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Lucy Elizabeth Seaman was born in Cleveland, Ohio on January 18, 1842. She was tutored at home until she was nine years old. She then attended grade school, high school, and the Cleveland Female Seminary for one year. She was then transferred to a seminary at Ipswich, Massachusetts. Her extensive education was unusual for females living in that era. The Civil War Lucy describes a pivotal event in her life when she visited Washington, DC with her mother in 1864, a visit which brought about an immediate change in her life: We were guests at a public dinner where one of the speakers told of the need of nurses at the war front - a vital need, for which there was no adequate supply. At that time our country had no trained nurses; the women who took upon themselves that duty had only their home-experience and common-sense on which to rely.Bainbridge immediately joined the Ohio Soldiers' Aid Society and was sent to Fredericksburg, Virginia, where she cared for the wounded soldiers as they were being transported by boat to Washington, DC. There was no pretty nurse's cap or white uniform to wear, but just plain, every-day clothes - a gingham dress and apron; no dainty and becoming white veil with a red cross over my forehead or on my arm. My distinguishing mark was simply a badge of red silk pinned on my left breast, on which were printed in gilt the words "Ohio Relief."Very successful in this work, Bainbridge was asked to go to the front of the Union Armies, and she subsequently served at Port Royal, White House Landing and City Point, all in Virginia. Because of lack of army supplies, or because they were tied up with red tape, more poor fellows were brought wounded and helpless back from the Front than there were tents to cover them. On the grassy floor they were laid close together, with an orderly to care for them as best he could. When the tents were filled to the utmost, other men from the battle and rifle pits were left outside on the grass.Lucy was thereafter known as Sister Ohio. Among the wounded men lying in one of the tents another day - men recently brought from the very Front and waiting to get to Washington - was a soldier who called out, "Say, Ohio Relief, what's your name, please?" Pointing to my badge, I replied, "There's my name." "Well, Sister Ohio," said the soldier, "I am from that state, too, and the worst of it is I am hungry, and the orderly has too much to do to bother with me. What are you going to do for a fellow who wants to eat and can't feed himself?" Both arms were shot through and he was helpless. I soon found that he was ready for bread-and-milk, and liked it better than anything else. So my supplies of crackers, toasted bread, and condensed milk were put to good use. I fed my wounded Ohioan for several days, until he was carried to a Washington hospital. During her war service, Lucy met William Folwell Bainbridge, a young man working with the Christian Commission that sought to bring hope and faith to the soldiers. He had graduated from Rochester University in 1862 and was working his way through Rochester Theological Seminary. After the war, William was minister to a Baptist church in Erie, Pennsylvania, and began visiting Lucy in Cleveland. On September 5, 1866, they were married. Soon thereafter, William was appointed pastor of the Central Baptist Church of Providence, Rhode Island. Lucy gave birth to a daughter, Cleora Emily Bainbridge at Cleveland on November 8, 1868. She died on April 14, 1870. A son, William Seaman Bainbridge, was born on February 17, 1870. Lucy adopted a second daughter, Helen Augusta Bainbridge, who was born on November 23, 1872. The Bainbridges returned to Providence for several years and then moved to Brooklyn, New York, where William was in charge of the New York City Mission Society. Lucy was appointed as Superintendent of the Woman's Branch of that same organization, a position she held for 18 years. She managed a force of fifteen nurses, fifty missionaries and forty trained workers. She also lectured constantly and authored four books. At the age of 83 and almost blind, Bainbridge went to California for several months. In 1928, her son bought the house in the country she had always longed for. She spent some happy months there and was brought back to her old home at Gramercy Park for her final days. "Sister Ohio" died in New York City on November 19, 1928.

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©Steve J O’Brien When I came across the Okapi in an animal book in 3rd grade, I remember being blown away. How could there be an animal this amazing that I’d never even heard of? Unthinkable! The okapi is a giraffid artiodactyl mammal native to the Ituri Rainforest, located in the northeast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in Central Africa. Although the okapi bears striped markings similar to zebra, it is most closely related to the giraffe. The body shape is similar to that of the giraffe, except that okapis have much shorter necks. Both species have very long (approximately 35 centimetres), flexible, blue tongues that they use to strip leaves and buds from trees. Forget geckos - the okapi tongue is long enough to wash its eyelids and clean its ears (inside and out). Okapis are herbivores, eating tree leaves and buds, grass, ferns, fruit, and fungi. Many of the plant species fed upon by the okapi are poisonous to humans.They also consume charcoal from trees burnt by lightning and fufill their salt requirement by consuming a reddish clay found near rivers and streams. The name “okapi” is a combination of two Lese words, oka a verb meaning to cut and kpi which is a noun referring to the design made on Efé arrows — by wrapping the arrow with bark it leaves stripes when scorched by fire. The stripes on the legs of the okapi resemble these stripes on the arrow shafts. Leopard - Okapi predator OKAPI by Steve J O’Brien on Flickr. :)

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Remember AIDS awareness ads like the one above? Newspaper articles and PSAs were appearing with increasing frequency in newspapers and magazines in the early 1990′s. But that trend has been dramatically reversed, according to recent findings. In a survey of newspaper (broadsheet) content conducted by the Trends in Sustainability (TIS) Project, coverage of AIDS-related issues has declined by more than two thirds since the early 1990′s. Since 2008, AIDS coverage has seen a 70% decline. Concurrently, media coverage of environmental and climate change issues has increased, such that today, it has become the defining news issue of our times. The TIS project is an on-going research endeavor by a consortium of British, Irish, and French universities. In this most recent study, the panel looked at some 70 million articles in over 400,000 newspapers from 41 developed nations. The biggest changes (declines and increases) were seen in U.S. and French newspapers.* But even as climate-related news is increasing, this topic has itself seen a change in content coverage, According to the study, topics such as acid rain and the hole in the ozone layers (once the defining enviro issues), have been supplanted by articles on climate change, which have increased on average ten-fold (note: this climate change category includes animal extinction and biodiversity-related topics). While this is certainly good news for environmental causes, some of the researchers are concerned that on-going socio-economic issues — such as disease prevention in the developing world — will lose the public’s attention, and its funding priority, along with the loss of coverage (note: in general, more coverage means more attention, which means more funding of research, as when AIDS was the defining news story of its day). Author note: Ultimately, said climate issues will certainly impact upon said socio-economic issues, as drought and water shortages become normative, or, put another way, the issues of disease prevention/treatment in the developing world will converge with these same regions’ climate change issues as millions are displaced by floods, droughts, and consequent ethnic conflicts. For more, check out the original news post on World Science. For more on trends in sustainability, visit TIS Top Photo: NIH * This may be due in part to the fact that U.S. and French bio-medicine made huge strides in AIDS-related science and therapeutics. Part of this advancement in knowledge was the development of the AIDS “cocktail” (with protease inhibitors), making AIDS in the the U.S and Western Europe a “treatable disease” — no longer a guaranteed death sentence. Further, governmental spending and private foundation charitable work regarding AIDS — especially in Africa and the developing world — increased dramatically during the 2 decade period, with the greatest funding seen since 2001. Private foundations like the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation dedicate billions annually to preventing AIDS in Africa while president George W. Bush increased U.S. spending in Africa on AIDS-related missions to record levels. All of this may have created a sense of security and “crisis averted” mentality in the public consciousness, allowing it to move on to other more sensational or “critical” issues. Michael Ricciardi is a well-published writer of science/nature/technology articles and essays, poetry and short fiction. Michael has interviewed dozen of scientists from many scientific fields, including Brain Greene, Paul Steinhardt, and Nobel Laureate Ilya Progogine (deceased). Michael was trained as a naturalist and taught ecology and natural science on Cape Cod, Mass. from 1986-1991. His first arts grant was for production of the environmental (video) documentary 'The Jones River - A Natural History', 1987-88 (Kingston, Mass.). Michael is also an award winning, internationally screened video artist. Two of his more recent short videos; 'A Time of Water Bountiful' and 'My Name is HAM' (an "imagined memoir" about the first chimp in space), and several other short videos, can be viewed on his website (http://www.chaosmosis.net). Michael currently lives in Seattle, Washington.

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Fertile Crescent farmers took DNA to Germany DNA evidence suggests that immigrants from the Ancient Near East brought farming to Europe, and spread the practice to the region's hunter-gatherer communities, according to Australian-led research. A genetic study of ancient DNA, published in PLoS Biology today, adds crucial information to the long-running debate about how farming was introduced to Europe's nomadic hunter-gatherer societies almost 8000 years ago. An international research team, led by University of Adelaide experts, compared ancient DNA from the remains of Early Neolithic farmers at a burial site in central Germany with a large genetic database of European and Eurasian populations. They found that these early farmers had a unique and characteristic genetic signature, suggesting "significant demographic input from the Near East during the onset of farming". Sometimes referred to as the Fertile Crescent, the Near East would include modern-day Iraq, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon, says study leader Dr Wolfgang Haak, genographic project senior research associate at the Australian Centre for Ancient DNA at the University of Adelaide. The revolutionary element of this study was the addition of ancient DNA , explains Professor Alan Cooper, director of the Centre for Ancient DNA, as previously researchers could only use genetic data from modern populations to examine this question. "We have never had a detailed genetic view of one of these early farming populations - there's been a lot of inference around it... but it's all been guesswork" he says. Migration from Anatolia and near East Using the new high-precision ancient DNA analysis, researchers were also able to determine a possible migration route the farmers took from the Near East and Anatolia into Central Europe. Farming first originated about 11,000 years ago in the Near East and then spread across Europe during the Neolithic period, the researchers explain. "Whether it was mediated by incoming farmers or driven by the transmission of innovative ideas and techniques remains a subject of continuing debate in archaeology, anthropology, and human population genetics," they write in PLoS Biology. "[This] really answers this long-running debate about whether people picked up ideas or picked up and moved", says Cooper. Haak says these latest findings might not completely settle the debate on the origins of farming in Europe, but they would "push it in a certain direction". Haak is keen to see other research teams build on this proof of concept study, building a picture about this transitional period in other regions and helping to put the pieces of the jigsaw together globally. Meanwhile, Haak and colleagues at the Australian Centre for Ancient DNA want to discover how communities in this region in central Germany evolved over the next 3000 to 4000 years leading up to the Bronze Age. "The early farmers are still quite different to modern day populations from the same region," he says, "so that means something must have happened after that." The project involved researchers from the University of Mainz and State Heritage Museum in Halle, Germany, the Russian Academy of Sciences and members of the National Geographic Society's Genographic Project.

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International Space Station springs to life Next spacewalk: WednesdayDecember 8, 1998 Web posted at: 1:10 p.m. EST JOHNSON SPACE CENTER, Houston (CNN) -- The International Space Station was powered up and drawing energy from the sun on Tuesday after astronauts connected its wiring during a daring, 7 1/2-hour spacewalk. On Monday, astronauts Jerry Ross and Jim Newman worked all over the exterior of the seven-story structure docked to the space shuttle Endeavour. They connected 40 cables that carried electricity, data and computer commands through space station segments, first joined Sunday. The astronauts took just four hours to complete the couplings, an operation that flight directors had expected to take five or six hours. At one point during the spacewalk, Newman asked Ross "Hey, Jerry, what are you doing?" "Oh, I'm up here just hangin' around, building a space station," Ross answered. In the extra time they had available, Newman and Ross attached sockets that will receive footholds for future spacewalkers. One of the sockets got away from Ross, but it floated harmlessly away from the shuttle/station combination. Ross and Newman also investigated a jammed antenna used to guide spacecraft docking at Zarya. Engineers are trying to assess what, if anything, the crew may do to deploy the antenna. Power and data were sent through the newly connected cables in a test closely monitored by ground controllers in Houston and Moscow. The test indicated that the cables were working properly and that the Russian-built Zarya module and U.S.-built Unity were operating in concert, NASA said Tuesday. "Yesterday we put the skeleton together," said lead flight director Bob Castle. "Today we hooked up the first parts of the nervous system." More spacewalks ahead Endeavour's crew was getting light duty Tuesday. The only work scheduled is a slight orbit change to take the station complex three miles higher, and preparation for the second of three spacewalks Wednesday. Tasks to be completed during the next extra-vehicular jaunt include installation of handrails and more foot restraint sockets and the installation of communication system antennas. On Thursday, Endeavour's six-member crew will enter the station for the first time, opening the half-dozen hatches that will lead the crew through Unity and into Zarya. The crew will begin to move in supplies and tools to be left for future crews. The first astronauts are scheduled to begin living on the space station in early 2000, after a Russian command module with living quarters is in place. More than 100 space station components will eventually be assembled in orbit in one of the most ambitious engineering feats ever. Sixteen nations are involved in the project, whose cost has been estimated at between $40 billion and $60 billion. Assembly will require six years and more than 40 manned space missions. Reuters contributed to this report. Back to the top © 2000 Cable News Network. All Rights Reserved. Terms under which this service is provided to you. Read our privacy guidelines.

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Louis McLane, the second of Jackson’s five Treasury Secretaries, was born in 1786 in Smyrna, Delaware and died in 1857 in Baltimore, Maryland. He was well educated and well heeled in part because his father, a Federalist federal tax collector, was friends with powerful Delaware politician James A. Bayard, in whose law office McLane apprenticed. In addition to practicing law and siring 13 children with his wife Kitty Milligan, McLane served with the Wilmington Artillery Company during the War of 1812, a unit that saw no combat. After the War, McLane served Delaware in the House of Representatives from 1817 until 1827 and, despite being a Federalist, was named Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee. He also served two years in the Senate before resigning in 1829. During his time in Washington, McLane became friends with William H. Crawford and Martin Van Buren. The latter affiliations led him into the camp of Andrew Jackson, who he vigorously supported in the 1828 election. Jackson lost Delaware anyway and McLane ended up with the relatively minor post, ambassador to England. After Samuel D. Ingham resigned due to the Eaton Affair, Jackson recalled him and at Van Buren’s urging nominated him for Treasury Secretary. Like Ingham, McLane sought to broker a deal on the Second Bank issue but was rebuffed by attorney general Roger B. Taney, who reminded Jackson of McLane’s Federalist background. After he vetoed a bill that would have re-chartered the Second Bank, Jackson sought to financially eviscerate the institution by removing the government’s deposits from it. McLane refused to do so and was moved to Secretary of State, a post that he resigned in June 1834 after a bitter dispute with Van Buren. His political career in shambles, McLane moved to the nation’s burgeoning corporate sector, serving first as president of the Morris Canal and Banking Company and then as president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. After a brief reprise as ambassador to England under James Polk, he retired from business in 1848. (Click images for more information)

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Dry Wines or Table Wines What are Dry Wines? Dry wines, also sometimes called "Table Wines", are wines which do not have an appreciable amount of residual sugar present in the finished, bottled wine. Because they do not have much or any sugar in the wine, they are not sweet. In other words, "dry", when referring to wine, basically means the opposite of "sweet". The large majority of basic table wines that are produced around the world and that we enjoy with food are dry, including dry white, rosé and red wines. While some may have very small amounts of residual sugar in them, for all intents and purposes they are dry. How do you know if a wine has residual sugar or is dry? There is generally no indication on the label. However, most basic wine styles are dry. For example, pretty much all basic Chardonnays, Sauvignon Blancs, Cabernet Sauvignons, Merlots, Pinot Noirs, Burgundies, Bordeaux, and the like are dry without appreciable sugar in the bottled wine. Only certain specific grapes and styles of wine, particularly dessert wines, consistently have considerable amounts of sugar and can be considered sweet. These include some fortified wines like Port and Madeira as well as some styles which are typically produced sweet such as Sauternes, Vouvray Moelleux, Alsatian Vendange Tardives, many German wines, etc. One important note: This terminology is sometimes confusing to beginners for a very good reason. Many full-bodied red wines are high in tannins, naturally occurring compounds in grapes which contribute to the structure and texture of the wine. Tannins are generally described as having a drying, almost gritty or sandy texture in the mouth. People who are new to wine often describe these wines as very dry because the coarse tannins feel dry and astringent in their mouth. While this is a perfectly acceptable way to describe the sensation of tasting these wines, it can get confusing. In fact, even some sweet red wines like Port can have tannins, despite the sweetness of the wine. So it is best to describe these wines as tannic or to have drying tannins, not as a dry wine necessarily. Also learn about Dry Red Wines, Rosé Wines and Dry White Wines. How Are They Made? In wine production, yeast convert the sugars in the wine grapes into alcohol through the process known as fermentation. If the fermentation is allowed to proceed unhindered and the yeast is hearty enough, all the sugar that was present in the initial grapes is completely converted to alcohol. This means that in the finished wine there is no residual sugar. Residual sugar is the term used for grape sugar which is left over in a finished wine after fermentation is over. While some table wines may have small amounts of residual sugar, it is very close to zero and the wine can still be considered dry for all intents and purposes. What Do They Taste Like and What Foods Do You Eat with Them? There is a huge range of styles of dry wines produced in the world. The specific characteristics of each depends on the region they came from, the grape varieties used to make the wine, the winemaking technique and many other factors. Dry, table wines can range from light and fruity to dense, full-bodied and powerful. Just because the wine is "dry" and does not have much or any sugar in it, this does not necessarily mean that the wine cannot have sweet, fruit aromas and flavors. The ripeness of the grapes often impart the sense of ripe, sweet fruit to wines even if there is no actual sugar present in the wine. Typically wines that come from very hot growing regions, such as Australia and California, come from riper grapes which often smell and taste riper and sweeter, even if they are technically dry. This is of course a generalization, but as you taste through wines from different regions you will begin to see the range of flavors that can occur even in dry wines. While pairing each wine with food is different, generally dry wines are good at table, hence the term "table wine". Very sweet wines often clash or feel too ponderous with food. However, dry wines pair nicely with many foods, lighter wines fitting nicely with lighter fare and heavier wines standing up nicely to rich dishes. For more information and tips about pairing specific dry wines with food, be sure to check out our Food and Wine Pairing section! Done with the Dry Wines page? Return to the Types of Wine page.

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For those who did not grow up with a classroom computer, the changing pace of schools and technology can be staggering to comprehend. Classroom management technology is no longer a novelty, as it has now become a necessity. Here are two examples of recent developments in classroom software that are changing how schoolchildren learn.New mobile app changes language learning The latest offering from tablet application developer Noyo is seeking to make the classroom a more immersive environment. Noyo’s language learning software aims to flip the classroom, making learning a more interactive experience as opposed to having information dictated by a teacher. “Students need their teachers present to answer questions or to provide help if they get stuck on an assignment; they don’t need their teacher present to listen to a lecture or review content,” according to the Flipped Learning Network’s website. The Noyo apps create such a classroom learning environment by providing a picture-based interactive lesson that is accessed from an iPad or an Android-powered tablet. The app tracks each student’s progress and allows teachers to assign homework lectures. The goal, according to its developers, is to free up time teachers used to spend in front of a classroom lecturing students. “The iPad, iPhone, Android, and other mobile and tablet devices are already a significant part of many students’ everyday life, and they continue to increase in popularity,” the company’s website said. “Noyo capitalizes on students’ comfort and familiarity with these technologies to enhance and supplement the language learning process.” Using classroom software to build character One software company has developed classroom management software that aims to teach positive behavioral habits to children. The program developed by ClassDojo helps teachers track good behavior in a way that is visible to the entire classroom. Each student is given an avatar, and the teacher rewards points based on specific attributes. The points are shown to everyone, and are tabulated in real time. For example, if one student was seen helping another with an assignment, the teacher could then use a computer or mobile device to give that student a point for kindness or helpfulness. The immediate display provides instant reward that all can see, according to Forbes. “We looked at the best practices in behavior, took those and tried to codify them,” Sam Chaudhary, one of the company’s founders, said to the news source. ClassDojo’s software works to reinforce the premise of the marshmallow test, in that students who exhibit positive behavioral attributes tend to perform better in school. The test, first conducted in the 1960s, involved giving marshmallows to 4-year-olds and asking them to not eat the treat for 20 minutes in order to receive another one. The results showed that the children who were able to show restraint were more likely to score better on future tests. “The takeaway: Good character isn’t just a moral asset, it’s also enormously practical,” J.J. Colao wrote in an August 15 Forbes article. According to the company, its software is already showing positive results. Teachers who used the program saw between a 45 percent and 90 percent increase in good behavior along with a 50 percent to 85 percent decrease in negative behavior, Forbes reported. “Specific positive reinforcement helps students develop a sense of purpose in the classroom, enhancing intrinsic motivation over time,” according to ClassDojo’s website. “By giving students visibility and data on their own behavior, ClassDojo makes class less disruptive and creates a more positive learning environment.” What do you think about these two new classroom software developments? Would you consider using either of these programs in the future? Leave your comments below to let us know what you think!

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HippolytusArticle Free Pass Hippolytus, minor divinity in Greek religion. At Athens he was associated with Aphrodite, the goddess of love; at Troezen, girls just before marrying dedicated to him a lock of their hair. To the Greeks his name might suggest that he was destroyed by horses. In Euripides’ tragedy Hippolytus, he was son of Theseus, king of Athens, and the Amazon Hippolyte. Theseus’ queen, Phaedra, fell in love with Hippolytus. When Phaedra’s passion was revealed to him, he reacted with such revulsion that she killed herself, leaving a note accusing Hippolytus of having tried to rape her. Theseus, refusing to believe Hippolytus’ protestations of innocence, banished him and called down upon him one of the three curses the sea god Poseidon had given to him. Poseidon sent a sea monster that frightened Hippolytus’ horses until he could no longer control them. They smashed the chariot and dragged their master to death. Other plays treat the same story; the theme is that of the biblical story of Joseph and Potiphar’s wife and of the story, in the Iliad, of Bellerophon and Stheneboea (Anteia). What made you want to look up "Hippolytus"? Please share what surprised you most...

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December 16, 2012 - mastodon (noun) - What does it mean? - : any of various huge extinct mammals related to the mammoths and to the existing elephants - How do you use it? - Unlike the dinosaurs, mastodons and mammoths shared the earth with humans thousands of years ago. - Are you a word wiz? Let's make sure your word skills aren't extinct. What do you think the root of "mastodon" means?Smile if you chose B, "tooth." The Greek word "odon," which means "tooth," was used in the early 1800s to coin the name "Mastodon" for an animal with notably large teeth used for grinding leaves. Mastodon is not the only prehistoric animal with a name formed from Greek "odon." Sharp canines inspired the name "Smilodon" (or commonly, "saber-toothed cat"), which combines "odon" and "smile," a Greek word for a woodcarving knife. "Pteranodon" comes from Greek "pteron," meaning "wing," and "anodon," "toothless." And "iguanodon" combines "odon" with Spanish "iguana."

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|This mortuary temple is the standard Egyptian type with two pylons and two courtyards which precede the hypostyle hall; then the most sacred area is at the rear. None of these photographs give a view of the whole complex. The first pylon and the ruined first courtyard are never pictured on this site. The second pylon (only the north tower remains) is pictured at the bottom of this page and would be to the far left in the left photograph below. The temple is on an east-west axis with the sacred end (rear) to the west. See this site for a plan and aerial view.| Left: view of the temple from the north including the second courtyard to the rear; right: from the southeast View from second courtyard to rear from southeast (left) and from south (right) Views of the portico and hypostyle hall from the second courtyard--three stairways rise to the portico or vestibule before the hypostyle hall |The front and back (or the east and west ends) of the second courtyard were lined with Osiris pillars. Only those on the north sides remain. The fallen fragments to the right of the north pylon are what remains of the colossal statue of the so-called Ozymandias, a corruption of one of Ramses II's names (User-maat-Re) by the first century BCE Greek historian Diodorus Siculus. (This is the same Ozymandias memorialized by the British romantic poet Shelley.) It would have been one of the largest free-standing statues in Egypt, an estimated 17 ½ meters (taller than the Colossi of Memnon).| The back side of the north tower of the second pylon |The back surface of the north tower of the pylon depicts the Battle of Kadesh, a conflict occurring with the Hittites in Syria in the fifth year of Ramses II's reign. We see Ramses (larger than his men) dashing into battle and the dead and wounded lying chaotically on the ground (see below).| Unidentified reliefs: center: worshipping a goddess (Isis? Hathor?); right: ?I want to thank Gonzalo M. Sanchez M.D. who has written me to explain the man held upside down in the left-hand picture. He says "The scene is from the battle of Kadesh on the Second Pylon (like the rest of your pictures of this battle). He is the ruler of Aleppo, an ally of the Hittite King fighting against Ramesses II. The prince is being emptied out and resuscitated by Hittite infantry soldiers." Click here to go to the Egypt Index. Click here to return to index of art historical sites. Click here to return to index of artists and architects. Click here to return to chronological index. Click here to see the home page of Bluffton College.

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Revista Brasileira de Sementes Print version ISSN 0101-3122 MELCHIOR, Saulo José; CUSTODIO, Ceci Castilho; MARQUES, Tadeu Alcides and MACHADO NETO, Nelson Barbosa. Harvesting and storage of gabiroba (Campomanesia adamantium Camb. - Myrtaceae) seeds and their implication in the germination. Rev. bras. sementes [online]. 2006, vol.28, n.3, pp. 141-150. ISSN 0101-3122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-31222006000300021. The aim of this study was to investigate the gabiroba seed behaviour regarding the harvesting point, storage and their implications in germination. For characterization and harvest point, fruits of seven plants were evaluated for diameter, peel, pulp and seed fresh matter, number of seeds per fruit, Brix degrees of pulp corrected to 200C and extracted seed germination, with mucilage. The storage study was made up of three experiments. In the first experiment the following treatments were compared with fresh seeds: immediately after the mucilage removal, a second one stored in glass jars at 250C, another at 80C and the last in paper bag at 250C and 60%RH, during 30 days. The second experiment (resistance to desiccation) was done by germinating seeds left at 250C and 60%RH during five days, and moisture determination considering fresh seeds as control. For the third experiment, the fruits were stored for 20 days as follows: at room temperature (250C) in a ceramic bowl covered by a nylon mesh; in polyethylene bags at 8ºC and at -18ºC. Fresh seeds, from non-stored fruits, were used as control. Treatments were evaluated by germination (250C), germination speed index (IVG) and moisture determination. It was concluded that the fruit harvest point might be determined by the Brix degrees of the pulp and it was indicated that fruit would be harvested with at least 15,750 to obtain 95% of germination. Campomanesia adamantium seed behaviour showed that the species must be classified as recalcitrant, either by not supporting storage or by not tolerating desiccation. The storage in tightly closed glass jars at (250C) maintained the germination at 60%, for 30 days. However, sowing the seeds, immediately after the extraction from the fruits gave germination indexes of at least 74%. Keywords : cerrado fruit; seed conservation; physiological quality.

