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###Rationale: Multiple,small satellite lesions may be present around the ulcer,its a sign in fungal corneal ulcer.Reference:Comprehensive ophthalmology,AK Khurana,6th edition,page no.106 ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: Satellite nodules are seen in - ###Options: A. Fungal corneal ulcer B. Tuberculosis C. Sarcoidosis D. Viral ulcer

Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: HETEROCHROMIC IRIDOCYCLITIS OF FUCHS It is a low grade chronic cyclitis, the only apparent features of which are a lightening of the colour of the affected iris and presence of few keratic precipitates on cornea. Iris become atrophic, loses its markings and readily transilluminates in circumscribed areas, and a cataract develops. Loss of sympathetic nerve supply leading to dilatation of blood vessels, white cells escape and get deposited on the cornea as precipitates. The cataract has good operative prognosis, but secondary glaucoma develops. During cataract surgery, fine filiform hemorrhage from the opposite angle has been noted to occur as soon as the anterior chamber is opened- reffered to as AMSLER SIGN. Ref:- Parsons diseases of eye; pg num:-251 ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: Amsler sign is seen in ###Options: A. Pars planitis B. Fuchs uveitis C. Macular degeneration D. Posner-Schlossman syndrome

You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Ans. is 'c' i.e., Hyperactive airways o Ketamine is a potent bronchodilator and relieves bronchospasm - Intravenous anaesthetic agent of choice in asthmatico Ketamine increases ICT, IOP and cardiac oxygen demand, therefore contraindicated in other three conditions.o Note - Inhalation anaesthetic agent of choice in asthmatics is halothane. ###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT.

###Question: Ketamine is useful as an anesthetic agent in - ###Options: A. Ischemic heart disease B. Intracranial hemorrhage C. Hyperactive airways D. Glaucoma

As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: The onodi cells and haller cells are posterior ethmoidal air cells. Onodi cell: Posterior ethmoidal cell which may grow posteriorly by the side of sphenoid sinus or superior to it for as much distance as 1.5 cm from the anterior surface of sphenoid. Hallercells: Air cells situated in the roof of maxillary sinus. Ref.Dhingra 5/e,p 153. ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: Onodi cells and Haller cells are seen in relation to ###Options: A. optic nerve and floor of orbit B. Optic nerve and frontal sinus C. Optic nerve and ethmoidal air cells D. Orbital chiasma and Nasolacrimal duct

Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Oculomotor nerve innervates levator palpebrae superioris, complete lesion of this nerve produces closure of affected eye due to paralysis of this muscle. Oculomotor nerve innervates all the extraocular muscles of the eye except lateral rectus and superior oblique. Oculomotor nerve lesion result in lateral detion of the eye due to unopposed action of lateral rectus. Patients develop diplopia in all directions of gaze except for lateral gaze towards the side of involvement. Pupillary function may be normal or impaired. Ref: Greenberg D.A., Aminoff M.J., Simon R.P. (2012). Chapter 7. Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders. In D.A. Greenberg, M.J. Aminoff, R.P. Simon (Eds),Clinical Neurology, 8e. ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: Which of the following is a feature of unilateral oculomotor nerve palsy? ###Options: A. Drooping of eyelid B. Accommodation reflex is absent C. Visual loss D. Pupillary light reflex is completely absent

Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: B i.e. Superior quadrantopia ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: A lesion of the optic radiation involving the Meyer's loop causes- ###Options: A. homonymous hemianopia B. Superior quadrantopia C. Inferior quadrantopia D. central scotoma

Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: The sicca syndrome is a recognized feature of Sjogren's syndrome. It can be primary or secondary to other autoimmune disorders such as RA, SLE, scleroderma, or vasculitis. Primary Sjogren's syndrome is most common in middle-aged women; sicca symptoms can also occur as a complication of HIV infection or in sarcoidosis. Sjogren's syndrome is more likely to have positive serology, while the serology in sarcoid or HIV is negative. Both HIV and Sjogren can have lymphocytic infiltration, but in HIV it is predominantly by CD8+ lymphocytes, whereas in Sjogren's syndrome, the infiltration is by CD4+ lymphocytes. In sarcoidosis, biopsy reveals granulomas. ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: A 32-year-old woman develops symptoms secondary to a dry mouth and dry eyes. She has enlarged salivary glands. Studies for autoantibodies to Ro (SS-A) are positive. A salivary gland biopsy reveals lymphocytic infiltration. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ###Options: A. sarcoidosis B. primary Sjogren's syndrome C. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection D. lymphoma

In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Ans. is 'b' i.e., Epidemic conjunctivitis ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: All of the following are immediate priorities in WHOs Vision 2020 'the right to sight' except ? ###Options: A. Oncocerciasis B. Epidemic conjunctivitis C. Trachoma D. Cataract

Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Fusarium and Aspergillus are the most common filamentous organisms causing fungal keratitis. The drug of choice for filamentous infection is natamycin. Ref: Comprehensive Pphthalmology By A K Khurana, 4th Edition, Pages 100-1; The Wills Eye Hospital Atlas of Clinical Ophthalmology By William Tasman, 2nd Edition, Page 25. ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: Which of the following is the drug of choice in the treatment of corneal ulcers caused by filamentous fungi? ###Options: A. Nystatin B. Natamycin C. Fluconazole D. Itraconazole

Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: C i.e. Lichen Planus ###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT.

###Question: A patient presented with scarring alopecia, thinned nails, hypopigmented macular lesions over the trunk and oral mucosa. The diagnosis is ###Options: A. Psoriasis B. Leprosy C. Lichenplanus D. Pemphigus

Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: (Ectropion) (66-Khurana 4th) (168-Parson 20th)SEQUELAE OF TRACHOMA1. Sequelae in the lids - may be trichiasis, entropion** tylosis (thickening of lid margin) ptosis, maderosis and ankloblepharon2. Conjunctival sequelae - include concretions, pseudocyst xerosis and symblepharon3. Corneal sequelae - may be corneal opacity, ectasia, corneal xerosis and total corneal pannus blinding sequelae4. Other sequelae - may be chronic dacrocystitis, and chronic dacroadenitis* Trachoma causes superficial corneal vascularization* Pinguecula - degenerative condition formation of yellowish white patch on the bulbar conunctiva near the limbus, commonly in persons exposed to strong sunlight, dust and wind (same etiology of the Trachoma)* It affect the nasal side first & then the temporal side* ECTROPION - out rolling or outward turning of the lid margin is called ectropionTypes1. Senile ectropion - commonest variety2. Cicatricial ectropion - thermal bum, chemical bums lacerating injuries and skin ulcers3. Paralytic ectropion-paralysis of seventh nerve - Bell's palsy, head injury and infections of the middle ear4. Mechanical ectropion - tumours, as in proptoses and marked chemosis of the conjunctiva5. Spastic ectropion - spasm of the orbicularisFindings in TRACHOMA* Conjunctival follicles* (commonly on upper tarsals conjunctiva and fornix)* Papillary hyperplasia *** Conjunctival scaring* Herbert's pit*** Pannus*** Comeal ulcer, opacity & scarring* Vision 2020 - The five major eye conditions focusing are* Cataract** Trachoma** Onchocerciasis * * ** Childhood blindness* Refractive error and low vision* Arlt's line - fine linear scar in the sulcus subtarsalis in Trachoma*** The SAFE (Surgery, Antibiotics, Face washing, Environmental improvement) strategy for control of Trachoma*** Most common systemic association of scleritis is - Rheumatoid arthritis*** Lamina cribrosa (sieve like perforation in the posterior part of sclera) is absent in Morning glory syndrome** Sclera is thinnest at -posterior to attachment to superior rectus**** Telecanthus is - increase in intercanthal distance with normal interpupillary distance* Recurrent chalazion should be subjected to histopathologic evaluation to exclude the possibility of sebaceous cell carcinoma*** The comeal transparency is maintained by - Endothelium ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: Sequelae of Trachoma are all EXCEPT ###Options: A. Ectropion B. Entropion C. Pinguecula D. Corneal vascularization

Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Structures passing over the flexor retinaculum: Ulnar nerve and vessels through the Guyon's canal (volar carpal ligament). Palmar cutaneous branch of ulnar nerve (supply skin over hypothenar muscles). Palmaris Longus. Palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve (supply skin over the thenar muscles). Superficial palmar branch of the radial artery. ###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT.

