you are using the \"chip\" card, that account number is ENCRYPTED on the card. And instead of just sending the card number and amount in one message, the card and the bank are sending \"tags\" back and forth to each other.\n\ntd;dr - Swipe trans sends all data in small number of messages to payment processor; Chip transactions send \"tags\" back/forth with the payment processor. That extra communication takes slightly more time. \nThat's for the US, in other parts of the world, the chip can approve/decline transactions without even asking the bank.", "There is a full-blown computer in your credit card. It's a \"Java SmartCard\" or equivalent. That computer is \"kinda weak\" compared to other computers because it has power and cooling limits and it's basically cheap and disposable.\n\nSo when they \"use the chip\" the computer in your card has to boot up, accept a challenge, do some non-trivial math at extremely low power, and produce a number of cryptographic tidbits.\n\nThose tidbits themselves are based on todbits generated by the terminal (thing you put the card into) and sometimes some tidbits from the far-end bank or payment service and most definitely some tidbits that have been put into the card at the time of manufacture in a way that the computer in the card can read, but the thing the card is plugged into cannot read.\n\nSome of the receipts you can get from some processors actually print out like four of these tidbits.\n\nAnd if the system doesn't happen to be already/constantly connected to the payment processor then there can be a delay for initiating that part as well.\n\nThe point of \"the chip\" is that it provides an end-to-end linkage of trust that _can_ be independent of the processing box itself.\n\nSo, for example, if you have a SmartCard reader connected to your home computer then you could (e.g. \"its technically possible\") use your untrusted-by-the-bank computer as an intermediary between the trusted bank and the trusted card. One of the goals of this whole chip thing is to turn the card into a trust-worthy participant.\n\nFirst there were cards with just numbers printed on them, but people can change what's written on things.\n\nThen came special plastic blanks, but people can steal sheets of plastic.\n\nThen the card were embossed (bumpy letters and numbers), but then people developed ways to press their own letters and numbers into things.\n\nThen there was the magnetic strip, but people learned to read and re-write those strips. (indeed one form of fraud was for me to write your card info onto my card, so it looks like a legit charge to me, but it comes out of your account. This is why the register operator at many stores has to manually type in the last four digits... to let the system know the physical impression on the card matches the magnetic data.)\n\nSo now the cards have this computer in them. And that computer has \"files\" (actually java classes with file-like methods) that can be written but not read using the chip reader/writer.\n\nSo:\n\n(a) The bank can have the cards safely manufactured in bulk.\n\n(b) The cards' chips aren't \"real bank-worthy things\" until the bank writes your secret into the card and your account settings.\n\n(c) If someone steals your card, they can't read the secret.\n\n(d) If someone steals blank cards, they cant clone your stolen card.\n\n(e) Even if the transaction were \"skimmed\" like at an ATM, the single-use data sent into the card, and the single-use response the card delivers in response never reveals the secret in the chip, so that fails as well.\n\n(f) Even a very fast computer capable of making many guesses a second put in to attack the card processor only gets one guess per challenge, so the scheme is very resistant to any form of brute forcing.\n\nBut since all this relies on round trips of data through tiny low-power card and maybe dialup-grade data connections to the bank, well it takes time.\n\nBut it's time that's well spent. Or at least it will be once more processors are on board and we retire the mag swipe... just the way we retired the carbon-paper-and-press-roller technology of the sixties and seventies.", "For the same reason it's more difficult to open a locked safe than an unlocked one. Same reason it takes more effort to have to unlock a car with a key to get inside than if it were unlocked. The point of a chip is to make the transaction safer and in doing so, takes a bit more time.\n\n30 seconds seems like a lot though. Most stores I go to have machines or connections that do it immediately.", "What am i missing here...? In Norway we have used the chip for several years and its even faster then doing a swipe " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c3bvu5r", "c3bvz3k", "c3bw0yn", "c3bw27q", "c3bvu5r", "c3bvz3k", "c3bw0yn", "c3bw27q" ], "score": [ 13, 6, 28, 4, 13, 6, 28, 4 ], "text": [ "Why do Americans like Football so much?", "white people like starcraft too", "It is a bit more complicated, but I will try my best to explain. Korea was not doing well economically, many PC Cafes started popping up for cheap entertainment (about $1 for 1 hour) Starcraft is released at the same time, people play a lot, they become the best, there are enough viewers to seriously consider sponsorships and tv deals. \n\nAlso, there is a different but similar event occurring outside of Korea regarding Starcraft 2 this year. There is a great portal for many viewers, free internet streaming, and it has been growing in the past year because the release timing of Starcraft 2 matched well with the streaming availability.\n\nObviously it is not this simple, but you get the idea, timing of some stuff worked well in developing a sustainable gaming economy", "[first result in google for \"Why do Koreans like Starcraft so much?\"](_URL_0_)", "Why do Americans like Football so much?", "white people like starcraft too", "It is a bit more complicated, but I will try my best to explain. Korea was not doing well economically, many PC Cafes started popping up for cheap entertainment (about $1 for 1 hour) Starcraft is released at the same time, people play a lot, they become the best, there are enough viewers to seriously consider sponsorships and tv deals. \n\nAlso, there is a different but similar event occurring outside of Korea regarding Starcraft 2 this year. There is a great portal for many viewers, free internet streaming, and it has been growing in the past year because the release timing of Starcraft 2 matched well with the streaming availability.\n\nObviously it is not this simple, but you get the idea, timing of some stuff worked well in developing a sustainable gaming economy", "[first result in google for \"Why do Koreans like Starcraft so much?\"](_URL_0_)" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [ "http://askakorean.blogspot.com/2010/02/why-is-starcraft-popular-in-korea.html" ], [], [], [], [ "http://askakorean.blogspot.com/2010/02/why-is-starcraft-popular-in-korea.html" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c5m1l24", "c5m2yd2" ], "score": [ 28, 2 ], "text": [ "The reason is basically that elliptical orbits can be stable, and given this, there are far more elliptical possibilities than circular ones. So for any given orbit, it's almost certain to be elliptical.\n\nI'm not sure how best to put across how elliptical orbits are stable, but perhaps the following makes some intuitive sense. You have a planet and a star, and get to put the planet somewhere and give it a push. One option is to give it exactly the right push to have a circular orbit (i.e. always the same distance from the star, always at the same speed), but that isn't the only option. What if you give it a *smaller* push?\n\nWell, to start with, the planet will go in a circular orbit kind of way. But then, because it's going slower than would be necessary for a circular orbit, it falls closer to the sun. Not directly towards the sun, because it still has some velocity in the other direction. But it does get closer, and also speeds up because of that.\n\nNow, as it gets closer and closer to the sun, there are two possibilities. The first is that your push was too small, and it just falls right in. But actually, there's a large range of push sizes where it still misses the sun and whizzes right past, though much closer than it was originally. After that, it's travelling pretty quickly *away* from the sun, which is still pulling it back, so it starts slowing down again.\n\nIf you put this all into the equations of physics, it turns out that (ignoring friction etc. etc., which is okay as there aren't any important forces of this type in real life except in the very long term) as it slows down it comes back to *precisely* where it was originally with *precisely* the velocity of your original push. So the process repeats. And the shape is an ellipse, this happens to be the stable shape of such an orbit.\n\nEdit: Of course, you could also give it a *larger* push at the beginning than would be necessary for a circular orbit. In this case if you push too hard it will escape the star and go away forever. But again, there is a range of possible speeds you could give it where it goes around but away from the star and gets slower and slower before eventually beginning to move back towards it. Just as before, it turns out to end up back at its starting point with exactly the same conditions you initially gave it. The orbit shape is again an ellipse, but this time you started at the part near the star and gave it a big enough push to get to the far away part.", "The short answer is the conservation laws for energy and angular momentum. An ellipse is those points with the same energy and angular momentum. Let me try to explain. Fair warning, this is probably closer to ELI15.\n\nThe sun pulls planets directly towards them. This means that there are two numbers that are always the same for planets orbiting it, so long as other things pulling on that planet are small enough to ignore. The first is \"energy\", which comes from total speed and distance away from the sun. So the closer a planet is to the sun in its orbit, the faster it goes. In fact, if you know the energy of a planet and where it is, you know how fast it is going.\n\nThe second is \"angular momentum\", which is more complicated. It's basically how fast the planet is turning around the sun. You can calculate it by multiplying two numbers - the speed the planet is going after ignoring the part towards the sun, and the distance the planet is from the sun. So if a planet is going directly towards or away from the sun, it has no angular momentum, and if it's going sideways, its angular momentum is simply its speed times its distance.\n\nIf you know the angular momentum of a planet and its position, then you know how quickly it is going sideways. If you also know how fast the planet is going, then there's only one direction that goes at that speed both overall and in the sideways direction.\n\nNow, take a given energy and angular momentum. Then find the next point the planet will be at by going a little bit in the direction the planet has to go in. Repeat this process, and you end up drawing an ellipse." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c8m6ijf" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Since they know that the Oscars will be a watched event they calculate it pre-emptively based on last years rating, thus making a price for ads and such. It's the same with superbowl, people WILL watch it and charge accordingly. \n\nI'm not sure how it works for regular shows, I would guess It's a fixed ad price during prime-time unless It's a really popular show" ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "codpemb" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Because the constellations are below the horizon for one side of the earth,there is a planet in the way. I don't really know how to expand on this " ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dcr3oxd", "dcr4fh7", "dcr4ice", "dcr50yk", "dcr5n2r", "dcr8b95", "dcr8rnt", "dcr8v3u", "dcr9a7x", "dcr9apk", "dcr9zgl", "dcra64c", "dcrb8b4", "dcrbwjl", "dcrbzjv", "dcrc3xi", "dcrc569", "dcrdbzr", "dcrgxb8", "dcrhlh5", "dcrhptx", "dcribw5", "dcriciw", "dcrki0g", "dcrm67f", "dcrn8tx", "dcrop8t", "dcrplyu", "dcrqd2o", "dcrxod9", "dcs1fon", "dcs2vpt", "dcs5w2z" ], "score": [ 2719, 100, 90, 3481, 102, 27, 179, 4, 3, 2, 82, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 5, 7, 2, 3, 3, 7, 5, 11, 2, 5, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ " Cool question, thanks for asking. I looked it up, and found [this](_URL_0_) website that seems pretty good.