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Facilitated by Jewish Farm School and Adamah staff This track will give you the skills, knowledge and Judaic background you need to start a Jewish agricultural education program in your community. Explore the fields, gardens, greenhouses, pastures and farm animals of Isabella Freedman’s Adamah program (a Jewish farming apprenticeship) and learn how to facilitate Jewish gardening activities and do-it-yourself food projects for all ages. You will also study ancient and contemporary texts exploring themes of food justice, Jewish agricultural law and sustainability. Sample classes (may include): • Garden design and permaculture principles • Making compost • Food systems, food justice and Jewish agricultural laws • Pickling and preserving food • Jewish animal husbandry • Using holidays as a framework for teaching farm and garden curricula Register by Apri l 22 and Save $100 with our Early Bird Special!

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Outreach & Extension: Oysters Contacts: Don Meritt, Don Webster, Matt Parker Habitat loss, overharvesting, disease, and too much sediment have left the Chesapeake Bay’s iconic wild oysters in a dismal state. While restoring oyster populations to the bounty they once enjoyed may prove impossible, farming oysters could provide a crucial step in that direction. But oyster culture in Maryland remains controversial. Issues surrounding disease, the introduction of non-native oysters, and the harvest of cultured oysters have spurred discussion and debate throughout the Chesapeake Bay area. In short, there is no easy fix to the ecological, economical, and cultural challenges of oyster restoration. Maryland Sea Grant Extension plays an important role in confronting these challenges by collaborating with federal and state programs, universities, and non-governmental organizations on oyster restoration and education activities. Maryland Sea Grant has joined an Oyster Alliance with the Chesapeake Bay Foundation (CBF), the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Horn Point Laboratory, and the Oyster Recovery Partnership to teach citizens how to grow oysters in a variety of systems for reef restoration. In addition to fostering habitat rehabilitation, the Alliance also provides an effective means for educating a broad public about the ecological role of oyster habitats in the Bay and the impact of land-based activities on the health of these habitats. Working with CBF, Sea Grant Extension faculty train groups of Master Oyster Gardeners. This cadre of specialists works with local growers, assisting them with production, answering questions, and coordinating data collection. They upload data to a web site created by Maryland Sea Grant for review by faculty, which is then made available to others through graphs and charts. Managing disease in oyster farms is a concern, just as it is in the wild. Extension aquaculture specialists participate in the Cooperative Regional Oyster Selective Breeding Program (CROSBreed), which assists in identifying facets of disease-resistant oyster breeding and selection projects, produces animals for use in planting trials, and assesses their ability to survive disease challenges. For thirty years, Maryland Sea Grant Extension has also focused on shellfish aquaculture as a way to reduce harvest pressure on wild stocks and to provide seafood products and economic development to the Bay region. A 2009 report produced by the Sea Grant programs of Maryland and Virginia and commissioned by the NOAA Chesapeake Bay Office details the history of shellfish aquaculture in the Bay and sets out current opportunities and challenges: Shellfish Aquaculture Development in Maryland and Virginia: Economy, Employment, Environment (pdf) Oyster Aquaculture Fact Sheets Background Documents Prepared for the Maryland Oyster Advisory Commission

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- At Home “Don't be yourself - be someone a little nicer.” - Mignon McLaughlin My 3-year old son is crazy for cars. Tiny cars that fit in the palm of his hand. He got a big stash of them for Christmas from his grandmother, Sutzi. He lines them up in a pretend garage that is really an ottoman. He even has names for them. His favorite is Francesco. His little sister Sienna loves cars too, because she loves everything big brother does - both good and bad. I try to explain to Alessio that he is teaching her all kinds of things, even when he doesn’t know it. I’m not sure how much he understands of these concepts, but at toddler age, repetition is the name of the game. Keep trying, I tell myself. He’ll get it one day. In the meantime, I now have two kids crazy for cars. The showdown that takes place when I am momentarily distracted is a daily force to be reckoned with. Sienna is learning to push and grab. Alessio is learning to hide his favorite toys from her. Kindness. Empathy. Generosity. Collaboration. Teamwork. These are the social skills needed for success in the 21st century. The kids who know how to listen, empathize, and work cooperatively with others are the kids who will be most successful in life. A recent study at University of California Riverside assigned school children (aged 9-11) to perform three acts of kindness per week for 4 weeks. The kind acts were not targeted at classmates. Extra chores at home and hugs for mom were counted too. But at month’s end, the children who had done the kind acts were more popular and better liked by their classmates. The children were also happier. For years, neuroscientists and psychologists have underscored the links between happiness, generosity, and good health. There is even a kindness gene that helps the human body better withstand stress and fear. But how do parents teach kindness and empathy? Social intelligence must be learned through example and interaction with others. Practice makes perfect. Model sharing. Show your child how to take turns playing with a toy. “You can play with the toy for 2 minutes and then it’s Johnny's turn.” Use a timer to indicate when it is time to share. That way the timer becomes the enforcer, not you. And remember you’re the role model. Whether you realize it or not, your kids are watching you all the time. They’re looking to you for cues on how to speak and behave as they interact with the outside world. In other words, if they see kind, empathetic behavior being demonstrated by you, they’ll be more likely to display those same behaviors themselves. Teach empathy. Help your child verbalize how his actions/lack of sharing have made others feel. Gently ask how he would feel if someone did the same to him. When children learn how to put themselves in another’s shoes, they begin to understand emotional interactions on a deeper level and are able to make better decisions next time. Acknowledge their feelings. Let your child know that you understand how much she loves her toy and how, at times, it is difficult to share. If you offer a solution on how to share before your child feels understood, she is more likely to become frustrated. When feelings are acknowledged, they dissipate. Pay attention to teachable moments. As many parents know, the most important lessons you’ll teach your kids happen in the everyday. The key to success for is paying attention to these moments and capitalizing on them when they happen. When you see someone showing kindness or empathy, point it out to your child and talk to him about why it’s a great example of what you expect from him. In recent weeks, Alessio’s cars have begun to disappear. His giant pretend garage is nearly empty. The sibling rivalry is winding down, along with his toy fleet. “Where are all your cars?” I asked. He shrugged and shook his head. “Don’t know.” “Could it be that in hiding your cars from your sister, you have forgotten where you put them and are hiding them from yourself too?” He smiled a crooked little smile and started to laugh. “I tink so.” “You see,” I said. “When you don’t share, everybody loses.” Would he understand? I wondered. But it wasn’t long before I saw that Alessio was really getting it. At pre-school, a tussle was going on over scooters. There were only two. Alessio was driving one, and a little girl the other. A new kid at school wanted to play too, but the little girl wouldn’t let him. When Alessio saw how sad the boy was, he gave him his scooter. Alessio’s small act of kindness grew into a new friendship, not just between the boys, but between our two families. One never knows where kindness leads, except you can be sure: it always leads to good things.

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Daniel Dennett (1942-) is an American philosopher and atheist who argues that the mind operates like a computer. For Dennett, the sum total of our experiences shape and prod us from day-one of our existence. Does this include space for individual free-will? Dennett argues that, although some activities may seem intentionally planned and chosen by an agent or agents, behind that lies an original intention not derived from any individual agent or collection of agents—i.e. Nature has endowed us with an original intention to protect our genes, and everything follows from that. For Dennett the conscious aspect of the self that expresses a particular viewpoint arises from the act of expressing that viewpoint, much like electricity is generated by the spinning of a rotor within a coil. He usually refuses to debate with other thinkers because he is so thoroughly convinced that his terminology is right and theirs is riddled with errors. My refusal to play ball with my colleagues is deliberate, of course, since I view the standard philosophical terminology as worse than useless — a major obstacle to progress since it consists of so many errors.¹ He also implies that his view is more comprehensive than other philosophical views because, being more abstract, it can account for differences among philosophers. But theologians could use the same type of argument to account for differences between Dennett and other philosophers who, themselves, believe that their views are closer to the truth than Dennett’s. Indeed, theologians could maintain that theirs is the more comprehensive view, one which proves incorrect Dennett’s initial assumptions about original intentionality and its relation to consciousness. Specifically, the theologian could say that Dennett overlooks the two essential agencies of human free-will and divine inspiration. Dennett’s views have sparked much debate, most likely because he employs technological metaphors to explain consciousness. He has also opened the door to speculation among those who believe that encoding human brain patterns within a computer’s memory might be a plausible ticket to immortality within the not-too-distant future. In this case, eternal life would reside – or, perhaps, be trapped – in a silicon chip or its technological successor. ¹ Daniel Dennett, The Message is: There is no Medium, cited at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett - A Conversation Between Richard Dawkins and Daniel Dennett (patheos.com) - Is the Internet the End of Religion? (religiondispatches.org) - Philosophy of Mind – “Zombies Within” – Chalmers, Dennett, Noë (zombielaw.wordpress.com) - Daniel Dennett sorta zombies (zombielaw.wordpress.com) - Dennett on atheism denial (whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com) - The Magic of Consciousness (popalx.wordpress.com) - Full Length Talk – ‘How To Tell You’re An Atheist’ – Dan Dennett – YouTube – TheClergyProject (richarddawkins.net) - William Lane Craig vs atheist Daniel Dennett on cosmology and fine-tuning (winteryknight.wordpress.com) - Darwin & Turing: The Evolution of Artificial Intelligence (bigthink.com)

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Researchers at the University of Georgia (UGA) have published a 20-year retrospective study of canine mortality. The study appears in the March/April 2011 edition of the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. Study data was compiled from the Veterinary Medical Database (VMDB) and included records for approximately 75,000 canine deaths from 1984 to 2004. The study breaks down certain causes of death according to age, breed and size of the animal, and there were some surprises. For example, the Bouvier des Flandres, a rare breed, dies more often from cancer than the Boxer. The high rate of cancer in more common breeds like the Boxer and Golden Retriever is well-known. According to study co-author Dr. Kate Creevy, assistant professor at UGA's College of Veterinary Medicine: "With rare breeds, an individual veterinarian may not see enough cases to be able to develop the opinion on whether the breed has a high incidence of conditions such as cancer," Creevy says. "But if you analyze records that have been compiled over 20 years, you can detect patterns that you wouldn't notice otherwise." The study also revealed that: - Large breed dogs die most often from gastrointestinal or musculoskeletal diseases, or cancer - Smaller dogs are most often victims of metabolic diseases - Gastrointestinal or infectious diseases most often claim the lives of younger dogs - Older dogs most frequently die from neurologic and neoplastic disorders

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Restoring soil productivity The Morton County, N.D., Soil Conservation District and Bismarck State College Farm Management Education received a Conservation Innovation Grant. The three year project studies the use of intensive cover crops with no-till farming to increase production on highly erodible, low-quality land. This land had generally been in a one- or two-grass mix for 30 years or longer and produced at a very low rate. If grazed, it supported about 15 bred cows per year, and, if hayed, even on the years with high rainfall, produced well under 1 ton of hay per year. In farmer terminology, this is considered to be “land that should have never been broken.” • Three-year project aims to restore the productivity of poor land. • Researchers used cover crops to “wake up” the soil. • A dramatic increase in forage production has been realized. In early summer, the grasses were chemically killed with Roundup, and a mixture of cowpea, millet, radish, turnip, sunflower, sweet clover and soybean was seeded with 50 pounds of a starter fertilizer applied. In most cases by year-end a vigorous stand of plants, averaging 24 to 30 inches tall, emerged. One unit in the project had cover crops a year earlier, and last year the crops stood 40 to 48 inches tall, while check strips continued to produce grasses from 8 to 12 inches in height. This particular unit has extremely light soil and is extremely fragile ground. It was very strange to see such strong production from ground that would normally have never been considered capable of this type of production. The diverse mixture of crops helps to wake up the biology of the soil by increasing the number microorganisms, so that it can become much more productive. When examining the plants, you could see that the nutrients in the plant were adequate for good growth, even though only a small amount of starter fertilizer was applied. The soil biology was providing the nutrients for this excellent growth. So far the project has provided several lessons. • Spray out the grasses when they are actively growing to get a good kill. Where the grasses were not totally killed, the cover crops suffered severely. • Seed the cover crops early enough to ensure adequate rainfall for good growth. Those seeded in June responded best. • Get adequate growth before late summer’s typical decrease in rainfall and increase in heat. To maintain adequate cover for such fragile ground, the seeding must be done with a no-till drill. Further articles over the next few years will outline the outcomes of the project. Holkup is a farm business management instructor at Bismarck State College. Contact him at 701-224-5417 or Mark.Holkup@ BEFORE: The land was capable of producing about 1 ton of hay per year, or grazing for about 15 bred cows per year. AFTER: The first year cover crops grew to be about 24 to 30 inches tall. The second year they grew to be 40 to 48 inches tall. This article published in the April, 2011 edition of DAKOTA FARMER. All rights reserved. Copyright Farm Progress Cos. 2011.

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LOS ANGELES — Like many out-of-state visitors, the lone gray wolf that trotted across the border from Oregon has taken a liking to California. He went back and forth between the two states a handful of times after his initial crossing into Siskiyou County on Dec. 28, 2011. But since spring, the young male has remained in the Golden State, loping across forests and scrublands, up and down mountains and across rural highways in California’s sparsely populated northeast. The first wild wolf documented in California in nearly 90 years, he has roamed as far south as Tehama County — about halfway between the border and Sacramento — searching for other wolves, and a mate. “I guess he’s being the Lewis and Clark of wolves in California," said wolf advocate Amaroq Weiss. State and federal biologists are using a tracking collar to follow OR7 — his official designation — and they’re impressed. Not only has he traveled more than 3,000 miles since leaving his pack in northeastern Oregon, he’s demonstrated exceptional homing abilities. “He can find the same locations (after) weeks, sometimes a couple of months, coming back from a completely different direction," said Karen Kovacs, wildlife program manager for the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. Since summer, OR7 has spent most of his time in western Plumas and eastern Tehama counties on a mix of public and private lands, with some jaunts into neighboring Butte County. He seems to dine mostly on mule deer, following their seasonal migrations from mountains to lower elevations. Fortunately for him, he has avoided people and livestock. The wolf was accused of killing a cow and her calf and some other livestock, but Kovacs said investigations found no evidence that OR7 was the culprit. The cow died giving birth to the calf, which was either born dead or died soon after birth and was then eaten by coyotes. There have been a number of reported sightings of the 31⁄2-year-old wolf, but only a few have been confirmed. One was in a state wildlife area in November, when a man hunting with his daughter saw a group of deer emerge from a woodland. Behind it was a single deer running from what appeared to be a wolf. The animal broke off the chase, looked in the direction of the hunters and trotted away. The excited pair reported the sighting, and radio signals placed OR7 in the area. “The timing, the behavior, the location; we’re pretty sure it was OR7," Kovacs said. Although he has journeyed much farther from his home pack than is typical, the wolf is doing what young males do, searching for a mate and other wolves with which to form a pack. He returns to areas where he has left his scent, hoping to find signs of other wolves. It is possible that other gray wolves without radio collars have crossed into the Northern California wilds from Oregon, where there are a number of packs. But biologists have found no evidence of them, and Kovacs said the chances are slim that OR7 will find a mate in California. But he has found food and remote country and appears to be healthy. “Being an apex predator in a landscape that hasn’t had one for a pretty long time — he’s got it pretty good right now," said Steve Pedery of Oregon Wild, an environmental advocacy group. Gray wolves in California are protected under the federal Endangered Species Act. After OR7’s arrival, several conservation organizations petitioned the Fish and Wildlife Department to place the species on the state endangered list; and the department is now preparing a report on the matter. Boards of supervisors in several northern counties oppose a state listing, and ranchers in the rural areas where OR7 is roaming have not exactly rolled out the welcome mat. “Clearly there are some who are wolf lovers and some who are wolf haters," said Kovacs, who has made wolf presentations at public meetings. Regardless of whether OR7 stays in California, wildlife biologists expect more wolves to follow. The Fish and Wildlife Department intends to prepare a wolf management plan for the state, and conservationists have formed an alliance to promote wolf recovery on the West Coast. “It’s a different environment" in the Pacific Coast states than in the interior West, said Weiss, Northern California representative of the California Wolf Center. Idaho, Montana and Wyoming authorized gray wolf hunts after the northern Rocky Mountain population was removed from the endangered species list. Hundreds of wolves have been shot and trapped in the last couple of years, including the popular alpha female from a Yellowstone National Park pack who wandered outside the park. OR7 “was smart enough to come here instead of Idaho," Weiss said. “The Pacific Coast may be the only area in the U.S. where wolves are allowed to survive and thrive."

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|Topical news stories| |Variety of resource types| |Anywhere, anytime access| |Learning platform integration| |Fun, engaging characters| |Espresso and the 2014 National Curriculum| Key Features: Overview Espresso offers a range of content and tools that is simply unrivalled. It covers all year groups and subjects, plus whole-school initiatives such as SEAL and Healthy Schools. It also offers a multitude of resource types to suit all kinds of learning and teaching styles. Espresso even includes SATs-related resources. Espresso specialises in taking educational concepts and applying a 'real-world' context through video and other multimedia elements. This encourages pupils to think beyond the simple fact, resulting in the deeper and wider learning of concepts. Designed with both teachers and pupils in mind, Espresso is a resource that can be teacher-led or facilitate pupils working independently in a safe online environment. Key Features: Espresso phonics Six new Espresso phonics modules have been added to Espresso Primary at no extra cost to subscribers. Espresso phonics is based on phases 2-5 of the Department for Education's 'Letters and Sounds'. It provides a unique supplementary resource, including special focus on the mouth shape and pronunciation of each phoneme. In total, the modules offer 105 new high-quality videos featuring professional presenters who provide a real-life representation of each phoneme. In-school filming captures regional variations of common phonemes. This fantastic new area of Espresso covers all the grapheme/phoneme correspondences in a systematic, synthetic sequence of phonics teaching that also supports the critical skills of blending and segmenting. Key Features: Topical news stories Engage pupils in the world around them by bringing current events into the classroom. Our weekly news service is differentiated for Foundation, KS1 and KS2, with age-appropriate stories, images and language. It includes our popular presenter-led News Bites, made in partnership with ITN, and differentiated news articles for three levels. These specially selected news items provide an engaging starting point for pupil discussion and assemblies, and can be extended with further activities and quizzes. All news resouces are archived for future use. Key Features: Cross-curricular approach Espresso benefits all areas of the curriculum and school life. Our resources cover all the core subjects in addition to a rich supply of resources for the Foundation subjects. Espresso also has some superb support for non-specialist teachers in hard-to-resource areas such as gymnastics and Modern Foreign Languages. Teachers tell us that an important strength of Espresso is its ability to support cross-curricular topics and a creative curriculum. Our Resource boxes cover themes from pirates to 'going green', and cross-curricular links to other areas of the service are highlighted. Key Features: Variety of resource types Espresso has over 151 CD-ROMs worth of resources including: 7020 videos, 3460 photos, maps and graphics, 323 interactive Factfiles, plus SATs resources and double the number of activities than any other provider. Pupils never get bored with Espresso as there's always something new. The variety of Espresso's creative resources keeps pupils engaged across the different sensory routes such as visual, auditory, kinaestheic, musical and intrapersonal. Research shows that the unique combination of resources on Espresso impacts strongly on three of the five critical aspects of learning: cognitive, megacognitive and social. Key Features: Anywhere, anytime access Both teachers and pupils have the option to access Espresso from home. - Teacher Home Access As part of a subscription to Espresso, teachers are given the flexibility to plan where and when it best fits in with their lifestyle and priorities. - Pupil Home Access An additional service that schools can add to their subscription, this feature provides parents and pupils with access to the full Espresso service from home as well as a Home learning area and Parents' guide. This add-on has been designed to strengthen school-to-home links, offering extended learning opportunities to Espresso users. Find out more. Find out how you can add Teacher and/or Pupil Home Access to your subscription. Parents and home educators Espresso is not available for parents or home educators to purchase. Visit our benefits for parents page to find out how Espresso can support you. Key Features: Planning tools With thousands of resources to choose from, Espresso offers a number of planning tools that enable you to find the perfect resource to match your needs. - Speed guides: quickly find relevant resources for your lessons by drilling down to search Espresso by resource type or by subject area - Route creator: enables you to bookmark resources ahead of time, so you can concentrate on teaching and not having to navigate through resources during lesson - Copy and paste: you can right-click on any photo, map or graphic, and then 'copy and paste' the selection into applications such as PowerPoint and Word, to incorporate into lesson plans and schemes of work - Search engine: search by keyword, subject, key stage or resource type Key Features: Learning platform integration Espresso empowers teachers and pupils to get creative with digital media. Using our 'embed code', teachers can easily display and play video clips within learning platforms and VLEs. Resources including video clips, photos, maps, graphic and text can also be exported out of Espresso and imported into other software packages such as Powerpoint, Moviemaker, Wordle and whiteboard tools. For licensed subscribers, all Espresso content is copyright cleared for use in an educational context. Key Features: Accessibility features Espresso believes in making technology more inclusive and effective for all. Special features allow users to customise Espresso to support special education. For example you can simplify to help pupils focus on key information and change the colour scheme for those who require high-visibility contrast. Espresso also has an audio feature on most resources to support EAL pupils. In 2008, Espresso Education was proud to be recognised with a BETT Special Award for Inclusion. Key Features: Fun, engaging characters Pupils love Sal, Kim, Polly, Ash, Eddy, Scrap and Scully, the cute 'Espresso Team' who help out around the service. These fun, lively characters have unique and quirky personalities of their own and even appear in their own range of Espresso books. As well as participating in activities and dressing-up for our modules, the team also has their own module so you can get to know them. This features some fun animations and activities. We have also created some free fun stuff like face masks and posters for you to download. Key Features: Espresso and the 2014 National Curriculum The National Curriculum is being rewritten. Schools should shortly be receiving the second draft, which will be finalised over the next few months so that it could be taught from September 2013. However, it won't be a statutory requirement until September 2014. We our helping our subscribers successfully manage the change At Espresso, we're keeping a close eye on what's being proposed. We're aware of what's changing – and what isn't – and we're working on ways of making it as easy as possible for our subscribers to manage the change. From helping them to easily find which resources fit the new objectives, to creating new content to cover any new requirements, we want to make the transition as easy as possible. And we'll ensure that the great Espresso resources they know and love are just as relevant as ever. To save schools time, we'll keep them up-to-date and help them understand the changes as they approach. Click here to view our Quick-start section where we've outlined the major differences. And in our Focus on section, we'll look in detail at one aspect of the new curriculum each month and highlighting relevant resources they can use to help ease them in.

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White-beaked Dolphins, Lagenorhynchus albirostris Taxonomy Animalia Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Lagenorhynchus albirostris Description & Behavior White-beaked dolphins, Lagenorhynchus albirostris (Gray, 1846), have a stocky body and vary in color throughout the species. Generally, these dolphins are light gray to whitish in color with distinctive markings on their body such as a lighter gray stripe, a gray-brown patch, or a white chevron-shaped stripe in front of their dorsal fin near their blowhole. These markings may also extend to their eyes. They have white beaks that measure about 5-8 cm long, which are sometimes mottled with light to dark gray spots, or are entirely light gray in color. Their flukes (tails), tail stock and flippers are generally dark gray, but sometimes feature white markings near the base of their flippers and the underside of their flukes. They are almost white on their ventral (under) sides. Juvenile white-beaked dolphins have hairs on their upper lips, and adults have 4-6 hair follicles on each side of their upper jaws. Their large, curved dorsal fins are rounded at the tips. Their dorsal fins and flukes appear to decrease in size as the dolphins mature. Their flippers are also large, and can reach up to 19% of the total adult body length. The tail stock (the shaft part of their tail) of Lagenorhynchus albirostris is tapered unlike that of Atlantic white-sided dolphins, Lagenorhynchus acutus, although these two species are often confused for one another because of their similar coloration. White-beaked dolphins typically form groups of 1-35 individuals, although occasionally schools of several hundred animals have been reported. The largest school observed contained about 1,500 dolphins, however groups this size are rare and are thought to consist of several smaller subgroups. White-beaked dolphins are known to bow ride and ride the waves behind the stern. They are agile swimmers and are frequently observed leaping from the water. World Range & Habitat White-beaked dolphins, Lagenorhynchus albirostris, are found in North Atlantic waters from the Davis Strait and Cape Cod to the Barents Sea, the Baltic Sea, Portugal and possibly Turkey. Lagenorhynchus albirostris generally prefers cool waters and migrates north into the Davis Strait during the spring and summer, then back to more southern waters in the autumn and winter. Feeding Behavior (Ecology) Conservation Status & Comments White-beaked dolphins are hunted along the coasts of Iceland, Newfoundland, and Norway. They are at risk from ocean pollution such as organochlorides and heavy metals. Population sizes in some areas have increased during the last few decades, however others (such as those in the Gulf of Maine) have declined. References & Further Research Research Lagenorhynchus albirostris » Barcode of Life ~ BioOne ~ Biodiversity Heritage Library ~ CITES ~ Cornell Macaulay Library [audio / video] ~ Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ~ ESA Online Journals ~ FishBase ~ Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department ~ GBIF ~ Google Scholar ~ ITIS ~ IUCN RedList (Threatened Status) ~ Marine Species Identification Portal ~ NCBI (PubMed, GenBank, etc.) ~ Ocean Biogeographic Information System ~ PLOS ~ SCIRIS ~ SIRIS ~ Tree of Life Web Project ~ UNEP-WCMC Species Database ~ WoRMS Feedback & Citation Find an error or having trouble with something? Let us know and we'll have a look! Help us continue to share the wonders of the ocean with the world, raise awareness of marine conservation issues and their solutions, and support marine conservation scientists and students involved in the marine life sciences. Join the MarineBio Conservation Society or make a donation today. We would like to sincerely thank all of our members, donors, and sponsors, we simply could not have achieved what we have without you and we look forward to doing even more.