###Question: The structure which passes superficial to the flexor retinaculum ###Options: A. Median nerve B. Flexor digitorum superficialis C. Ulnar nerve D. Flexor digitorum profundus

Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT.

###Question: In the WHO recommended EPI Cluster sampling for assessing primary immunization coverage, the age group of children to be surveyed is- ###Options: A. 0-12 months B. 6-12 months C. 9-12 months D. 12-23 months

Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account. Answer with the best option directly.

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###Rationale: Ans. D i.e. Long acting miotic Atropine in ophthalmology Topical atropine is used as a cycloplegic, to temporarily paralyze the accommodation reflex, and as a mydriatic, to dilate the pupils. Atropine degrades slowly, typically wearing off in 7 to 14 days, so it is generally used as a therapeutic mydriatic, whereas tropicamide (a shoer-acting cholinergic antagonist) or phenylephrine (an alpha-adrenergic agonist) is preferred as an aid to ophthalmic examination. Atropine induces mydriasis by blocking contraction of the circular pupillary sphincter muscle, which is normally stimulated by acetylcholine release, thereby allowing the radial pupillary dilator muscle to contract and dilate the pupil. Atropine induces cycloplegia by paralyzing the ciliary muscles, whose action inhibits accommodation to allow accurate refraction in children, helps to relieve pain associated with iridocyclitis, and treats ciliary block (malignant) glaucoma. Atropine is contraindicated in patients pre-disposed to narrow angle glaucoma. ###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT.

###Question: Which one of the following is FALSE regarding atropine: March 2013 ###Options: A. Used to prevent adhesions in inflammatory conditions of eye B. Used in concentration of 1% C. Can be given in sinus bradycardia patients D. Long acting miotic

Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: A i.e. Radial keratotomy; B i.e Keratomileusis; C i.e. IOL ###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT.

###Question: Refractive power of eye can be changed by: ###Options: A. Radial keratotomy B. Keratomileusis C. IOL D. All

Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Sunflower cataract is associated with trauma and Wilson's disease. 3 types of cataract associated with diabetes are snow flake cataract, senile cataract and secondary cataract. ###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT.

###Question: Which of the following disease is associated with sunflower cataract? ###Options: A. a) Wilson's disease B. b) Trauma C. c) Diabetes D. Both 'a' and 'b'

Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: . ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: Atropine is contraindicated in ###Options: A. Narrow angle glaucoma B. Open angle glaucoma C. Congenital glaucoma D. Steroid induced glaucoma

Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: The child is exhibiting the symptoms of either Tay-Sachs or Sandhoff disease, both of which are sphingolipidoses. The hexA gene codes for hexosaminidase A, whereas the hexB gene codes for hexosaminidase B. The hex A protein consists of one A and one B subunit and cleaves only GM2. The hex B protein is a B dimer and cleaves both GM2 and globoside. In Tay-Sachs disease, a loss of hex A activity, globoside degradation is normal because the hex B protein is normal. The loss of hex B activity affects both hex A (because one subunit is of the B variant) and hex B (dimer) activity, and globoside will accumulate in Sandhoff disease, but not in Tay-Sachs disease. ###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT.

###Question: An 8-month-old baby girl had normal growth and development for the first few months, but then progressively deteriorated with deafness, blindness, atrophied muscle, inability to swallow, and seizures. Early on in the diagnosis of the child, it was noticed that a cherry red macula was present in both eyes. Considering the child in the above case, measurement of which one of the following would enable one to determine whether the mutation were in the hex A or hex B gene? ###Options: A. GM1 B. GM2 C. Globoside D. Glucocerebroside

You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Answer is C (Pronounced Sensory Changes): Sensory changes are not seen in Wilson's disease. Sensory abnormalities and muscular weakness are not features of Wilson's Disease' - Harrison 18th/3188 Neurological manifestations of Wilson's disease include Tremors Neurological manifestations of Wilson's disease result from deposition of Copper in the basal ganglia and occasionally in the pons, medulla. thalamus cerebellum and subcoical areas. Movement Disorders Three types of movement disorders may be seen: Dystonia Incoordination Tremor Autonomic Disturbances Ohostatic Hypotension Sweating abnormalities Bowel dysfunction Bladder dysfunction Sexual dysfunction Others Migraine Type Headaches Memory loss Difficulty focusing on tasks (but cognition is usually not grossly impaired) Dysahria and dvsphagia are common. Renal calculi and Sunflower cataracts may be seen in Wilson's disease 'Sunflower cataracts and Kayser-Fleischer (KF) Rings may be seen' - Harrison 'Cholelithiasis and Nephrolithiasis (Renal Stones) occur with increased frequency'- Harrison ###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT.

###Question: Wilson's diseases, features are all except: ###Options: A. Sunflower Cataract B. Tremors C. Pronounced sensory changes D. Renal Calculi may be seen

Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: This is a case of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in setting of giant cell aeritis. First temporal aery biopsy should be done and the high dose steroids should be staed after the biopsy repo comes. ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: A 80-year-old female presented with soreness in both shoulders and upper back. According to the patient, she feels tired all the time and also had near-persistent headache in last few days. The doctor manages her conservatively. 3 days later she again presented with sudden loss of vision in the left eye Ophthalmoscopic examination was done. What is next best appropriate step in the above condition: - ###Options: A. Brain MRI to evaluate for demyelinating disease or tumour B. Initiate high dose glucocoicoid therapy and refer for temporal aery biopsy C. Ocular massage for 2 minutes followed by repeat visual acuity testing D. Topical beta-blocker administration

Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Ans. (d) Temporal peripheral visionRef: Parson's 22/e, p. 289The temporal island of vision is the more resistant and may persist long after central vision is lost. ###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT.

###Question: This 60 year old woman, with the below visual field defect has been diagnosed as a case of primary open angle glaucoma. Which part of the visual field will be the most resistant to progressive glaucomatous visual field loss? ###Options: A. Central vision B. Nasal peripheral vision C. Superior vision D. Temporal peripheral vision

Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: D: Serum lactate is one of the enzymes that can indicate the occurrence of shock. A: Checking for meningitis is different from the identification cardiogenic shock. B: Auditory sense have nothing to do with shock. C: The eyes could not determine the diagnosis of cardiogenic shock ###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT.

###Question: Which of the following would make the most sense as a more specific diagnostic test of shock? ###Options: A. A CSF (spinal) tap to check for meningitis. B. A brainstem auditory evoked response test to see if the person can hear ok. C. A pupillary light reflex test to check how well the eyes are working. D. The measurement of serum lactate, elevated levels of which are an indicator of shock.

You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Corneal hysteresis assesses the biomechanical strength of the cornea and is assessed by Dynamic Contour Tonometry(DCT). Dynamic contour tonometry (DCT) is a contin- uous (dynamic) and direct tonometric principle. It reads the IOP at the interface between the sensitive tonometer tip and the surface of the cornea. Ref khurana 6th edition pg 345 ###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT.

###Question: Corneal hysteresis is studied using ###Options: A. Goldmann perimetry B. Corneal topography C. Dynamic Contour Tonometry D. Goldmann Applanation tonometry

In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: chorioretinal atrophic patches and foster fuch spot. REF:khurana,pg no 41 ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: Choroidal vascularization is seen in - ###Options: A. Myopia B. Hypermelxopia C. Presbyopia D. Astigmatism

In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: ANSWER: (A) GlaucomaREF: KDT 5th edition p. 98Uses of atropine * Preanaesthetic medication* Antispasmodic* Mydriatic* Cycloplegic* Vagolytic* Belladonna poisoningContraindications of atropine:* Narrow angle glaucoma* BPH ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: Atropine is used in all EXCEPT: ###Options: A. Glaucoma B. Mydriatic C. Cyclopegic D. Preanaesthetic medication

Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Familial forms of prion disease are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered PRNP gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. In most cases, an affected person inherits the altered gene from one affected parent. ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: True about prions are all except - ###Options: A. Cannot be inherited B. Can occur sporadically C. Can be transmitted corneal transplant D. Can be transmitted human growth hormone preparation

As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Ans. (c) Refractive error testingRef: Kanski's Clinical Ophthalmology 8th Ed; Page No- 755* First step of managing squint patient is visual acuity assessment and refraction under cycloplegia with atropine must for children less than 6 years of age.* Cycloplegic choice for children Age <5 years: Atropine 1% ointment TDSx3 days.* Cycloplegic choice for Adults: Cyclopentolate 1%. ###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT.