\n\n\"The first playground was built in Manchester, England, but the idea of playgrounds was first developed in Germany. Playgrounds were presented as a way to teach children how to play safely and fairly with one another. The first sketched concept of a playground was produced in 1848 by Henry Barnard and featured a large, shaded area with teachers looking on as children played with wooden blocks, toy carts, and two rotary swings. However, it would be another 39 years before the first playground was built in America, and in the meantime, children needed a safe, designated place to play games. Many children, especially in urban areas, played in the streets or on curbs, and there was constant danger from being hit by passing cars. \"Play streets,\" or streets largely ignored by road traffic, were a popular option for children to seek out.\"\n", "Granted, I heard this on The Dollop podcast so it might not be 900% accurate, but basically: Cars.\n\nBefore cars were a thing, everyone just played in the street and stuff. As cars started gaining traction and traffic laws started becoming a thing, people started getting run over. Eventually there were too many cars and playgrounds were constructed to stop kids from getting run over because both kids in the street and people driving several tons of metal death are idiots.", "Probably when the companies making slides and swings started selling them as a package. \n\n[Here's a few British brutalist playgrounds from when people were still experimenting](_URL_0_)", "On mobile a a coffee shop, so forgive any formatting issues. I studied sports and recreational management at school and had a few courses specifically on playground development and history. \n\nIn short, playgrounds are all developed for specific ages and the equipment is designed to help develop physical and social attributes. I'll need to go back to my old notes for the exact age breakdowns but basically: very young ages to help build balance and coordination and motor skills, toddler-child age the equipment focuses on building strength in children (monkey bars, see-saws) and social skills (fake climbing walls, swings, etc.). And parks for adults focus on a mix of physical and social (basketball courts, tennis, disc golf, etc).\n\nSlides, see saws and other playground equipment don't have stringent standards besides safety standards (although this is changing more and more as research on safety and play habits increases) but standard playground equipment all have a specific purpose depending on the age, skills, and intent of use for the target demographic. (classic park for children vs basketball & tennis courts for adults vs walking, scenic or gardens for seniors). \n\nMore diverse playground equipment is being made to include multiple ages and developmental goals but it's also why in certain areas you can find out dated equipment that appears sketchy or downright dangerous but is always more fun than hyper safe new equipment. ", "Here's a decent scholarpedia article on the matter: [Evolution of American Playgrounds](_URL_0_)\n\nIt appears that the earliest \"modern\" playground came about in the late 19th century at Hull House in Chicago, followed closely by ones in Philadelphia, Minneapolis, Pittsburg, and Denver. The playground at Hull House had swings, sand piles, hammocks, and a maypole, and the motivation for creating these spaces was to promote socialization and to keep children safe and out of the streets.\n\nAs to why we see certain standardized pieces in playgrounds, it appears to have evolved into its current form with ever-growing safety concerns:\n > The “standardized playground” era... reflected the design and redesign of manufactured playground equipment, primarily the four S’s -swings, slides, see-saws, superstructures, and the prevalence of surrounding hard surfaces typically seen on American playgrounds throughout much of the 20th century. During the 1970’s and 1980’s standardizing playground equipment developed simultaneously with concerns about playground injuries, increasing lawsuits, and formation of task forces to prepare national standards for playground equipment safety (Kutska, 2011). Executive Director of the International Playground Safety Institute, authored the most comprehensive reference addressing current playground safety data.\n\nI would also imagine those \"Four S's\" are fairly cheap to manufacture on a large scale.\n\nTL;DR: They're relatively \"safe\" and easy to manufacture.", "Not really ELI5 material, but here's my experience. I don't know anything about playground facility design, manufacturing or general council decision making process.\n\nBut when I was about 10 the council sent flyers to the local schools for a competition to design a new playground.\n\nI won the competition and got to meet the mayor and various council people. I remember the massive gold chain he wore, but not much else.\n\nMy entry contained a half pipe next to a small climbing wall to the top of a slide, at the bottom of a slide was a zip line to some monkey bars that dropped you onto a roundabout. It was supposed to be a sort of assault course.\n\nI remember being disappointed that the only thing they really used was the half pipe. And by this point I'd lost interest in Tony Hawk.\n\n_URL_1_\n\nThere was a roundabout, but that's gone now. I love roundabouts. And slides. I went on a brilliant slide in Thetford a few months ago. I knew I had to try as soon I saw it. [I didn't care if anyone judged me (nearly 30).](_URL_0_)", "Wow - Something I can actually answer. I'm a designer at a custom playground design build firm. \n\nThe typical modern playground - often called post and deck has been around for about 30 years. It was developed by a guy named Jay Beckwith in collaboration with a large European playground company. The idea was that it could be modular and include lots of different elements that could be be attached - Slide, climbing bars, sliding pole... Etc. It's only in the last year or two that post and deck has been getting subbed out for other systems. \n\nTruthfully, I'm not as sure about swings - they have been around quite a while. Generally I think they are standard in a playground because the goal of any playground design is to have a diversity of experiences - movement based play (swings, see saws, slides etc) - climbing/balancing - passive (hiding) - the list goes on. Swings are a cost efficient and relatively safe way to provide some movement based play. \n\nI don't see loads of see saws anymore. Risk of injury on them tends to be higher so the demand for them tanked. \n\nOver time trends in playground equipment are typically set by our tolerance for risk. More and more the tolerance has been on the decline - which in my perspective is a detriment to the development of kids. In such a litigious environment cities and communities don't want anything that might increase their chance of getting sued. ", "Uhh and some parts of the link of the first comment says that there are 70yo playgrounds. Does anybody know them? Maybe in Europe? ", "Why is every score hidden in this thread?", "It's no longer the standard. That equipment is considered unsafe by today's standards and cannot be legally installed at schools or public parks.", "Hey sweet, I wrote a thesis paper relating to this question! \n\nThe domain of play has seriously shrunk since the early 1900s. Kids used to have to create their own fun by playing in the streets, forests, empty lots, whatever they could find. When cars became a more popular, affordable form of transportation, play started to diminish because it was more dangerous for kids to be running around on the streets. Some early forms of playgrounds, which are still used in Europe but never gained popularity like adventure/\"junk\" playgrounds basically put a bunch of building supplies in front of kids and from there on children built their own play equipment. \n\nIn North America, mass production and a growing trend in parenting styles where child safety became a top priority ensured the streamlining of equipment basically up to what you'd find in most playgrounds across America. Different organizations release reports on injuries every year, and different equipment is dropped when it's considered \"too dangerous\" for kids. \n\nWhat most parents aren't really aware of is the fact that playgrounds are meant to be a little bit dangerous, because they are designed for the development of skills like risk assessment and team building. If there are any parents reading this now-- let your kids on the playground as long as the surfacing (what's under the play equipment) isn't hard like concrete or a thin layer of sand. That's what really causes the injuries!", "Additional question: why do modern fancy playgrounds not always include swings, a slide, and a roundabout? We rejected dads need the basic kit to entertain.", "I don't know the answer but relevant to the question is the \"reinvention\" of playground equipment that some Swedish company has undertaken recently. I live in Philadelphia and they must have some contract with this company because most of the playgrounds have this new equipment. This equipment has the same effect as the older equipment but looks wildly different. It's all actually amazingly cool. ", "Certified Playground Safety Inspector here. Development of new playground elements is driven by playground manufacturers wanting to sell new products. \n\nRetiring or changing existing elements is driven by it killing or permanently injuring a child.\n\nLaws and guidelines for playground safety are governed by ANSI and the [CPSC](_URL_0_).", "Modern playgrounds were born out of the social reforms of the settlement house movement that began late 1800's. Playgrounds were essentially a public health initiative in overcrowded immigrant urban neighborhoods in a time of almost no government regulation or public health infrastructure. I think the first playgrounds were in NY and fostered by the Henry Street Settlement ", "In the UK it was pretty much when a company called Wicksteed in Kettering started to make playground equipment. Most people of retirement age now would have played on them as a kid.\n\nClaim 100 year history\n\n_URL_0_\n\nOn the new development i am moving to, they have childrens play areas. These now consist of walking beams and logs. Swings slides and roundabouts are likely not health and safety and would need maintainence which people do not want to provide", "I was in an Egyptian Nun-Run French Catholic playgroup in the 1950's. We had all these things there, and 'Alouette, chantez-Alouette', while the rather nice, fierce, trim, little French girls did things on see-saws and swings. What an influence on 5-year-old male British minds! Pity we can't all still be friends? - But it was never to be. (And, the Yanks forced us out of Egypt - I was an overnight airlift refugee then). In defence of my never-consummated French friends, check 'Jeu de l'Oie'; can still be played on the ground, west of Paris centre.", "interesting to see how playgrounds have evolved from Monstrous Metallic Death Jungles of Spaceship/Pirate ship inspired climb-abouts to what they are today--Plastic Constructs resting on a foundation made of what i could imagine it would feel like to trample Gumby to death...oh and with more spiral things and Oversized Tic-Tac-Toe", "Sebastian Hinton invented the jungle gym in the early 20th century. \n\nNotably he is the great uncle of Geoff Hinton, the father of neural networks. ", "This is still evolving, not really standard. Seesaws and merry-go-rounds have been declining in prevalence, in part due to the increased rate of injury on equipment with kid-reachable, moving parts. Metal equipment of the 80s including expansive jungle gyms were replaced with giant wood structures in the 90s, replaced with metal fiberglass structures in the 00s in response to falls and splinters. Slides too evolved. \n \nIt looks like others have answered the history question already.", "To see some nice non-standard playgrounds in Germany, just do a google image search for \"[Abenteuerspielplatz](_URL_0_)\". Your inner child won't regret it...", "I was forged out the playground. A twenty foot steaming hot metal slide. A spinning metal disc of death. Fighting in the trenches of the sand box. All while the teachers smoked and watched on. ", "Man, today's playgrounds suck. Rubber, padded ground. Tiny slides. Shorter swings... \n\nIn the 80's we had sweet playground equipment. Wooden structures that stood up to two stories tall, with monkey bars, longer swings, zip lines, etc. and the ground was made of hard packed gravel. No shortage of scrapes, cuts, and goose eggs.