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Anaphylaxis—Adverse Vaccine Reactions in Dogs Adverse reactions to vaccinations have been recognized for years; they were commonly associated with human vaccines for polio and smallpox. However, adverse vaccine reactions in dogs can also occur, but the risks are very small in comparison to the benefits of the vaccination. Depending on the type of vaccine used, adverse effects can vary. Anaphylaxis is one of the most serious reactions to vaccines. Anaphylaxis is a rare, life-threatening, immediate allergic reaction to something ingested or injected. If left untreated, it results in shock, respiratory and cardiac failure, and death. Symptoms of the condition include: • Sudden onset of diarrhea • Pale gums, cold limbs • Fast heart rate, weak pulse • Facial swelling If you notice any symptoms of a vaccine reaction in your dog after he has received a vaccination, take him to the vet immediately. Epinephrine should be given as soon as possible (a few minutes!). IV fluids, oxygen and other medications will be administered as needed. When it comes to anaphylactic reactions, they are most commonly associated with the used of killed vaccines such as rabies, canine coronavirus, and leptospirosis. This is because they have more of the virus, or bacterial particles, per dose and have added chemicals to improve the dog’s immune system reaction. If your dog ever experiences a vaccine reaction, it is important that you don’t avoid vaccines altogether, because they are still very important. Subsequent vaccinations should be given by your veterinarian, and certain ones may be replaced with a different type of vaccine. It is also possible to give the animal antihistamines prior to vaccination, but make sure this is done under veterinary supervision. Depending on your vet’s thoughts, he may insert catheters in the dog’s vein before the vaccination incase a reaction does occur. That way, fluid and medications can be given quickly. Every time your dog receives a vaccination, you should keep an eye on him after returning home, even if he has never experienced a reaction. Watch for signs of anaphylactic shock and immediately take him to the veterinarian if they do occur. It has been estimated that about one case of anaphylaxis occurs for every 15,000 doses of vaccine administered; so as a vaccine reaction in dogs, it’s not all that common. But you still need to be aware of it so you are prepared if it ever does happen! Enhance Your Pet's Overall Health and Immune System

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Keyword: South Tyrol Translations into other languages are available for subscribers only. The northern area of ​​the Italian double-region Trentino-Alto Adige , The southern area is Trentino . The Italian name of Alto Adige. It corresponds to the geographical province of Bolzano (Italian Bolzano). The Romansh put here already 1,000 BC to the first vineyards, South Tyrol is one of the oldest German wine regions. Here the Romans by the Celts learned the use of wine barrels for storage and transport timber. In the Middle Ages, the wine came to full bloom. The German Emperor, who went to her coronation in Rome learned on their journey to know and appreciate the Alto Adige wine. A decline was from the late 19th Century, as in many other wine-growing areas by phylloxera and mildew . By the 1919 South Tyrol to Italy were made connecting the northern markets lost. After the loss of quality in the 1980s through the marketing of bulk wine you have once again caught up with top grades. The vineyards cover 5300 hectares of vineyards. They are located mainly in the 500 to 1,000 meters above sea level on the slopes and hilly areas in the Adige Valley between Merano and Salurn and Eisacktal between Bozen (Bolzano) and Bressanone (Brixen), with smaller acreage Venosta, formerly Vintschgau (Val Venosta). At the bottom are the only area of ​​Lagrein Gries and white wine region of Salurn. In the Adige Valley, the soils consist mainly of gravelly Schwemmlandschotter, on the slopes of weathered rocks with a high lime content. The prevailing continental climate with warm summers and cold winters with relatively large temperature fluctuations. The Blend is 55% white wine and red grape varieties of 45%. About 80% of the red wines are produced from domestic grapes Vernatsch (Schiava, Trollinger). Other red varieties are the native Lagrein and Moscato Rosa (Pink Moscato), as well as Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc and Pinot Noir. For white wines dominate Pinot Blanc and Chardonnay, Riesling further, Muller-Thurgau, Pinot Gris, Sauvignon Blanc, Moscato giallo (Moscato Giallo) and Gewurztraminer. Comprehensive range of DOC- South Tyrol consists of six sub-zones: * Bolzano conducting (Colli di Bolzano) = Subzone of South Tyrol * Eisacktaler (Valle Isarco) = Subzone of South Tyrol * (Lake Caldaro) * Merano hill (Meranese di Collina) = Subzone of South Tyrol * (Santa Maddalena) = Subzone of South Tyrol * South Tyrol (Alto Adige also, Italian Alto Adige) * Terlaner (Terlano) = Subzone of South Tyrol * Vinschgau (Val Venosta) = Subzone of South Tyrol There are many wine farmers with relatively small vineyards, mostly in one of the many wine cooperative is organized. These produce about two-thirds of the wines. Well-known producers are Ansitz Waldgries , Arunda Reiterer , Baron Di Pauli , Bessererhof , Brigl , Brunnenhof Mazzon, Carlotto , Castelfeder , Castel Sallegg , Peter Dipoli , Egger-Ramer , Eisacktaler winery , family farm Unterganzner, First and New winery Kaltern , Falkenstein, Garlider , Glögglhof, Griesbauerhof , Gummerhof , Gumphof, Haderburg , Happacherhof , Kandlerhof , Cantina Bolzano , Girlan Winery , Kaltern Winery , Winery Kurtatsch , Merano Burggräfler winery , Terlan, Tramin Winery , Kettmeir, K. Martini & Son , Koessler , Laimburg , La Smilla, Loacker Schwarhof , H. Lun , Messnerhof, Milla Gert Pomella, Nals Margreid , Josef Niedermayr , Niklaserhof , Pfannenstielhof , Christian Plattner, Ritterhof , Peter Sölva & Sons , St. Paul's winery , Thalerhof Tiefenbrunner, Unterortl , Josef Weger and Zöhlhof.

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Guadalupe Posada, an ingenious artist, lived during one of the most turbulent times in Mexico. He knew how to capture the essence of this turbulence in his lithographs to the point that they became the icon of Revolutionary Mexico. Posada was born in Aguascalientes in 1853, and as a child, he learned the techniques of grabado and lithography in Trinidad Pedroso’s Workshop of Popular Graphics. In 1871, he began to collaborate as an illustrator for El Jicote, which was published in his native land, where his sarcastic style had already begun to emerge. possible that because of political persecution he was forced to move to León, Guanjuato, where he gave classes at a high school. There he built his own workshop and quickly became famous in his field. He moved to Mexico City in 1888 and began 25 years of lithographic and “grabado” production, collaborating for several newspapers and flyers. In all of these cartoons, Posada satirized governmental abuses and revealed all different types of secrets and gossip about the families favored by the Porfirista regimen (the period when the Mexican dictator Porfirio Díaz rules). Posada immortalized both important events and everyday life in his work, but not only that... Posada also made one of the most ancestral myths of the Mexican culture famous: death. From the ancient cultures that were established in the Valle de México to the mexicas, every civilization has taken a very special interest in death. It wasn’t sadness or pain, but a mystical influence – magical in the way that it became a friend, a faithful confidante, a mysterious conqueror. Posada gave it a face, with a sarcastic, ironic touch. It was through his art that the Catrina and later the Calaca were born. Both feminine personalities are famous icons of death and the top creations of Posada. : Spanish word that means well dressed, rich. Posada used it as a way of criticizing the rich society of Mexico.

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There are many factors that contribute to the failure of flower bulbs to perennialize in the garden. First, The bulb may not be hardy in the climatic zone. Second, the bulb size was reduced below the minimum required for flowering. This size varies with the bulb species and cultivar. Some of the factors affecting perennialization are as follows: - Bulb species or cultivar was not adaptable to specific climatic zone or microclimate. - There was poor drainage in the planting site. - pH greatly exceeded the 6 to 7 range. - Site had high salt content and roots were burned. - Bulbs were not properly fertilized to maintain or increase - Site had improper light level for adequate photosynthesis to take place. - Large, shallow rooted trees were in the same site and the tree roots were too competitive. - Foliage was not allowed to senesce long enough for bulbs to increase in size. - Foliage was bent over and/or tied and inadequate photosynthesis - Heavy freezing damage occurred. - There were serious diseases. - There was a prolonged drought that affected plant growth

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Nuclear medicine gastrointestinal bleeding (GI bleed) scan What is a GI bleeding scan? A GI bleeding scan is an imaging test that can help detect the origin of your child's gastrointestinal bleeding. During the test, blood will be drawn from your child's vein. The drawn blood will be mixed with a radiopharmaceutical called Technetium-99m. The blood cells will then be reinjected into your child's vein. A special camera, called a gamma camera, is used to take pictures of the abdomen once the blood cells have been reinjected. When might a GI bleeding scan be needed? A GI bleeding scan may be done when your child is vomiting blood or passing blood in her stool. The scan can detect and localize a small amount of bleeding providing it occurs during the time of the exam. How should I prepare my child for a GI bleeding scan? - No preparation is necessary, though it is important to not have had any barium studies 48 hours prior to having a GI bleeding scan. - It is helpful to give your child a simple explanation as to why a GI bleeding scan is needed and assure him or her that you will be with her for the entire time. - You may want to bring your child's favorite book, toy, or comfort object to use during waiting times. - We have various videos or DVDs to choose from for your child to watch during the procedure or you can bring one from home. What should I expect when I bring my child to the hospital for a GI bleeding scan? When you arrive, please go to the Nuclear Medicine check-in desk on the second floor of the main hospital or the first floor check-in desk at our Waltham facility. A clinical intake coordinator will check in your child and verify her registration information. What happens during a GI bleeding scan? - You will be greeted by one of our nuclear medicine technologists who will explain to you and your child what will happen during the study. - Your child will change into a hospital gown. - The technologist will place an IV catheter into one of your child's veins and withdraw 3 ml of blood. - The radiopharmaceutical is mixed with the withdrawn blood. - After 30 minutes, the red blood cells are reinjected into your child's IV. - Your child will lie on his or her back on the exam table. - Pictures of your child's abdomen will start immediately and last for about an hour. - It is important that your child remains as still as possible during imaging for the best quality images. - Additional imaging may be requested by the nuclear medicine physician and may be obtained at various intervals as needed, up to about 24 hours. |A GI bleeding scan movie:| GI Bleed Scan Movie Download QuickTime for Windows Download QuickTime for Macintosh Will my child feel anything during a GI bleeding scan? Your child may experience some discomfort associated with the insertion of the intravenous needle. The needle used for the procedure is small. Once the radiopharmaceutical is injected and the scan is complete, the needle will be withdrawn and a gauze bandage with adhesive tape will be placed over the site of the injection. The area where the injection was given may be a little sore. Although the camera may appear large and intimidating, it does not touch your child. Is a GI bleeding scan safe? We are committed to ensuring that your child receives the smallest radiation dose needed to obtain the desired result. - Nuclear medicine has been used on babies and children for more than 40 years with no known adverse effects from the low doses employed. - The radiopharmaceutical contains a very tiny amount of radioactive molecules, but we believe that the benefit to your child's health outweighs potential radiation risk. - The camera used to obtain the images does not produce any radiation. What happens after the GI bleeding scan? Once the GI bleeding scan is complete, the images will be evaluated for quality. If the scan is adequate, your child will be free to leave and resume normal activity. One of the Children's nuclear medicine physicians will review your child's images and create a report of the findings and diagnosis. How do I learn the results of the GI bleeding scan? The nuclear medicine physician will provide a report to the doctor who ordered your child's GI bleeding scan. Your child's doctor will then discuss the results with you.

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With many vaccines, it's easy to see a quick impact: the number of cases of a disease rapidly drops. But for other vaccines that target slower-moving ailments, it can take years or even decades until a population reaps the benefits. Such appears to be the case with human papillomavirus (HPV), a virus that can spread during sex and cause cervical cancer and genital warts. A new analysis of the first 3 years of an HPV vaccination program in Victoria, Australia, reveals a drop in the incidence of cervical lesions among young women. The study didn't find a similar effect in women over 18, but that's likely to come with time. The first HPV vaccine was licensed in 2006. Although many countries now offer an HPV vaccine, Australia was the first to roll out a national program, in April 2007, that aimed to vaccinate as many girls and young women as possible. It focused on those between 12 and 26 years old. Because the vaccine only prevents infection from the virus and can't help once someone already has HPV, doctors favor vaccinating girls and women who have not yet started having sex. Recently, public health physician Julia Brotherton and physician and epidemiologist Dorota Gertig, both of the Victorian Cytology Service in East Melbourne, Australia, along with their colleagues, speculated that 3 years of the HPV vaccine in Australia might be enough to see an effect. So they combed through Pap smear data from the 4 years before the vaccine program launched, and from April 2007 to December 2009, after the vaccine was being offered. The researchers were interested in whether the frequency of certain cervical abnormalities, called "high-grade" and "low-grade," had changed. Using the Victorian Cervical Cytology Registry, which is one of eight registries in Australia that gathers information on Pap smear results, Brotherton and her colleagues gathered data on about 337,000 girls and women under age 26 who had Pap smears before the vaccine and 208,000 after. The team found that high-grade cervical abnormalities, which include precancerous changes to cells that can progress to cancer, were much less common in the under-18 set in the post-vaccine years. Before the vaccine was introduced, 0.8% of girls tested had a high-grade abnormality. Afterward, it was 0.42%. The total numbers were small—109 in the first group, 23 in the second—because few women this young get Pap smears at all. (Australia recommends that Pap smear screening not begin until age 18 or 2 years after the first time a girl has sex, whichever is later. However, not all doctors follow the guidelines, and some offer Pap smears to younger girls who are sexually active.) The researchers didn't see any change in high-grade abnormalities in those over 18. Nor were there post-vaccine changes in low-grade abnormalities in either age group, they report online today in The Lancet. Nonetheless, seeing any effect this early is arguably impressive, given how long it takes for HPV infection to progress to precancerous changes and cervical cancer. "Most models have predicted that we would not see an impact from the vaccine until 7 to 10 years" after its introduction, says Mona Saraiya, a preventive medicine and public health physician at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta. But Australia has "really high vaccine coverage," she notes, which may make it easier to see an effect quickly. It's not clear why there was no sign yet of a benefit from the vaccine in women over 18. Brotherton and her colleagues note that one limitation of the study was that they don't know that all these women actually got the vaccine, just that they were likely offered it. Saraiya also wonders whether screening might have become less common in the under-18 crowd, suggesting that cervical abnormalities had dropped when they haven't—or at least, not yet. "It's not like I have any doubts that the vaccine will have an impact," Saraiya says. "My opinion is, it will just take a little bit longer." And, she predicts, Australia will be one of the first countries with the evidence to show for it.

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In this version of The Making of the President, Theodore White provides his usual in-depth analysis of a Presidential election, along with relevant socio-economic and cultural developments. The 1964 Presidential election was based squarely on ideology, as opposed to managerial competence. As Mr. White discusses, Democratic incumbent Lyndon Johnson stood for the idea that for every problem that existed in the USA, the federal govt. had a solution, while his Republican challenger, Sen. Barry Goldwater, saw the federal govt. as the major obstacle to American progress. This sharp ideological difference has often defined American politics since that time. In addition, Mr. White sets out a coherent explanation of why President Johnson's election was a virtual certainty (along with a wide margin of victory), as Johnson wore the JFK mantle, and most Americans did not want to reject that mantle, at least not so quickly after JFK was assassinated. At the same time, Mr. White makes a genuine effort to portray Sen. Goldwater as being sincere in his views, and as being a decent though widely misunderstood candidate. He also points out that at many times, Sen. Goldwater was his own worst enemy, coming out with statements that played right into the hands of Democratic campaign strategists (i.e., his comments about letting NATO commanders decide when to use "tactical" nuclear weapons against Soviet forces). Finally, Mr. White explains how this election was, in an important way, the first modern election that was fought along regional lines. For example, the Republicans focused much of their resources on the South (an ironic shift for the Party of Lincoln), while the Democrats began to solidify their growing dominance in much of the Northeast and Upper Midwest (overturning many traditional bastions of Republican strength). In many ways, this sectional division still exists today, with the existence of "Red" states and "Blue" states. This sectionalization has had mixed results for both parties. I do wish that Mr. White would have given more attention to the increasing conflict in Vietnam, as it did appear on the political horizon around that time. He doesn't seem to give it that much attention, instead focusing on a number of other major issues. I wonder what his reason was for having done this. Another interesting omission is that of Ronald Reagan. Reagan had made a passionate speech on behalf of Sen. Goldwater, entitled "A Time for Choosing." It was a televised speech that, many political commentators argue, helped launch Mr. Reagan's political career. Perhaps Mr. White had not picked up Mr. Reagan on the radar screen at this time, though he discusses Mr. Reagan in his 1968 installment of The Making of the President (by then Mr. Reagan had been elected Governor of California).

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Allergies are an immune response to a foreign antigen that results in inflammation and organ dysfunction. Allergies can range from life threatening to annoying. Allergens may be airborne, substances in food, or chemicals. While these allergens may normally be harmless, when someone’s immune system is malfunctioning, the body recognizes these as foreign invaders. The hypersensitive immune system tries to protect the body from these ill-perceived foreign invaders by secreting inflammatory chemicals such as histamine, kinin, leukotrienes and interleukins which create the allergic symptoms. Because all body functions are controlled by the nervous system, any interference to the flow of nerve energy from the brain to the immune system can contribute to allergies. Instead of treating symptoms by taking medication for "temporary relief", chiropractic works to normalize the body’s immune system with gentle spinal adjustments to restore the flow of nerve energy.

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A Justice Site CSUDH - Habermas - UWP - Archives California State University, Dominguez Hills University of Wisconsin, Parkside Created: June 7, 2004 Latest Update: June 7, 2004 Children's Art at the Phillips Art Collection on the Jacob Lawrence Exhibit. Teaching Resources and extensive information, as well as images. The Jacob Lawrence Interactive Program Be sure to explore both the Teaching Resources and the Chidren's Art. Both sections have interesting material for the methodology of visual sociology analysis. The interactive Teaching Resources program will take you step by step through the methods Jacob Lawrence used to tell the story of the Great Migration. Look especially at the strength he portrays through the line of the arms, the brightness of the colors in Ironers. Look at the small portion of sky, and the way the workers seemed to be crammed in together. Notice that the artist can control these details while working. The photographer must wait for the appropriate lines, shapes, and forms to present themselves. Women Ironing, c. 1884 Oil on canvas 32-3/8 x 29-3/4 in. (82.2 x 75.6 cm) Norton Simon Art Foundation © 2002 Norton Simon Art Foundation "Paris was famous for its laundries, which serviced a large portion of the city and its suburbs. Many artists and writers used these laundries as subjects. Writing on Degas' laundresses, de Goncourt hailed the laundry profession, as well as that of the dance, "as supplying a modern artist with the most pictorial models among the women of today." Over a thirty-year period, Degas created twenty-seven works depicting laundresses, with many variations on the same poses." Norton Simon Web Site. Snow at Louveciennes is in the Phillips Collection.

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NERSC Helps Nearby Supernova Factory Discover Supernovae at a Rate of 8 per Month September 26, 2003 The Nearby Supernova Factory based at Berkeley Lab (http://snfactory.lbl.gov/) has discovered 34 supernovae during its first year of operation and 99 to date — the best performance ever for a "rookie" supernova search. This remarkable discovery rate of eight per month is made possible by a high-speed data link, custom data pipeline software, and NERSC's ability to store and process 50 gigabytes of data every night. The SNfactory processed a quarter-million images in its first year and archived 6 terabytes (trillion bytes) of compressed data at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) at Berkeley Lab — one of the few centers with an archive large enough to store this much data. The SNfactory's goal is to find and examine in detail up to 300 nearby Type Ia supernovae, many more than have been studied so far. Knowing more about nearby supernovae will help scientists put observations of very distant supernovae to better use in understanding the history of the universe — particularly the mysterious dark energy that is causing the universe to expand at an accelerating rate. Contributing to the SNfactory's remarkable discovery rate is its custom-developed "data pipeline" software. The pipeline fills with up to 50 gigabytes (billion bytes) of data a night from wide-field cameras built and operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Near Earth Asteroid Tracking program (NEAT). NEAT uses remote telescopes at Mount Palomar Observatory in Southern California and at the U.S. Air Force's Maui Space Surveillance System on Mount Haleakala. With the help of the High Performance Wireless Research and Education Network (HPWREN) program at the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC), the SNfactory was able to establish a custom-built, high-speed link with Mount Palomar. Existing links to Maui and to SDSC through the DOE's Energy Sciences Network (ESnet), complete the connection to NERSC. |A special link in the High Performance Wireless Research and Education Network (HPWREN) transmits images from the Near Earth Asteroid Tracking program (NEAT) at Mount Palomar to NERSC for storage and processing for the SNfactory.| NEAT sends images of about 500 square degrees of the sky to NERSC each night. The data pipeline software developed by UC Berkeley graduate student Michael Wood-Vasey automatically archives these in NERSC's High Performance Storage System (HPSS). NEAT's telescopes revisit the same regions of the sky roughly every six days during a typical 18-day observing period. When a supernova appears in one of those galaxies, the SNfactory can find it using image subtraction software that can sift through billions of objects. This analysis is done using NERSC's 390-processor PDSF Linux cluster. Eventually the pipeline will automate the entire discovery and confirmation process. Once a supernova is discovered from the Palomar or Maui images, follow-up observations will be obtained via remote control of a custom-built dual-beam optical spectrograph (being completed by SNfactory collaborators in France) mounted on the University of Hawaii's 88-inch telescope on Mauna Kea. The Hawaii observations will be shipped by Internet for image processing at a super-computing center in France and then sent to NERSC for analysis. Astronomers and physicists depend on distant Type Ia supernovae as "standard candles" to study the ancient universe because of their exceeding brightness and remarkably similar optical characteristics. A few dozen distant Type Ia's were enough to reveal in 1998 that the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate. At present, astronomers can determine the distance to a well-studied Type Ia supernova with an accuracy of 8 percent, an accuracy the SNfactory expects to improve. The goal is to establish a much better sample of nearby Type Ia supernovae, against which the brightness of distant supernovae can be compared to obtain relative distances. Researchers also want to measure the intrinsic colors of a Type Ia at every stage, so they will know the effects of intervening dust. And they want to know what difference the "metallicity" of the home galaxy makes — that is, the presence of elements heavier than helium. At 40 galaxies per image, the NEAT images are more likely to include metal-poor galaxies overlooked by other nearby supernova searches, as well as galaxies "in the Hubble flow" — those whose redshifts are better indicators of their distance than closer galaxies, whose redshifts may be disturbed by the gravitational pull of their neighbors. A recent major discovery made possible by the SNfactory was the first detection of hydrogen in the form of circumstellar material around a supernova — in this case, SN 2002ic, discovered near maximum light by the SNfactory. Researchers have been looking for hydrogen to discriminate between different types of possible progenitor systems to Type Ia supernovae. Large amounts of hydrogen around SN 2002ic suggest that the progenitor system contained a massive asymptotic giant branch star that lost several solar masses of gas in a "stellar wind" in the millenia leading up to the Type Ia explosion.