###Question: What is the first step in the management of an 18 month old child whose both eyes are deviated medially: ###Options: A. Forced ductions test B. Examination under anaesthesia C. Refractive error testing D. Examination of fundus

As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: (C) Adenovirus # In children, ADENOVIRUSES cause a variety of clinical syndromes. The most common is an acute upper respiratory tract infection, with prominent rhinitis. On occasion, lower respiratory tract disease, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia, also develops. Adenoviruses, particularly types 3 and 7, cause pharyngoconjunctival fever, a characteristic acute febrile illness of children that occurs in outbreaks, most often in summer camps.> The syndrome is marked by bilateral conjunctivitis in which the bulbar and palpebral conjunctivae have a granular appearance. Low-grade fever is frequently present for the first 3-5 days, and rhinitis, sore throat, and cervical adenopathy develop. The illness generally lasts for 1-2 weeks and resolves spontaneously. ###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT.

###Question: Children from school went to summer camp got suffering from sore throat, rhinorrhoea, bilateral congested conjunctiva; causative agent is ###Options: A. Rhinovirus B. Enterovirus C. Adenovirus D. Coronavrus

Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: For this test, patient wears goggles with red lens in front of the right and green lens in front of the left eye and views a box withfour lights--one red, two green and one white. Intrerpretation- In normal binocular single vision, the patient seesall the four lights in the absence of manifest squint In abnormal retinal correspondence (ARC) patientsees four lights even in the presence of a manifestsquint * In left suppression the patient sees only two redlights, In right suppression the patient sees only threegreen lights In alternating suppression the patient sees threegreen lights and two red lights Note-SuppressionIt is a temporary active coical inhibition of the image of an object formed on the retina of the squinting eye. This occurs only during binocular vision (with both eyes open). when the fixating eye is covered, the squinting eye fixes (i.e., suppression disappears) ###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT.

###Question: Woh's four dot test is done for assessing: ###Options: A. Cornea B. IOP C. Refractive errors D. Binocular vision

Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Ans. is 'a' i.e., Thyrotoxicosis o Thyroid eye disease (TED) is also known as Grave's ophthalmopathyo Among patients of TED:# 90% - Thyrotoxicosis# 6% - Euthyroidism# 3% - Hashimoto's disease# 1% - Hypothyroidism ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: Thyroid eye disease is due to - ###Options: A. Thyrotoxicosis B. Hypothyroidism C. Euthyroidism D. Hashimoto's disease

Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Ans. is 'c' i.e., Brimonidine Impoant systemic side effects of topical agents n-blockers : Bronchospasm, bradycardia, .cardiac output, hypotension, depression, impotence, altered lipid profile (hypercholesterolemia). Sympathomimetics Non selective (Dipivefrine, epinephrine) :- Hypeension, arrhythmias Selective a-2 (Brimonidine):- Drowsiness, fatigue, BP changes Selective a-1 & a2 (Apraclonidine) :- Drowsiness, Headache, fatigue Chlinomimetics (Pilocarpine) :- Sweating, salivation, urinary frequency, diarrhea, bronchospasm. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (Dorzolamide, brinzolamide) :- Bitter taste, headache, asthenia, renal calculi. Prostaglandin analogues (Latanoprost) :- Headache, symptoms of UI. ###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT.

###Question: Which of the following antiglaucoma medications can cause drowsiness ###Options: A. Latanoprost B. Timolol C. Brimonidine D. Dorzolamide

Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: B i.e. Headache and vomiting Papilloedema (not papillitis) is caused by raised intracranial pressure and it presents with headache & vomiting . Features Papillitis (Optic neuritis) Papilloedema Aetiology Inflammation of intraocular pa of optic nerve Q (or optic disc). Non inflammatory Q hydrostatic oedema of optic disc due to raised intracranial pressure Q Laterality Usually unilateral Usually bilateral Onset Sudden Q Insidious Q Loss of vision Sudden and marked Q Depressed light brightness & coloured objects appear faded (pulfrich phenomenon). Gradual Q & negligible in the initial stage Recurrent attacks of transient black out (blurred vision) Q i.e. amaurosis fugax. Pupillary reflex Sluggish and ill sustainedQ Relative afferents papillary defect (RAPD or Marcus Gunn's pupil)Q Visual acquity & pupillary reaction remain normal until optic atrophy sets in Pain Present on ocular movements Q Absent Q Tenderness Present at inseion of medial rectus and superior rectus Q Absent Q Swelling of disc Moderate (2-3 dioptres) Marked (> 3 dioptres) Q Visual field defects Central or centro-cecal scotoma Q Enlargement of blind spot Q and concentric constriction of field Posterior vitreous Fine opacities Clear ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: In Optic neurities in children all symptoms are present EXCEPT: ###Options: A. Afferent pupillary defect B. Headache and vomiting C. Pain on movement of eye ball D. Sudden visionloss

As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Answer is A (Marfan's syndrome): Arachnodactyly and ectopia lends (dislocation of lens) in tall thin male suggests a charachteristic diagnosis of Marfan's syndrome. Marfan Syndrome : Review Marfan's syndrome is a genetic disorder of the connective tissue of the body manifested principally by changes in the skeleton, eye and cardiovascular system. ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: A young, tall, thin, male with archnodactyly has ectopia lentis in both eyes. The most likely diagnosis is ###Options: A. Marfan's syndrome B. Marchesani's syndrome C. Homocystinuria D. Ehler's danlos syndrome

In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Snow storm appearance in CXR can be seen in silicosis also Pericardial TB &Peritoneal TB- features of disseminated TB Choroid tubercles on fundus examination is a pathognomic feature of Miliary TB. ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: Which of these is a pathognomonic feature of miliary TB? ###Options: A. Snow storm appearance in CXR B. Choroid tubercles on fundus examination C. Pericardial TB D. Peritoneal TB

Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: This is a case of cavernous sinus thrombosis post orbital cellulitis meaning the septic thrombi came the superior ophthalmic vein. It is a life-threatening condition. Presents as orbital/facial pain Orbital swelling and chemosis is seen. 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th cranial nerves are affected Occurs secondary to infection from orbital cellulitis and sinusitis CT venogram shows distended cavernous sinus with a non-fat density filling defect-likely thrombus. Pathways of spread of infection to cavernous sinus. FACIAL VEIN - ANGULAR VEIN - SUPERIOR OPTHALMIC VEIN - CAVERNOUS SINUS DEEP FACIAL VEIN - PTERYGOID PLEXUS - CAVERNOUS SINUS ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: A 50-Year-old diabetic patient presented with orbital pain, swelling and chemosis along with fever. He has been treated for an infection in the orbit presumably orbital cellulitis 10 days ago. O/E: - 3rd, 4th and 6th cranial nerves involvement seen Trigeminal neuropathy affecting V1 and V2 divisions The neuropathy was observed initially on left side but later right side was also affected. CT venogram of the patient Which vein is most likely responsible for the above condition: - ###Options: A. Inferior ophthalmic vein B. Superior ophthalmic vein C. Central vein of retina D. Internal cerebral vein

In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: The patient in the question has BP 170 / 110 mm of Hg (i.e. > 160 / 110 mm), Urine albumin +++, Headache, Blurring of vision and fundal examination shows areas of retinal hemorrhage. All these features point towards severe preeclampsia. Now there is a lot of controversy regarding this question. Some feel cesarean section should be done while others feel induction of labor is the correct answer. Rest all believe anticonulsive therapy with MgSO4 is the option of choice. Putting an end to all the controversies. I am quoting text from the latest edition of High Risk Pregnancy by Fernando Arias 3/e, p 420 – “If the gestational age is > 34 weeks the best approach is to treat with magnesium sulfate for the prevention of seizures, give antihypertensives to control the blood pressure and deliver by cesarean section or by induction of labor if the cervix is ripe.” So this leaves no doubt that further line of management in this question is Anticonvulsive therapy. If the question would have been – best management then termination of pregnancy would have been the answer. ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: A 24-year-old woman with 36 weeks of pregnancy, suddenly complains of headache and blurring of vision. Her B.P. is 170/110 mm of Hg. Urinary albumin is +++ and fundus examination shows areas of retinal hemorrhage. The line of further management would be: ###Options: A. Conservative treatment B. Anticonvulsive therapy C. Induction of labour D. Cesarean delivery

You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Ans. is 'a' i.e Diabetes In diabetes.Senile cataractappears at an early age and progresses rapidlyTrue diabetic cataract:rare condition,usually occuring in young adults,bilateral known as Snow flake cataract or snow storm cataractOther imp types of cataractRosette shaped cataract*-TraumaSunflower cataract*-Chalcosis, Wilsons diseaseOil drop cataract*-GalactosemiaChristmas tree*-Myotonic dystrophicaBread crumb* posterior capsular-Complicated ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: Snow-flake cataract seen in ###Options: A. Diabetes B. Trauma C. Chalcosis D. Posterior subcapsular

In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: The ocular lesions of herpes zoster ophthalmicus include conjunctivitis,zoster keratitis,episcleritis and scleritis,iridocyclitis,acute retinal necrosis,secondary glaucoma,anterior segment necrosis and phthisis bulbi and associated neurological complications such as motor nerve palsies.Reference:Comprehensive ophthalmology,AK Khurana,6th edition,page no.111 ###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT.