\n\nTodays kids are pussies.", "The first playground was in Manchester, England in 1859 but had hardly any equipment (reportedly two rotary swings).\n\nIn 1887, the first US playground was built in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. It had swings, slides and a carousel.\n\nTwo decades later in 1906, the \"Playground Association of America\" was formed to promote municipal play areas for children, as a way to get kids away from playing in dirty, dangerous streets. That's as likely as any to be the point of \"standardisation\" for equipment. As time went on, safety became a greater concern, increasingly making playgrounds less \"scary.\"\n\n_URL_0_\n\nFor example, here is the kind of swings they had in England in the 1920s:\n_URL_1_", "What happened to witches hats? When did they disappear? \n\n_URL_0_", "This isn't a direct answer but it's supplemental information. I watched a show on PBS that told the history of America's greatest parks. Fredrick Law Olmsted is famous for designing Central Park in NYC as the lungs of the city, a giant preserve of wilderness for city dwellers. One huge park for the use of the whole city. \n\nBut his sons were hired to design a new kind of park in Chicago - small places located within neighborhoods that would benefit local people, many of them immigrants. These were the first to feature playgrounds for children. It's really interesting that there are two vastly different concepts for parks that are equally as successful. While the father is the more famous, i think the work of the sons is more integral to American life. \n\n_URL_0_", "Not an expert though I can see merry-go-rounds having evolved from maypoles. Industrial revolution rolls around, someone decides to have everyone stand on a giant lazy susan to speed up the maypoling, and then eventually the maypole disappears from the equation.", "In all my years of childhood playground debauchery, I'm just now realizing I've never been on a seesaw before ", "Do see-saws still exist? I feel like I haven't seen one in years. \n\nMakes me wonder when I see the yellow street signs with an image of a see-saw to indicate a playground. Do kids today even know what that image is?", "The fun yet injury prone wooden playgrounds built when I was kid are becoming a endangered species. Those castle type ones were fun to play hide and seek. Now playgrounds are much smaller, less fun, and have giant coverings to block out the sunlight. At least the swing-sets haven't changed. ", "In 1887, the first US playground was built in America, and in the streets, forests, empty lots, whatever they could find.", "I work in early childhood and its not. if you mean to ask why those things are popular the other answers cover that. but there isnt even close to a \"standard\" in any modern playground design. I may also be too young and work in too new of places and maybe I missed some old standard.", "Not so many swingsets anymore. Injury, lawsuits. \n\nI think monkey bars too are limited now.\n\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://www.aaastateofplay.com/history-of-playgrounds/" ], [], [ "https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2015/jun/09/britains-brutalist-playgrounds-in-pictures" ], [], [ "http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Evolution_of_American_Playgrounds#Model_Playgrounds" ], [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SC_i6-9RqM4", "https://goo.gl/maps/cF4AEmjFm7s" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/325.pdf" ], [], [ "http://www.wicksteed.co.uk/outdoor-play-equipment.html" ], [], [], [], [], [ "https://www.google.de/search?q=abenteuerspielplatz" ], [], [], [ "http://www.aaastateofplay.com/history-of-playgrounds/", "http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2321189/Is-worlds-playground-swing-Newly-discovered-photographs-children-fun-days-health-safety.html" ], [ "https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/ff/6f/44/ff6f44a36d7ba8773db90cf76f25cd3d.jpg" ], [ "http://interactive.wttw.com/ten/parks/chicagos-neighborhood-parks" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "f8uxq8q" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "Libya produced or at least before the civil war produces a lot of oil. Gaddafi was in control of Libya and the National Oil Corporation that extracted most of the oil. So he could diverge money to himself. Libya it the country with the 9th largest oil reserves, US, for example, is #14 with a bit more than half of the reserves Libya has.\n\n The general idea of using your power to diverge money that in other countries would be a part of the national budget yourself is common among autocrats. The House of Saud that is the royal family of Saudiarabia have gotten wealthy the same way and has an estimated net worth of $1.4 trillion. If what is done is legal or illegal depending on the laws of the county but if you are in charge you can change the laws so how it works primary depends on what you like your public image to be.\n\nI have no idea in what form Gaddafi's wealth existed." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dio4kem", "dio5owe" ], "score": [ 23, 2 ], "text": [ "Came here to make a post after getting so many comment replies in /r/worldnews asking for an ELI5.\n\nSo here's the breakdown:\n\nTheresa May is the leader of the Conservative party and was the Prime Minister who called an election. She called it when the party has a lead in the polls to try and gain a larger majority to create a \"strong and stable\" party to lead the EU negotiations.\n\nJeremy Corbyn is the leader of the Labour party who are the main opposition. Corbyn was demonised by the press for his \"socialist policies\" that involved nationalising most of the UK's services, free tuition fees and large increases in spending.\n\n\nThe UK election works on a [first past the post system.](_URL_0_) This means that the UK is divided up into constituencies in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. People vote in these constituencies for the candidate they want to represent them, the candidate with the most votes in that region wins and gets a seat in parliament.\n\nTo get a majority government, a party needs to win 326 seats. This year no party achieved this meaning the parliament is \"hung.\" Conservatives won 319 seats, with Labour winning 261 seats.\n\nThe Prime Minister must now to meet the Queen to say she will try and form a government. It seems likely that she will ally her party with the Democratic Union Party of Northern Ireland, who won 10 votes, giving them a coaliation os 329 votes which is above the 326 majority.\n\nThe election has been a little bit surprising due to Labours gain despite Corbyn being demonised by the media and ridiculed by his own party members prior to the election being called. The large gain in Labour support has been credited to a big youth turnout, particularly in student towns like Sheffield and Canterbury. \n\nThe other factor has been the collapse of the UKIP party whose main policy was Brexit. Support for UKIP was predicted to turn into Conservative votes due to UKIPS right-wing alignment, however Labour have received an equal proportion of this vote in regions that voted leave during the EU referendum.\n\n\nHopefully this adequately and neutrally explains the situation here. I'm going to try not to devolve into discussing policies, personalities and opinions beyond the surface reports. If anyone has further questions please reply and I'll endeavour to try and fairly respond.\n\n**Update**\n\nTheresa May has now declared her intention to form a government. It's widely speculated that this will be a minority government with some leaning on the DUP. This is different to the last coalition government in 2010 between Conservatives and Liberal Democrats which was a formal coalition government. ", "The UK has for the last 30 years or so been a member of the European Union (EU). It's kind of economic alliance between various European nations with aims to encourage trade between it's member nations. In order to do this the member nations share many of the same laws, regulations, free movement of workers things of that sort. \n\nAlthough these rules are agreed collectively they often cause bodies of resentment in most EU country's as people object to the rules and laws \"being imposed on them by foreigners\". Free movement of workers also causes considerable opposition as workers from poorer EU country's often move to richer ones to work as they can make a better living there. This causes resentment in Natives because \"Foreigners come here and take all the jobs.\" \n\nA lot of these problems have been coming to a head in recent years and last year the UK held a referendum as to whether it should stay in the EU, or withdraw. The major political parties were all in favour of staying in, however in a surprise upset the Country narrowly voted to leave. (52% to 48% approximately). \n\nAs this has never happened before there's a lot of details to be sorted out. The economies of the UK and Europe are heavily interlinked, and the UK has one of the largest economies in the EU so a carefully negotiated settlement is needed to ensure the exit does not inflict severe damage on the economy of the UK or the EU. \n\nThe conservative party (or the Tory's as they're informally known) was the party in power after the referendum and has started the process of Leaving the EU. The Leader of the party Theresa May decided to call an early general election in the hope of increasing the size of their majority. The argument being that a big majority would enable her to go into the negotiations with a clear and strong mandate from the people of the UK that they approve of her plans for the withdrawal. \n\nIt's backfired badly Instead of increasing their majority the conservatives have actually lost their majority altogether and must now form an agreement with another political party in order to form a Coallition government. \n\nThe problem is that the UK is bitterly divided over the issue. Nearly half the country thinks that leaving the EU is an insane move economically, and the other half thinks staying in is giving up too much control of our own affairs.\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cjj8wih", "cjj8xxe", "cjj8zhz" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "You would not have the strength or stability to be able to push your body up with more force than that at which you are falling. it would literally require superhuman strength to counteract that kind of gravity. it does work in Halo though, so that's pretty sweet!", "Would you slow your impact? Yes mathematically speaking. Would it help? No. ", "Your terminal velocity is about 120 mph (it differs depending on orientation). So to counter this, you would need to somehow be able to jump in such a manner to accelerate to 120 mph in the opposite direction. Since you're only using a chair, a lot of your energy will be wasted in forcing the chair down. In short, no. You cannot jump with enough power to counter your falling velocity. Same thing applies to why you can't expect to survive by jumping at the moment of impact of a plane crash or elevator free fall." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "e9vqbiz", "e9vqv4x", "e9vte6y", "e9w1kk7", "e9w704f", "e9w8jrp", "e9wd30l", "e9wfrku", "e9wmcdj", "e9wp76x", "e9wprf6", "e9wr74j", "e9ww8y6", "e9wyj5m", "e9wym6g", "e9wzuuk", "e9x3jd9", "e9x7v2w", "e9x9oij", "e9xazkh", "e9xfrra", "e9xinw1", "e9xn3rl", "e9xvyn8" ], "score": [ 60, 7416, 13, 248, 73, 76, 513, 10, 9, 53, 166, 224, 4, 3, 43, 9, 2, 15, 5, 4, 2, 5, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "This gets contentious with strong opinions on both sides. The studies on this subject tend to focus on subjects who use spanking exclusively or at least primarily as a corrective action. It's been studied: that does not seem to produce a well adjusted adult. Where the predictive power seems to fall away is households that use spanking rarely - say a handful of times or less in a child's entire life. There are plenty of ancedotal accounts of having been spanked and growing up perfectly well adjusted and others would say that it is despite being spanked they grew up fine. There are a lot of tools in the kit to correct a child's behavior and children have very different temperments, reacting differently to different punishment/rewards. It seems under the best of cases spanking is useful only very sparingly and as a near last resort. ", "There are four basic ways to correct a child’s behavior:\n\n- Positive reinforcement: Giving a reward for doing something good. “You were very good, so you may have a cookie.”