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|Type||Saline, monomictic, alkaline, endorheic| |Primary inflows||Omo River, Turkwel River, Kerio River| |Catchment area||130,860 km²| |Basin countries||Ethiopia, Kenya| |Max. length||290 km| |Max. width||32 km (20 mi)| |Surface area||6,405 km2 (2,473 sq mi)| |Average depth||30.2 m| |Max. depth||109 m| |Water volume||203.6 km³| |Surface elevation||360.4 m| |Islands||North Island, Central Island, South Island (volcanic)| |Settlements||El Molo, Loyangalani, Kalokol, Eliye Springs, Ileret, Fort Banya.| Lake Turkana (pron.: // or //), formerly known as Lake Rudolf, is a lake in the Kenyan Rift Valley, with its far northern end crossing into Ethiopia. It is the world's largest permanent desert lake and the world's largest alkaline lake. By volume it is the world's fourth-largest salt lake after the Caspian Sea, Issyk-Kul, and Lake Van (passing the shrinking South Aral Sea), and among all lakes it ranks 24th. The water is potable, but not palatable. It supports a rich lacustrine wildlife. The climate is hot and very dry. The rocks of the surrounding area are predominantly volcanic. Central Island is an active volcano, emitting vapors. Outcrops and rocky shores are found on the east and south shores of the lake, while dunes, spits and flats are on the west and north, at a lower elevation. On-shore and off-shore winds can be extremely strong, as the lake warms and cools more slowly than the land. Sudden, violent storms are frequent. Three rivers (the Omo, Turkwel and Kerio) flow into the lake, but lacking outflow, its only water loss is by evaporation. Lake volume and dimensions are variable. For example, its level fell by 10 metres between 1975 and 1993. Due to temperature, aridity and geographic inaccessibility, the lake retains its wild character. Nile crocodiles are found in great abundance on the flats. The rocky shores are home to scorpions and carpet vipers. Although the lake and its environs have been popular for expeditions of every sort under the tutelage of guides, rangers and experienced persons, they certainly must be considered hazardous for unguided tourists. Lake Turkana National Parks are now listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Sibiloi National Park lies on the lake's eastern shore, while Central Island National Park and South Island National Park lie in the lake. Both are known for their crocodiles. The lake was named Lake Rudolf (in honor of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria) by Count Sámuel Teleki de Szék and his second-in-command Lieutenant Ludwig Ritter Von Höhnel, a Hungarian and an Austrian,on 6 March 1888. They were the first Europeans to have recorded visiting the lake after a long safari across East Africa. Natives who live around Lake Turkana include the Turkana, Rendille, Gabbra, Daasanach, Hamar Koke, Karo, Nyagatom, Mursi, Surma and Molo peoples. For the location of many of these peoples, refer to the dialect map in the article. J. W. Gregory reported in The Geographical Journal of 1894 that it had been called "'Basso Narok' This means black lake in the samburu language and basso naibor for lake Stefanie meaning white lake in the Samburu language. The Samburu are among the dominant tribes in the lake Turkana region when the explorers came." What the native form of this phrase was, what it might mean and in what language is not clear. The lake kept its European name during the colonial period of British East Africa. After the independence of Kenya, the president, Mzee Jomo Kenyatta, renamed it in 1975 after the Turkana, the predominant tribe there. At some unknown time, the lake acquired an alternate name as the Jade Sea from its turquoise colour seen on approaching from a distance. The colour comes from algae that rise to the surface in calm weather. This is likely also a European name. The Turkana refer to the lake as Anam Ka'alakol, meaning the sea of many fish. It is from the name Ka'alakol that Kalokol, a town on the western shore of Lake Turkana, east of Lodwar, derives its name. The previous indigenous Turkana name for Lake Turkana was Anam a Cheper. The area still sees few visitors, being a two-day drive from Nairobi. The lake is also an imaginary boundary of the Rendille and Borana and Oromo to the Turkana land. The area is primarily clay-based and is more alkaline than seawater. The major biomes are the lake itself, which is an aquatic biome, and the surrounding region, which is classified as desert and xeric shrubland. The Chalbi Desert is east of the lake. During moister times, a dry grassland appears, featuring Aristida adcensionis and A. mutabilis. During drier times, the grass disappears. The shrublands contain dwarf shrubs, such as Duosperma eremophilum and Indigofera spinosa. Near the lake are doum palms. Both phytoplankton and zooplankton are found in the lake. Of the former, cyanobacteria are represented by Microcystis aeruginosa and microalgae by Botryococcus braunii. Also present are Anabaenopsis arnoldii, Planctonema lauterbornii, Oocystis gigas, Sphaerocystis schroeteri, and some others. The zooplankton includes copepods, cladocerans and protozoans. Compared to other large African lakes, Turkana has relatively low fish species in total; the lake holds about 50 fish species, including 11 endemics, such as the cichlids Haplochromis macconneli, H. rudolfianus and H. turkanae, the barb Barbus turkanae, the robber tetras Brycinus ferox and B. minutus, the Rudolf lates Lates longispinis, and the cyprinid Neobola stellae. Non-endemics include species such as Nile tilapia, bichirs, the elephantfish Mormyrus kannume, African arowana, African knifefish, Distichodus niloticus, the Nile perch, and numerous others. During the early Holocene, the water level of the lake was higher, and it overflowed into the Nile River, allowing fish and crocodiles access. Consequently, the non-endemic fishes in the lake are mainly riverine species of Nilotic origin. Some of the non-endemics do not breed in the lake, but migrate up the Omo River and other affluents to breed. The lake is heavily fished. The Lake Turkana region is home to hundreds of species of birds native to Kenya. The East African Rift System also serves as a flyway for migrating birds, bringing in hundreds more. The birds are essentially supported by plankton masses in the lake, which also feed the fish. Some birds more common to Turkana are the Little Stint, the Wood Sandpiper, and the Common Sandpiper. The African Skimmer (Rhyncops flavirostris) nests in the banks of Central Island. The White-breasted Cormorant (Phalacrocorax lucidus) ranges over the lake, as do many other waterbirds. The Greater Flamingo wades in its shallows. Heuglin's Bustard (Neotis heuglinii) is found in the east of the lake region. The lake formerly contained Africa's largest population of Nile crocodiles: 14,000, as estimated in a 1968 study by Alistair Graham—see the book 'Eyelids of Morning' for an account of the lake and its crocodiles. The lake also has a large population of large water turtles, particularly in the area of Central Island. Over the dry grasslands ranges a frail population of grazing mammals and predators. The grazers are chiefly Grevy's zebra, Burchell's zebra, the beisa oryx, Grant's gazelle, the topi and the reticulated giraffe. They are hunted by the lion and the cheetah. Elephants and the black rhinoceroses are no longer seen, although Teleki reported seeing (and shooting) many. Closer to the dust is the cushioned gerbil (Gerbillus pulvinatus). Lake Turkana is an East African Rift feature. A rift is a weak place in the Earth's crust due to the separation of two tectonic plates, often accompanied by a graben, or trough, in which lake water can collect. The rift began when East Africa, impelled by currents in the mantle, began separating from the rest of Africa, moving to the northeast. Currently, the graben is 320 km wide in the north of the lake, 170 km in the south. This rift is one of two, and is called the Great or Eastern Rift. There is another to the west, the Western Rift. Lake Turkana is a unique feature of the East African landscape. Besides being a permanent desert sea, it is the only sea that retains the waters originating from two separate catchment areas of the Nile. The Lake Turkana drainage basin draws its waters mainly from Kenya Highlands and Ethiopian Highlands. The basement rocks of the region have been dated by two analytical determinations to 522 and 510 million years ago (mya). No rift was in the offing at that time. A rift is signalled by volcanic activity through the weakened crust. The oldest volcanic activity of the region occurred in the Nabwal Hills northeast of Turkana and is dated to 34.8 mya in the late Eocene. The visible tectonic features of the region result from extensive extrusions of basalt over the Turkana-Omo basin in the window 4.18-3.99 mya. These are called the Gombe Group Basalts. They are subdivided into the Mursi Basalts and the Gombi Basalts. The two latter basalts are identified as the outcrops forming the rocky mountains and badlands around the lake. In the Omo portion of the basin, of the Mursi Basalts, the Mursi Formation is on the west side of the Omo, the Nkalabong on the Omo, and the Usno and Shungura east of the Omo. Probably the best known of the formations are the Koobi Fora on the east side of Turkana and the Nachukui on the west. Short-term fluctuations in lake level combined with periodic volcanic ash spewings over the region have resulted in a fortuitous layering of the ground cover over the basal rocks. These horizons can be dated more precisely by chemical analysis of the tuff. As this region is believed to have been an evolutionary nest of hominins, the dates are important for generating a diachronic array of fossils, both hominoid and nonhominoid. Many thousands have been excavated. Terraces representing ancient shores are visible in the Turkana Basin. The highest is 75 m above the surface of the lake (only approximate, as the lake level fluctuates), which was current about 9500 years ago, at the end of the Pleistocene. It is generally theorized that Turkana was part of the upper Nile system at that time, connecting to Lake Baringo at the southern end and the White Nile in the north, and that volcanic land adjustments severed the connection. Such a hypothesis explains the Nile species in the lake, such as the crocodiles and the Nile perch. Around two to three million years ago, the lake was larger and the area more fertile, making it a centre for early hominids. Richard Leakey has led numerous anthropological digs in the area which have led to many important discoveries of hominin remains. The two-million-year-old skull 1470 was found in 1972. It was originally thought to be Homo habilis, but the scientific name Homo rudolfensis, derived from the old name of the Lake Rudolf, was proposed in 1986 by V. P. Alexeev. In 1984, the Turkana Boy, a nearly complete skeleton of a Homo erectus boy was discovered by Kamoya Kimeu. More recently, Meave Leakey discovered a 3.5 million-year-old skull there, named Kenyanthropus platyops, which means "the flat-faced man of Kenya". Wind power The Lake Turkana Wind Power consortium (LTWP) plans to provide 300 MW of clean power to Kenya's national electricity grid by tapping the unique wind conditions around the lake. The plan calls for 360 wind turbines, each with a capacity of 850 kilowatts. As of March 2010, the project had found financing, and the Kenyan government will take responsibility for the construction of the transmission lines. If completed, it will become the largest wind power project in Africa. In popular culture - The explorer and elephant hunter A H Neumann tells of his epic adventures around Lake Rudolf in the mid 1890's in Elephant Hunting in East Equatorial Africa. - The lake is featured in Fernando Meirelles's film The Constant Gardener, which is based on the book of the same name by John le Carré, although some of the footage was actually filmed at Lake Magadi. - In his book A Lifetime with Lions, George Adamson describes various adventures along Lake Turkana. - The travel writer John Hillaby describes a camel safari undertaken along the shore of the lake in his 1964 book Journey to the Jade Sea. - Eyelids of the Morning: The Mingled Destinies of Crocodiles and Men by Alistair Graham and Peter Hill Beard, originally published in 1973 - In Xenosaga Episode I: Der Wille zur Macht, the Zohar is located in the lake. - In Nobel laureate Henryk Sienkiewicz's novel In Desert and Wilderness, the protagonists pass through the settlements on Lake Turkana and befriend the natives. See also |Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lake Turkana| - Hadar, Ethiopia - Middle Awash - Olduvai Gorge - Omo Kibish Formation - Rift Valley lakes - Rivers of Kenya - Tugen Hills - The boundary between Ethiopia and Kenya has been a contentious rational distinction. A brief consideration of the topic can be found in the State Department document, Ethiopia - Kenya Boundary - Historic lake levels are graphed in the World Lakes Database. - A summary of the European discovery as well as Teleki's map and some Turkana tribe legends are stated in a University of Trieste document online. - "Contributions to the Physical Geography of British East Africa" Geographical Journal, 4 (1894), pp. 289-315. - The World Lakes Database includes mention of the lake plankton, some of which are responsible for its turquoise colour. - Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Lake Turkana. Accessed 2 May 2011 - Fish Species in Lake Turkana - The Internet hosts a number of bird sites giving scientific names, data and photographs of birds found around the lake: The Sibiloi National Park site, the Kenya Birds site, the African Bird Image Database, the Birdlife International site, and many others. - A good introduction is stated in the Regions of Kenya site. - For the mantle currents, or "plumes", see the abstract of Tertiary Mafic Lavas of Turkana ..., Journal of Petrology Volume 47, Number 6 Pp. 1221-1244. - See the abstract of Geochronology of the Nabwal Hills ..., Geological Magazine; January 2006; v. 143; no. 1; p. 25-39. - See Mineral chemistry of Turkana basalts and implications for basin development, Karla Knudson, Louise Miltich, Nick Swanson-Hysell. The article is highly technical. Look for the summaries. - Refer to the abstract of Precise ... geochronology for the upper Koobi Fora Formation...., Journal of the Geological Society; January 2006; v. 163; no. 1; p. 205-220. - Lake Turkana Wind Power - Africa’s Largest Wind Project Advances, New York Times, 16 March 2010 - A H Neumann, Elephant Hunting In East Equatorial Africa, London, Rowland Ward, 1897 - (Paladin Press -ISBN 0-586-08140-2) - (New York Graphic Society - ISBN 0-8212-0464-5). - (Fredonia Books - ISBN 1-58963-614-7). - Encyclopædia Britannica under "Rudolf, Lake" - Chambers World Gazeteer, ed. David Munro, W & R Chambers Ltd. & The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 5th Edition, 1988, ISBN 10852962003 under Turkana, Lake. - Lake Turkana's entry on UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites - Satellite images showing Lake Turkana's falling water levels - Ongoing Palaeoanthropological research in the Turkana Basin - World Lakes Database - Lake Turkana National Park - "Masai Xeric Grasslands and Shrublands". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. - Remote Tribes of Northern Kenya - Crocodile Natural History - Africa Resources Working Group Gibe III Dam Lake Turkana - The Turkana Basin Institute - Sibiloi National Park, World Heritage Site

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Petrus Ramus (or Pierre de la Ramée) (Anglicized to Peter Ramus) (1515 – 26 August 1572) was an influential French humanist, logician, and educational reformer. A Protestant convert, he was killed during the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Early life He was born at the village of Cuts in Picardy; his father was a farmer. He gained admission at age twelve, to the Collège de Navarre, working as a servant. A reaction against scholasticism was in full tide, at a transitional time for Aristotelianism. On the occasion of taking his degree (1536) Ramus allegedly took as his thesis Quaecumque ab Aristotele dicta essent, commentitia esse, which Walter J. Ong paraphrases as follows: - "All the things that Aristotle has said are inconsistent because they are poorly systematized and can be called to mind only by the use of arbitrary mnemonic devices." Early academic career Ramus, as graduate of the university, started courses of lectures. At this period he was engaged in numerous separate controversies. One opponent in 1543 was the Benedictine Joachim Périon. He was accused, by Jacques Charpentier, professor of medicine, of undermining the foundations of philosophy and religion. Arnaud d'Ossat, a pupil and friend of Ramus, defended him against Charpentier. Ramus was made to debate Goveanus (Antonio de Gouveia), over two days. The matter was brought before the parlement of Paris, and finally before Francis I. By him it was referred to a commission of five, who found Ramus guilty of having "acted rashly, arrogantly and impudently," and interdicted his lectures (1544). Royal support He withdrew from Paris, but soon afterwards returned, the decree against him being canceled by Henry II, who came to the throne in 1547, through the influence of Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine. He obtained a position at the Collège de Navarre. In 1551 Henry II appointed him a regius professor at the university but he preferred to call himself a professor of philosophy and eloquence at the Collège de France, where for a considerable time he lectured before audiences numbering as many as 2,000. Pierre Galland, another professor there, published Contra novam academiam Petri Rami oratio (1551), and called him a "parricide" for his attitude to Aristotle. The more serious charge was that he was a nouveau academicien, in other words a sceptic. Audomarus Talaeus (Omer Talon c.1510–1581), a close ally of Ramus, had indeed published a work in 1548 derived from Cicero's description of Academic scepticism, the school of Arcesilaus and Carneades. After conversion In 1561 he faced significant enmity following his adoption of Protestantism. He had to flee from Paris; and, though he found an asylum in the palace of Fontainebleau, his house was pillaged and his library burned in his absence. He resumed his chair after this for a time, but in 1568 the position of affairs was again so threatening that he found it advisable to ask permission to travel. He spent around two years, in Germany and Switzerland. The Second Helvetic Confession earned his disapproval, in 1571, rupturing his relationship with Theodore Beza and leading Ramus to write angrily to Heinrich Bullinger. Returning to France, he fell a victim in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572). Hiding for a while in a bookshop off the Rue St Jacques, he returned to his lodgings, on 26 August, the third day of the violence. There he was stabbed while at prayer. Suspicions against Charpentier have been voiced ever since. A central issue is that Ramus's anti-Aristotelianism arose out of a concern for pedagogy. Aristotelian philosophy, in its Early Modern form as scholasticism showing its age, was in a confused and disordered state. Ramus sought to infuse order and simplicity into philosophical and scholastic education by reinvigorating a sense of dialectic as the overriding logical and methodological basis for the various disciplines. He published in 1543 the Aristotelicae Animadversiones and Dialecticae Partitiones, the former a criticism on the old logic and the latter a new textbook of the science. What are substantially fresh editions of the Partitiones appeared in 1547 as Institutiones Dialecticae, and in 1548 as Scholae Dialecticae; his Dialectique (1555), a French version of his system, is the earliest work on the subject in the French language. In the "Dialecticae partitiones," Ramus recommends the use of summaries, headings, citations and examples. Ong calls Ramus's use of outlines, "a reorganization of the whole of knowledge and indeed of the whole human lifeworld." After studying Ramus's work, Ong concluded that the results of his "methodizing" of the arts "are the amateurish works of a desperate man who is not a thinker but merely an erudite pedagogue". On the other hand, his work had an immediate impact on the issue of disciplinary boundaries, where educators largely accepted his arguments, by the end of the century. The logic of Ramus enjoyed a great celebrity for a time, and there existed a school of Ramists boasting numerous adherents in France, Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. It cannot be said, however, that Ramus's innovations mark any epoch in the history of logic, and there is little ground for his claim to supersede Aristotle by an independent system of logic. The distinction between natural and artificial logic, i.e., between the implicit logic of daily speech and the same logic made explicit in a system, passed over into the logical handbooks. He amends the syllogism. He admits only the first three figures, as in the original Aristotelian scheme, and in his later works he also attacks the validity of the third figure, following in this the precedent of Laurentius Valla. Ramus also set the modern fashion of deducing the figures from the position of the middle term in the premises, instead of basing them, as Aristotle does, upon the different relation of the middle to the major term and minor term. As James Jasinski explains, "the range of rhetoric began to be narrowed during the 16th century, thanks in part to the works of Peter Ramus." In using the word "narrowed," Jasinski is referring to Ramus argument for divorcing rhetoric from dialectic (logic), a move that had far reaching implications for rhetorical studies and for popular conceptions of public persuasion. Contemporary rhetoricians have tended to reject Ramus's view in favor of a more wide ranging (and in many respects, Aristotelian) understanding of the rhetorical arts as encompassing "a [broad] range of ordinary language practices." Rhetoric, traditionally, had had five parts, of which inventio (invention) was the first. Two others were dispositio (arrangement) and memoria (memory). Ramus proposed transferring those back to the realm of dialectic (logic); and merging them under a new heading, renaming them as iudicium (judgment). Brian Vickers said that the Ramist influence here did add to rhetoric: it concentrated more on the remaining aspect of elocutio or effective use of language, and emphasised the role of vernacular European languages (rather than Latin). The effect was that rhetoric was applied in literature. His rhetorical leaning is seen in the definition of logic as the ars disserendi; he maintains that the rules of logic may be better learned from observation of the way in which Cicero persuaded his hearers than from a study of Aristotle's works on logic (the Organon). Logic falls, according to Ramus, into two parts: invention (treating of the notion and definition) and judgment (comprising the judgment proper, syllogism and method). Here he was influenced by Rodolphus Agricola. This division gave rise to the jocular designation of judgment or mother-wit as the "secunda Petri". But what Ramus does here in fact redefines rhetoric. There is a new configuration, with logic and rhetoric each having two parts: rhetoric was to cover elocutio and pronuntiatio. In general, Ramism liked to deal with binary trees as method for organising knowledge. He was also known as a mathematician, a student of Johannes Sturm. It has been suggested that Sturm was an influence in another way, by his lectures given in 1529 on Hermogenes of Tarsus: the Ramist method of dichotomy is to be found in Hermogenes. The views of Ramus on mathematics implied a limitation to the practical: he considered Euclid's theory on irrational numbers to be useless. The emphasis on technological applications and engineering mathematics was coupled to an appeal to nationalism (France was well behind Italy, and needed to catch up with Germany). The teachings of Ramus had a broadly based reception well into the seventeenth century. Later movements, such as Baconianism, pansophism, and Cartesianism, in different ways built on Ramism, and took advantage of the space cleared by some of the simplifications (and oversimplifications) it had effected. The longest-lasting strand of Ramism was in systematic Calvinist theology, where textbook treatments with a Ramist framework were still used into the eighteenth century, particularly in New England. The first writings on Ramism, after the death of Ramus, included biographies, and were by disciples of sorts: Freigius (1574 or 1575), Banosius (1576), Nancelius (1599), of whom only Nancelius was closely acquainted with the man. Followers of Ramus in different fields included Caspar Olevianus, Johannes Piscator, Hieronymus Treutler, Johannes Althusius, the statesman Emdens, and John Milton. He published fifty works in his lifetime and nine appeared after his death. Ong undertook the complex bibliographical task of tracing his books through their editions. - Aristotelicae Animadversiones (1543) - Brutinae questiones (1547) - Rhetoricae distinctiones in Quintilianum (1549) - Dialectique (1555) - Arithmétique (1555) - De moribus veterum Gallorum (Paris, 1559; second edition, Basel, 1572) - De militia C.J. Cæsaris - Advertissement sur la réformation de l'université de Paris, au Roy, Paris, (1562) - Three grammars: Grammatica latina (1548), Grammatica Graeca (1560), Grammaire Française (1562) - Scolae physicae, metaphysicae, mathematicae (1565, 1566, 1578) - Prooemium mathematicum (Paris, 1567) - Scholarum mathematicarum libri unus et triginta (Basel, 1569) (his most famous work) - Commentariorum de religione christiana (Frankfurt, 1576) - Nelly Bruyère, Méthode et dialectique dans l'oeuvre de La Ramée: Renaissance et Age classique, Paris, Vrin 1984 - Desmaze, Charles. Petrus Ramus, professeur au Collège de France, sa vie, ses ecrits, sa mort (Paris, 1864). - Freedman, Joseph S. Philosophy and the Arts in Central Europe, 1500-1700: Teaching and Texts at Schools and Universities (Ashgate, 1999). - Graves, Frank Pierrepont. Peter Ramus and the Educational Reformation of the Sixteenth Century (Macmillan, 1912). - Høffding, Harald. History of Modern Philosophy (English translation, 1900), vol. i.185. - Howard Hotson, Commonplace Learning: Ramism and Its German Ramifications, 1543–1630 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007). - Lobstein, Paul. Petrus Ramus als Theolog (Strassburg, 1878). - Miller, Perry. The New England Mind (Harvard University Press, 1939). - Milton, John. A Fuller Course in the Art of Logic Conformed to the Method of Peter Ramus (London, 1672). Ed. and trans. Walter J. Ong and Charles J. Ermatinger. Complete Prose Works of John Milton: Volume 8. Ed. Maurice Kelley. New Haven: Yale UP, 1982. p. 206-407. - Ong, Walter J. (1982). Orality and literacy: The technologizing of the word. New York: Methuen.(p. viii). - Owen, John. The Skeptics of the French Renaissance (London, 1893). - Pranti, K. "Uber P. Ramus" in Munchener Sitzungs berichte (1878). - Saisset, Émile. Les précurseurs de Descartes (Paris, 1862). - Sharratt, Peter. "The Present State of Studies on Ramus," Studi francesi 47-48 (1972) 201-13. - —. "Recent Work on Peter Ramus (1970–1986)," Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric 5 (1987): 7-58. - —. "Ramus 2000," Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric 18 (2000): 399-455. - Voigt. Uber den Ramismus der Universität Leipzig (Leipzig, 1888). - Waddington-Kastus. De Petri Rami vita, scriptis, philosophia (Paris, 1848). See also - This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. - See Ong's Ramus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue: From the Art of Discourse to the Art of Reason, 1958: 46-47. - Ong, Ramus, pp.36-37. - Ong, Ramus, pp.36-41. - Kees Meerhoff, Bartholomew Keckerman and the Anti-Ramist Tradition, in Christoph Strohm, Joseph S. Freedman, H. J. Selderhuis (editors), Späthumanismus und reformierte Konfession: Theologie, Jurisprudenz und Philosophie in Heidelberg an der Wende zum 17. Jahrhundert (2006), p. 188. - James J. Murphy, Peter Ramus's Attack on Cicero: Text and Translation of Ramus's Brutinae Quaestiones (1992), p. x. - Robert Mandrou, From Humanism to Science 1480-1700 (1978), p. 122. - (French) http://www.inrp.fr/edition-electronique/lodel/dictionnaire-ferdinand-buisson/document.php?id=3490 - Richard H. Popkin, The History of Scepticim from Erasmus to Spinoza (1979), pp. 28-30. - Edward Craig, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1998), p. 52. - John D. Woodbridge, Kenneth S. Kantzer, Biblical Authority: A Critique of the Rogers/McKim Proposal (1982), p. 185, with caveats. - Katherine Duncan-Jones, Sir Philip Sidney: Courter Poet (1991), p. 60. - John Foxe's Book of Martyrs, under Pierre de la Ramée. - "Ramus, method, and the decay of dialogue: From the art of discourse to the art of reason," 1958. Cambridge, MA: Harvard. - The Barbarian Within, 1962: 79-80. - Michelle Ballif, Michael G. Moran, Classical Rhetorics and Rhetoricians: Critical Studies and Sources (2005), p. 92. - Sourcebook on Rhetoric, 2001, pp. xvii-iii - Jasinski, James. Sourcebook on Rhetoric, 2001, pp. xviii - Paolo Rossi, Logic and the Art of Memory (2000 translation), pp. 99-102. - Brian Vickers, In Defence of Rhetoric (1988), p. 206. - Petrus Ramus (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) - Michael Losonsky, Language and Logic, in Donald Rutherford (editor), The Cambridge Companion to Early Modern Philosophy (2006), p. 176. - Thomas M. Conley, Rhetoric in the European Tradition (1994), p. 131. - Peter French, John Dee (1972), p. 143. - Peter French, John Dee (1972), p. 169. - A. G. Keller, Mathematicians, Mechanics, and Experimental Machines in Northern Italy in the Sixteenth Century, p. 16, in Maurice Crosland (editor), The Emergence of Technology in Western Europe (1975). - Thomas Johannes Freigius (1543–1583) was a Swiss scholar; (German) . - Théophile de Banos (died c. 1595) was a Huguenot pastor and author, originally from Bordeaux. Commentariorum de religione Christiana libri quatuor, nunquam antea editi (Frankfurt, 1576) included a biography of Ramus; Banosius was preacher in Frankfurt 1572 to 1578. Note in . - Nicolas de Nancel (1539–1610) was a French physician; see fr:Nicolas de Nancel. - Works by Petrus Ramus at Project Gutenberg - 'Ramism' entry in The Dictionary of the History of Ideas - Petrus Ramus entry by Erland Sellberg in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Catholic Encyclopedia entry - An online copy of: Ramus (Pierre de la Ramée) sa vie, ses écrits et ses opinions (1855) by Charles Waddington