###Question: Ocular symptom not seen in Herpes zoster is- ###Options: A. Nummular keratitis B. Glaucoma C. Uveitis D. Satellite lesions

You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Cardiac defects, cataract, deafness constitute a classical triad REF:ANATHANARAYANAN MICROBIOLOGY NINTH EDITION PAGE.555 ###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT.

###Question: Classic triad of congenital rubella includes all except - ###Options: A. Cataract B. Deafness C. Retinitis D. CHD

As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Fundus fluorescein angiography helps in confirming the diagnosis. Two patterns are seen: Ink-blot pattern. It consists of small hyperfluorescent spot which gradually increases in size Smoke-stack pattern. It consists of a small hyperfluorescent spot which ascends veically like a smoke-stack and gradually spreads laterally to take a mushroom or umbrella configuration. Ref : AK Khurana 6thE pg 293 ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: Enlarging dot sign in fundus fluorescein scanning is seen in - ###Options: A. Cystoid macular edema B. Central serous retinopathy C. Significant macular edema D. Coat's disease

You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Inverse hypopyon is seen because of silicon oil in anterior chamber. Hypopyon : Dense infiltrate of cells/ infective organisms/ paiculate in the anterior chamber Types: Inverse hypopyon- Silicon oil in AC Mobile hypopyon- Behcets Disease Infected hypopyon- Fungal corneal ulcer Inverse Hypopyon ###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT.

###Question: Inverse Hypopyon is seen in: ###Options: A. Fungal Endophthalmitis B. Bacterial Endophthalmitis C. Post vitreoretinal surgery with silicon oil D. Anterior uveitis

Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Dorsal root ganglion contains pseudounipolar neurons, not bipolar neurons. ###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT.

###Question: All of the following contains Bipolar neurons except ###Options: A. Retina B. Sensory ganglia of cochlear and Vestibular Nerve C. Dorsal root ganglion D. Olfactory epithelium

As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Axial hypermetropia is by far the commonest form. In this condition the total refractive powerof eye is normal but there is an axial shoening of eyeball. About 1-mm shoening of the anteroposterior diameter of the eye results in 3 dioptres of hypermetropia. So shoening of eyeball about 2mm results in 6D hypermetropia Reference : A K KHURANA OPHTALMOLOGY,Edition 4, page-29 ###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT.

###Question: Shoening of 2 mm of axial length of eye ball causes- ###Options: A. 3D myopia B. 6D myopia C. 3D hypermetropia D. 6D hypermetropia

Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Ans. is 'b' i.e., Right superior rectus and left inferior oblique ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: For Dextroelevation of eye, muscles acting are ? ###Options: A. Right lateral rectus and left medial rectus B. Right superior rectus and left inferior oblique C. Right inferior rectus and left superior oblique D. Bilateral superior recti and inferior obliques

As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: (a) Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by vascular choroid plexus in the ventricles in the brain; the letter "A" indicates the lateral ventricle. ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: Choose the appropriate lettered structure in this radiograph of the lateral view of the head. Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by vascular choroid plexus in which structure? ###Options: A. A B. B C. C D. D

Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: Pathologically the deposits associated with lattice corneal dystrophy is ###Options: A. Glycosaminoglycan B. Amyloid C. Cholesterol crystals D. Hyaline

Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description. Answer with the best option directly.

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###Rationale: Clinical features of frontal sinusitis: A frontal headache: showing periodicity and tenderness.  Oedema of upper eyelids with suffused conjunctiva and photophobia. Nasal discharge: a vertical streak of mucopus is seen high up in the anterior part of middle meatus  X-ray: opacity of affected sinus seen. Both Waters' and lateral views should be taken. CT scan is preferred modality. ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: Which of the following is false regarding frontal sinusitis ###Options: A. Pain shows periodicity B. Most common sinus involved in infants and children C. Pain is referred to as office headache D. Tenderness is present just above the medial canthus of eye

Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Though intracapsular Cataract extraction is obsolete, it is only indicated in subluxation of Lens. ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: Technique of Cataract extraction used in care of subluxated lens ###Options: A. Extracapsular Cataract extraction B. Intracapsular Cataract extraction C. Placoemusification D. Small incision Cataract surgery

Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Structures deep to flexor retinaculumLateral compament : Flexor carpi radialis tendon with its synol sheath lodged in the groove on the palmar surface of trapezium.Medial compament : (carpal tunnel proper).Median nerveFlexor pollicis longus with its synol sheath (radial bursa)4 tendons each of flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus enclosed by common flexor synol sheath (ulnar bursa).Structures superficially to flexor retinaculum Palmaris longus tendon continuous with apex of palmar aponeurosis.Palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve.Palmar cutaneous branch of ulnar nerve.Ulnar nerve.Ulnar vessels protected superficially by volar carpal ligament (superficial pa of the flexor retinaculum). ###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT.

###Question: Structure superficial to flexor retinaculum? ###Options: A. FDS B. FPL C. Ulnar aery D. Median nerve

Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: A typical fungal corneal ulcer has following salient features: The corneal ulcer is dry-looking, greyish white, with elevated rolled out margins. Delicate feathery finger-like extensions are present into the surrounding stroma under the intact epithelium. A sterile immune ring (yellow line of demarcation) may be present where fungal antigen and host antibodies meet. Multiple, small satellite lesions may be present around the ulcer. Usually, a big hypopyon is present even if the ulcer is very small. Perforation of mycotic ulcer is rare but can occur. Corneal vascularization is conspicuously absent. The term fungal keratitis refers to a corneal infection caused by fungi. One type of fungus that can infect the cornea is Fusarium.This increased occurrence of fungal keratitis is a result of the frequent use of topical coicosteroids along with antibacterial agents in treating patients with keratitis Ref: Khurana; 4th edition; Pg no.100 ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: The immune ring is a feature of ###Options: A. Interstitial keratitis B. Fungal corneal ulcer C. Bacterial corneal ulcer D. Herpes simplex keratitis

In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: - Neural crest cells themselves are coming from epiblasts which contribute to numerous structures in body like peripheral nervous system etc. Derivatives of Neural Crest Cells: - Sensory neurons of cranial ganglia - V, VII, VIII, IX, X - Sensory neurons of spinal dorsal root ganglia & their peripheral sensory receptors - Satellite cells in all sensory ganglia - Sympathetic ganglia & plexuses - Neurons & satellite cells - Parasympathetic ganglia & plexuses - Neurons & satellite cells - Enteric plexuses - Neurons & glial cells - Schwann cells of all peripheral nerves - Medulla of suprarenal gland, chromaffin cells - Carotid body type I cells (and type II, satellite type cells) - Calcitonin-producing cells ( c-cells) - Melanocytes - Mesenchymal derivatives in the head - Frontal, parietal, squamous temporal, nasal, vomer, palatine bones, maxillae & mandible - meninges - Choroid, sclera, iris & ciliary body (controversial) (Iris muscles- Sphinctor & dilator pupillae - from neural plate ectoderm) - Connective tissue of lacrimal, nasal, labial, palatine, oral & salivary glands. - Dentine of teeth (odontoblasts - Connective tissues of head, including cailage, ligaments & tendons - Connective tissues of thyroid gland & of pharyngeal pouches i.e, parathyroid glands & thymus - Tunica media of outflow tract of hea & the great vessels. ###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT.