\n\n- Negative reinforcement: Taking away a disliked thing for doing something good. “You were very good, so you get to stay up past your bedtime tonight.”\n\n- Positive punishment: Giving a bad thing for doing something bad. “You were bad, so I am going to hit you.”\n\n- Negative punishment: Taking away a good thing for doing something bad. “You were bad, so you’re grounded with no phone, computer, or tv.”\n\nSpanking is a form of positive punishment. Studies have shown that spanking gets short-term results faster than other methods. However, long-term it is actually less effective than the other methods. In addition, children who were spanked tend to have more tension in their relationships with their parents, are more aggressive, and are more likely to use physical violence as a solution to their problems then children who are never spanked. \n\nHowever, it is important to note that these studies tend to be retrospective; that is, they look at whether kids were spanked and how they turned out. Because of this, it’s possible that parents of kids who are more aggressive in the first place are more likely to spank, so we can’t 100% say spanking causes this. Nevertheless, the choice to spank seems to be more related to parenting style and culture than to individual kids’ behavior, so it’s likely true that spanking does cause at least some degree of negative psychological effects.\n\nWhat we do know from studies on humans and other animals is that positive reinforcement works the best long-term. In other words, Susie will learn her table manners much better if she is rewarded for behaving well than punished for behaving poorly. If punishment is needed, then negative punishments such as time outs for younger children and grounding for older children are preferable to positive punishments like hitting. \n\nAgain, this isn’t just true for humans. If you take a dog training class, you will be instructed to give treats when the dog does something desired (positive reinforcement.) You will also likely be told never to hit a dog, as it makes them more aggressive. The same principles have also been shown to work in rats, birds, and other animals we have done behavior experiments on. \n\nIn short, the only thing spanking brings to the table is it gets faster results. Other than that, it’s inferior to other methods of behavior correction and has the potential to make kids more aggressive, which is why most modern psychologists and pediatricians are discouraging the practice. ", "It reinforces the idea that physical aggression gets you what you want. It doesn’t matter if it isn’t very painful or if there aren’t any marks. The child learns that violence solves problems, and they are much more likely to use violence later in life as a result", "Damage to a child’s psychological and nervous system largely doesn’t happen in the singular moment of violence. \n\nThe damage happens in every single moment afterwards when they are bracing themselves for it, fearing it happening again, modulating their behaviour in expectation for it, and developing unhealthy perceptions/fears/mistrust in their caregivers - even if the next blow may never come. This is why “even once” is irrelevant to how much harm it causes. ", "Spanking / angry shouting tends to create a sense of fear and dread. Sometimes the fear is so great that the child will forget what they did wrong. They would focus on the pain and the anger the parent has. They might agree just for the sake of agreeing and escaping the pain, but on the inside, they would not have learned. If a parent says they love their child, but their voice and action shouts murder, then the child will wonder about where they actually stand. As concerned and good intentioned the parent is, in that moment of time, the child will be overwhelmed with fear and not remember anything else. ", "In ELI5, hitting children for behavior that makes you unhappy teaches children to hit others when they are unhappy. Children follow the behaviors they learn from adults. ", "So basically, it disrupts the parent-child trust bond, reinforces angry/violent behavior, and also does NOT teach the child *why* they are wrong or shouldn't do something, but instead teaches them to be *afraid* to do that thing. In short, it is lazy parenting with a lot of harmful effects. It's easier to get the anger out and wack your child than to sit down with them and get them to understand why what they are doing is wrong.\n\nAs for *how much* it affects development, well, the degree of how much is still being researched. It's hard to tell because of general inconsistent things in subjects, like ACE scores (Adverse Childhood Experience). The subject's resilience scores also change the outcome (positive things that fight against your ACE score, such as being close with a positive adult figure while growing up). Frankly put, it's different for every child, because of their unique experiences and connections growing up.\n\nIn the question of \"is once too much\", it depends on how you restrengthen the bond afterwards.\n\n\nSources; I'm a Mental Health worker and have a focus on child development. Hope this all helps! Let me know if you have any more questions :3", "Think of it this way: I am a giant and beat a defenseless you when I dont like what you are doing. Are you okay with that? Are you going to love me in spite of me beating you, when you do or do not understand the things you are doing is wrong? How is your mental health going to react if I beat you once? Once a month? Once a year? Is it okay if I only spank your butt but in my mind its not overly aggressive or painful? Its fucking crazy. I dont get to beat up kids for acting in ways I do not like, yet for some reason its totally tolerated, if not in some cases openly encouraged, if the kid is your own. I just dont get it. If I beat someone in any other form in society I would be arrested. But if Ive given birth to someone then its my right to beat them? Why does the kid have rights not to be beaten? ", "The consequences of spanking vary depending on how the parent handles their own emotions and how the parent manages the emotions of the child.\n\nWhen you praise/reward a child it's like you're filling up their tank with positivity or self esteem. Note that I think most 'self esteem' philosophy, like participation trophies is nonsense, and not what I'm talking about here. I'm talking about legitimate positivity for their real achievements.\n\nWhen you correct/punish a child, it's like taking something out of their tank.\n\nWhen their tank is full and you take something out of their tank by punishing, spanking, negatively reinforcing, they feel a sense of loss that discourages the behavior in the future.\n\nBut, if their tank is already empty and you punish or negatively respond, it creates anger, hate, and a whole host of really destructive emotions.\n\nMy guideline is 7 to 1 that is, they should be getting 7 positives for every negative.\n\nIf you aren't praising and rewarding your kids enough YOU HAVEN'T EARNED THE RIGHT TO DISCIPLINE THEM.\n\n(guy with 6 kids here. 4 are adults and productive members of society. 2 are on their way)", "On a psychological-social view: \n\nBecause it breaks the most basic trust a child should have on their parents. Imagine this: the parents are people that brought you to this world, that raised you, showed you how everything worked, taught you, and promised to protect you(either verbally or trough an unspoken social contract). At the first moment a child gets beaten, that bond is instantly broken. They had a deal, and got betrayed - that's how the mind interprets it. Not only that, but it is incredibly unfair and teaches the child that whatever they say or their intentions don't matter, because agressivity has no place for conversation or explanation. It is trauma inducing and the relationship will never go back to the way it was before. As someone else stated here, the child will be left forever wondering when it could happen again, and THAT'S what will be on their mind: the fear, not the lesson. Nothing good comes from it.\n\nThat being said, is getting beaten as a child the end of the world? Well, no. Several people received that treatment and turned out alright. However, their good values as people probably didn't come from those situations, and the chance of them reproducing the cycle of abuse is really big(as in, beating their future children also). All in all, could've been much better, and there's dozens of better ways of raising a kid.", "The kids tend to not actually avoid the behavior they're spanked for, they just avoid getting caught.\n\nThey're more likely to resort to violence in solving their problems later in life.\n\nIt tends to damage the trust in the relationship between parent and child. The parent's role in the eyes of the child is to a large extent to be a protector. When the parent is the one causing physical harm, it undermines the status in that role.", "The most powerful and influential factor in a child development is called [attachment](_URL_0_), it is the powerful but invisible emotional link from a child to their caretaker. Attachment is what makes children look up to parents for guidance and safety and provides them with the emotional oxygen they need for their brain to mature. The developing brain require a safe harbor of unconditional love and acceptance in order to dare explore the world, which in turn is what creates new connections in the brain pathways. The child's brain is wired to go back to their primary attachment when scared and seek safety there.\n\nSpanking creates a terrible paradox for the child's brain, that they cannot understand nor resolve: the very source of their safety just became scary and insecure. They suddenly learn that they cannot truly be safe anywhere, that their safe harbor can \"turn\" on them and become the very source of fear and pain they are wired to avoid...by seeking refuge to it. This wrecks havoc on the child development, slowing down their ability to trust and connect not only with the person who did the spanking, but with anyone they used to trust as they learn that the trustworthy persons around them aren't always reliable safety bubbles.\n\nThere are a tons of other arguments against spanking, but when it comes to research and pediatricians, *THIS* is the primary reason, stemming from developmental psychology. Obviously, regular spanking, or severe spankings are worst, but even one single event will slow down the child's development as it will take a while for them to regain the trust into their caregivers. \n\nSource: I am a family life educator and family counselor and I teach this stuff to parents in four different schools. If you have further questions please do not hesitate.", "Imagine you live in a world of ten foot tall 400 lbs people. You require care to live in this world. The people that are assigned to take care of you are physically violent with you for a minor transgression. How do you react after the violence?", "Can someone link to a study? It's really important to use stats.", "The simple but on-point answer is this:\n\nHumans are a monkey-see-monkey-do species. Our young learn from what we tell them, certainly; but they are **always** learning from what we do around them - and to them\n\nSo, spank a child for disobeying? \n\nYou think you are only teaching them to obey.\n\nBut the deeper behavioral teaching is there, too...\n\n*If someone doesn't do what you want, hurt them.*\n\n", "If a child is too young to reason with they will not know why your are hitting them, if old enough to reason then reason with them. \n\nI brought my son up without ever striking him. He is well adjusted and quite thankful that I took that course.", "Each type of punishment has its place ... Spanking is basically initial negotiations have failed lay down the law... It's short to the point and once it's done the child and parent can move on from the conflict.... Spanking can be done wrong like any other form of parenting.", "Spanking is correlated with higher levels of aggression, destructive behavior, rule breaking, cheating, stealing, anxiety disorders, alcohol abuse or dependence, and lower development skills. \n\nThough we cannot imply causation because that would make for unethical studies, I think enough correlational studies have shown a definite link between antisocial behavior and spanking.