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What a difference a decade makes. Ten years ago bigger was better - whether it was "clean" coal or a natural gas generating plant. But demand for natural gas put pressure on prices and tightened supplies. Clean coal technology was expensive. The economics of big generation changed. While U.S. generating capacity still consists mainly of large plants powered by natural gas, coal, and nuclear fuels, the Department of Energy (DOE) calculates that about 10 percent of our electricity now comes from renewable resources. Most of it is in the form of large hydropower plants, but about 3 percent is coming from wind, biomass, solar, and other renewable technologies. That 3 percent is getting a lot of attention these days because it is growing - fast. Improved renewable technologies are part of the reason. There are smaller "low head" hydro plants with fewer environmental impacts. Plants burning biomass and trash, including landfill gas, are used throughout the country. Wind energy is growing the most, with huge turbines lined up in fields generating 5 MW or more. Solar technologies have expanded; some now capture solar heat as well as light, increasing efficiency and enabling solar energy to be stored. Beyond these "conventional" renewable technologies there are the emerging technologies of photovoltaics (solar cells that absorb sunlight to produce electricity), ocean gradient, tidal power, geothermal, and fuel cells. The demand for renewables is growing despite capital costs that are typically twice the cost of conventional resources: $800-$1,000/kW compared to $400-$500/kW. But with fuel costs rising and improvements in renewable technologies, renewables can compete with conventional resources on a kWh basis. For example, wind generation cost a whopping 40 cents/kWh in 1980; 20 years later, thanks to increased turbine sizes and other advances, it can be purchased for as little as 4 cents/kWh. Smaller, renewable generation plants have much to recommend them. Many produce no air or water emissions. Utilities also are looking at renewables to help insure adequate electric supply and maintain price stability. There is no fuel price variability or concerns about supply availability. These resources are often quick to build; for example, many wind installations can be up and running in six months. Another benefit of some renewable programs has been economic development; most renewables are home-grown so energy dollars stay at home. Another reason for the surge in renewable energy supply is consumer demand. Customers and state and local governments are demanding green power for environmental and energy security reasons. This demand had been measured and addressed through the use of green pricing programs. Customers are willing to pay a premium for green power. According to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL) green power network, "Although renewable energy development has traditionally been limited by cost considerations, customer choice allows consumer preferences for cleaner energy sources to be reflected in market transactions. In survey after survey, customers have expressed a preference and willingness to pay more, if necessary, for cleaner energy sources." These preferences can be expressed three ways, through green pricing, green power marketing, and renewable energy certificates. Green pricing lets utility customers support investment in renewables by paying a premium to cover the extra cost of renewable generation. Currently more than 750 utilities of all types offer a green pricing option. Selling renewable energy into competitive wholesale markets is called green power marketing; this is occurring in about 20 states. Even if customers have no access to green power through their utility or a competitive marketer, they can purchase renewable energy certificates (RECs or green tags), in essence buying the environmental attributes of renewable resources. Green pricing programs can be instituted either by the state or a utility. For example, the CleanPower Choice Program from the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities' Office of Clean Energy is a statewide program that allows customers to choose renewable energy sources for electric generation - solar, wind, small hydro, and landfill gas. The program is part of a larger initiative, the New Jersey Clean Energy Program. The N.J. Clean Energy Program is administered by the New Jersey Clean Energy Council. The Council has members from government and industry, including utilities operating in the state such as PSE&G, which support the goals of a stronger economy, less pollution, and less dependence on foreign sources of energy. Customers sign up with a CleanPower marketer and pay a little extra per kWh for electricity produced by wind or a wind/other renewable combination. While there are many renewable technologies, there are also many ways to integrate them into utility energy programs. Renewable energy is being employed by both wholesale and retail companies; by large generating entities operating in multiple states; as well as by small municipal utilities and by power producers in all parts of the country. The following examples are just a sample of the many different ways renewable energy resources are being developed and used. It's all about wind. According to DOE, apart from hydropower, wind power is the most frequent source of renewable generation in the United States. About 30 states generate some wind power, and today the total U.S. wind capacity is about 17,000 MW - enough to generate electricity for about five million households. Wind power is making economic sense for utilities of all sizes. The Nebraska Public Power District (NPPD) is Nebraska's largest electric utility, serving about one million people through its wholesale and retail operations. NPPD became interested in wind power when it evaluated all forms of renewable resources feasible in Nebraska with the intent of producing 5 percent of its energy from renewable resources, if economically viable. In 2005, 36 wind turbines with 130-foot blades were constructed across the Sandhills, six miles south of Ainsworth, Nebraska. Called the Ainsworth Wind Energy Facility, its capacity is 60 MW. The output is used for NPPD customers, but also sold to utilities as far away as Florida. Last summer, NPPD invited developers of wind projects to submit more proposals. Dave Rich, NPPD's renewable energy manager sees even more wind energy in NPPD's future: "NPPD has longer-term goals of incorporating more wind-powered generation into our portfolio down the road." XCEL Energy - which operates as an energy company in eight different Midwest and Southwest states including Colorado, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Texas - is as committed to wind power as NPPD. XCEL has always had hydro plants - currently it operates 28 plants totaling 500 MW - but it became interested in wind in 1980. The American Wind Energy Association claims that XCEL is today the largest single U.S. wind provider with about 1,500 MW of capacity. XCEL offers a program to its customers in Minnesota, Colorado, and New Mexico called Windsource, ranked by NREL as the second-largest green pricing program in the nation. The program lets customers purchase up to 100 percent of their generation from wind resources, at an incremental cost of about $14 per month. XCEL has committed to buying or building sufficient capacity to generate the wind energy needed to meet program demand. XCEL is also working with NREL on wind-to-battery projects that take intermittent wind-generated electricity and store it for use when the wind isn't blowing. Efficient storage has been one big stumbling block to expanding wind and other intermittent resource generation.

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Beginning in the 1950s through the early 1960s, a new generation of French designers and architects, sought to establish an international, modernist style accessible to everyone by fabricating modern furniture in series through the collaboration of the industrial sector. A new Modernism emerged as design of furniture and architecture changed to incorporate the new socio-economic conditions of a post war France. Designers like Joseph Andre Motte, Pierre Guariche and Rene- Jean Caillette, influenced by the Bauhaus school, and in response to a national consciousness to revitalize French modernity, created functional yet modern forms that explored the accord between new materials, new technologies and a better use of space. As part of the French reconstruction, the demand for design of new public architecture and corporate spaces surpassed those from private clients and these designers also became heavily engaged in the first urban modernization projects, a defining moment for French design history. Motte worked on Roissy and Orly airports and the Maritime station in Le Havre; Pierre Paulin and P. Gautier Delahaye were commissioned to design grand railroad stations in Paris and the interior of the RER; Caillette designed the Maison de la Radio with Paulin and Motte; and Guariche, Monpoix and Motte all worked on many important municipal and national buildings. These designers were integral to the success of these projects which became emblematic of an expanding French society in full modernization. They essentially designed the living environment of the urban French citizen of the second half of the 20 century.

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Cinco de Mayo celebrated at Goliad school with student songs, dances - 11 unverified comments Thank you for your submission.Error report or correction What is it Cinco De Mayo? It is the Battle of Puebla in which Mexico beat the French army. The battle took place in 1862. Goliad is the birth place of the General Ignacio Zaragoza who led the Mexican Army. GOLIAD - Deep historical roots leading back to Mexico's Battle of Puebla were remembered on Wednesday in Goliad. Students from the Goliad elementary and intermediate schools filled their gymnasium to celebrate Cinco de Mayo. "It's the first time in several years (the program is held)," said Virginia McDonald, Goliad elementary principal. Historical figures, including Benito Juarez, Abraham Lincoln, Maximilian of Austria and Napoleon, made their appearance as students spoke of their participation in the Battle of Puebla. "I'm trying to expose our students to some of the local history because it's so close to here," said Irma Gutierrez, English Language Learner teacher. Gutierrez tries to relate the history of Mexico and the significance it has to Goliad, the state, and the United States. For example, it is the birthplace of Gen. Ignacio Zaragoza, who lead the Mexican Army to the win over the French in the Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862. For Emilio Vargas IV, 11, the tradition and significance of the day has been passed down from generation to generation. "My family has been involved a lot, I like the tradition," Emilio said. "The hero of Cinco de Mayo was born here," said Gutierrez. First-graders took the floor with two dances and Spanish songs. "If they learn at a young age they'll be able to learn it and keep it," said Lupita Silva, 18, a senior at Goliad High School and 2010 Miss Zaragoza. The 18-year-old, who teaches the local ballet folklorico, had some of her students perform. "It's a fun way to learn," said Dana Portillo, 11, of performing and the assembly. Lupita found the event to be beneficial not only as a learning experience, but also for her culture. "My roots are very strong, I'm proud of what I do," said Lupita, whose father was born in Mexico. The senior closed the assembly with two Mariachi songs, which she sang during the Association of Texas Small School Bands Mariachi regional try-outs. "I just hope they learn to appreciate (the history) and keep it going," said Lupita. Related: Editorial - Celebrate Cinco de Mayo today

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As the second largest lake entirely within the United States, Lake Okeechobee is a vast freshwater inland sea, fed by marshlands that stretch up both sides of the Lake Wales Ridge all the way to the outskirts of Orlando. Its surface covers 730 square miles, most of which is only navigable by airboat or jonboat due to its marshy shallows. Navigational channels are clearly marked. With more than 42 miles of the 110-mile shoreline, Glades County provides access to the shallow western marshes along Okeechobee’s rim between the Kissimmee River and Caloosahatchee River. While most of the lake is circled by the Herbert Hoover Dike, built in the 1930s to mitigate devastating flooding caused by the tragic hurricanes of the 1920s, a three-mile stretch of shoreline near Lakeport has no dike, but broad, shallow marshes that define the floodplain where Fisheating Creek, the only natural waterway remaining along the lake, meets the Big Water. Lake Okeechobee is renowned for bass fishing, birding, duck hunting, and boating—it’s part of the inland waterway used by boaters to cross coast-to-coast between Port St. Lucie and Fort Myers. It is not, however, tempting to paddlers, thanks to its ever-changing weather across the vast expanses and its healthy population of alligators. Thanks to the Herbert Hoover Dike, there are no condos along the lakeshore, no sprawling cities, just thousands of acres of natural lands, ranches, and sugar cane fields. The Lake Okeechobee Scenic Trail leads you to access points along the lakeshore so you can go fishing, birding, bicycling, hiking, and boating.

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9:00 AMOrange County Coastal CoalitionThe County of Orange developed the Orange County Coastal Coalition as a means to coordinate and share information related to the coast. The Orange County Coastal Coalition is an association of local, regional, state and federal agencies, non-profit organizations, private industry and the public whose role is to advocate, educate and coordinate activities along the Orange County coast. To develop regional management strategies to preserve, protect, and enhance coastal resources and surface waters throughout Orange County. A watershed approach considers the entire geographic area that a watercourse drains to address a broad range of issues. WHAT IS A WATERSHED? A watershed is the geographic area draining into a river system, ocean or other body of water through a single outlet and includes the receiving waters. Watersheds are usually bordered and/or separated from other watersheds by mountain ridges or other naturally elevated areas.

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Christians and the Roman games Submit YOUR questions, through our easy to use form, to our team of mature Christians known as the Email Evangelists! The Roman Empire was known for promoting "over the top" public entertainment, especially their games. Though popular, the brutal games caused the death and dismemberment of many men and beasts in pursuit of pleasing Roman citizens. Such brutality reached its peak in the gladiatorial fights: "The most popular, and at the same time the most inhuman and brutalizing of these public spectacles were the gladiatorial fights in the arena. Myriads of men and beasts were sacrificed to satisfy a savage curiosity and thirst for blood. At the inauguration of the Flavian amphitheater from five to nine thousand wild beasts were slain in one day. No less than ten thousand gladiators fought in the feasts which Trajan gave to the Romans after the conquest of Dacia, and which lasted four months." (Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church, Volume 2: Ante-Nicene Christianity, Scribner's, New York, 1889, page 95.) Trajan certain had his reasons for celebrating the conquest of Dacia. In 117 A.D., his conquering of the region (west of the Black Sea) catapulted the empire to reach the largest territory that would ever be under its control. Under Trajan, the empire controlled 2.5 million square miles (6.5 million square kilometers) of territory. Due to the generous support of the Roman Emperor or wealthy citizen, a visitor to the Coliseum could watch animals hunted, or the execution of prisoners or even gladiators fighting. The number of men who died while battling was high. Estimates are that in the first century A.D., the loser in a gladiatorial fight lost his life about 25% per cent of the time. By the third century, this figure became almost 50%. (Fik Meijer, The Gladiators: History's Most Deadly Sport, Thomas Dunne Books, page 61) The hunting of wild animals as public entertainment in the arena began in 186 B.C. Then in 167 B.C., the practice of having these animals execute criminals began. Such events proved popular. The emperor Augustus, during his rule, sponsored games in which a total of 3,500 wild animals died. The notorious Nero once had 400 bears and 300 lions killed in a single day. The importation of so many exotic animals from Africa was such that eventually certain types became difficult to find.

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inequality has been attributed to changing demands for skills performed on the job. This suggests that indirect evidence can be obtained on whether skills or tasks performed in jobs are changing by looking at changes in wage or earnings inequality within occupations. Research suggests that within detailed occupations, there is relatively little variation in educational attainments. Thus, an increase in inequality within detailed occupations is unlikely to be related to changes in wage or earnings differentials associated with education. Rather, such an increase in inequality is probably due, at least in part, to changing demands for particular skills performed by workers within an occupation. Such changes are likely to indicate one of three things. First, workers may be entering the occupation who perform new skills or tasks not previously integral to the occupation. Second, the nature of the skills or tasks required of workers in the occupation may be changing, with those who can ably perform the newly required skills and tasks earning labor market rewards, and vice versa. Third, there could simply be growing dispersion in the types of workers (differentiated by skills and tasks) in many occupations. In all three cases, however, the evidence of rising inequality within occupations would suggest that the specific or "typical" work performed within the occupation has changed. In contrast, if the increase in inequality is largely an across-occupation phenomenon, it may be related to the same factors that have changed wage and earnings differentials by schooling, experience, etc., but it would not provide indirect evidence of changing and more variable work within occupations. Table 2.8 reports evidence on changes in wage and earnings inequality overall, within occupations, and between occupations. These changes are also calculated over the 1983 to 1991 period, which are both relatively high unemployment years, using the Current Population Survey. The first thing the table reveals is that earnings inequality has not risen, but wage inequality has risen (i.e., an increase in the log variance of .024 indicates a 2.4 percent increase in the variance). For the purposes of this investigation, wages are of more interest than earnings, as they reflect the price of a unit of labor and do not reflect changes in hours or

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June 16, 2012, 9:00 PM - 5:00 PM VALLEY OF THE SHADOW EXHIBITION With 23,110 casualties, the Battle of Antietam, during the American Civil War, remains a day of great loss for America and stimulated a chain of events leading to the Emancipation Proclamation and the Battle of Gettysburg. This extensive exhibition brings together works of art, such as Eastman Johnson's (American, 1824-1906) "Study for 'The Wounded Drummer Boy'" on loan from the Brooklyn Museum and objects of material culture, such as weaponry, musical instruments and clothing, to tell the stories of the war, from the soldiers who fought in its battles to the women and children who remained at home. Loans from public and private collections and the museum's collection will come together in our largest gallery, the Groh Gallery, to create a "museum within a museum" commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Maryland Campaign of 1862 and the Gettysburg Campaign of 1863. THE EXHIBITION IS ON VIEW TO THE PUBLIC DURING REGULAR MUSEUM HOURS UNTIL JULY 28, 2013. Museum Hours are: Tuesday - Friday 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM, Saturday, 9:00 AM to 4:00 PM, Sunday, 1:00-5:00 PM, Closed Mondays. The Exhibition is Admission Free. If you would like to schedule a docent tour of the Valley of the Shadow exhibition, you must call to make arrangements at least two weeks in advance and tours are $5 per person. General Museum tours are free. June 23, 2013, 2:30 PM - 3:30 PM Civil War Lecture by Susanna Gold Dr. Susanna Gold will discuss the visual imagery relating to the catastrophic events that began the Battle of Gettysburg. Offering an analysis of descriptive paintings of the battle, vivid photographs of the aftermath and metaphorical reflections on the destruction of war, Dr. Gold describes how American artists attempted to make sense of the traumatic events through the language of art. Dr. Gold is Assistant Professor of American Art at the Tyler School of Art, Temple University, in Philadelphia. She has an interest in the effects of the Civil War on American society and the visual responses in painting, sculpture, photography and illustration. She earned her M. A. from the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and her Ph. D. from the University of Pennsylvania. She is currently writing a book, "Art, War and Nation," in which Peter Rothermel's monumental painting, "The Battle of Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge," 1870, features prominently. July 11, 2013, 6:00 PM - 8:00 PM Lecture: Dr. Thomas Clemens, "Antietam Remembered" Learn more about the Civil War by attending our Thursday Evening Civil War Lecture Series. Offered monthly through July 2013, lectures will be presented by regional experts, historians, authors and preservationists. The lectures begin at 7:00 p.m. Dinner for those who pre-register will be served in the Kaylor Atrium at 6:00 p.m. Tickets for dinner and the lectures are $25 for non-members, $20 for museum members. Tickets for the lecture only are $5 each, free for members. Special pricing is available for groups. Dr. Thomas G. Clemens is a professor of history at Hagerstown Community College and a long-time teacher and student of the Civil War will present "Antietam Remembered: Memoirs of America's Bloodiest Day by Survivors of the Battle." He holds a B.A. and M.A. from Salisbury University and a Doctorate from George Mason University. He studied under Dr. Joseph Harsh and wrote his dissertation on Ezra A. Carman's manuscript history of the Maryland Campaign of September 1862. The first volume of his edited and annotated edition was published in 2010 and Vol. II will be published in 2012. Dr. Clemens has also authored numerous Civil War articles and book reviews, including a book review column for "America's Civil War." He is a frequent lecturer and seminar presenter and has appeared as an on-screen historian in several History Channel programs and currently serves as President of Save Historic Antietam Foundation, a non-profit battlefield preservation organization. A 30+ year volunteer at Antietam National Battlefield, he is also a licensed tour guide there. He considers himself a life-long student of the Maryland Campaign of 1862. About the Museum / Collections / Exhibitions / Special Events Information / Membership / Art School / Home Copyright Washington County Museum of Fine Arts, 2011

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Ornithologists, and especially northern hemisphere ornithologists, have traditionally thought of migration as an annual return movement of populations between regular breeding and non-breeding grounds. Problems arise because selection does not ordinarily act on populations and because organisms of many taxa (including birds) are clearly migrants, but fail to undertake movements of the kind described. There are also extensive return movements that are not migratory. I propose that it is more useful to think of migration as a syndrome of behavioral and other traits that function together within individuals, and that such a syndrome provides a common ground across taxa from aphids to albatrosses. Large-scale return movements of populations are one outcome of the syndrome. Similar behavioral and physiological traits serve both to define migration and to provide a test for it. I use two insect (Hemipteran) examples to illustrate migratory syndromes and to demonstrate that, in many migrants, behavior and physiology correlate with life history and morphological traits to form syndromes at two levels. I then compare the two Hemipterans with migration in birds, butterflies, and fish to assess the question of whether there are migratory syndromes in common between these diverse migrants. Syndromes are more similar at the level of behavior than when morphology and life history traits are included. Recognizing syndromes leads to important evolutionary questions concerning migration strategies, trade-offs, the maintenance of genetic variance and the responses of migratory syndromes to both similar and different selective regimes.

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Challenge Your Brain - And Other Ways to Maintain Cognitive Fitness It may sound cliché, but the truth is if we don’t use our brains, we are more likely to lose them. The brain thrives on sensory stimulation. It’s designed to absorb new information from its environment and build neural connections based on what it learns from those experiences. A baby’s mind is like a sponge, constantly absorbing new information from the environment and making new connections. That’s why they are such fast learners. However, as we grow older our brains tend to become less receptive to learning new information. By the age of 40, genes that are associated with learning and neuroplasicity tend to shut down. And by the time we reach the age of 65 or older, the chemicals in our brain begin to make dramatic changes, such as decreases in serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate, all which are important for healthy brain functioning. The grey matter in our brains also begins to thin. As a result of these physical changes in the brain, many people experience age-related declines in cognitive ability. In addition, individuals 65 and older have a one in 8 chance of developing age-related dementia, such as Alzheimer’s Disease, which severely inhibits your ability to think rationally, solve problems, learn new things, and form memories. Fortunately, there are effective ways we can prevent these declines in cognition, learning, and memory – and perhaps even improve them as we get older. The term “cognitive reserve” refers to one’s ability to maintain cognitive abilities despite an aging brain. Research has found several key factors that are associated with keeping our brains fit into old age. These findings say you should… Challenge your brain. Research makes it clear that challenging ourselves is one of the most effective ways to maintain brain fitness. In 2009, an study published in Neurology found that late-life “cognitive stimulating” activities helped maintain cognition and delay the onset of dementia. These “cognitive stimulating” activities included reading, writing, playing games, and solving puzzles (such as crosswords or Sudokus). In 2011, the World Alzheimer’s Report also discovered that other cognitive stimulating activities such as playing music, cooking, and having lively discussions with others could also improve cognition in those who already have dementia. A study published in Archives of Neurology found that these kinds of activities helped reduce β-amyloid protein, which is the major part of the amyloid plaque in Alzheimer disease. There are a many number of ways you can challenge your brain, such as: - Learning a new hobby. - Reading books. - Debating others on a hot issue. - Using brain training programs such as Brain Workshop or Lumosity. - Being more creative, such as playing music, painting, writing, or cooking. - Solving puzzles, such as crosswords or Sudokus. - Play strategy-based video games. - Learning a new language. These are just some suggestions on ways to continuously challenge your brain, but obviously there are many other ways too. As a general rule, trying anything new is going to help your brain grow and respond in novel ways. Enrich your environment. Another big way to maintain cognitive fitness is to surround yourself in enriching environments. Research has found that individuals who are in more stimulating environments show bigger brains and more synaptic connections than those who are in less stimulating environments. This was first discovered in 1947 when psychologist Donald Hebb found that rats who were raised as pets performed better on problem-solving tests than rats who were raised in cages. In 1960, Mark Rosenzweig followed up this research and found rats who were raised in cages with toys, tunnels, and running wheels showed increases in the size of their cerebral cortex (a part of the mammalian brain which plays a key role in learning and memory) when compared to rats who were raised in normal cages. Today psychologists know that enriched environments can help reduce cognitive impairment involved with normal aging, Alzheimer’s Disease, Autism, prenatal stress, and a variety of other physical and mental health conditions. Some examples of more stimulating environments may include spending more time in nature, museums, concerts, and other events. It will also help to change up your home and office environment every now and then, maybe by putting up new decorations or moving furniture. Creating new surroundings is a great way to keep your brain active. In 1960, Harry Harlow discovered that when infant monkeys were partially or completely deprived from social engagement, they were less likely to develop normal cognitive and emotional functioning. In a more recent 2004 cross-cultural study published in Neurology, researchers found that individuals who had bigger social networks and who were involved in more social engagement showed less cognitive decline into old age. This evidence suggests that a rich social life is important to a healthy brain. Which is not too surprising, since our brains have evolved to make us a very social species. Some good ways to be more social include: - Joining some kind of gym, club, or community center with a friend. - Taking a class or workshop in something new you want to learn. - Putting together a band. - Joining a sports league. - Inviting a friend or family member to a restaurant or movie. - Call an old friend you haven’t spoken to in awhile. - Join an online community, message board, or social network. - Find a “Meetup group” of interest at Meetup.com. A lot of these are good for brain fitness for many reasons, but especially because they are quality spent social time. If you are not very social, consider starting small by only hanging out more with family or close friends. And if you are one of the 20% of people who suffers from social anxiety, considering checking out The Shyness and Social Anxiety System, one of the better self-improvement guides in 2011. It’s designed for shy people who want to improve self-esteem and social skills, and it draws from scientifically proven techniques from Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Social Psychology. Eat healthy and exercise. Another huge part of maintaining a healthy brain is exercising and eating right. Omega-3 fatty acids in particular have shown to be associated with improved mood and cognition. You can find a lot of Omega-3 in grass-fed meat, eggs, fish, and nuts. Another important feature of a healthy diet is protective antioxidants, which can be found in many fruits, vegetables, and green tea. Blueberries and strawberries, for example, have shown to improve memory and cognition by cleaning out toxins in the brain that cause age-related memory loss and mental decline. Exercise has also shown to be an important part of healthy brain functioning. For example, one thing psychologists found was that exercise during childhood led to a faster rate of cognitive development. Children who were physically inactive tended to perform worse on academic exams and neuropsychological tests, while children who exercised showed improvements in memory, attention, and decision-making. If you want to know more, check out The Connection Between Physical and Mental Health, where I discuss more about how exercise and diet affect our brain. Stay updated on new articles on psychology and self-improvement here.