###Question: All are Neural crest derivatives EXCEPT ###Options: A. Odontoblasts B. Sympathetic ganglia C. Iris muscles D. C cells of thyroid gland

Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Sarcoidosis is associated with band keratopathy from metabolic derrangement resulting in hypercalcemia. ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: Sarcoidosis is associated with – ###Options: A. Band keratopathy B. Systemic amyloidosis C. Angioid streaks D. Cataracta nigra

In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: It is also known as glaucomatocyclitic crisis. It shows mild uveitis with severe rise of IOP. Disease typically effects young adults, 40% of whom are positivs for HLA-BW54 REF:khurana page no. 167 ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: Posner-schlossman syndrome is - ###Options: A. Ipsilateral optic atrophy with contralateral papilloedema B. Unilateral glaucomatous changes with mild anterior uveitis C. Granulomatous uveitis with iris heterochromia D. None of the above

Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: . ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: Subconjunctival hemorrhage does not occur in ###Options: A. High intraocular tension B. Trauma C. Peussis D. Eye rubbing

As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Various risk factors for progression of Occular Hypeension to POAG include- African , Caucasians race Thin Cornea predisposes to POAG Myopics Elderly Trabecular fibrosis Myocillin gene Optineurin Gene OCULAR HYPEENSION GLAUCOMA Low tension Glaucoma Increased IOP(>22 mmHg) Increased IOP (>22 mmHg) Normal IOP(10-21mmHg) Normal visual field Visual field defects Seen Visual field defects Seen No optic disc change Optic disc change seen Optic disc change seen ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: Ocular hypeension carries a high risk of progression to open angle glucoma . All of the statements given below are associated with the progression except : ###Options: A. Corneal thickness has no co-relation with the progression B. Myopics have increased risk for progression C. Progression can be delayed by controlling IOP D. Progression is seen more commonly in Caucasian population

You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: C i.e. Chloasma ###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT.

###Question: 23 year old lady sony develops brown macular lesions over bridge of nose and cheek following exposure to light. The probable diagnosis is ###Options: A. SLE B. Acne Rosacea C. Chloasma D. Photodermatitis

You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: The patient has a case of hepatitis A (HAV), most likely associated with the consumption of uncooked shellfish. Complete resolution occurs in an overwhelming majority of cases. Although possible, fulminant hepatic failure is unlikely with HAV infection. There is no association of HAV with either cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma, as there is for hepatitis B and C. ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: A 26-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with fever, malaise, and "yellow eyes." She denies alcohol abuse, but admits to indulging in a dozen raw oysters at happy hour 3 weeks ago. In addition to scleral icterus, physical examination reveals a mildly enlarged liver with tenderness to palpation. Laboratory studies demonstrate a markedly increased aspaate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase and increased IgM and anti hepatitis A titers. Which of the following is the most likely result of this infection? ###Options: A. Cirrhosis B. Complete resolution C. Establishment of a chronic carrier state D. Fulminant hepatitis

Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Ans. B. Brain tumorThe common causes of hydrocephalus in neonates are intraventricular (subarachnoid) hemorrhage, infection; and congenital malformations (e.g., aqueductal stenosis, Arnold-Chiari malformation). Brain tumors rarely occur in the first year of life, and if present at this age, they are most likely to be supratentorial. When hydrocephalus occurs in infants and is associated with signs of raised intracranial pressure (especially without fever), vomiting, and irritability, an infratentorial brain tumor must be suspected. ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: A 2-week-old female infant has a head circumference of 40 cm (>98%), with a large, tense fontanelle and downward deviation of the eyes. She has been vomiting her formula and she is irritable. Common cause of her symptoms include all EXCEPT: ###Options: A. Intraventricular hemorrhage B. Brain tumor C. Meningitis D. Aqueductal stenosis

Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Ans. (b) Fusarium speciesRef: Parson's 21/e, p. 199; Kanski 7/e, p. 180 - 181; Yanoff 3/e, p. 271History of trauma to eye involving vegetative matter and corneal infiltrate with feathery/fluffy margins is typically of fungal keratitis (Fusarium). ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: A 30 years old male from a rural background presents to the ophthalmology clinic with history of difficulty in vision for 10 days. He gives history of vegetative material falling into left eye about 15 days back. On examination an ulcerative lesion in the cornea with feathery margins and creamy exudates is seen. Few satellite lesions were also noted. The most likely diagnosis etiologic agent is: ###Options: A. Corynebacterium diphtheriae B. Fusarium species C. Acanthomoeba species D. Streptococcus pneumonia

Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: β-blockers act in glaucoma by - ###Options: A. Increased aqueous outflow B. Decreased aqueous production C. Reduce vitreous volume D. None

Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description. Answer with the best option directly.

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###Rationale: Ans. Immediately ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: A child has got a congenital cataract involving the visual axis which was detected by the parents right at bih. This child should be operated: ###Options: A. Immediately B. At 2 months of age C. At 1 year of age when the globe becomes normal sized D. After 4 years when entire ocular and orbital growth becomes normal

Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Ans. B. Lipsa. Angioedema is the swelling of deep dermis, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissue due to vascular leakage.b. Acute episodes often involve the lip, eyes, and face; however, angioedema may affect other parts of body, including respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa.c. Most common site of angioedema: LIPS > Tongued. Laryngeal swelling can be life-threatening. ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: Most common site of angioedema: ###Options: A. Hands B. Lips C. 3rd week D. Eyelid

As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: ICCE is contraindicated in children, because there is a strong adhesion between the posterior capsule of the lens and vitreous called hyaloidocapsular ligament Dissicision is an obsolute procedure Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 201 ###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT.

###Question: Treatment of cataract in infant is ###Options: A. Lensectomy B. ECCE C. Phacoemulsification D. All of the above

Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: A i.e. Vitreous haemorrhage; B i.e. Rubeosis iridis; C i.e. Retinal detachment ###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT.

###Question: Diabetes mellitus can lead to: ###Options: A. Vitreous haemorrhage B. Rubeosis iridis C. Retinal detachment D. All

In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Hypermetropia is a risk factor for primary Angle closure glaucoma not myopia. ###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT.

###Question: Not a risk factor for primary Angle closure glaucoma among the following ###Options: A. Female gender B. Small eyeball C. Myopia D. Type A personality

Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Ophthalmic aery arises from Internal Carotid Aery as it emerges from the roof of the Cavernous Sinus, enters the Orbit through Optic canal inferolateral to the optic nerve, both lying in a common dural sheath. Gives central aery to retina (an end aery), and also supplies ethmoidal sinuses by giving ethmoidal aeries. ###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT.

###Question: Which of the following is WRONG regarding ophthalmic aery:- ###Options: A. Present in dura along with optic nerve B. Supplies anterior ethmoidal sinus C. Aery to retina is end aery D. Leaves orbit through inferior orbital fissure

You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Ans. is 'a' i.e., Specular microscope Corneal endothelium is examined with specular microscope, which allows a clear morphological study of endothelial cells including photographic documentation. The cell density of endothelium is around 3000 cells/mm2 in young adults, which decreases with advancing age. ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: Corneal endothelial cell count is measured by ? ###Options: A. Specular microscope B. Ophthalmoscope C. Synoptophore D. Amsler's grid

Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Ans. (b) Traumatic cataract. ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: The following Rosette cataract is seen with: ###Options: A. Steroid induced cataract B. Traumatic cataract C. Syndermatotic cataract D. Rose thorn injury to lens

Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Anterior Segment:- Anterior to the lens -Cornea -Iris -Lens -Two aqueous humor filled chambers Anterior chamber between corneal endothelium, angle and iris plane Posterior chamber between iris plane, anterior lens capsule and ciliary body-zonule complex Posterior Segment:- Posterior to the lens -Vitreous humor -Retina -Optic Disc -Choroid ###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT.