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nI'd post full citations, but reddit won't let me copy/paste; so here are the authors and years from scholarly journals.\n\n(Staus, Sugarman, & Giles-Sims, 1997; Strassberg, Dodge, Pettit, & Bates, 2008; Gershoff, Lansford, Sexton, Davis-Kean, & Sameroff, 2012; Berlin, Ispa, Fine, Malone, Brooks-Gunn, Brady-Smith, Ayoub, Bai, 2009; Bayley, 2006; Williams, Y; Berk 2013; MacMillan, Boyle, Wong, Duku, Fleming, Walsh, 1999) ", "The wise learn by example.\n\nThe slow learn by instruction.\n\nThe foolish learn by consequence.\n\nThese are cliches but they are very true. When all three of those strategies have been rigorously tried, spanking may be a last resort. Taking the option away completely could result in a certain type of child burning the house down, getting run over by a car, drowning, or seriously injuring a smaller child. If the child understands the spanking was due to a disobedience that could have had more or less those extreme results, then I'm not going to insist that it has any negative affect on the child's development at all. It may keep them alive or out of prison one day.", "Licenced psychologist here (Australia).\nI would be cautious with respect to research studies that try to isolate parental behavioural responses to child misbehaviour distinct from the family milieu. I would also advise to be very cautious about the effect (ie validity) of categorising parental responses into discrete categories for which research studies are dependent on doing.\nSo the thing is, parental responses to child misbehaviour take place on a continuum- some parents are inherently unable to self regulate, are stressed out a lot of the time, have other factors in their lives (ie meaningless and or low paid formal or informal employment, low education attainment, family of origin and background issues etc). Some kids are inherently ill fit to their family of origin (with temperament misallignment with their siblings and or parent, have identity issues, have other sub clinical issues perhaps with attention or IQ, or subtle deficits including hearing and or vision or disctrete ABI from footbal or bike issues- just to name a few of the potential issues). \nresearch studies conducted by psychologists tend toward one or more evils- which is to say that lots and lots of variables like these are glossed over. Psychologists recognise the law of large N (ie research study participant numbers) and tend to gloss over the hosts of variables in coming to conclusion about 'what works when where and what are the long term effects. \nClinicians tend to be very aware of this in reading and interpreting research. \nSo with respect to parental responses to child misbehaviour, the continuous variable 'punishment' must considered with respect to 'timing', to 'repetition', to 'context', to both parent and and child factors along with situational factors. \nSo in sum, yes- parents that punish by hitting first and asking questions later tend toward perpetuating the thing they punish (iatragensis), and also tend toward teaching the child (age factors do count here ie developmental time) that a violent response first and effective enough shuts down opposition as such 9so we then go ahead and watch these kids practice what they acquired on peers or the family pet). \nIn cases where parental responses to child misbehaviour used punishment in the form of a light physical slap, or slamming of the hand on the table or chair (yes not the same response qualitively)- where such responses are NOT expectable by the child (ie, absence of parental repetition and pattern of violence and or physical threat observed by the child)- then serious misbehaviour punished at very rare and very brief events like that outlined (slap on the bottom, grasping the child's shoulder, elevated voice- hard stare- massive and unmistakable disapproval) then a lesson can such as this can have profound and life long recollection by the child- be seen as appropriate and justifiable by the child and not cause the child to perpetuate such responses in their discrete comings and goings with peers, pets and siblings and so forth. ", "The Adverse Childhood Event (ACE) study by Felitti and Anda and numerous related studies (see _URL_0_ on ACEs, The Deepest Well by Nadine Burke Harris) point to a toxic-stress response that adversely affects brain development (Hyper-activated Amygdala, reduced performance of the Prefrontal Cortex responsible for decision making, reduced size of the Hippocampus responsible for memory), hinders the immune system, body growth, and even DNA expression due to your body’s constant over-alertness (fight/flight/freeze response) caused by repeated trauma without a calming adult/caregiver presence. Many diseases like ischemic heart diseases and obesity are linked to toxic-stress. This trauma can be caused by events like observing violence, parental separation/divorce, and physical/emotional/sexual abuse on a repeated and prolonged basis. Essentially, if you see a bear, your body goes into overdrive to keep you alive, but those hormones like adrenaline and noradrenaline are maladaptive to your body over a long time. So what happens if the bear lives in the cave with you? Spanking can mean anything from rapping a child’s hand lightly to striking with switches/belt/slippers/etc. This might be where the danger of spanking lies because the parent becomes the bear living with your child. \n\nI highly recommend The Deepest Well for your reading. ", "Getting hurt by the system you are supposed to trust disrupts proper development. \n\n1) A baby needs only comfort and nourishment.\n2) a toddler needs only protection (from self, environment, consequences of hurting others) and unconditional positive regard. \n3) up until about 6th grade, kids need to learn how to hear ‘no,’ and make reasonable adjustments to system limitations.\n4) if they get 1 - 3, they will be ready to start making their own moral decisions and we will not need so much corporal punishment for kids or adults.\n\n*thanks for not hitting your kids. There are other ways to protect them from and teach them how to live in the world.\n", "Spanking is bullying. \n\nAny behavioral adjustment is based on the logic: \"You need to do what I say because I can inflict pain on you.\"\n\nThe difference with spanking is that the bully is child's parent, their provider and caregiver. The child is most often trapped with nowhere else to go and no one else to protect them.\n\nPlus, striking someone with the intention of causing pain is literally the definition of physical abuse. \n\nChildren are people... with all the thoughts, feelings, hopes, dreams, needs, and rights as everyone else... even if they don't speak as fluently as adults yet.\n\nWould you hit your spouse if they didn't do what you want? Your neighbor or your employer? Of course not.\n\nKids are people too. \n\nFind another way to deal with your own emotions and communicate more effectively with a child.", "I admit, I didn’t read all the comments. But, spanking a chid is escalating a conflict beyond every possible aspect of a child’s emotional, social, intellectual and physical development. It is evidence that the adult does not possess what he/she needs to connect with the child in that moment. It is modeling a method of conflict resolution that is unsustainable. Just take a few seconds to remember what it was like to be a child. Wait. Find humility." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/basics/attachment" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "CDC.gov" ], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c4a95in" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "I dont really have time to go into details, but the thing you need to understand is that the product that Instagram, facebook and even reddit are selling is you.\n\nYou/we are their product and we're sold to advertisers. Instagram has 30 million users, and to facebook they're worth £1 billion." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ctl66zb", "ctl67ch", "ctl6bem" ], "score": [ 3, 4, 3 ], "text": [ "They look for specific strings of code that are recognized as viruses or parts of viruses, ", "The people who make the antivirus keep a list of known viruses. The anti-virus reads through the file system and compares each file with the known list. Some viruses are tricky and have \"polymorphism\" where when they replicate themselves they make sure the child file appears different but still does the same thing. The way the anti-virus gets around that is that it'll inspect each file deeply and look for common patterns with known viruses.", "Malware is a [portmanteau](_URL_0_) for \"malicious software\". It's the generic term for any program that installs itself on your computer that you probably don't want there. There are different types of malware, categorized based on how they spread. A virus spreads from computer to computer, copying itself into files and onto flash drives so that it spreads as you do. A worm is sort of like a virus, except that it spreads itself- breaking into your email and emailing copies of itself to all of your friends. A Trojan Horse, named after the story of the Trojan War, pretends to be something legitimate so you willingly hit the install button.\n\nOnce on your computer, malware can do anything from steal your passwords to lock down your computer and hold your files ransom. \n\nAnti-virus software (more appropriately called anti-malware) is a program that runs on your computer and attempts to detect and block malware from running on your computer. Fundamentally, there aren't that many differences between providers although some are better at blocking some things than others. It doesn't matter too much what you use, especially if you aren't being stupid about online safety and you make sure to install updates when they become available." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ea5b5ga", "ea5b7ue", "ea5cpvu", "ea5ghmg" ], "score": [ 12, 3, 3, 3 ], "text": [ "Yes. \n\nThey are always in motion so their position cannot actually be determined so that's why they use clouds to represent their possible locations. ", "they are not in reagular shaped orbits, but \"could\" is just a way of saying this is the region where the electron is most likely to be found.", "Neither.\n\nScientists likes to describe new phenomena in terms of things they already know. Part of the reason is that a lot of seemingly different things behave in a similar way. For example, light and sound. They are both described as a wave because they share a lot of similar qualities, despite being very different on fundamental level.\n\nSimilarly, when scientists speaks of electron orbitals or cloud, they are trying to describe it in terms of things they already know (e.g. electrons orbit the atomic nucleus like planets orbit the stars). However, numerous experiments revealed that electrons do not behave like anything found in classical mechanics. So it's little tricky to describe how electrons act.\n\nStill, the idea of electron orbitals and cloud are taught today because these are useful concepts for visualization and making some theoretical predictions. In other words, electrons behave like they're in orbitals under certain circumstances, and like cloud in others. Early scientists developing quantum mechanics made progress by imagining electron orbitals or cloud. So you can also view electron orbitals and cloud as historical artifact.", "An “orbital” is the probability “cloud” of finding an electron. Electrons fly around the nucleus of atoms in a way that they are kinda everywhere until you find out exactly where they are. This requires some crazy calculus and linear algebra, but if you were to calculate a ton of electron positions you’d get a population density map of the electron around the nucleus. You’d notice that the electrons have a high density in certain shapes and distances around the nucleus.These shapes are the “cloud” because electrons basically occupy all of the space in that cloud (and then some more but less frequently) so it’s like a cloud. Each cloud has a energy level and symmetry and these are the orbitals (called orbitals but it doesn’t have to do with orbits they’re shapes in space of various sizes and.. well shapes) " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d4m2hjo" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "The case before the Supreme Court was only about the injunction that prevented the government from enforcing its new policy. The Court was evenly split 4-4 on the result, so the lower court's injunction is left in place, meaning that the new policy isn't allowed to go into effect while the case is in progress. The lower court still needs to actually rule on the case on the merits (which will take a while), and regardless of the decision it's going to be appealed again, so this case will almost certainly be ruled on by the Supreme Court a second time, most likely with 9 members next time, preventing another tie." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "f1ndj7f", "f1ngaoo" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Yes, it matters. Just consider the extreme case: You pour yourself one glass of whiskey and then sip on it for a year. After the end of that year, will you be drunk?\n\nThe concentration of alcohol in your blood is a function of both how much alcohol you consume and how fast you consume it.", "Your body can process alcohol at a certain rate, for a typical adult male, that is about a drink an hour. You drink a beer all at once, you are 1 drink drunk right away, nurse it over 30 minutes, you are closer to a half drink drunk.\n\nAlso, it takes a little time for the alcohol to hit your system. You drink four beers in an hour, you'll feel pretty drunk and maybe slow down. You drink four shots in a minute, you won't feel drunk right away, so many you drink some more." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ckdl5zn", "ckdlqe8", "ckdocoh" ], "score": [ 5, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "\"Ices\" in astronomy refer to solid non-volatile chemicals. You might see, for example, \"ammonia ice\" referred to in the atmospheres of gas giants.", "Lots of other liquids and gasses form ice when they get cold. \"Dry ice\" is frozen carbon dioxide.\n\n", "When we say ice, we usually mean frozen water, because generally speaking, you or I don't encounter other forms of ice very often.\n\nSpace tends to have lots of colder places though, and lots of other things can freeze and turn to ice. So an astronomer has to be more specific when referring to, for instance, ice on the surface of Mars, because it could be frozen water, or it could be frozen CO2, as both occur there." ] }

[]

[ "http://carnegiescience.edu/news/first_evidence_water_ice_clouds_found_outside_solar_system" ]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "f5qp3sp", "f5qq42w", "f5r2i8h" ], "score": [ 9, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Children 15 and under tend to be smaller than those 16+, and as such, a standard unit of blood is typically a large portion of their overall blood volume. The risk of harm increases as you remove a larger portion of one's overall blood volume.", "That and in certain parts of the world rich people pay top dollar for young people blood, believing that young people’s blood will lead to longevity and improved health. Not good to incentivize younger donors and creating an illicit market for literal young blood.", "Age of consent is a major factor, but so too is the fact that children are small and have less total blood volume, and that means that the amount they can safely donate is lesser." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ciw7xqo", "ciwf96r", "ciwgjkv", "ciwgnzs", "ciwk5y7", "ciwkumc" ], "score": [ 467, 11, 11, 9, 12, 3 ], "text": [ "I can't explain it better than this website with animations:\n\n_URL_0_", "this was posted in /r/ObscureMedia a week or 2 ago:\n\nLiving Stereo (1958) Short film explains how Stereo Vinyl Records work\n\n_URL_0_\n", "I'd like to know this too. Can we have an ELI5 answer rather than links to other sites? Kinda what we come here for... ", "The needle can detect to degrees of deflection, verical and side-to-side. The stereo channels are encoded in these two types of deflection.", "The needle can move in two dimensions that are 90° apart so that they don't interfere with each other. One channel of sound is encoded in how far \"north and south\" the groove is, and the other is in how far \"east and west\" it is.\n\nIn principle, you could make one of the dimensions (N and S) up and down into the vinyl, and the other one (e and w) left and right along the groove at the same depth. So, one way to encode two channels of sound would be to have sound for the left speaker dig into the vinyl at different depths, and the other side move the needle left and right. When the machine reads the record later, it knows where the needle is in both of the two dimensions at each point in time, so it can play two independent channels.\n\nThe directions here are at a 45° angle instead because it turns out horizontal and vertical grooves behave differently. So one dimension goes from (Up, Left) to (down, Right), and the other dimension goes from (Up, Right) to (Down, Left). The needle is connected to two...pistons, basically, that are set 90° from each other (45 each from the surface).\n\nThis is a summary of the graphical explanation in the top comment for those who want text instead of links to other sites.", "The groove moves in two dimensions. It gets deeper and shallower *and* it moves from left to right. Two dimensions equals two channels.\n\nConceptually you could imagine \"left channel\" encoded on the vertical motion (let's call it north-south) and \"right channel\" on the horizontal (east-west) motion. It isn't implemented that way because the responses and characteristics of the north-south motion is different from the east-west motion. Instead the whole system is rotated 45 degrees. So, one channel is implemented using northeast-southwest motion and the other channel is implemented using northwest-southeast motion.\n\nThe system isn't perfect: if you create a vinyl record with silence on one channel and music on the other there is \"coupling\" such that some of the needle motion produces music (at a lower volume) on the \"silent\" channel. This is audible on music that has purposely recorded an instrument or voice on one stereo channel for some parts (e.g. \"Space Oddity\", \"Such Great Heights\", \"Stairway to Heaven\" .) On vinyl (vs. tape vs. cd) the \"source\" moves closer to the center because of the coupling." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://www.vinylrecorder.com/stereo.html" ], [ "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GqEeP6YPkGM" ], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "epudtk9" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "The mould isn't made of plastic. It can be carved from wood or formed with fibreglass. or even metal, and then fitted together so the melted plastic can be injected in" ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cokouly", "cokp54p" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "It's not nobody, but they are a dying market. iPhones and Android phones came out--that became the demise of BlackBerry. It was widely thought that the tactile keyboard was irreplaceable, so BlackBerry thought they could maintain a strong hold on their market. However, as people saw the benefits of android and iPhone, they started switching. BlackBerry used to be the cornerstone of business-people's cellphones; now, android and iPhone are much more prevalent. Blackberry, today, still is holding strong to the tactile keyboard, however, it's a losing battle.\n\nUltimately, though, BlackBerry started to fade out when they held strong to their beliefs that their proprietary products would be sufficient to keep people locked in and that BBM was better than SMS, their email was superior, etc. What people really wanted, though, was options. ", "Its a long and complicated story which I wont be able to do justice. There's lots of articles on the \"downfall of BlackBerry\".\n\nBlackberries were really the first smartphone that just kinda \"worked\" and people flocked to them. But there were some miss-steps made by management and a few missed opportunities.\n\nOne was BB's dismissal of the impact of the iPhone - there was a lot of thinking that Apple's shiny new toy would never catch on beyond the casual users. But it took off and most importantly the app developers flocked to the platform because of the numbers. Why write an app for 80M potential blackberry users when I could spend my time writing for 500M potential iPhone users (over all models)\n\nThen the same thing happened when Google's Android platform took off (along with Samsung, and to a lesser extent Motorola's) dominance of the market. Developers flocked to write apps for droid because of the numbers of potential users.\n\nIm sure a lot of app developers would _liked_ to have written a BBOS (the old BlackBerry OS) version of their app... but by then the BBOS was kindof old and had a lot limitations. \n\nSo BlackBerry came back with their BB10 platform. It had an emulator that would allow Android apps to be loaded. They made a _huge_ push to entice developers (free devices!) to write BB10 apps. It kindof worked - lots of developers came back. But not enough and too late. \n\nAnd, I think after the dissapointment (sales and technically) that was PlayBook a lot of people thought \"You want me to write an app for that platform?\" (BB10 is really the PlayBook OS... QNX underneath).\n\nAlso there was a switch away from the enterprise customers and onto consumers.... and that was beyond their core experience.\n\nThey're bouncing back. The new Passport and Classic devices, and a renewal on corporate users look promising. But I don't think it will be enough to come back and beat Apple or Samsung/Google or anything.\n\n\n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "clvzgji", "clvzzh8" ], "score": [ 8, 6 ], "text": [ "The insurance company is simply choosing what they will and will not pay for. You are still free to pay for something that the insurance company denies.\n", " > which is basically just a business that holds your money for when you need it or dont\n\nI think that's part of your problem. What you've just described is a savings account, not an insurance company. \n\nHealth insurance is a contract that agrees to pay medical bills in accordance with specific terms and conditions, and in exchange you agree to pay a monthly fee. When you \"need\" the money is spelled out in the contract - neither you nor your doctor get to arbitrarily change your mind later down the road. \n\nThe reason it's legal is because officially your insurance company is not stopping you from getting medical treatment. From the court's perspective all the company is doing is saying \"Hey, we never agreed to pay for [INSERT SPECIFIC MEDICAL PROCEDURE HERE].\" If you want to fund a medical procedure through some other means nobody is stopping you from doing so. \n\nNow, realistically, does this reasoning lead to people receiving suboptimal care? Yes. Is it unethical? That could definitely be argued. But that doesn't really have any bearing on the law. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "f7cd2g8", "f7cdrua", "f7cdvc1", "f7cfpdx", "f7cotd8" ], "score": [ 13, 8, 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "If you have a fixed-rate mortgage, inflation is your friend, because your payments don't increase even though each dollar is worth less.", "The rate and principal of a 30 year fixed mortgage is fixed regardless of currency fluctuations.\n\nThis means that inflation does indeed devalue your debt over time. If you owe a lot of money, inflation is now your friend.\n\nPoorly managed governments have been known to intentionally cause severe inflation to devalue their own debt - at the cost of everyone's savings.", "Your mortgage is not adjusted for inflation. That means, if you have a mortgage and inflation goes up, you're still able to pay back your loan with the depreciated money. Thus it benefits you as long as you have a fixed-rate loan and your wages rise with inflation. This is one of the reasons longer-term loans may have a higher interest. The interest rate covers not only the risk of the borrower defaulting but also the fact that towards the end of the loan, the money being used to paid it back will be worth less.\n\nIf you have a variable-rate loan, the interest goes up and down with the fed's borrowing rate. In the case of high inflation, the feds may raise their interest rates making variable interest mortgages go up as well. In this case, inflation doesn't benefit the borrower.", "Loans are not adjusted for inflation, regardless of interest type.\n\nHowever, depending on the economy of your region inflation could result in federal interest rate changes, which might affect your interest payments if you chose a variable rate.", "Your mortgage does not significantly increase due to inflation... that's one of the benefits to home ownership! Once you sign a 30-year fixed rate mortgage for $X,XXX/mo that's basically what you pay. The principal and interest stay the same for the life of the loan. The only adjustments are the part that goes into your escrow account -- the home owners insurance and property taxes.