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The emergence of an increasingly Communistic regime just ninety miles off the coast of the United States caused alarm among the American people in a way never experienced in the post-World War II era. As Cuban leader Fidel Castro consolidated power over his island nation, in the process seizing American assets, American leaders and citizens felt a sense which could be described as betrayal, and even of being outsmarted. From Castro's rise to power in the early days of 1959 to late 1961 it became increasingly evident that Cuba was turning Communist. Among American politicians and publications, denouncement of Castro and his revolution escalated. End of Page Others felt differently. In sympathy toward the new regime, some progressive segments of the American public were reluctant to accept the political and economic steps taken by the Cuban government as harbingers of communism. The April 6, 1960 edition of the New York Times contained a full page paid political advertisement entitled, �What Is Really Happening in Cuba.�3 This ad went on to announce the formation of an organization whose purpose was to counter negative publicity the Cuban Revolution increasingly received in the American press. An FBI report from an investigation starting in 1960, and dated July 11, 1961, referred to the Times ad quoting a passage stating that the new organization intended to �promulgate the truth abut revolutionary Cuba and neutralize the distorted American press on Cuban affairs.�4 This ad marked the birth of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee. New York was the starting point of the organization, but chapters sprung up in Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Tampa. Tampa had a large, well established Cuban-American community, which had given moral and financial support to the various groups seeking to overthrow the Batista dictatorship. In addition Tampa�s Ybor City and West Tampa had a history of political activism of a liberal and even radical political bent. The ascendancy and growth of the organization occurred in a city which was geographically southern and much smaller in size than the larger cities with a tradition of radical politics like New York. Tampa�s FPCC chapter showed itself to be very active in the course of its existence. In a 1962 Tampa Times newspaper article former Tampa chapter head VT [Ted] Lee said that there were about 300 members in the organization, and claimed an additional 1,000 sympathizers.5 Many others attended a series of public meetings sponsored by the group. While it is true that the Tampa chapter of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee had historical antecedents to Tampa�s nearly one-hundred year old radical tradition, and in the 1950s to Fidel Castro�s 26th of July Movement, it primarily served a function similar to other FPCC chapters in countering anti-Castro propaganda. The organization principally was related to the Cold War coming to Cuba and consequently to Tampa�s Ybor City. Its initial popularity in a southern city of 250,000 may lead one to discount the FPCC�s Cold War functionalism, since cities of comparable size such as Jacksonville, Florida and Charlotte, North Carolina did not have FPCC chapters at all�much less active ones�and also did not have a large Cuban-American population. But the earlier 26th of July Movement did not have the onus of a Communist state to defend, in the sense that the FPCC did. Both organizations, in spite of their differences, had roots in a radical tradition with origins in Cuban, Italian, and Spanish immigration to Florida. Labor unrest in Key West and the coming of the railroad down the west coast of Florida made Vicente Martinez-Ybor relocate his cigar factories in the vicinity of Tampa, at the invitation of pioneer Henry B. Plant in 1886. Martinez-Ybor secured land and created housing for his workers. The relocation was enigmatic for an industrial entity in this period of national populist and progressive unrest. Martinez-Ybor established improved economic and social conditions, which in turn improved and for a time secured industrial peace in the nascent industrial town.6 The cigar entrepreneur died in 1896, amidst a nation undergoing rapid demographic and industrial change. Labor unrest began to assert itself throughout the nation. In Tampa, it was manifested in the cigar industry, and would become the main crucible of cultural formation. Soon unions sprung up, as Tampa�s cigar industry and its radicalism were additionally fueled by immigration. During the years 1885-1910, thousands of Cubans, Italians, and Spaniards came to the small coastal village of Tampa, and transformed the settlement into a thriving industrial and commercial center. These immigrants, drawn by cigar manufacturing, made Tampa into the nation�s leader in the production of high quality, hand-rolled cigars.7 The Latinos of Tampa created for themselves a rich community life that included, among other things, immigrant labor unions, foreign language newspapers, ethnic fraternal clubs, immigrant religious parishes and radical political parties.8 Cubans and the other Latinos established medical aid societies to combat illnesses like yellow fever and malaria.9 Also formed were social clubs such as Circulo Cubano, which provided social activities such as picnics, domino playing, and dances. Ybor City institutions like these caused ethnic identity to flourish.10 In Tampa the Latin settlements of Ybor City and West Tampa, however, were isolated from the mainstream Anglo-American community, while generally in contact with each other.11 Feelings of Anglo-Saxon superiority, under the guise of Social Darwinism, rose out of the 19th Century and was evident among Southerners, Who saw themselves as being, �the most Anglo-Saxon of all the nation�s regions.�12 Darwinist ideology was supplemented by the legal standing of racial segregation. As far back as 1906, newer immigrants were seen as being of �Negroid stock,� or accused of possessing �improper� [favorable] attitudes toward blacks. Southerners were said to prefer immigrants of �Teutonic, Celtic, or Saxon origin.�13 By early 1911 the Industrial Workers of the World [IWW] Local 602 was fully operational in Tampa, publishing its local newspaper El Obrero Industriale. One labor leader wrote the American Federation of Labor [AFL] secretary stating that, �Tampa is a splendid field for IWW propaganda. The workers of Tampa to a considerable extent are permeated with socialist ideas, and many of them at least think they are socialists.�14 But the AFL incursion ran into problems in Tampa�s Latin community. The union incurred the wrath of the Tampenos because they wanted to organize only skilled workers. Many of the more radical union members dissenting this were deported to Honduras. Landlords evicted overdue tenants. In addition, the well known labor leader Samuel Gompers refused to send aid, claiming that La Resistencia did not conform to American trade union principles.15 The Spanish-American War was a defining event for the Ybor City community as well as the rise of cigar industry unionism. Members of the city�s sizable Spanish community were viewed with suspicion as potential spies in the conflict. The Spanish club, Centro Espanol in Ybor City was abruptly shut down by United States troops waiting embarkation to Cuba. This was done as a response to fears of sabotage or espionage.16 A War Department report had indicated that help was sought in checking suspected Spanish agents, since a related spy ring operated out of Canada.17 The wartime atmosphere in Ybor City also caused the Cubans to look upon their Spanish neighbors with suspicion. The heroics of Cuban patriots Jose Marti and Antonio Maceo gave way in the post-war era to new labor militancy, partly because of American control of Cuba. An emerging generation was looking for answers. The fabled Marti made more than three trips to Tampa in the early 1890s in order to arouse support in the struggle for Cuban independence against Spain. He visited Tampa�s cigar factories and paid special visits to Afro-Cuban leaders.18 The legacy of slavery was important to the Afro-Cuban community, and a residual fear of worse times for American Afro-Cubans was apparent. Marti and the Afro-Cuban leadership formed La Liga de Instruccion de Tampa, and soon attracted thirty Afro-Cubans.19 Marti�s rapport with Afro-Cubans existed in spite of an increasingly segregated South. Anglo-American society tolerated this breach of �colony.�20 Continued Anglo-Saxon resistance fostered, along with renewed immigration, a new group of Cubans who carried on the older tradition of radicalism.21 In World War I, Ybor City�s radicals were monitored by the Bureau of Investigation [predecessor to the FBI]. There were reports, originating in Ybor City, of assassination plots against Woodrow Wilson and President Victoriano Huerta of Mexico. The Bureau also investigated the personal and private lives of local leftists and anarchists.22 Ybor City radicals were activated in the 1920s by the trial of Italian anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti, and the early career of Italian socialist journalist Benito Mussolini. The future Fascist dictator was an ardent socialist and a hero to many Italian-American leftists. Factory workers read his socialist teachings, and copies of Mussolini�s L�Avanti circulated on the streets and in the clubs of Ybor City.23 But the Ybor City community turned against Mussolini when he came to power in Italy and established a Fascist government. Mussolini�s betrayal of socialism caused anger among Tampa�s Italian and other Latinos. The reaction in Ybor City was even more militant than in other Italian-American communities. Fascist Italy, more than twenty years after the Spanish-American War, became the second autocratic European power to see radicalism in Tampa as threatening, as another new generation of Tampenos fueled this brand of radicalism.24 Of the three Latin ethnic groups in Ybor City, Cubans were both largest in number and closest in proximity to their native homeland. Consequently, another Tampa institution, the Cuban lector, was very influential. A literate worker would read the works of Victor Hugo, along with newspapers, and books to the other workers who simultaneously hand-rolled high quality cigars. History professor Gary Mormino referred to this as, �the most symbolic of the special ambience of the cigar industry.� This reader was called el lector, and text was read from a raised platform [la tribunal].25 One of the lectors was a 1913 Cuban immigrant by the name of Don Victoriano Mantiega. Mantiega soon after his arrival, was viewed as gifted by the Latin community. He soon moved from the lector platform editor�s desk, and founded the newspaper La Gaceta in 1922.26 He was to become an Ybor City institution in his own right, as his newspaper flourished. It is still in existence eighty years later. Forever sensitive to his fellow Latinos, and the clubs created by the Italians and Spaniards, Mantiega made La Gaceta trilingual. A page was reserved for those whose native language was Italian.27 A German visitor to Tampa in 1931 caught the essence of the culture that was Ybor City, in effect describing two parts of Tampa. The Latin Quarter was more revealing to this visitor. This German citizen wrote, �Here they have Italian opera houses with balconies, cock fights, bullfights, houses with balconies, incredibly numerous coffee shops where Italians, Spaniards, Creoles gesticulate wildly�We are in Ybor City.�28The tourist wrote a blander visage of the first Tampa, while describing the �paradisial� aspects of the southern city and its warm climate. Like the Frenchman de Tocqueville a century before, this outsider saw a small corner of America where the uniqueness of the community defined its particular brand of Americanism. Virtually all the Spanish and Italian language papers supported efforts to promote cohesion between the various immigrant segments of Ybor City.29 This became even more apparent, and was fueled further by the advent of one of the immigrants own, since Victoriano Mantiega and his publication La Gaceta further institutionalized the aspects of this thriving community. Mantiega could almost be an icon for Ybor City, with his liberal and sometimes radical, ideas. In the early 1930s, with the advent of the Spanish Republic, Tampa�s own Spaniards began removing all signs of the monarchy. Many Spanish immigrants in Tampa held high expectations for the new regime.30 Soon this sense of pride, and anticipation of better things to come for the Spanish Republic, faded as the Falangist rebellion headed by Generalissimo Francisco Franco plunged Spain into a civil war. Franco was aided by Hitler and Mussolini, while the Spanish loyalists were supported by Stalin. An isolationist United States officially remained neutral during this European War, which some called a preview for a larger war. President Roosevelt gave a speech in the 1930s expressed that the US should remain �unentangled and free,� and should stay out of European conflicts.31 But Communist Party members and other leftists heeded the call of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin to combat fascism and the Spanish rebellion. In New York, in the 1930s, there was a huge demonstration by the May Day Committee protesting fascism.32 An outpouring of 40,000 volunteers went to Spain to aid the loyalists. Among them were 3,000 in the American sponsored Abraham Lincoln Brigade. About two dozen of the brigade members were from Tampa.33 La Gaceta publisher Victoriano Mantiega was one of the strongest defenders of the Spanish Republic. As a result he came under fire from former Spanish consul Andres Inglesias who said, �The red Mantiega has been very damaging to our cause in the Spanish colony in Tampa.�34 La Gaceta became the official organ for the Tampa Committee for the Defense of the Spanish Popular Front.35 But the Abraham Lincoln Brigade was fated to fare poorly. It was a fighting force with a misplaced sense of idealism that was also ill equipped, reckless, and misinformed abut Joseph Stalin and his ruthlessness. The group�s reckless endeavor proved disastrous.36 The passing events were a personal show of character and compassion for Victoriano Mantiega. Those debating and demonstrating the Spanish Civil War gave him both praise and criticism. Mantiega had been one of the most vocal supporters of the demonstrations against fascism, and one of the Popular Front�s staunchest allies. But when a Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia signed the 1939 non-aggression pact, and after the Soviets invaded Finland, Mantiega�s paper took a stand against the Soviet Union�s aggression. As a result some of the local Communists, Mantiega said, �compared me to Adolph Hitler.�37 Ybor City�s foremost journalist reiterated the independent thought of his community. He was not going to back the USSR, which was described in Franklin Roosevelt�s February 10, 1940 speech when he said, �The Soviet Union is a dictatorship, as absolute as an dictatorship in the world, it has allied itself with another dictatorship�and had invaded a neighbor so infinitesimally small, that it could do no possible harm to the Soviet Union.�38 Mantiega�s remark put himself in the philosophical company of Franklin Roosevelt, and was a harbinger of what was to come in World War II. Cuban, Spanish and Italian-Americans joined the military and fought in World War II as patriotic Americans. Ethnic differences, including those with the Anglo-American community, vanished for the sake of unity. When the war ended, the servicemen returned to Ybor City eager to resume familiar patterns of their domestic lives. But displacement during the war and depression created a crumbling infrastructure. This and the decline of the cigar industry changed the area.39 But in the early 1950s, this evolution proved inconsequential for what was to come. In 1952, Cuba experienced unrest, terror and a change in power. Fulgencio Batista was head of state for a period in the early 1940s, and was a major power broker in the period when he wasn�t officially in charge. His modus operandi was patronage, kick backs, contracts and salary.40 He became the new head of state, ignoring the election process in achieving this end. Cries of betrayal ensued in Cuba, and calls for adherence to the Constitution of 1940 became commonplace. Many Cubans seethed with resentment at the new dictatorial regime. Its brutality conjured memories of the Machado regime of the 1930s. Among the angry was a young lawyer and political activist named Fidel Castro. His anger later found itself to the meeting halls and streets of Ybor City, and aroused the Cuban community to the service of his cause. A desperate, but determined Castro came to the United States in late 1955 seeking support for his revolution. He started chapters of the Movimiento de Julio 26 [26th of July Movement] in several US cities including New York, Detroit, Miami, Key West and Tampa. Other chapters formed in Mexico, Venezuela, and Costa Rica.41 Tampa and its large exile community were very influential, even though the 26th of July Movement at its peak only had about sixty members.42 But even with this small size, it was effective. Victoriano Mantiega was an important part of this local �underground railway.� He became head of the chapter in 1955, but resigned after a year. His newspaper, La Gaceta, in 1955 was nearing thirty-five years of operation. The paper continued publishing editorials, and reporting news as it related to Cuba. Mantiega�s activities were augmented by his son Rolando, the business manager of La Gaceta.43 The writing and publicizing activities provided by La Gaceta proved invaluable to the Cuban exiles in Tampa, and to Fidel Castro. But there was help of a militaristic nature also, one that Cubans spoke about in hushed tones. Anonymously admitted by Ybor City Castro supporters were a series of confiscations of war materials. Among them were 150 machine guns packed in oil drums with ammunition, a boat, and a plane. These were seized in Miami in 1958, but had been transported through Tampa. All were destined for anti-Batista rebel forces in Cuba.44 Four Ybor City Tampans were arrested, but the federal agencies reported no arrests actually occurred in Tampa�s Ybor City.45 Many Cubans would not admit to these activities in 1959 for fear of reprisal by either the US government, or the agents and spies of Batista�s government. Castro himself indicated this. The fear was well founded since Batista, as with other Cuban leaders, had taken an interest in historic Ybor City. Visits to Cuba by Americans, particularly from Tampa, were commonplace and Batista knew many of them personally.46But Fidel Castro�s supporters were not daunted. The Cuban revolutionary�s followers raised funds by selling �banners� and �rebel currency� in various denominations. They also aided refugees, so they could meet US immigration requirements. And they found jobs for the exiles.47 Ybor City�s rebels�most of them born or naturalized US citizens�did not feel they stretched the laws of their homeland too far by aiding Castro. �After all,� one commented, �we also had a revolution here in the United States, you know, which turned out to be a pretty good thing.�48 Miami gained the distinction of being the �gateway to the revolution.� Most rebel arm shipments passed through Miami during these hostilities. It was also reported at the end of the conflict, that Tampa�s estimated 50,000 persons of Cuban descent or citizenship in Ybor City and West Tampa were proud of their past in supporting the Castro Rebellion. One former US military combat veteran, who also happened to be a Cuban American ciudadano, once fought with Raul Castro in the Sierra Cristal Mountains in 1958.49 The elation and pride in Tampa soon turned to hostility. Divisiveness over Cuba�s new leader among Cubans soon set in. In addition, American business interests became antagonistic toward Castro�s revolutionary government. Castro�s treatment of defeated Batista supporters was another aspect of his revolutionary government that resulted in deteriorating US-Cuban relations. A January 16, 1959 St. Petersburg Times editorial expressed this sentiment when it stated, �Friends of Cuba are profoundly disturbed with the continuing mass executions of �Batista criminals� following the continued practice of summary courts martial.�50 The editorial went on to criticize Castro for trying to remedy Batista atrocities by using similar tactics. Castro was lambasted by the Times as it implied that Castro continually violated the rule of law, �What the Cuban people hated most about Batista was his secret police, his contempt for anything resembling due process, his arrests without warrant, his torture chambers and execution without trial. Castro may think that he is only purging those who participate in such inhumanities, and so his own regime will remain unaffected. But will it? Where will the line be drawn, if orderly trials are not substituted for the drumbeat courts now functioning?�51 The Times expressed a sense of dismay typical of late 1950s American thought. The paper demonstrated a fading sense of optimism as it wrote of basic good intentions of the Castro regime, stating that democratic reform could be accomplished. But the overall tone of the editorial showed more alarm than optimism. Across Tampa Bay, the Tampenos in Ybor City, who had thought glowing about Fidel Castro�s revolutionary government taking power, had to deal with deteriorating relations between Cuba and the United States. Raul Villamia, the local head of the 26th of July Movement, occupied Tampa�s Cuban Consulate offices when Castro took over. Tampa Times reported Bob Denley questioned him about the reception he received after the transfer of power in Cuba. Villamia described Tampa as very supportive and described Ybor City and West Tampa as non-supportive of Batista.52 Tampa�s Cuban community did support Castro�s revolt, and attempted to reform the island�s government, but the Batista supporters expressed their own sense of outrage at the coming to power of Castro, and his supporters in Ybor City. The January 5, 1961 edition of the Tampa Tribune, following the break in diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba, describes window smashing, paint throwing and threat exchanges between pro and anti-Castro groups in the Ybor section.53 An organization formed in rebellion at this time, against the Castro regime. It called itself the Cuban Front. The group was made up of Cuban exiles and residents, which at this early date of disaffection with Castro, was composed primarily of Batista supporters. Since Cuba and the United States had by early 1961 experienced two years of continuous deteriorating diplomatic relations, the Cuban Front�s strategy countered the Castro supporters by raising the specter of Communism coming to Cuba. By January 1961, the Cuban government had considerably moved to the left politically. Seizures of American business assets increased. Vast areas of agricultural land tracts and American owned businesses were confiscated. Included were the telephone company, sugar and tobacco growing areas, and petroleum refineries. Anti-Castro reaction burgeoned in both Cuba and Tampa. The rise in tensions on both sides brought Tampa police into Ybor City. The Cuban Consulate was also under guard by the police.54 In reaction to Castro, the Cuban Front opened up a propaganda front in Ybor City. Front members Raul Brana and Dr. Manuel A. de Varona met with former Batista regime consulate head Armando Sacassas, during the first week of 1961. Cuba�s former diplomat passed on the names and plans of Castro�s agents in Tampa.55 The main charge made against the agents, was that Castro had blackmailed Ybor City cigar manufacturers in order to force them to join the revolutionary cause. Sacassas, himself, had defected from Cuba the week before, and sought asylum in the United States. Cuban exiles charged that cigar manufacturers were being extorted by Castro into giving money to Tampa�s Castro leaders under threat of having tobacco leaf cut off from Cuba.56 When questioned about this, several of the cigar manufacturers called the charges �preposterous.� Brana used this propaganda ploy in order to show anti-Castro strength and give credits to Sacassas for breaking the pro-Castro movement in Tampa. Brana also said that the FBI had been in touch with Front members.57 After attacking the manufacturers, Raul Brana went after the unions. He charged that the Tampa Cigar Union had Communists in their membership. Brana stated, �The support for Castro in the union comes from the top to the bottom�from leaders as well as members.� But when confronted, the anti-Castro leader also acknowledged that there also were many loyal supporters of the US in the cigar factories.58 Armando Sacassas, speaking in Miami on January 9, continued his diatribes against the Tampa pro-Castroites. He claimed that communists had control of the 26th of July Movement affiliated Patriotic Movement Club in Tampa. The previous day, the batistiano claimed that Cuban secret police were operating in Tampa, and had pro-Castro speeches and communist literature which were slated for distribution in Tampa�s Latin Quarter.59 The Cuban exile backed up earlier statements by the Democratic Revolutionary Front that he had turned over names of pro-Castro agents to the Front.60 With the arrival of Sacassas on the media scene, and the Cuban Front organizing in the homes and streets in Ybor City, an anti-Castro movement was in its early stages. The Tampa Times reported that the Tampa patriotic and pro-Castro clubs at 9th Avenue and 14th Street in Ybor City had suffered attacks frequently over the past several months at the hands of anti-Castro groups. After the January 3 diplomatic break, anti-Castro vandals struck quickly. On the night of January 3, vandals smashed almost everything in pro-Castro clubrooms, and splattered red paint on walls, doors, and floors.61 This early anti-Castro movement attacked not only the 26th of July group, but also the offices of La Gaceta. The Tampa Times reported, �In this day of attacks, the police reported that the trilingual newspaper La Gaceta was also attacked. The newspaper known for its pro-Castro opinions has previously been the target of repeated attacks. The paper�s front has been hit numerous times in recent weeks.�62 La Gaceta was suffering from Victoriano Mantiega�s support of Castro, which, from an organizational standpoint, went as far back as 1955 when he and Castro formed Tampa�s 26th of July Movement chapter. Rolando Mantiega, editor of the newspaper recalled that the club had been formed in 1955 to �encourage and foster better relations� between the United States and Cuba. Mantiega denounced the emergence of new Cuban elements in Tampa that had resorted to violence.63 An American diplomatic break with Cuba would place Tampa�s Ybor City into an increased area of Cold War activity. At first, the pro-Castro movement seemed dead because of the break. The revolutionary�s allies in the Latin Quarter had become tainted with the onus of having had supported a foreign leader now hostile to the United States. The pro-Castro movement, however, would survive, in the form of a new organization, that didn�t initially exhibit support from a foreign nation hostile to the United States. The new organization, with no apparent ties to Cuba still extolled better relations with the new revolutionary government. Tampa was now ready for the Fair Play for Cuba Committee. The Cold War had come to Ybor City. 1 Mantiega. Roland. �As We Heard It.� La Gaceta, December 22, 1961. 12. 2 Ibid. 12. 3 �What is Really Happening in Cuba.� New York Times. April 6, 1960. 4 NARA. JFK Collection. Federal Bureau of Investigation, July 11, 1961. �Report Appendix� p. 15. 5 Denley, Bob. �Of Red Domination��Fair Play� Leaders Shrug Off Charges.� Tampa Times. August 24, 1961. 7 Pozetta, George E. �Immigrants in the Southern Mind: A Tampa Case.� Jerrel H. Shofner and Linda V. Ellsworth, ed. Ethnic Minorities in Gulf Coast Society. Gulf Coast History and Humanities Conference, Pensacola: 1979. 26. 8 Ibid. 26-27. 9 Westfall, L. Glen. �Retention of Cuban Culture in Tampa.� Jerrel H. Shofner and Linda V. Ellsworth, ed. Ethnic Minorities in Gulf Coast Society. Gulf Coast History and Humanities Conference, Pensacola: 1979. 69. 10 Mormino, Gary R. and George E. Pozetta. The Immigrant World of Ybor City: Italians and Their Latin Neighbors in Tampa, 1885-1985. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press, 1998. 70. 11 Ibid. 70. 12 Shofner, Jerrel. Intro. Ethnic Minorities in Gulf Coast Society. Gulf Coast History and Humanities Conference, Pensacola: 1979. vi. 13 Gatewood, Willard B. �Strangers and the Southern Eden: Ideologies of Race and Ethnicity in the South.� Ethnic Minorities in Gulf Coast Society. Gulf Coast History and Humanities Conference, Pensacola: 1979. 10. 14 Mormino. 126. 15 Ibid. 116-117. 16 Hawes, Leland. �Spanish �Spies� Stirred Tampa in 1898,� The Tampa Tribune. May 8, 1988. D1. 17 Ibid. D1. 18 Muniz, Jose Rivero. Trans. By Eustasio Fernandez and Henry Beltran. The Ybor City Story 1885-1954. Tampa: 1976. 58. 19 Ibid. 58-59. 20 Mormino. 79. 21 Ibid. 81. 22 Ibid. 154. 23 Ibid. 162. 24 Ibid. 162. 25 Ibid. 102. 26 Ibid. 103. 27 Westfall. 71. 28 Mormino. 60. 29 Ibid. 167-168. 30 Varela Lago, Anna Marie. ��No Parisan!� The Spanish Civil War�s Impact on Tampa�s Latin Community, 1936-1939.� Tampa Bay History. Fall/Winter 1997. 31 CNN Perspectives Presents Cold War. A Jeremy Isaacs Production for Turner Original Productions, Inc. Episode 1: �Comrades 1917-1945.� Time Warner, Burbank, CA: 1998. 32 Ibid. �Comrades.� 33 Lago, Anna Marie. 9-11. 34 Ibid. 12-13. 35 Ibid. 12-13. 36 Carroll, Peter N. The Odyssey of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade: Americans in the Spanish Civil War. Stanford, California, 1994. 65. A survey of 1,745 American volunteers made in 1937 showed only thirty-four percent had military experience. 37 Mantiega, Roland. �As We Heard It.� La Gaceta. December 22, 1961. 38 Comrades 1917-1945. 39 Mormino. 299. 40 Argote-Freyre, Frank. Fulgencio Batista: From Revolutionary to Strongman. New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: Rutgers University Press, 2006. 41 Dunkin. Tom. �Fidel Castro�s Ybor Underground,� St. Petersburg Times. January 18, 1959. 3 42 Ibid. 27. 43 Ibid. 27. 44 Ibid. 3. 45 Ibid. 3. 46 Watson, William R. Jr. �Fidel Castro�s Ybor City Underground.� (1999) (University of South Florida). April 1999. 9. 47 Dunkin, Tom. 27. 48 Ibid. 27. 49 Ibid. 27. 50 �Castro Risking His Own Success,� editorial, St. Petersburg Times, 8-A. 51 Ibid. 8-A. 52 Denley, Bob. �Castro Man Tells of Tampa Support.� Tampa Times. January 6, 1961. 1. 53 Smith, Fred. �Tensions Still Run High in Tampa�s Latin Quarter,� Tampa Tribune. January 5, 1961, 1-B. 54 Ibid. 1-B. 55 �Cigar Men Here Deny Blackmail.� Tampa Times. January 9, 1961. 1A. 56 Ibid. 1A. 57 Ibid. 1A. 58 Ibid. 1A. 59 �Former Cuban Consul Who Defected Drops Out of Sight in Miami.� Tampa Tribune. January 9, 1961. 9. There was also an article in the Tampa Tribune on January 8, 1961 in which a sergeant stationed at the Cuban embassy claimed that Castro had 2,000 spies in the United States. He named a number of large US cities where he claimed they resided. 60 �Castroites Here Called Communists.� Tampa Times. January 10, 1961. 1A. 61 Inglis, Tom. �Pro-Castro Clubs Closed.� Tampa Times. January 14, 1961. 1A. 62 Ibid. 1A. 63 Ibid. 1A. 1998-2013 Cuban Information Archives. All Rights