###Question: The Anterior Segment of the eye includes all except ###Options: A. Anterior chamber B. Posterior chamber C. Vitreous D. Lens

As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: (B) -2D spherical -90deg cylindricalHere, the options provided in the answers are a bit confusing.The correct answer should be a cylindrical only, mentioning its axis, since the diagnosis is a simple myopic astigmatism - where power at one axis will be plane or nill and another corresponding axis to have a power.When eye-wear prescriptions are written, they can be classified into different areas depending on the power or refractive error.There are seven categories to which prescriptions can fall:1. Simple Hyperopia, the Rx will be (+) sphere2. Simple Myopia, the Rx will be (-) sphere3. Simple Myopic Astigmatism, the Rx will be piano (-)4. Simple Hyperopic Astigmatism, the Rx will be (+)5. Compound Hyperopic Astigmatism, major meridian power will be (+)(+) on both 90 and 180 degree axis.6. Compound Myopic Astigmatism, major meridian power will be (-)(-) on both 90 and 180 degree axis.7. Mixed Astigmatism, major meridian powers will be opposites (-)(+)(+)(-) on both 90 and 180 degree axis.Curvature ametropia has a special importance because it is the cause of another very troublesome error of refraction called astigmatism.In most eyes the areas of the refractive surfaces uncovered by the pupil and used in vision are very nearly spherical.When the cornea has its direction of greatest and least curvature at right angles to one another, the condition is called regular astigmatism.In the commonest form when the vertical meridian is the more curved, the condition is generally called regular astigmatism ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: An Ophthalmologist Diagnosed as A 'simple myopia with regular astigmatism'. Which of following glasses to be prescribed? ###Options: A. +2D spherical, 90deg cylindrical B. -2D spherical -90deg cylindrical C. Both cylindrical -2D D. Both spherical -2D

Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Ans. Epibulbar dermoid ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: Commonest congenital tumour of conjunctiva is: ###Options: A. Epibulbar dermoid B. Benign melenoma C. Papilloma D. Capillary haemangioma

As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Sympathetic ophthalmia is an inflammation in the second eye after the other has been damaged by penetrating injury. The uninjured or "sympathizing" eye develops minor signs of anterior uveitis after a period ranging from 2 weeks to many years. As a result of ciliary body inflammation, floating spots and loss of the power of accommodation are among the earliest symptoms. The disease may progress to severe iridocyclitis with pain and photophobia. The retina usually remains uninvolved except for perivascular cuffing of the retinal vessels with inflammatory cells. There may be choroidal lesions, representing the macroscopic manifestation of Dalen-Fuchs nodules. Ref: Chan T.Y., Hodge W.G. (2011). Chapter 16. Immunologic Diseases of the Eye. In P. Riordan-Eva, E.T. Cunningham, Jr. (Eds), Vaughan & Asbury's General Ophthalmology, 18e. ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: A man injured his eye in an accident. After two weeks his other developed minor signs of anterior uveitis. Histologic sections of the traumatized eye shows Dalen-Fuchs nodules. Diagnosis is ###Options: A. Sympathetic ophthalmia B. Anterior uveitis C. Eye injury D. Glaucoma

Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Anatomic risk factors for the development of acute angle closure glaucoma are small eyes with shallow anterior chamber, sho axial length, small corneal diameter, shallow limbal chamber depth and thick, relatively anteriorly positioned lens. Risk factors for primary open angle glaucoma: Age Race Family history Diabetes mellitus Thin central cornea Systemic hypeension REF: Pearls of Glaucoma Management edited by JoAnn A. Giaconi, page 415. ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: Following anatomic factors predispose to glaucoma, EXCEPT: ###Options: A. Flat cornea B. Increased length of eyeball C. Shallow anterior chamber D. Big size of ciliary body

You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: OPIOID WITHDRAWAL =After withdrawal of the drug for > 12 hours and lasts about a week. =Clinical feature Yawning is the most common feature. =Grading MINOR: Dilated pupils, piloerection, yawning, rhinorrhoea, myalgia, cramps, lacrimation, anorexia. MODERATE: Restlessness, insomnia, hypeension, tachycardia, tachypnoea, diaphoresis. MAJOR: Vomiting, diarrhoea, hyperactive bowel sounds, hypotension. =Death is caused by cardiac arrest following an arrhythmia and ventricular fibrillation. = Rx- Methadone (25 to 50 mg )twice daily helps recovery. ###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT.

###Question: A 24 year old male was brought to emergency depament with complaints of nausea and vomiting, sweating, secretions from the eyes,anxiety,yawning, . What shall be the probable diagnosis ? ###Options: A. Organophosphate toxicity B. Cannabis toxicity C. Opioid withdrawal D. Lead toxicity

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###Rationale: Single-dose ceftriaxone 100mg / kg i.m or i.v is given for treatment of conjunctivitis in neonate born to mother with untreated gonorrhea. ###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT.

###Question: Recommendations for gonococcal eye prophylaxis includes all except ###Options: A. 0.5 % Erythromycin ophthalmic ointment B. 1 % silver nitrate ophthalmic ointment C. 1 % tetracycline ophthalmic ointment D. Single-dose ceftriaxone 100mg / kg

Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Ans. b. Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma (Re} Robbins 9/e p588. 8/e p618-619)In a 45 years old female patient, who presented with painless supraclavicular lymph node enlargement. Biopsy revealed binucleated acidophilic owl eye appearance with floating lymphocytes in erupt}- space, which was CD 15, CD 30 positive. The most probable diagnosis is Hodgkin's lymphoma. Nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity and lymphocyte-depleted variants are positive for CD 15 and CD30. But Nodular sclerosis variant is most common type and more common in females. So, in the above-mentioned clinical situation, most probable diagnosis is nodular sclerosis variant of Hodgkin 's lymphoma Reed--Sternberg cells are large and are either multinucleated or have a bilobed nucleus (thus resembling an 'owl's eve' appearance) with prominent eosinophilic inclusion-like nucleoli. Reed-Stern berg cells are CD30 and CD 15 positive, usually negative for CD20 and CD45. The presence of these cells is necessary in the diagnosis of Hodgkin's lymphoma - the absence of Reed-Sternberg cells has very high negative predictive value.Nodular sclerosis:Nodular sclerosis is MC ty pe all over the worldQNodular sclerosis is MC in femalesIt has propensity to involve the cervical, supraclavicular and mediastinal lymph nodes of adults and adolescentsLacunar cells of Reed Sternberg cells variant is seenPositive for CD15 and CD30Hodgkin's lymphomaClassified into four types according to Rye's classification:Nodular sclerosis (30-60%)QMixed celluiarity (20-40%)Lymphocyte predominance (<I0%)Lymphocyte dep leted (< 10%)Prognosis: Lymphocytic predominantQ > Nodular sclerosis > Mixed celluiarity > Lymphocyte depletionNodular sclerosis is MC type all over the worldQ whereas mixed celluiarity is MC in IndiaQNodular sclerosis is MC in females and mediastinal involvementQ is particularly commonSubtypesReed Sternberg cells variant* Nodular sclerosis* Mixed celluiarity* Lymphocyte predominance* Lymphocyte depleted* Lacunar cellsQ* Classic Reed Sternberg cellsQ* Popcorn cellQ* Reticular variantQ (more cellular) Subtypes of Hodgkin Lymphoma:SubtypeMorphology and ImmunophenotypeTypical Clinical FeaturesNodular sclerosisFrequent lacunar cells and occasional diagnostic RS cells; background infiltrate composed of T lymphocytes, eosinophils, macrophages, and plasma cells; fibrous bands dividing cellular areas into nodules. RS cells CD15+ CD30+; usually EBV-Most common subtype; usually stage I or II disease; frequent mediastinal involvement: More common in females, most patients young adultsMixed celiularityFrequent mononuclear and diagnostic RScells; background infiltrate rich in T lymphocytes, eosinophils, macrophages, plasma cells; RS cells CD15+, CD30+; 70% EBV+More than 50% present as stage III or IV disease; M greater than F; biphasic incidence, peaking in young adults and again in adults older than 55Lymphocyte richFrequent mononuclear and diagnostic RS cells;background infiltrate rich in T lymphocytes; RS cells CD15+, CD30+; 40% EBV+Uncommon; M greater than F; tends to be seen in older adultsLymphocyte depletionReticular variant: Frequent diagnostic RS cellsand variants and a paucity of background reactive cells; RS cells CD15+, CD30+; most EBV+Uncommon; more common in older males, HIV-infected individuals, and in developing countries; often presents with advanced diseaseLymphocyte predominanceFrequent L and H (popcorn cell) variants in a background of follicular dendritic cells and reactive B cells; RS cells CD20+, CD15-, C30-; EBV-Uncommon; young males with cervical or axillary lymphadenopathy; mediastinal ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: A 45 years old female patient presented painless supraclavicular lymph adenopathy. Biopsy revealed hinucleated acidophilic owl eye appearance with floating lymphocytes in empty space, which was CD 15, CD 30 positive. What is the most probable diagnosis? ###Options: A. Lymphocytic predominant Hodgkin lymphoma B. Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma C. Mixed cel hilarity Hodgkin lymphoma D. Lymphocytic depleted lymphoma