\n\nWhat you paid for the home when you bought it is the amount you are paying off... the increase in the home's value do to inflation and other factors is all equity in your pocket -- one of the reasons why home ownership is a way to build wealth. You buy a house for $200k, and 10 years later it's worth $300k that's a $100k increase in your net worth, in addition to the principal you've paid down on the loan in that time." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cp9fpuz", "cp9fvgb", "cp9fw36" ], "score": [ 3, 6, 2 ], "text": [ "You are trading distance for power. Pay attention to how much you are moving the lever at your end, and compare it to how far the end crushing the can moves. The amount of work is the same, you are just spreading it over a greater distance.", "Leverage has to do with a tradeoff between distance and force.\n\nIn physics, work = force * distance (W = Fd). Crushing a can (in your example) takes some set amount of work to accomplish. If you just crush the can with your hands, the distance is the height of the can. If you know the work involved to crush a can, you can calculate the amount of force needed. For a 5-year-old, that amount of force is going to be higher than they're capable of producing.\n\nWhen you add a lever and then crush the can, you're doing the same amount of work, but your hands are moving over a much longer distance (the end of the broomstick handle moves over a distance much farther than the height of the can). Since the distance is greater, you have to apply less force to get the same amount of work.\n\nThis is the same principle by which a [block and tackle](_URL_0_) system works: You pull the rope a larger distance than the load moves, thus reducing the amount of force needed.", "Total work = distance * effort\n\nLeverage allows you to apply a small effort over a large distance, and coverts it into a large effort over a small distance." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_and_tackle" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cxkznpb", "cxkzvj4" ], "score": [ 8, 5 ], "text": [ "Gardasil is a vaccine to prevent some forms of HPV, which is linked to some pretty nasty cancers. (I assume you know this but wanted to make sure). \n \nIn order to get approved by the FDA you need to show \"efficacy\", that is, you need to show that you actually do something. In the case of Gardasil this something is \"reduce the rate of cervical cancer\". Due to the fact that the vaccine only works if you get it before an infection, and the fact that the vast majority of HPV infections occur in teens and early 20's the drug manufacturer was able to show it was effective in children and young adults, but not in older adults. ", "The actual reason might seem pretty stupid, but the first study done on the gardasil vaccine did not include any women above the age of 26. There for the FDA only approved recommendation for females under 26 years of age. There have been studies done since then that have shown that the vaccine is affective in women older than 26, but they recommend discussing it with your doctor. It depends on how many sexual partners you have had. Most women are likely to have HPV by the age of 26 if they haven't been vaccinated. If you are already infected, the vaccine is useless. Anybody can get the shot but it's most affective in young women who are not sexually active yet or have had only a couple sexual partners. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "crw7l3d", "crw8p6r" ], "score": [ 7, 2 ], "text": [ "Oh got it. I thought that was just the horizon or something. This is caused by a rolling shutter. The shutter on most cameras is rolling, mean it doesn't actually completely open to take high shutter speed photos. It instead reveals a horizontal sliver of the sensor and moves down, so each row on the sensor is actually exposed to light a split second later than the last. Rarely does this matter unless your taking a picture of something moving very fast, like helicopter blades or a lightning strike. Basically what happened is part of your sensor was exposed slightly before the strike, and part of your sensor was exposed slightly after. The tree was there the whole time, so it shows up regardless. ", "The shutter was too fast for the lightning. The camera completed taking the picture before the light could hit the ground. \n\nEdit: could happen if the shutter was too slow too. Top half of the sensor was exposed to more light longer than the bottom half. Also: Rolling shutter" ] }

[]

[ "http://i.imgur.com/NCkNFaz.jpg", "http://i.imgur.com/LXGLXAk.jpg" ]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "exiirj5", "exijsf2", "exip1di", "exipxmz", "exiw14x", "ey275xf" ], "score": [ 7, 21, 40, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "It’s all about the money. It’s the same thing for children’s tickets for amusement parks, movies, etc. It is incentive to bring your children to make more money. They have options that most children will eat and they are smaller portion sizes. \n\nIn my experience, most places will let you order off the kid menu even if you are beyond the age limit, but they want you to pay for a full sized plate of food if you’re old enough. More money for the restaurant at the higher adult menu prices.", "Sometimes the kids items at restaurants are priced significantly cheaper than the normal items. They don't want adults coming in and ordering these meals to save money, they want adults to pay full prices for full meals, and they offer the kids menu so the adults can bring their children too.", "Kid's menu's are what's called a \"Loss Leader\".\n\nIt's something sold at no profit or even below cost to entice customers into the store, knowing that they'll spend more on other stuff once they're there.\n\nNobody brings a kid in to eat off the menu and just sits there. They get food for themselves as well. When you're talking kids, that typically means a family night out. Mom and Dad have full priced meals, perhaps an entree, couple of drinks. It's the same they'd spend if they were on a date with no kid. The kid menu is just something to get them in the door. Without it, they'd just stay home with the kid.", "The kids menu items are generally cheaper than similar items on the menu. Also, kids meals sometimes come with special packaging or toys that add cost for the restaurant and are aimed at kids. \n\nThe restaurant knows that at least one adult will a company the kid, and pay a full menu price that makes up for the small margins on the kids meal. As a parent, I don't want to take my kid somewhere where I have to pay full price for meals that they may or may not eat.", "Other people have mentioned making a loss etc. Felt like I should point out the psychological factor that having a hard age range would encourage people not to order from it (provided it's not enforced, it isnt strictly where I live) such as kids just older than the age as they want to feel more 'adult'.", "In what countries are these limits? I haven't noticed it in mine, actually some adults, especially women on a calorie-restrictive diet, like ordering from the kid menu." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "de2an5g", "de2b3lm", "de2bfx7", "de2gcbi", "de2nx2s" ], "score": [ 6, 2, 17, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "I think the biggest is study prep. If you are of lower socioeconomic class then you may not afford study prep materials. I know I had a SAT book that I used. We were lucky enough to be able to afford one. I knew people in my class that went to a tutor twice a week for 2 months leading up to it. Also, I had to work most night after school so I didn't have a much time to study as say someone that didn't have to work. ", "This is a leading question. I believe the SAT is flawed, but I don't think this translates into a meaningful disadvantage for less fortunate children.\n\nHere is a good example of a way the SAT system could be flawed, that may support it being unfair: To take the SAT generally costs around $50. Kids generally don't have $50 lying around, and their parents don't always want to give money to their kids if money is tight already. \n\nHere is reasoning behind it being fair: Testing facilities are standard, and everyone gets afforded the same equipment. Everyone is graded the exact same way, and is tested on the same material. SAT scores are monitored very closely and if a particular school is falling behind, there will be obvious signs.", "The SAT as a test, in the question material, doesn't inherently put anybody at a disadvantage. In fact, they are very careful to structure questions to not give any racial, cultural, ethnic, or socioeconomic group any advantage. However, one of the big deciders in score is preparation. SAT prep costs money, and people who can't afford it are more likely to have lower scores. In some areas there is free SAT prep, but it has a reputation for not being particularly good.", "There was a theory floating around a few years ago that even by using names like \"John, Jane\" etc. in the test writings you put the minorities that use their 'mothertongue names' like Muhammad, Jasmine, Lashawnda at a disadvantage because the kids lose interest in the story since it doesn't relate to them. Thus their reading comprehension score goes down. I don't know if it ever got traction or even a real study done about it, but it's an interesting concept.", "Google \"differential item functioning\"\n\nThe gist is that the SAT is centered around the lives of white middle class Americans. And people who don't grow up in those environments are less exposed to certain words and phrases that can show up on the SAT.\n\nOne example in [this paper](_URL_0_) is that blacks did much better when a question changed the correct answer from \"curb\" to \"lessen\"\n\nAlso, the College Board allegedly removes questions that blacks do better on than whites. \n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [], [ "https://research.collegeboard.org/sites/default/files/publications/2012/7/researchreport-1993-2-sat-verbal-items-eliminate-differential-item-functioning.pdf" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "e252r7k" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "There's a bit of misinformation in the other replies. The term 'mixed reality' starting coming into general use in the 90's--[this paper from 1994](_URL_0_) defines it as:\n\n > (...) merging of real and virtual worlds somewhere along the \"virtuality continuum\" which connects completely real environments to completely virtual ones.\n\nBasically, anything between actual reality and virtual reality can be considered 'mixed reality'. With this definition, *AR is one particular type of mixed reality*. What the other users seem to be describing as 'MR' is more commonly known as 'augmented virtuality', which is another type of mixed reality. (both 'AR' and 'AV' are described in the same paper cited above)." ] }

[]

[]