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New Report Details Cruise Industry's Record of Pollution A report entitled "Getting a Grip on Cruise Pollution" released today by the Friends of the Earth (FOE) organization concludes that the billions of dollars earned by the cruise industry each year comes at a significant cost to our nation’s air and water. The report was researched and authored by Ross Klein, a Professor and independent expert on cruise ship pollution. Professor Klein takes a detailed look at the various ways in which the cruise industry has harmed - and continues to harm - the environments in which cruise ships travel. “This report provides a vital resource to anyone concerned about the cruise industry’s environmental impacts. With today’s launch of the largest cruise ship ever built - Royal Caribbean's Oasis of the Seas - the report shines a light on an industry that has long avoided comprehensive environmental regulation and pollution controls,” said Marcie Keever, FOE's Earth’s Clean Vessels Campaign Director. “Cruise ships continue to dump sewage into our waters and poison our air with engines that burn bottom-of-the barrel bunker fuel.” "Getting a Grip on Cruise Ship Pollution" looks at all aspects of the cruise industry, from its pollution streams, to its history of environmental violations, to the modest number of environmental laws that govern the industry. The report also contains a wide-ranging set of policy recommendations, providing solutions for comprehensive environmental reform of the cruise industry. To learn more, visit the Friends of Earth website. Catalog of cruise industry environmental violations, fines and other incidents: Professor Ross Klein's website CruiseJunkie. Overview of cruise ship pollution from Friends of the Earth website. Source: Friends of the Earth news release. FOE is the U.S. voice of the world's largest grassroots environmental network, with member groups in 77 countries. Since 1969, FOE has fought to create a more healthy, just world. Oasis of the Seas Kenneth Karsten via shipspotting.com

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Face it — we can’t all be BFFs. Most of the time, even with our differences, we can get along and play nice with the other moms on the playground or at the PTA meetings. What happens when there is one mom who is just plain bullying the others? Playground bullies aren't always the kids When you feel like pulling hair or having a shouting match, it’s time to step back and take a different stance. When you hear the term bully, do you think of a mean-spirited fourth grader who steals lunch money, or someone from your Bunco group? Bullies aren’t just a part of the school-aged crowd — they also come in a grown-up version. Dealing with the behavior of an adult bully can be difficult and take a toll on your self-esteem. What to do about your kid's bully behavior >> How women bully The very nature of female relationships is quite different from that of our male counterparts. Men bond over shared experiences like a pick-up game of basketball or a day at the ballpark. Women rely on the intimacy of female friendships — sharing feelings, concerns, fears and emotions. A group of grown women will bond over sharing these emotions, forming an attachment to a person or group. Psychologists use the term relational aggression to explain a covert type of bullying that is subtle, yet very hurtful. When bullies use their relationships and power to cause social problems — like excluding someone from an event, then posting pictures on Facebook — this is relational aggression in action. By preying on the very nature of female connections, these bullies gain their power. "But there are always women who need to build themselves up by knocking others down." “Bullying isn’t uniquely female,” says Irene Levine, Ph.D., author of Best Friends Forever: Surviving A Breakup With Your Best Friend and professor of psychiatry at the New York University School of Medicine. “But there are always women who need to build themselves up by knocking others down. They may exclude, gossip or do other things to demean one individual — particularly someone who seems vulnerable. Making someone feel alone, rejected and treating her as an outcast can be as vicious as a physical assault.” Spreading rumors, innuendos, back-stabbing, teasing and other passive-aggressive behaviors are also weapons of the female bully. Technology gets in the game Modern-day mom bullies also have social media on their side. With almost everyone carrying a smartphone 24/7, a simple tweet or Facebook comment instantaneously attacks a victim and displays the taunt for all to see. Hiding behind a screen gives people a false sense of bravery they might not have in a face-to-face conversation. Can you believe these mom bloggers behaving badly? >> When the mom bully in question is pushing her weight around with a group of moms — think school committees or PTA board — you need to rebalance the power of the group. The bully gains her power by making others feel insecure, so group members need to be firm and decisive when making proposals or voting on group actions. Include the bully on committees and in decision-making, but don’t let her change your opinions. By standing firm, you take away her power and she will soon have no reason to continue being pushy. When you are on the receiving end of personal attacks, it’s easy to start doubting yourself and your self-worth. This is especially difficult if the bully was someone you considered a friend. Meeting with the bully privately and letting her know you won’t stand for her insults shows her that you know exactly what she’s doing. If you truly feel that the bully has turned an entire group of friends against you, are these really people you want in your life anyway? Distancing yourself from toxic friendships and finding people who will respect you may be the hardest thing you’ve ever done, but it’s the best thing for your self-esteem. Standing up against a bully is never easy — even as an adult. Recognize that bullies feel powerful when they make you feel insecure, and don’t let them win. More self-esteem ideas

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“Before there were presentations, there were conversations, which were a little like presentations but used fewer bullet points, and no one had to dim the lights.” On the recommendation of a colleague, I read this great article, titled Absolute PowerPoint by Ian Parker of The New Yorker. It is about the history of PowerPoint and how it “edits our thoughts.” It’s fascinating to read about how it all began, including the perspectives of people that were directly involved in the tool’s evolution. It’s also fascinating, however, to read this 10-year-old article and think about how little has changed in the way we use the tool… but we’ll talk about that a bit later. In this post, I’d like to share some of the more interesting facts that I found about the history of PowerPoint! - [Late 70's - early 80's] The idea for PowerPoint grew out of the need for employees from different departments within a company to communicate with one another, even if they didn’t speak the same technical language. - Whitfield Diffie, a mathematician and cryptographer, wrote a small computer program that allowed you to draw storyboards on a computer, after becoming tired of the arduous process of creating 35mm slides for presentations. - Bob Gaskins, a resident of the Bay Area, was inspired by Diffie, and also by the new personal computing developments from Apple and Microsoft. He hired a software developer and created Presenter (soon to be re-named as PowerPoint). - PowerPoint version 1.0 was released for the Macintosh computer, and only produced black-and-white text and graphics. Laptops did not exist, and slides had to be printed to transparency. - PowerPoint for Windows was launched and integrated into Office, after Microsoft purchased the software from Gaskins for $14 million. - Genigraphics, a graphical design company that created and printed 35mm slides for presenters (and charged $240/hr for their services, to pay for their $50K computer systems), went bankrupt. - The chairman and CEO of Sun Microsystems, Scott McNealy, banned PowerPoint use in his company (though the ban was often disregarded by his staff) because he felt it reduced employee productivity. - Chairman of the Joint Cheif’s of Staff, General Henry H. Shelton issued an order to U.S. bases around the world to create “simpler” presentations, after reports that PowerPoint files were clogging the military’s bandwidth. - Microsoft estimates that at least 30 million presentations are made each day. - The AutoContent Wizard (r.i.p.) was actually dreamed up by Microsoft engineers as a joke, but made it into the released product. - The original clip art in PowerPoint was designed by Cathleen Belleville, and the images were called “Screen Beans.” - PowerPoint was first thought of as a toss-in program to the Office suite, which Word and Excel originally dominated. Ahh, what the world would be like without PowerPoint… one can only image!

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Home - RTE03 - RTE5015A Manage the harvest of agricultural and horticultural crops |Unit Descriptor||This competency standard covers the process of planning for and implementing the harvest of agricultural and horticultural crops. It includes the estimation of the crop yield and value, the planning for resources that will be required, the negotiation of both insurance and equipment supply contracts, as well as planning for any emergencies that may occur. It requires the need to assess crop quality, and to budget and organise for the resources to arrive at the appropriate time and place. Managing the harvest is likely to be undertaken without supervision, with only general guidance on progress sought from others. This unit requires a detailed practical knowledge of some areas such as crop measurement techniques and parameters, and market information and sources.| |1 . Determine crop quality|| |2 . Determine crop readiness|| |3 . Assess the need for insurance|| |4 . Plan harvest strategy|| |5 . Plan for OHS hazard management|| |6 . Plan for fire prevention and control|| |7 . Decide on storage and delivery requirements|| |8 . Implement the harvest strategy|| |9 . Segregate crop for quality|| |10 . Monitor moisture content|| |11 . Implement harvest schedule|| |Key Competency||Examples of Application||Performance| |How can information be collected, analysed and organised?||By discussing and explaining the harvesting operation with the full range of field staff, contractors, bulk handling authority, insurance and stock agents.||3| |How are ideas and information communicated within this competency?||In evaluating and assessing crop yield, value and resources.||3| |How are activities planned and organised?||In selecting, scheduling and putting people and equipment to work.||3| |How are problem solving skills applied?||In working with groups of people to complete specified activities and operations for the harvest.||2| |How are mathematical ideas and techniques used?||In evaluating and assessing crop yield and quality, and subsequent value.||2| |How is use of technology applied?||In recognising where amendment is required to the harvesting plan, and in contingency and emergency situations.||3| |How is team work used within this competency?||In operating any necessary equipment prior to, and during, the harvest - communication technology, calculating equipment and measuring equipment.||2| What crops may be subject to the yield assessment? All crops harvested for the business may be assessed for yield. These may be agricultural crops such as wheat and coarse cereals, pulses, legumes, cotton, sugar, oilseeds, pasture seeds, and horticultural crops such as tree crops, vine crops, field crops, fruit and vegetables. What kind of measurements are taken in the field? Measurements are primarily objective and may include sampling, transects, past records, and visual assessment. Which aspects of crop quality will be tested before harvest Crops may be tested for moisture, protein, colour, size, ripeness, skin defects, sugar content, and size. How might the order of harvesting be arranged? Time of maturity, which may be influenced by soil type and crop variety and value, might affect order of harvest. How is crop value determined? This is done using current and forward market information. What might be covered by any insurance taken out? Crop insurance is likely to cover events such as fire, hail and transport. What are the OHS hazards during a crop harvesting process? Hazards that may arise include dust, extreme weather conditions, working in confined and enclosed spaces, working in the vicinity of pesticide residues, working with, and close to vehicles and plant, and applying pre-harvest chemical treatments. What measures may be taken to prevent and control fires? As part of the strategies that are put in place, the following issues and equipment might be considered: fire vehicles, portable equipment such as knapsacks and personal protective equipment, fixtures such as dams, tanks, pumps and water mains, communication devices, and constructions such as fire breaks. There are a variety of ways in which crops can be stored. What might they include? Storage facilities include portable field bins, boxes and containers, silos (temporary or fixed), horizontal storage, and direct delivery to bulk handling authority. What resources might be required for haulage? Equipment and vehicles will be required, and these could include trucks, trailers, tractors, augers, and/or field bins. What OHS issues might impact on the harvesting operations? Throughout the planning and operations for harvesting, precautions should be taken for fire prevention and control, dust protection, working in hot weather, working in confined and enclosed spaces, and working in the vicinity of pesticide residues. There are also issues concerning the use of vehicles and of pre-harvest chemical treatments. What might the evaluation of fire risks and hazards cover? Fire risk evaluation covers the possible nature of fires started on the property, equipment suitable to manage these fires, potential losses, capital available to purchase and maintain equipment, and range of possible fires that could enter the property. What specific knowledge is needed to achieve the performance criteria? Knowledge and understanding are essential to apply this standard in the workplace, to transfer the skills to other contexts, and to deal with unplanned events. The knowledge requirements for this competency standard are listed below: capability and use of harvesting equipment crop measurement techniques and parameters market information and sources location and relative skills and abilities of available contractors contracting requirements for crop insurance management of the moisture content of crops, including drying and aeration storage options and local storage availability bushfire prevention and control legislation bushfire prevention and control strategies and equipment contact details for local fire services weather conditions which may affect the harvest relevant legislation and regulations relating to OHS, contractor engagement, chemical use and application, and vehicle and plant use environmental controls and codes of practice applicable to the business and to the harvesting operations sound management practices and processes to minimise noise, odours, and debris from the harvesting operations. What specific skills are needed to achieve the performance criteria? To achieve the performance criteria, some complementary skills are required. These skills are the ability to: plan and implement harvesting operations, including amendment of these during the operation itself organise and schedule the maintenance of plant and equipment establish processes/strategies, procedures and controls for crop harvesting prepare written plans and procedures for implementation by others interpret, analyse and extract information from a range of sources and discussions assess potential yields negotiate and arrange contracts and agreements explain, and deliver instructions about the plans and scheduling of the harvest operations to both staff and contractors, as well as suppliers, customers, and neighbours observe, identify and react appropriately to environmental implications and OHS hazards. Are there other competency standards that could be assessed with this one? This competency standard could be assessed on its own or in combination with other competencies relevant to the job function. Essential Assessment Information There is essential information about assessing this competency standard for consistent performance and where and how it may be assessed, in the Assessment Guidelines for this Training Package. All users of these competency standards must have access to the Assessment Guidelines. Further advice may also be sought from the relevant sector booklet.

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Eukaryotic organisms synthesize a set of so-called motor proteins converting the chemical energy of nucleoside triphosphates into mechanical force, required for motility generation. A prominent motor protein is conventional kinesin, which is essentially involved in neuronal transport events. Walking in discrete nanometre steps along microtubule rails it transports specialized cargoes to cellular destinations. The transport direction is determined by both microtubule polarity and the intrinsic molecular structure of kinesin. Purified kinesin and microtubules can be re-assembled in vitro into a force-generating unit able to transport artificial cargoes . Functioning in cell-free systems is one main reason why this kinesin-microtubule machinery, which can be regarded as a linear motor, is believed to become applicable for the development of devices that realize transport in nanometre steps . However, future applications require the solution of numerous methodological and technical problems, including velocity regulation, temporal stability, fuel supply, force generation into a desired direction, on and off switching, the determination of suitable materials, of the tolerable surfaces roughness, and of the minimal free vertical space still enabling kinesin functioning. Our presentation summarizes recent results contributing to find out a basic configuration for constructing a kinesin-driven motor device: Using gliding microtubules as a model, we demonstrated that the transport velocity increased from about 0.6 µm/s to 2.0 µm/s by raising molar Mg2+/ATP ratio, elevating temperature, or lowering kinesin surface density. In contrast, polyhydroxy compounds slow down the transport. Kinesin needs a minimal free working space of about 100 nm height and works with constant velocity for hours under conditions of sufficient energy (ATP) supply. Individual gliding microtubules overcame surface height differences up to about 280 nm. Kinesin was observed to generate motility on a variety of materials, including glass, quartz, silicon, carbon, gold, and polystyrene. Gliding microtubules can be aligned in isopolar fashion applying flow fields . After alignment the microtubules were chemically fixed , resulting in stable arrays of microtubule rails suitable for the unidirectional transport of kinesin-coated cargoes with dimension up to 20 µm. The cargo (even a small one, e.g., 100-nm beads) can change from one microtubule to an adjacent one, enabling transport distances in millimetre ranges, significantly exceeding the length of the individual microtubules (15 to 30 µm). On this basis, active transport rails of theoretically non-limited length might be assembled. Velocity regulation, controlling transport direction, and the production of large areas with long and stable rails are considered to be crucial steps towards the development of motor protein-based transport devices, suitable for e.g. a controlled displacement of objects or specific substances over millimetre distances with nanometre precision. Kuo SC, Gelles J, Steuer E and Sheetz MP 1991 J Cell Sci Suppl14 135-138 Hess H, Clemmens J, Qin D, Howard J and Vogel V 2001 Nano Lett1 235-239 Stracke R, Böhm KJ, Burgold J, Schacht HJ and Unger E 2000 Nanotechnol11 52-56 Turner D, Chang CY, Fang K, Cuomo P and Murphy D 1996 Anal Biochem242 20-25

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Pronunciation: (stag'ur), [key] 1. to walk, move, or stand unsteadily. 2. to falter or begin to give way, as in an argument or fight. 3. to waver or begin to doubt, as in purpose or opinion; hesitate: After staggering momentarily, he recognized that he had to make a decision. 1. to cause to reel, totter, or become unsteady: This load would stagger an elephant. 2. to shock; render helpless with amazement or the like; astonish: The vastness of outer space staggers the mind. 3. to cause to waver or falter: The news staggered her belief in the triumph of justice. 4. to arrange in a zigzag order or manner on either side of a center: The captain staggered the troops along the road. 5. to arrange otherwise than at the same time, esp. in a series of alternating or continually overlapping intervals: They planned to stagger lunch hours so that the cafeteria would not be rushed. 6. Aeron.to arrange (the wings of a biplane or the like) so that the entering edge of an upper wing is either in advance of or behind that of a corresponding lower wing. 1. the act of staggering; a reeling or tottering movement or motion. 2. a staggered order or arrangement. a. a staggered arrangement of wings. b. the amount of staggering. 4. staggers. (used with a sing. v.) Vet. Pathol. a. Also called blind staggers. acute selenium poisoning of livestock characterized by a staggering gait usually followed by respiratory failure and death. b. a condition of unknown cause, occurring in pregnant sheep, cattle, and other animals during or just following extended transport, characterized by a staggering gait and progressive paralysis. Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Copyright © 1997, by Random House, Inc., on Infoplease.

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The Saint Must Walk Alone The Saint Must Walk Alone : Most of the world’s great souls have been lonely. Loneliness seems to be one price the saint must pay for his saintliness. In the morning of the world (or should we say, in that strange darkness that came soon after the dawn of man’s creation), that pious soul, Enoch, walked with God and was not, for God took him; and while it is not stated in so many words, a fair inference is that Enoch walked a path quite apart from his contemporaries. Another lonely man was Noah who, of all the antediluvians, found grace in the sight of God; and every shred of evidence points to the aloneness of his life even while surrounded by his people. Again, Abraham had Sarah and Lot, as well as many servants and herdsmen, but who can read his story and the apostolic comment upon it without sensing instantly that he was a man “whose soul was alike a star and dwelt apart”? As far as we know not one word did God ever speak to him in the company of men. Face down he communed with his God, and the innate dignity of the man forbade that he assume this posture in the presence of others. How sweet and solemn was the scene that night of the sacrifice when he saw the lamps of fire moving between the pieces of offering. There, alone with a horror of great darkness upon him, he heard the voice of God and knew that he was a man marked for divine favor. Moses also was a man apart. While yet attached to the court of Pharaoh he took long walks alone, and during one of these walks while far removed from the crowds he saw an Egyptian and a Hebrew fighting and came to the rescue of his countryman. After the resultant break with Egypt he dwelt in almost complete seclusion in the desert. There, while he watched his sheep alone, the wonder of the burning bush appeared to him, and later on the peak of Sinai he crouched alone to gaze in fascinated awe at the Presence, partly hidden, partly disclosed, within the cloud and fire. The prophets of pre-Christian times differed widely from each other, but one mark they bore in common was their enforced loneliness. They loved their people and gloried in the religion of the fathers, but their loyalty to the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, and their zeal for the welfare of the nation of Israel drove them away from the crowd and into long periods of heaviness. “I am become a stranger unto my brethren, and an alien unto my mother’s children,” cried one and unwittingly spoke for all the rest. Most revealing of all is the sight of that One of whom Moses and all the prophets did write, treading His lonely way to the cross. His deep loneliness was unrelieved by the presence of the multitudes. ‘Tis midnight, and on Olive’s brow The star is dimmed that lately shone; ‘Tis midnight; in the garden now, The suffering Savior prays alone. ‘Tis midnight, and from all removed The Savior wrestles lone with fears; E’en the disciple whom He loved Heeds not his Master’s grief and tears. - William B. Tappan He died alone in the darkness hidden from the sight of mortal man and no one saw Him when He arose triumphant and walked out of the tomb, though many saw Him afterward and bore witness to what they saw. There are some things too sacred for any eye but God’s to look upon. The curiosity, the clamor, the well-meant but blundering effort to help can only hinder the waiting soul and make unlikely if not impossible the communication of the secret message of God to the worshiping heart. Sometimes we react by a kind of religious reflex and repeat dutifully the proper words and phrases even though they fail to express our real feelings and lack the authenticity of personal experience. Right now is such a time. A certain conventional loyalty may lead some who hear this unfamiliar truth expressed for the first time to say brightly, “Oh, I am never lonely. Christ said, `I will never leave you nor forsake you,’ and `Lo, I am with you alway.’ How can I be lonely when Jesus is with me?” Now I do not want to reflect on the sincerity of any Christian soul, but this stock testimony is too neat to be real. It is obviously what the speaker thinks should be true rather than what he has proved to be true by the test of experience. This cheerful denial of loneliness proves only that the speaker has never walked with God without the support and encouragement afforded him by society. The sense of companionship which he mistakenly attributes to the presence of Christ may and probably does arise from the presence of friendly people. Always remember: you cannot carry a cross in company. Though a man were surrounded by a vast crowd, his cross is his alone and his carrying of it marks him as a man apart. Society has turned against him; otherwise he would have no cross. No one is a friend to the man with a cross. “They all forsook Him, and fled.” The pain of loneliness arises from the constitution of our nature. God made us for each other. The desire for human companionship is completely natural and right. The loneliness of the Christian results from his walk with God in an ungodly world, a walk that must often take him away from the fellowship of good Christians as well as from that of the unregenerate world. His God-given instincts cry out for companionship with others of his kind, others who can understand his longings, his aspirations, his absorption in the love of Christ; and because within his circle of friends there are so few who share inner experiences, he is forced to walk alone. The unsatisfied longings of the prophets for human understanding caused them to cry out in their complaint, and even our Lord Himself suffered in the same way. The man who has passed on into the divine Presence in actual inner experience will not find many who understand him. A certain amount of social fellowship will of course be his as he mingles with religious persons in the regular activities of the church, but true spiritual fellowship will be hard to find. But he should not expect things to be otherwise. After all he is a stranger and a pilgrim, and the journey he takes is not on his feet but in his heart. He walks with God in the garden of his own soul – and who but God can walk there with him? He is of another spirit from the multitudes that tread the courts of the Lord’s house. He has seen that of which they have only heard, and he walks among them somewhat as Zacharias walked after his return from the altar when the people whispered, “He has seen a vision.” The truly spiritual man is indeed something of an oddity. He lives not for himself but to promote the interests of Another. He seeks to persuade people to give all to his Lord and asks no portion or share for himself. He delights not to be honored but to see his Savior glorified in the eyes of men. His joy is to see his Lord promoted and himself neglected. He finds few who care to talk about that which is the supreme object of his interest, so he is often silent and preoccupied in the midst of noisy religious shoptalk. For this he earns the reputation of being dull and over serious, so he is avoided and the gulf between him and society widens. He searches for friends upon whose garments he can detect the smell of myrrh and aloes and cassia out of the ivory palaces, and finding few or none, he, like Mary of old, keeps these things in his heart. It is this very loneliness that throws him back upon God. “When my father and my mother forsake me, then the Lord will take me up.” His inability to find human companionship drives him to seek in God what he can find nowhere else. He learns in inner solitude what he could not have learned in the crowd – that Christ is All in All, that He is made unto us wisdom, righteousness, sanctification and redemption, that in Him we have and possess life’s summum bonum. Two things remain to be said. One, that the lonely man of whom we speak is not a haughty man, nor is he the holier-than-thou, austere saint so bitterly satirized in popular literature. He is likely to feel that he is the least of all men and is sure to blame himself for his very loneliness. He wants to share his feelings with others and to open his heart to some like-minded soul who will understand him, but the spiritual climate around him does not encourage it, so he remains silent and tells his griefs to God alone. The second thing is that the lonely saint is not the withdrawn man who hardens himself against human suffering and spends his days contemplating the heavens. Just the opposite is true. His loneliness makes him sympathetic to the approach of the broken hearted and the fallen and the sin-bruised. Because he is detached from the world, he is all the more able to help it. Meister Eckhart taught his followers that if they should find themselves in prayer and happen to remember that a poor widow needed food, they should break off the prayer instantly and go care for the widow. “God will not suffer you to lose anything by it,” he told them. “You can take up again in prayer where you left off and the Lord will make it up to you.” This is typical of the great mystics and masters of the interior life from Paul to the present day. The weakness of so many modern Christians is that they feel too much at home in the world. In their effort to achieve restful “adjustment” to unregenerate society they have lost their pilgrim character and become an essential part of the very moral order against which they are sent to protest. The world recognizes them and accepts them for what they are. And this is the saddest thing that can be said about them. They are not lonely, but neither are they saints. The Saint Must Walk Alone by AW Tozer

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The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights conventions, state that the opportunity to receive a meaningful education is a fundamental human right for all children, youth and adults. But the world is systematically failing to address extreme and persistent education disadvantages that leave large sections of society marginalized. Some 72 million children were out of school in 2007 (54 per cent of them girls) and about 759 million adults (two-thirds of them women) lacked basic literacy skills. Global challenges, notably the recent financial and economic crises, put education at risk and disproportionally impact the poor, with serious implications for marginalized populations. Failure to place inclusive education at the heart of the EFA agenda is holding back progress towards the EFA and Millennium Development Goals. Fair and inclusive education is one of the most powerful levers available for offsetting social disadvantage, creating a virtuous circle of opportunity, and making societies more equitable, innovative and democratic.

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It has a rich historic history, and has also managed to develop a rich natural history on it's doorstep. Green areas, with canals have been introduced to encourage more bird life in some areas, and the River Thames is cleaner than it has been for hundreds of years and is often celebrated as attracting more birds and fish than ever before. It's another reason to object to the expansion and here's why; - We feel that flight expansion will drive a lot of the wildlife out of the area for good - some of them rare and protected such as peregrine falcons. We are pleased to say that we are in talks with and are supporting the RSPB in their work on the conservation of birds and their habitat with regard to this application. - Many of the birds that are present in high numbers in the area are designated by the CAA as of high risk to bird strike - their numbers are further encouraged by Beckton Sewage works, Crossness Sewage works, The Belvedere Incinerator , and the proposed Anaerobic Digestion site at Thamesmead. These businesses and flight expansion just do not mix if we are to seriously consider the safety of those using City Airport and the residents who live near to it in the event of any expansion. CAA and Bird Strikes "Bird Strike reporting was not mandatory until fairly recently. Even so, since 2000 there have been approximately 500 birdstrike incidents reported to CAA through the MOR system." quote from CAA site. Refer to document CAP 772 . It seems to us that little attention has been paid to CAP 772 at all by LCA. Click here to see the latest bird strike statistics. Kestrels - Pair nesting at Artilliary Quays - resident for 3 years - raised one chick last year. Peregine Falcons, pair of, nesting in the Royal Docks - hunt over Thames. Protected species. Phalarope - rare visitor to the UK Skylarks - numbers continuing to fall drastically in the UK. Canadian Geese - prolific through Gallions Reach Urban Village Canal ways and on Thames in Summer. Swans - present on Thames and canal ways. Great Crested Grebes Long Tailed Tits Black headed gulls Great Black Backed Gulls Grey Herons - 7 breeding pairs 2007.