In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: A i.e. Corneal curvature Keratometry or opthalmometry is objective method of estimating the corneal astigmatism by measuring curvature of cornea Q. Its readings are not of much value in routine refraction for prescribing glasses but are of utmost value for prescribing, contact lens and for calculating the power of intraocular lens to be implanted. Examination Done by Corneal thickness Patchymeter Corneal endothelium (the normal cell density is r.:., 3000-4000 cells/mm 2) Specular microscope Corneal curvature Keratometer Q Corneal sheen (shining or polish) Placido's disc examination (there is loss of sharpness of the outline of image of circles) Corneal surface Placido's disc, window reflex, slit lamp biomicroscopy Corneal staining Fluorescein stain: corneal ulcer is stained brilliant green. Alcian blue: stains excess mucus selectively Bengal rose 1% (with Xylocaine 2%): stain diseased & devitalized cells red ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: Keratometry is useful in measuring ###Options: A. Corneal curvature B. Corneal thickness C. Corneal diameter D. Depth of anterior chamber

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###Rationale: Eye at bih Anteroposterior diameter - 16.5 mm (adult size is attained by 7-8 years). Corneal diameter- 10 mm. (Adult size - 11.7 mm- attained by 2 years). Anterior chamber - shallow and angle is narrow. Lens - spherical at bih. An infantile nucleus is present. Retina - Fully differentiated except for macula which differentiates by 4-6 months after bih. Myelination of optic nerve fibres has reached the lamina cribrosa. Newborn - usually hypermetropic by +2 to +3 D. Orbit - more divergent (50deg) as compared to adult (45deg). Lacrimal gland - underdeveloped and tears are not secreted. Postnatal period Macula - fully developed by 4-6 months. Fusional reflexes, stereopsis, and accommodation - well developed by 4-6 months. Cornea attains normal adult diameter by 2 years of age. Lens grows throughout life. Reference : Khurana Ophthalmology: 4th Edition Page 11. ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: Eye of a newborn is ###Options: A. Emmetrophic B. Hypermetrophic C. Myopic D. Astigmatic

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###Rationale: RETINAL AERY OCCLUSION Etiology Occlusive disorders of retinal vessels are more common in patients suffering from hypeension and other cardiovascular diseases. Common causes of retinal aery occlusion are:
Atherosclerosis-related thrombosis at the level of lamina cribrosa is the most common cause (75%) of CRAO.
Emboli from the carotid aery and those of cardiac origin account for about 20% cases of CRAO.
Retinal aeritis with obliteration (associated with giant cell aeritis) and periaeritis (associated with polyaeritis nodosa, systemic lupus erythema-tosus, Wegner's granulomatosis and scleroderma) are other causes of CRAO.
Angiospasm is a rare cause of retinal aery occlusion. It is commonly associated with amaurosis.
Raised intraocular pressure may occasionally beassociated with obstruction of retinal aeries for example due to tight encirclage in retinal detachment surgery.
Thrombophilic disorders such as inherited defects of anticoagulants may occasionally be associated with CRAO in young individuals. Clinical features Clinically retinal aery occlusion may present as central retinal aery occlusion or branch aery occlusion. It is more common in males than females. It is usually unilateral but rarely may be bilateral (1 to 2% cases). 1. Central retinal aery occlusion (CRAO).It occurs due to obstruction at the level of lamina cribrosa. Symptoms. Patient complains of sudden painless loss of vision. Signs. Direct pupillary light reflex is absent. On ophthalmoscopic examination retinal aeries are markedly narrowed but retinal veins look almost normal. Retina becomes milky white due to oedema. Central pa of the macular area shows cherry-red spot due to vascular choroid shining through the thin retina of this region. In eyes with a cilioretinal aery, pa of the macular will remain normal . Blood column within the retinal veins is segmented (cattle-trucking). After a few weeks the oedema subsides,and atrophic changes occur which include grossly attenuated thread-like aeries and consecutive optic atrophy . Ref:comprehensive ophthalmology-AK Khurana -4/E pageno:255. ###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT.

###Question: Central Retinal aery occlusion is known to be associated with - ###Options: A. Panophthalmitis B. Diabetic Retinopathy C. CMV retinitis D. Orbital mucormycosis

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###Rationale: Ans. is 'd' i.e., Leaves orbit through inferior orbital fissure OPHTHALMIC ARTERYOrigino The ophthalmic artery is a branch of the cerebral part of the internal carotid artery, given off medial to the anterior clinoid process close to the optic canal.Course and relationsThe artery enters the orbit through the optic canal, lying inferolateral to the optic nerve. Both the artery and nerve lie in a common dural sheath.In the orbit, the artery pierces the dura mater, ascends over the lateral side of the optic nerve, and crosses above the nerve from lateral to medial side along with the nasociliary nerve. It then runs forwards along the medial wall of the orbit between the superior oblique and the medial rectus muscles, and parallel to the nasociliary' nerve.It terminates near the medial angle of the eye by dividing into the supratrochlear and dorsal nasal branches.Brancheso Ophthalmic artery' gives following branches :Central artery of retina. Lacrimal artery :-It gives following branches :Lateral palpebral branch.ZygomaticotemporalZygomaticofacialRecurrent meningealMeningealCiliaryAnterior ethmoidalPosterior ethmoidalMedial palpebralSupratrochlearSupraorbitalDorsal nasalo Ophthalmic artery is the first and most important branch. It is an end artery'. ###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT.

###Question: Which of the following is wrong regarding ophthalmic artery - ###Options: A. Present in dura along with optic nerve B. Supplies anterior ethmoidal sinus C. Artery to retina is end artery D. Leaves orbit through inferior orbital fissure

Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Ans. is 'a' i.e. Chloroquine Salt and Pepper fundusCongenital rubella, Congenital syphilis, Congenital leber amaurosis, Mayous Batten disease, Thioridazine toxicity.Crumbled chees and ketchup appearance (sauce and cheese appearance)Pizza pie appearance Brush fire appearanceCMV retinitisSatellite lesionHead light in the fog appearanceToxoplasmosisHemorrhagic retinal necrosisHSV, toxoplasmosis, Bechet's retinitis, CRVO or branch vein occlusionMost common ocular infection in AIDS Most common cause of chorioretinitis in AIDSCMVBull's eye retinopathy (macuiopathy)Chloroquine, Phenothiazine, Bardet-Biedle syndrome, Batten disease, inverse retinitis pigmentosa, Stargardt disease, Dystrophies,Chronic macular holeRoth spotsSnowball opacities in vitreousBacterial endocarditis, Puerperal septicemia Pars planitis, Candidiasis, Sarcoidosis, Lyme disease ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: Bull's eye lesion seen with - ###Options: A. Chloroquine B. Dapsone C. Rifampicin D. Ethambutol

You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Common findings in infective endocarditis include petechiae, Roth's spots, Osler's nodes, Janeway lesions, splinter hemorrhages, stroke, and infarction of viscera, or extremities.Many of the complications are thought to be embolic but may include vasculitis. Autopsy studies reveal that many systemic emboli go unrecognized. Brain, lung, coronary arteries, spleen, extremities, gut, and eyes are common locations for emboli. ###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT.

###Question: A 42-year-old man with known valvular heart disease develops a fever for 1 week. He appears unwell; findings include a pansystolic murmur at the apex that radiates to the axilla and a soft S1 sound. He has petechiae on his conjunctival sac, linear hemorrhages under a few fingernails, and painful, tender, and erythematous nodules on some of the distal fingertips. Which of the following is the most responsible mechanism for these physical findings? ###Options: A. direct bacterial invasion B. immune response C. vascular phenomena D. valvular damage

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###Rationale: Ans. is 'b' i.e. Central retinal vein occlusion o Tomato ketchup or splash tomato fundus is seen in central retinal vein occlusion. ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: Tomato ketchup retina is seen in - ###Options: A. Cental retinal artery occlusion B. Central retinal vein occlusion C. Coats disease D. Side cell retinopathy

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###Rationale: We recommend ICG with some enthusiasm for identifying feeder vessels in age-related macular degeneration, choroidal neovascular membranes, chronic central serous retinopathy, multiple evanescent white dot syndrome, vasculitis, acute multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e 643 ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: ICG angiography is primarily indicated in ###Options: A. Minimal classical CNV B. Occult CNV C. Angioid streaks with CNV D. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy

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###Rationale: Ipsilateral 3 CN palsy present along with ptosis & C/L Hemiparesis s/o Weber syndrome Cause: Lesion in Midbrain due to occlusion of P1 PCA Hemiplegia can occur due to occlusion in: MCA P1 PCA Basilar aery ant spinal aery ###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT.