[ [ "http://etclab.mie.utoronto.ca/people/paul_dir/IEICE94/ieice.html" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cjq4b8s" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "Because they were often not as healthy as they appear.\n\nWe had a guy who played Futball (soccer) die on the field. He was perfectly healthy... except for a brain aneurism that popped and killed him.\n\nNothing could be done, nobody could have known. Life is scary like that... have a nice day =) " ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ex0h748", "ex0mq6z" ], "score": [ 4, 2 ], "text": [ "Each school district decides its own school calendar. It's not just start/end dates, but vacation days, exam dates, etc.", "Forget the U.S.\n\nThe schools in my own COUNTY can't get their act together.\n\nAs a teacher that regularly does events with other schools, it's a huge pain in the ass." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cjup71u", "cjupibt", "cjupr6p", "cjupsp0", "cjuq3df", "cjuq57v", "cjuq8bx", "cjur2vl", "cjur7a5", "cjurd5q", "cjuriiy", "cjurjt3", "cjurll7", "cjurp1v", "cjurrd1", "cjurt3r", "cjurvvq", "cjus0kh", "cjus1tt", "cjuscb4" ], "score": [ 4, 112, 37, 38, 11, 2, 23, 3, 4, 2, 4, 7, 21, 6, 2, 2, 6, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Its a revolt!\n", "This is the story:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nOutlets are censoring it (hence: outrage). \n\nNot sharing any opinions on the matter, just linking. ", "I came to the thread after reading TB's thing, and there was nothing there. I posted a comment saying \"what happened here, why are all of the comments gone?\" and my comment was deleted 2 minutes later. I'm not sure at all what happened or why, but it seems to me that the moderators (or just one, I have no idea) are going so far as to censor every comment, not just the ones they deemed offensive. There was nothing at all offensive about my comment and it was deleted very quickly. ", "Zoe has a direct line of contact with a senior Reddit mod. \n\n_URL_0_\n\nEdit: mod contacting her about doxxing. ", "ELI5: Someone may or may not have created a fake attack/doxx attempt to push their Greenlight votes up and push more copies of their game to build their brand/name. Some journalists and reddit mods in gaming may or may not be running interference. The main thread for discussion is getting censored by a mod with ties to the developer. What you are seeing is a battle of wills between users and mods to prove a point. ", "You know how in Ferguson the police killed someone and everybody was pissed off about it and then they handled it really badly? Yeah. That. \n\n", "The Streisand Effect is seriously going into hyperdrive here, maybe a better idea would be to simply let the topic run its course and burn itself out? \n\nI mean, the censoring clearly isnt working as even I now know all about this topic and the doxxes despite having been completely ignorant of it just an hour before with zero interest in Zoe, Depression Quest or any of the named journalists. My interest in this topic was solely generated by the masses of deleted posts on the TB's thread.", "It has been somewhat explained in [this thread](_URL_0_).", "The \"viscous\" comments are what bother me most. They're just... sort of... oily.", "Shit is about to go down.", "\"Like I'm five\"", "_URL_0_\n\nthis puts the whole story on one page to make it easy to follow.", "Basically for some reason multiple moderators on multiple subreddits are for some reason censoring everything to do with this. Even an Admin is in this also, because there have been multiple subreddits set up to talk about the issue and they are being shut down in minutes.\n\nThis Tweet pretty much describes what I'm feeling atm\n\n_URL_0_", "A huge amount of nerds are making a huge fuss about something hugely irrelevant.", "I don't get why this is a big deal, who cares?", "Fuck it, tomorrow everyone will forget about it. No one cares, just some drama for right now.", "The reddit thread has been nuked because it was turning into a witch hunt and people were doxing Zoe (which is agaisnt reddit rules). A whole subreddit can suffer if people are doxxing (posting peoples personal details in a thread).\n\nThe moderators do not have the manpower (nor should they have to spend the time) to filter out anything witchhunty from the discussion so the entire thread has been deleted.\nAgain this is reddit-wide site rules and not negotiable with the moderators. They are doing what they are able to, to enforce the rules.", "woman sleeps around to get a head....what else is new?", "Apparently indie game dev Zoey Quinn banged her way through the gaming world journalists and writers for good reviews on her game Depression Quest. A mod from r/gaming is apparently deleting comments who say anything bad about her, hence the shitstorm. Also, /v/ might be involved in doxxing her. ", "I have a cigar lit and a cognac. It's quite a nice view of the shitstorm from my casual gaming hot air balloon." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5-51PfwI3M" ], [], [ "http://i.imgur.com/0ZAaahT.png" ], [], [], [], [ "http://np.reddit.com/r/OutOfTheLoop/comments/2dzjdh/why_is_this_rgames_thread_about_totalbuscuit_a/" ], [], [], [], [ "http://knowyourmeme.com/memes/events/zoe-quinns-kotaku-staff-cheating-scandal" ], [ "http://i.imgur.com/Gl9WbJ6.png" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "csclzgw", "cscm7u7" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "With expert testimony from a psychologist stating that the person was not sane at the time they committed the crime.", "Typically, insanity pleas have about a 30% success rate (so more often than not they fail). To prove insanity, you need testimony from respected psychologists who verify that the individual was not in a sound state of mind when the crimes occurred. \n" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dyk3jvf", "dyk3n3i", "dylacgt" ], "score": [ 23, 2, 5 ], "text": [ "It has to do with the space allocated for the display on the screen for these items.\n\nFor example if the size of the screen was limited to 20 characters it would be designed like this:\n\n Lives: 3 Items: __1 Time: 300\n\nPick up 998 items and you have:\n\n Lives: 3 Items: 999 Time: 231\n\nPick up another item and you have:\n\n Lives: 3 Items: 1000 Time: 23\n\nThe time is now 23 instead of the expected 230. To overcome this wrapping the number of items was limited to 999.\n", "Either a game design choice or just because of the display limits, capping it to 9s gives you maximum use of a fixed width realestate on the screen.\n\nFor example, if your internal counter is an unsigned 32-bit, the maximum is probably '4294967295', but that's a lot of digits you'll never use, so we cap it to 3 digits, or 999, because then I don't have to deal with what happens when someone gets to 586569 and how that would mean that the other numbers on the display need to be moved.", "Aside from what the others have said, it's also worth noting that a lot of games do it out of tradition too. For example, Final Fantasy 7 has damage limits of 9999, despite using 32-bit integers and not having any UI-related problems with showing high damage numbers." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c6vw7hf", "c6vys8c", "c6w4ki4", "c6w4wbj" ], "score": [ 7, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Because than the orbitals are nice and filled. \n\nAnd that means there is more negativity to pull the electrons to the nucleus. And if the electrons are anchored down from the pull of the nucleus, they can't escape as easy, and are more stable because they won't react.\n\nThe noble gases all have filled outer shells, and they don't react with basically anything. They are stable.\n\nSo if I'm an oxygen atom, I want two electrons to fill my outer shell, right? Because if my outer shell has 8 electrons in it instead of 6 the shell is filled and there is maximum pull from the nucleus. So I go to other elements and I take two electrons from them and now I have eight. If I have eight electrons I have no reason to react, so I won't. That makes me stable. If I took one extra electron, I'd have to start another shell to put it on. And then I wouldn't be stable anymore, because I got one electron that isn't very anchored to the nucleus and will probably end up getting transferred in a reaction.", "The first science thing on reddit i understand. YES!", "Helium only needs two. ", "The crazy thing that I found out recently is that this is only the case for the elements early on in the periodic table, if you look at #99 Einsteinium its shell goes 2,8,18,32,29,8,2 the 5th shell (29) is the non-full shell (so the atoms next to it have 28 and 30 in their 5th shell). \n_URL_0_" ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [], [ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Periodic_Table_of_Elements_showing_Electron_Shells.svg" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ecg8c2c", "ech2t4c" ], "score": [ 4, 2 ], "text": [ "The brain actually needs to cool down a couple of degrees in order to go to sleep. When you’re outside, it is likely colder than when inside your home. This can make you sleepy. \n\nBlue light from screens also causes people to say up and be less sleepy. ", "Is this while driving, by chance? I've noticed that exact same phenomenon, but for me, it's due to the eye strain of constantly going from dark road to oncoming head lights, back to dark road, then a truck with headlights right at my eye level, .... Wanting to close your eyes for a bit feels like sleepiness. " ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "eh74ln0" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "There's an old joke that I like that actually serves as a decent explanation of how this works.\n\n > Hello, would you like to hear a TCP joke? \n > \n > Yes, I'd like to hear a TCP joke. \n > \n > OK, I'll tell you a TCP joke. \n > \n > OK, I'll hear a TCP joke. \n > \n > Are you ready to hear a TCP joke? \n > \n > Yes, I am ready to hear a TCP joke. \n > \n > OK, I'm about to send the TCP joke. It will last 10 seconds, it has two characters, it does not have a setting, it ends with a punchline. \n > \n > OK, I'm ready to hear the TCP joke that will last 10 seconds, has two characters, does not have a setting and will end with a punchline. \n > \n > I'm sorry, your connection has timed out... ...Hello, would you like to hear a TCP joke?\n\nEssentially, it's mass repetition of data transfer and acknowledgement that the data has been received. If a specific packet (piece of the download) is lost during the transfer, then the receiver doesn't tell the sender that it got the right piece, and so the sender re-sends it.\n\nFile integrity is usually verified by something called a \"checksum\", which is a unique number that's computed from all the data in the file. If all the data is in the right order, then the number computed by the receiver will be the same as the number that the sender has, and that way you can be sure that the file the receiver gets is the same as the file stored on the sender's computer." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c68qtfe", "c68sycn", "c68up3y" ], "score": [ 165, 38, 2 ], "text": [ "Acne forms as a result dirt and oil build up in hair follicles. The palms of your hand are one of the *few places on your skin* that don't have hair follicles.\n\nEdit: Fixed random bit of side info that people seem to be getting hung up on even though its already been corrected by others.", "On your face you have a bunch of tiny little hairs, even if you can't see them. Go look in a mirror, reeeeeally closely, I'm sure you'll find some \"peach fuzz\". These hairs grow out of little tiny holes called pores. These little holes naturally produce oils, but sometimes they can produce too much oil, or some dirt might get stuck in the holes. This is what causes an infection, or a pimple. If you look at your palms, you'll notice that there's no hair on them! The palms and the the soles of your feet don't grow any hair. They don't have any little pores to get infected.", "For the most part, the posts so far have it right. What should be noted is that the acne is caused when your skin gets infected by a bacteria that likes the natural oils your skin produces. The oil itself doesn't cause pimples, but producing a lot of it(which puberty will do to you) means more bacteria will be on your skin." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ct40neq" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "As far as I understand, it is mostly to distribute the stress on the button(s) evenly so it does not crinkle (like the fabric around buttons on jeans for example) and leaves everything looking smooth and nice." ] }

[]

[]

[ [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d10nm56", "d10nnue" ], "score": [ 12, 6 ], "text": [ "In the criminal justice system, guilt implies responsibility. If you are legally insane, you are not criminally responsible for your actions. The current stance of our society is that such people should be treated, not punished. It is both pointless and cruel to punish people for actions outside their control or understanding.\n\nSuch people don't get to just walk away. They are still considered and treated as a threat to society. However, they are just not tossed into a prison. They must be admitted to a facility that will contain and treat them. Should she eventually get better she may still face social and legal consequences to her actions.", "A key concept in western criminal law is \"mens rea\", which means \"a guilty mind.\" Basically, it means that in order to be guilty of the crime, you must have the mental capacity to understand that what you are doing is wrong.\n\nSomeone who has a mental incapacity that prevents them from understanding this isn't guilty of the crime, although they may well be sent to a mental institution for the safety of both themselves and the public until they can safely be released." ] }

[]

[]

[ [], [] ]