###Question: A 70 year old patient presents with dizziness and headache followed by left sided hemiparesis with right eye dilatation and ptosis. Most probable blood vessel damaged is:- ###Options: A. Middle cerebral aery B. Anterior communicating aery C. Posterior cerebral aery D. Basilar aery

Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Night blindness (nyctalopia) is one of the earliest symptoms of vitamin A deficiency. Severe deficiency of vitamin A leads to xerophthalmia. The plasma level of retinol binding protein is decreased in vitamin A deficiency. Satyanarayana- Biochemistry, 3rd edition, pg-123 ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: A 40 year old male patient complains of diminished vision during night and dryness of eyes. Patient gives history of recurrent bacterial infections. The plasma level of retinol binding protein in this patient will be: ###Options: A. Decreased B. Increased C. Unchanged D. Fluctuating

Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Ans. Vitamin A deficiency ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: All are known to produce parenchymatous conjunctival xerosis except: ###Options: A. Vitamin A deficiency B. Diphtheric membranous conjunctivitis C. Trachoma D. Stevens-Johnson syndrome

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###Rationale: Contralateral homonymous hemianopia occurs in retrochiasmal lesions which includes lesions of optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus,optic radiations. Lesions of the visual pathways at the level of: 1. Optic nerve; 2. Proximal pa of optic nerve; 3. Central chiasma; 4. Lateral chiasma (both sides); 5. Optic tract; 6. Geniculate body; 7. Pa of optic radiations in temporal lobe; 8. Pa of optic radiations in parietal lobe; 9. Optic radiations; 10. Visual coex sparing the macula; 11. visual coex, only macula ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: Left homonymous hemianopia is seen in which right sided lesion? ###Options: A. Optic tract B. Optic nerve C. Optic chiasma D. Occipital lobe (visual coex)

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###Rationale: Argon or diode laser trabeculoplasty is indicated in POAG when TOP is uncontrolled by medical therapy or when patient is non-compliant to medical therapy. ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: Argon Laser trabeculoplasty is done in – ###Options: A. Open angle glaucoma B. Secondary glaucoma C. Angle recession glaucoma D. Angle closure glaucoma

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###Rationale: Option A: Treated by Lasix (Furosemide), morphine, O2, Positioning (LMNOP) Option C: Managed by Hemodialysis ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: Mannitol is used in the management of:- ###Options: A. Congestive cardiac failure B. Acute congestive glaucoma C. Acute renal failure D. Pulmonary edema

In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Internal carotid aery gives anterior choroidal aery, which branches & form anterior hippocampal aery. Posterior cerebral aery gives branches to middle & posterior hippocampal aery. Internal capsule & basal ganglia is supplied by the lenticulostriate branches of middle cerebral aery. Ischemia to hippocampus causes anterograde amnesia ###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT.

###Question: Aerial supply of hippocampus? ###Options: A. Medial striate aery from middle cerebral aery B. Lateral striate aery from middle cerebral aery C. Anterior choroidal aery D. Anterior cerebral aery

You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account. Analyze the question and answer with the best option.

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###Rationale: Ans. is 'd' i.e., Open angle glaucoma * Complications of contact lens wearing are : -1) Intolerance: - Some people find wearing contact lenses intolerable.2) Corneal complications : - Corneal abrasion, Corneal edema, Corneal vascularization, Microbial keratitis (Pseudomonas, acanthamoeba), Sterile corneal infiltrate.3) Giant papillary conjunctivitis4) Hypoxia : - Cornea is deprived of oxygen from the tear film by the presence of the contact lens. The cornea becomes edematous and new vessels may develop in the limbal area.5) Sensitivity: - This may develop in response to the preservative (thiomersal) in the cleaning and soaking solution. This results in allergic conjunctivitis. ###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT.

###Question: A 30 year old female wears contact lens for 2 months continuously. The symptoms she experiences therafter could be due to all except- ###Options: A. Giant Papillary conjunctivitis B. Microbial keratits C. Increased sensitivity D. Open angle glaucoma

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###Rationale: Ans. Acute narrow-angle glaucoma ###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT.

###Question: Glaukomflecken is a feature of: ###Options: A. Acute narrow-angle glaucoma B. Pseudoexfoliative glaucoma C. Juvenile glaucoma D. Phacolytic glaucoma

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###Rationale: Albinism is a autosomal recessive condition and histopathology shows normal number of melanocytes, but with decreased melanin production. ###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT.

###Question: All of the following are true about Albinism except: ###Options: A. Congenital disorder characterized by depigmented skin, hair and eyes B. It is caused by mutation in Tyrosinase enzyme C. Melanocytes are normal in number D. Autosomal dominant

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###Rationale: Ans. is 'd' i.e., Ophthalmic division of Cranial nerve V Innervation of cornea:o The cornea is one of the most sensitive tissues of the body, as it is densely innervated with sensory nerve fibres via the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve by way of70-80 long ciliary nerves and short ciliary nerves. Research suggests the density of pain receptors in the cornea is 300-600 times greater than skin and 20-40 times greater than dental pulp, making any injury to the structure excruciatingly painfulo The ciliary nerves run under the endothelium and exit the eye through holes in the sclera apart from the optic nerve (which transmits only optic signals).o The nerves enter the cornea via three levels; scleral, episcleral and conjunctival. Most of the bundles give rise by subdivision to a network in the stroma, from which fibres supply the different regions. The three networks are, midstromal, subepithelial/sub-basal, and epithelial. The receptive fields of each nerve ending are very large, and may overlap. ###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT.

###Question: What is the nerve supply of cornea - ###Options: A. Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve B. Facial Nerve C. Auriculotemporal nerve D. Ophthalmic division of Cranial nerve V

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###Rationale: Ans. is 'b' i.e., 8 E-To pain +V- incomprehensible words + M- Withdraws to pain 2+2+4 A) Eye opening B) Verbal response C) Motor response Spontaneous 4 Oriented 5 Obeys commands 6 To Voice 3 Confused 4 Localises pain 5 To pain 2 Inappropriate words 3 Withdraws (pain) 4 None 1 Incomprehensible words 2 Flexion (pain) 3 None 1 Extension (pain) None 2 1 o A score of 7 or less is classed as coma o A score of 9 or more excludes coma ###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: A 60-year-old alcoholic who sustained blunt trauma to his head due to assault is brought to the ER. HE opens his eyes to pain and speaks incomprehensible words when his sternum is pressed. He withdraws his hand to pain. His Glasgow Coma Score is- ###Options: A. 6 B. 8 C. 10 D. 12

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###Rationale: Ans.(d) DexamethasoneRef: A.K. Khurana 6th ed. /108-109* Dendritic ulcer is an irregular linear branching ulcer with knobbed ends and reduced corneal sensations seen in epithelial keratitis* It is caused by herpes simplex infection.* Steroids cause progression of dendritic ulcer, into geographical ulcer so, they are contraindicated.* The treatment is done with 3% acyclovir ointment and mechanical debridement. Other antibiotics may be required if there is a secondary infection. ###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT.

###Question: Which one of the following drugs is contraindicated in treatment of dendritic corneal ulcer ###Options: A. Atropine B. Cefazolin C. Acyclovir D. Dexamethasone

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###Rationale: Ans: D i.e. Curvature of cornea Instruments & their uses Corneal sensitivity may be tested by touching it in various places with a wisp of cotton wool twisted to a fine point & comparing the effect with that on the other, normal cornea The corneal endothelium can be examined cursorily by the specular examination technique on the slit lamp. Corneal thickness can be measured by an optical pachymeter on a slit lamp or an ultrasonic pachymeter A keratometer (ophthalmometer) measures the curvature of the anterior surface of the cornea at 2 points about 1.25 mm on either side of its centre. ###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT.

###Question: Keratometry is done to assess: March 2012 ###Options: A. Corneal sensation B. Corneal endothelium C. Corneal thickness D. Curvature of cornea

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###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT.

###Question: Ganglion associated with accommodation of eye for near vision is ? ###Options: A. Geniculate B. Ciliary C. Otic D. Sphenopalatine

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###Rationale: The symptoms of epidemic dropsy are sudden non inflammatory bilateral swelling of legs,often associated with diarrhoea,dyspnoea cardiac failure and death.sometimes patients may develop glaucomaREF.PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE.Editon-21.Page no.-608. ###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT.

###Question: All are features of epidemic dropsy, except - ###Options: A. Glaucoma B. Diarrhoea C. Convulsion D. Hea failure

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