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A small but bright northern constellation lying between DECL=+30 and DECL=+40 and RA=18h and RA=19h. The fifth-brightest star of the sky, alpha Lyr, called Vega (arabic for "stone eagle"), radiates from the top Lyra with a pure white colour. Together with alpha Cyg, Deneb , and alpha Aql, Atair, Vega forms the Summer Triangle. Stars and other objects Beta Lyr is a half separated (i.e. one of the stars reached its Rochevolume) eclipsing binary of a cream-white colour. The brightness varies from 3.4 mag to 4.3 mag every twelve days and 22 hours. With larger telescopes beta Lyr is resolved as an attractive double star with an blue companion of 8th mag. Additionally two other 9th mag companions can be seen in small telescopes). Another double variable is delta Lyr. With the help of binoculars you can view a blue-white star of 6th mag and a semi-regular red giant. The brightness of the latter varies erratically from 4th to 5th magnitude. An easy object with binoculars or small telescopes is zeta Lyr consisting of a 4th and a 6th mag star. One of the most celebrated quadruple stars in the sky is epsilon Lyr. It is commonly known as the Double Double. In a very clear, moonless night it is possible to see the wide pair of 5th mag stars. Each star of this double is an double itself. But to resolve them a telescope with at least 60 mm aperture and a high magnification is needed. The binary a 11871 requires telescopes with an aperture of at least 12cm for resolution. The two stars orbit each other with a period of 62 years. The famous Ring Nebula, M 57, is perhaps somewhat disappointing when viewed through amateur telescopes but really terrific on long-exposure photographs. In small telescopes it presents itself on dark nights as a ghostly elliptical disk. Its apparent size is larger than that of Jupiter. To see the central hole a telescope of at least 150 mm aperture is needed. The central, very blue star is so faint that it is beyond the power of amateur telescopes to be revealed. The nebula can be found half way between beta Lyr and gamma Lyr. Three meteor showers seem to radiate from this constellation: the Lyrids, the June Lyrids and the Alpha Lyrids. The latter two are active in the summer time. The Alpha Lyrids are visible from july, 9th, to july, 20th, and reach their maximum activity on the 14th of july. As the name suggests the June Lyrids can be observed in june, from the 10th to the 21st reaching the maximum on the 15th with an hourly rate of about 8 meteors. The Lyrids are typically visible from April, 16th, to April 25th, with its maximum around the 20th to 21st. Detailed information can be found in Gary Kronk's database about meteor showers. Lyra is thought to represent the harp of Orpheus. On older skymaps Lyra ist represented as a bird: Vultur, the Vulture. Together with the Cygnus, the Swan, and Aquila, the Eagle, it is hunted by Hercules. Another story says that Mercury invented the lyre by placing strings across the back of a tortoise shell. So sometimes in early descriptions this constellation is also drawn as a tortoise.

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AKARI all-sky map This AKARI view of the sky shows infrared sources at 9 micrometres in blue, at 18 micrometres in green, and at 90 micrometres in red. The image is arranged with the Galactic Centre in the middle, and the plane of the Galaxy running horizontally across the map. Emission from the photospheres of stars dominates the 9 micrometres catalogue, where the galactic disc and nuclear bulge are clearly visible, whereas dust and star formation in the disc of our Galaxy become are more prominent at 90 micrometres. Away from the Galactic Plane, many extragalactic objects are detected, tracing galaxy evolution and star formation in the distant Universe.

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Inherited problems of the musculoskeletal system are less common in horses than in many other species. Underlying viral infections and toxic causes may lead to congenital (birth) defects in foals but are rare. Most of the problems that arise are related to specific genetic conditions. Contracted Flexor Tendons Contracted flexor tendons are probably the most common abnormality of the musculoskeletal system of newborn foals. The condition, which is associated with the positioning of the foal while in the uterus, may not have a specific inherited cause. At birth, the pastern and fetlocks of the forelegs and sometimes the carpal joints are flexed to varying degrees due to shortening of the associated muscles. A cleft palate may accompany this condition in some breeds of horses. Slightly affected animals bear weight on the soles of the feet and walk on their toes. More severely affected animals walk on the back of the pastern and fetlock joint. If not treated, the rear surfaces of these joints become damaged, and arthritis develops. This may lead to a rupture of the common digital extensor tendon. Mildly affected animals recover without treatment. In moderate cases, your veterinarian may apply a splint to force your horse to bear weight on its toes. Care must be taken that the splint does not limit blood circulation, or tissues in the foot could be damaged. For a horse with a moderate case, your veterinarian might demonstrate how to help your horse stretch. By manually moving a horse's legs to extend these joints, you can assist in stretching the ligaments, tendons, and muscles. Severe cases require the surgical cutting of one or both flexor tendons. A cast may also be needed in some cases. Extreme cases may not respond to any treatment (see Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders in Horses: Contracted Flexor Tendons). Glycogen Storage Disease (Glycogenosis) Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate normally stored in the liver and muscles. The body converts it to glucose (sugar) as a source of energy. Animals with glycogen storage diseases may become progressively weaker until they are unable to rise from a lying position. To date, 5 of 8 types of glycogen storage diseases found in humans have also been found in animals, including horses. Arthrogryposis (Congenital Joint Rigidity) This syndrome, more commonly associated with calves, has also occasionally been seen in foals. It is characterized by the “locking” of limbs in abnormal positions, and it can make foaling abnormally difficult for the mare. Affected foals may have other abnormalities, including hydrocephalus (water on the brain), resulting in an enlarged head, cleft palate, and abnormalities of the spine. The condition may be lethal, but some mildly affected animals recover completely. In some types of the syndrome, the muscle fiber dysfunctions might be the primary disorder. Most often, the syndrome has its roots in a nervous system disorder. The muscular and joint problems begin when muscles are no longer served by healthy nerves. Osteochondritis dissecans most commonly occurs in young horses during periods of rapid growth. It is caused by a number of factors and can have a genetic component. Damage to the joints occurs when the animal is growing at its fastest, and the stress on the immature skeleton is greatest. The damaged cartilage may become detached and float loosely in the joint cavity, where it can cause inflammation and further interference with proper bone formation (see Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders in Horses: Osteochondritis Dissecans). Polydactyly is a congenital defect occasionally found in horses. In its most common form, the second or fourth splint bone develops into a complete lower limb and toe. One or all 4 limbs can have the condition. Angular Limb Deformities Angular limb deformities may be present at birth (congenital) or acquired. In these skeletal defects, a portion of a limb is bent or twisted crossways or towards the midline of the body early in the newborn's life. Angular limb deformities may be caused by the positioning of the limb while in the womb, a thyroid hormone deficiency (hypothyroidism), trauma, a poorly formed or loosely jointed limb, or underdevelopment of the carpal or tarsal and long bones. One or all 4 limbs may be affected. The carpus is the bone affected most often, but the tarsus and fetlocks are occasionally involved. Most foals have no signs, but lameness and soft-tissue swelling can accompany severe deformities. A limb with very slight deviation may be regarded as normal. Foals with poorly conformed carpal and outermost tarsal bones or excessively loose joints often become lame as the deformity worsens. Your veterinarian may diagnose the condition by a thorough examination of the limb and x‑rays. Treatment will be determined by the severity of the condition and the tissues affected. Foals that are only mildly affected may improve on their own without treatment. In cases where joints are excessively loose, a cast or a splint may be required. Such limb support may be required for up to 6 weeks, and restricted exercise will be necessary to maintain tendon and ligament tone. Surgery may be necessary if the growth plates have been disturbed. These surgeries must be performed before the growth plates close (as early as 2 to 4 months of age). Success depends on the continued growth and development of the bones. Examinations and x-rays should be used to determine if the condition is improving or further surgery is required. Without treatment, the outlook for recovery from severe deformity of the carpus is poor, as it can lead to degenerative joint disease. However, with early detection, careful evaluation, and proper surgery, most foals respond favorably. Defects of the Spine Although defects of the spine are uncommon in foals, 4 types are possible. Congenital scoliosis, an S-bend of the spine, is encountered occasionally. It is often difficult to assess the severity of the deformity with just a physical examination. X-rays provide a better view of the condition. Even in more severe cases, there is rarely any obvious abnormality in gait or the ability to move. Mild cases sometimes completely correct themselves. Synostosis is fusion of a vertebra with a vertebra next to it. An x-ray is necessary for confirmation of synostosis, which is often associated with secondary scoliosis. Swayback, known as lordosis, is a down-ward curving of the spine in the lower back. Congenital lordosis affects the spine of a horse whose vertebral joints fail to develop properly. In adult horses, degrees of acquired lordosis occur as the horse gets older. Kyphosis (an upward curving of the spine, also known as roach-back) is also occasionally seen. Both of these conditions contribute to back weakness. A veterinarian diagnoses the condition by thorough examination, often confirmed by x-rays that reveal an abnormal curvature of the vertebral column. Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (see Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders in Horses: Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis) is a hereditary condition of Quarter Horses, in which abnormally high levels of potassium in the blood produce intermittent episodes of muscle weakness or paralysis. Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency may be a common cause of newborn death in Quarter Horses. Diagnosis can be complicated by the variety of signs that resemble other diseases of newborn horses. Signs of glycogen branching enzyme deficiency may include curving or bending limb deformities lasting for only a short time, stillbirth, seizures, respiratory or heart failure, and the inability to rise from a recumbent position. Your veterinarian may notice other abnormalities on blood tests of affected foals. Last full review/revision July 2011 by Russel R. Hanson, DVM, DACVS, DACVECC; Joerg A. Auer, DrMedVet, Dr h c, MS, DACVS, DECVS; Andrew P. Bathe, MA, VetMB, DACVS, DEO, MRCVS; Leo B. Jeffcott, MA, BVM, PhD, FRCVS, DVSc, VD; Svend E. Kold, DMV, MRCVS, RCVS Specialist in Equine Surgery (Orthopedics); C. Wayne McIlwraith, BVSc, PhD, DSc, FRCVS, DACVS; Dale A. Moore, MS, DVM, MPVM, PhD; Sheldon Padgett, DVM, MS, DACVS; Tracy A. Turner, DVM, MS, DACVS, DABT; Stephanie J. Valberg, DVM, PhD, DACVIM; John F. Van Vleet, DVM, PhD

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How to Defend Yourself Against Identity Theft Last Updated: 09-01-2010 , Posted: 09-01-2006 What is Identity Theft Identity theft is a crime whereby criminals impersonate individuals, usually for financial gain. In today's society, you often need to reveal personal bits of information about yourself, such as social security numbers, a signature, name, address, phone numbers, and even banking and credit card information. If a thief is able to access this personal information, he or she can use it to commit fraud in your name. With this information the thief could do things such as apply for loans or new credit card accounts. They can then request a billing address change and run up your existing credit card without you knowledge. They can also use counterfeit checks and debit cards, or authorize electronic transfers in your name, to wipe out your your bank account. Identity theft can also go beyond this type of a monetary impact. Thieves can use your information to obtain a driver's license or other documentation that would display their photo but your name and information. With these documents thieves could to obtain a job and file fraudulent income tax returns, apply for travel documents, file insurance claims, or even provide your name and mailing address to police and other authorities if involved in other criminal activities. Using Information on the Internet for Identity Theft The outcome of identity theft is usually the same, regardless of how the thief obtains your information. However, the Internet is providing new ways for people to steal your personal information and to commit fraud. Thieves can accomplish their goal several ways such as using Internet chat rooms and spreading Trojan horses that drop key loggers on your computer to transit any passwords, usernames and credit card numbers you use on your computer back to the thieves. Many online businesses today also store personal information about customers and shopper son their Web sites, and that information used when a person returns to the Web site. This provides another way for your personal information to be accessed. Additionally, e-mail phishing, thieves attempt to gather your personal information. Phishing e-mails falsely claim to be an established legitimate enterprise in an attempt to scam you into surrendering private information that will be used for identity theft. The e-mail will direct you to visit a Web site where you're asked to update personal information, such as passwords and credit card, social security, and bank account numbers — information the legitimate organization already has. The Web site, however, is bogus and set up only to steal your information. Is Internet Identity Theft Cause for Concern? Internet-based identity fraud is a problem and is something that makes many people hesitant about making a purchase online, or signing up for what others consider everyday occurrences such as creating a PayPal account, purchasing from e-commerce sites, using auction Web sites or even using Internet banking and checking their credit card statements online. While Internet identity theft is definitely a hot topic in the media today, Internet identity theft actually accounts for only a small percentage of the total identity theft fraud cases. A recent survey by Javelin Strategy & Research of Pleasanton indicated that identity fraud, as a percentage of of the United States adult population went down to 4 percent between 2003 and 2006. In addition the report also claims that 90 percent of this identity theft takes place through traditional offline channels and not through the Internet. Using Computer (Cyber) Forensics to Fight Identity Theft Computer forensics (also called cyber forensics), is the application of scientifically proven methods to gather, process, interpret and use digital evidence to provide a conclusive description of cyber crime activities. Cyber forensics also includes the act of making digital data suitable for inclusion into a criminal investigation. Once a thief has obtained data, computers are often used to create false identification, counterfeit checks, and other documents to commit fraud. Computer forensics plays a big role in helping law enforcement officials identify both the victims and perpetrators of identity theft. How to Protect Yourself The Federal Trade Commission is one of many organizations that provides valuable facts and information to consumers concerning identity theft, including preventative and resolutions to identity theft concerns. For consumers who believe they are a victim of identity theft, the FTC recommends you take immediate steps to protect yourself such as placing fraud alerts on your credit cards, filing police reports, and filing a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission. It is also important to resolve specific fraudulent usage with organizations responsible for your bank accounts, credit cards, driver's license, investment funds, debt collectors and others. Lastly, there are recommended everyday practices, such as keeping an eye on postal mail to ensure your bills are arriving when they should be, and taking the time to properly dispose of paper documents that may contain credit card numbers and other identifying personal information. The more private and secure you keep your personal identifying information, the less susceptible to identify theft you are. Did You Know... According to two studies done in July 2003 (Gartner Research and Harris Interactive), approximately 7 million people became victims of identity theft in the prior 12 months. That equals 19,178 per day, 799 per hour, 13.3 per minute. [Source Identity Theft resource Center] |Key Terms To Understanding Identity Theft:

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Diavik Wind Farm The 9.2 MW Diavik Wind Farm is the first large-scale wind energy facility in the Northwest Territories. The project was developed by Diavik Diamond Mines Inc. to help diversify the energy supply at the company's mining operation. The four ENERCON wind turbines are integrated into the mine's existing diesel-powered system and will offset diesel use when the wind is blowing. The following case study describes the economic benefits of wind energy development in Ontario Take a look at these case studies to discover the positive economic contribution wind energy development is making to communities across the country. 1. North Cape Wind Farm Located near the town of Tignish, Prince Edward Island (PEI), the North Cape Wind Farm was developed by the Prince Edward Island Energy Corporation (PEIEC). It consists of 16 Vestas wind turbines, each rated at 660 kW, for a total installed capacity of 10.56 megawatts (MW) – enough to power over Summerview Wind Farm was developed by Vision Quest in Alberta. Located near the town of Pincher Creek, it consists of 38 Vestas wind turbines, each rated at 1.8 MW, for a total capacity of 68.4 MW – enough to power 24,000 homes. Wind Energy Project The project consists of 126 GE 1.5 sle wind turbines in a total area of 100 km2. The townships of Prince, Pennefather and Dennis, and the City of Sault Ste. Marie host the 126 turbines each rated at 1.5 MW, for a total capacity of 189 The Baie-des-Sables wind farm consists of 73 General Electric (GE) wind turbines, each rated at 1.5 megawatts (MW), for a total installed capacity of 109.5 MW — enough to power more than 21,000 homes in the province. Issued: January 2004 Description: The following three case studies describe the economic benefits of wind energy development in Canadian communities. Parc Eolien Du Renard

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Jan. 27, 2009 Artificial hip joints are firmly anchored to the patient’s damaged bone by screws. But which parts of the bone will safely hold the screws in place? A simulation model is to calculate the strength of the bone from computer tomography images. Hip prostheses do not hold forever. If an implant comes loose, the doctors have to replace it. Most patients need this second operation after about 15 years. By then, the first prosthesis has often worn down the pelvic bone in several places. Moreover, the bone density, and thus also its strength, changes with increasing age. Medics therefore have to work out where best to place the screws that connect the artificial joint to the bone, and what shape the hip prosthesis needs to be in order to fit the surrounding bones as well as possible. At present, doctors examine patients using computer tomography (CT), and determine the rough density of the bones from the images. On the basis of various assumptions, they then calculate how strong the bones are in different places. The problem is that, although there are various theories on which the simulations can be based, the results often deviate significantly from reality. The consistency of the damaged bones is usually different from what the simulation leads to believe. This is set to be changed by researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology IWU in Dresden and their colleagues at the biomechanics laboratory of the University of Leipzig. They are developing a model with which doctors can reliably and realistically calculate the density and elasticity of the bone from the CT scanner images. To this end, the researchers are transferring methods usually used for component testing to human hip bones, which involve inducing oscillations in the bone. This type of examination cannot be carried out on the patient. The bone has to be clamped into an apparatus. “The nature of the oscillations enables us to deduce local properties of the bone – such as its density and elasticity,” explains IWU group manager Martin Quickert. The researchers compare these results with scanned images of the bone and describe the correlations on the basis of a mathematical model. This should make it possible in future to determine the strength of a bone directly from the CT scanner images. The scientists have already performed the first examinations on prepared and thus preserved bones, and plan to induce oscillations in unprepared bones left in their natural state over the coming months. The researchers hope that in about two years’ time, doctors will be able to obtain a realistic simulation model of unprecedented quality from computer tomography data. The prostheses can then be perfectly anchored, and will be held safely in place for longer. Other social bookmarking and sharing tools: Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above. Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

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from the stage-and-symptom-of-the-grieving-process dept ASCAP has published a Bill of Rights for Songwriters and Composers, which, unfortunately, seems to be more like a bill of "wrongs." Just as citizens of a nation must be educated about their rights to ensure that they are protected and upheld, so too must those who compose words and music know the rights that support their own acts of creation. Without these rights, which directly emanate from the U.S. Constitution, many who dream of focusing their talents and energies on music creation would be economically unable to do so - an outcome that would diminish artistic expression today and for future generations. Which U.S. Constitution is ASCAP reading? The U.S. Constitution provision says, "the Congress shall have Power... To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries." There is nothing in the U.S. Constitution to suggest that copyright law has anything to do with protecting artists' natural rights, copyright hardly exists for a limited amount of time anymore, and Thomas Jefferson and James Madison were quite skeptical of the concept. And the claim that such laws are required to make a living as an artist is very debatable, and I'd beg to differ. There was art before copyright law existed, and many artists are making their living today despite copyright law (rather than because of it). At this time, when so many forces are seeking to diminish copyright protections and devalue artistic expression, this Bill of Rights for Songwriters and Composers looks to clarify the entitlements that every music creator enjoys. Who is seeking to devalue artistic expression? Price and value are not the same thing. Just because the economics of digital goods have pushed the price of music towards zero (the marginal cost) does not mean that music no longer has value. This sort of statement needs to be substantiated. 1. We have the right to be compensated for the use of our creative works, and share in the revenues that they generate. Why? In what other industries do creators maintain control over their creations after they reach consumers? Lenovo has no right to be compensated for the use of my laptop or to share in the revenue I generate through developing software. This is not a given. 2. We have the right to license our works and control the ways in which they are used. Again - why? How many other industries control the way their works are used? This is not a given. 3. We have the right to withhold permission for uses of our works on artistic, economic or philosophical grounds. This is not the purpose of copyright law at all, especially since it’s supposed to be for a limited time. This, in fact, is a restriction on artistic expression. Though it may be troubling to have a work associated with something that you don't agree with, I believe that freedom of speech is more important for artistic expression than total control. There are defamation and libel laws for serious abuses. 4. We have the right to protect our creative works to the fullest extent of the law from all forms of piracy, theft and unauthorized use, which deprive us of our right to earn a living based on our creativity. Theft and copyright infringement are not the same thing. And the sharing and spreading of music through digital channels is natural and, more importantly, does not deprive artists of their right ability to earn a living. Bad, out-dated, obsolete business models based on artificial scarcity deprive artists of their right ability to earn a living. (I'm not sure if this is a "right" because they seem to be confusing royalties and salaries.) 5. We have the right to choose when and where our creative works may be used for free. Why? Coca-cola doesn't have the right to determine whether its products can be given away for free as part of a promotion after a pizza store purchases them. This is not a given. 6. We have the right to develop, document and distribute our works through new media channels - while retaining the right to a share in all associated profits. Wow, that started off great, but the ending sounds like Billy Bragg's whining in the New York Times. The phrase "all associated profits" seems quite overarching. This sounds like musicians claiming that MySpace and Bebo owe them money for their success, while denying that the reverse could ever be true, that a new media company would be entitled to share in "all associated profits" of an artist it enables to succeed. Double standard much? 7. We have the right to choose the organizations we want to represent us and to join our voices together to protect our rights and negotiate for the value of our music. Excellent! I actually agree with this whole-heartedly. I do not want ASCAP to represent me! 8. We have the right to earn compensation from all types of "performances," including direct, live renditions as well as indirect recordings, broadcasts, digital streams and more. This sounds like Viacom's misunderstanding of the difference between content and communication. ASCAP is treating the Internet like other forms of broadcast, but the Internet isn't a broadcast medium. It's a communications medium. When it comes to communication, the idea of using copyright to restrict content gets weird in a hurry. Royalties are not the answer for the digital age. 9. We have the right to decline participation in business models that require us to relinquish all or part of our creative rights - or which do not respect our right to be compensated for our work. Sure you do, but that doesn't mean you'll make any money. Economics aren't about what you want to happen, or what you think should happen. Economics are about what is happening. Business models that don't make sense given the economics won't succeed. Of course you have the right to choose whatever business model you like, but that doesn't mean it will be successful or that it should be protected by copyright law. The end of that statement sounds like another case of confusing royalties and salaries. 10. We have the right to advocate for strong laws protecting our creative works, and demand that our government vigorously uphold and protect our rights. Of course you do, but again, I don't think it's a great idea if you subscribe to this "bill of rights." Moreover, consumers also have the right to advocate for better laws that protect their interests and vigorously uphold and protect their rights, which our current laws fail to do. Artists can advocate whatever they want, but it's a bad idea to advocate the opposite of what your fans want. This supposed bill of rights is really just an assertion of the status quo by those who depend on copyright law to protect their obsolete business models. If people in the music business could only realize that they're in the business of providing an enjoyable experience surrounding music, rather than trying to control and monetize every possible use of art, they might open up to new business models that make sense rather than whine about the fact that their current business models don't work anymore. This isn't a bill of rights. It's a stage and symptom of the grieving process. Signing this and, worse yet, living by it, would be an economic and ethical mistake for any songwriter or composer.

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The following text is excerpted from the book "The Riverdale Story: Mansion to Municipality", edited by Christina A. Davis, and published by the Town of RiverdalePark, 1996. To buy a copy of this book, contact the Riversdale Historical Society, or Riverdale Park Town Offices. When the new century dawned in 1900, Riverdale was thriving. The economic depression of the mid-1890s had been followed by a more favorable climate for growth in suburban communities. Land and house sales in Riverdale suddenly accelerated in 1898--an indication of economic revitalization coupled with anticipation of even better times to come when the streetcar arrived in 1899. An Evening Star article in 1902 also noted that real estate agents were having more success in breaking a popular habit of maintaining both a city dwelling and a suburban cottage used in warm weather and on weekends. Their goal was to get people to move permanently to the suburbs where, as one ad from 1900 said, there were "lovely homes, cheap homes, healthy homes in Riverdale." Riverdale in 1900 had more than 50 houses, most clustered within walking distance of the handsome Victorian-style B&O station erected by the Riverdale Park Company. The arrival in 1899 of the City & Suburban Railway meant that the community's residents now had two convenient means of traveling into Washington. Advertisements issued by the Riverdale Park Company announced that the trip from Union Station on the B&O was 17 minutes, and the trolley ride from the Treasury Department was half an hour. A streetcar stopped in Riverdale every 10 minutes. A Community Matures In the decade between 1910 and 1920, Riverdale underwent a dramatic transformation. The spaces between the widely scattered homesteads were filling in with new construction, and neighborhoods were becoming recognizable. The population continued to grow, and by 1920 it had become more diverse. A viable business community emerged that gave residents more local outlets for shopping and services. The teens also witnessed a major international crisis, which precipitated changes in the Washington area and left its impact on Riverdale. Finally, the somewhat informal management of community affairs handled by the Riverdale Park Company and volunteer organizations gave way to a formal incorporation as a municipal government. Heading Toward the Jazz Age On July 12, 1919, the citizens of Riverdale joined thousands of people from neighboring towns in a great victory parade that welcomed home the men and women who had served in the war. Soon they participated in the campaign to raise funds for the Peace Cross in Bladensburg that commemorated those that fell in the conflict. Most people at the parade probably thought that peace would mean a return to life as it was before, but Riverdale was showing signs of permanent change. Just before the war in 1914, the nostalgia for a former life expressed itself in the incorporation of the Lord Baltimore Country Club at Riversdale. A brochure described club attendants in colonial costumes and showed pictures of the handsomely appointed club rooms. Its opening was attended by members of Congress, District of Columbia officials, members of the diplomatic corps, and Washington businessmen. Plans called for building tennis courts, croquet grounds, and golf links and for the acquisition of the small lake behind the mansion. It is ironic that one of the local founders of the club, Frank M. Stephen, was also creating the Gretta Addition to Riverdale. The lot sizes in Gretta were decidedly unaristocratic, and this part of town developed a working-class character. While the Lord Baltimore Club attempted to recall a bygone era, Riverdale was becoming a community that offered affordable housing within a convenient commute to Washington. A New Town Experiences Growing Pains: 1920-1945 "Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland, in Regular Session assembled, That the citizens, residing within the area more particularly hereinafter defined, be, and they are hereby made a body corporate by the name and style of the Mayor and Common Council of Riverdale" (House Bill No. 585, April 16, 1920). Riverdale's first quarter-century as an incorporated town was an uneasy time. The excitement of being recognized as an "official" community soon gave way to the anxiety of managing--and financing--a government. However, civic organizations remained an anchor in the community, culminating in the patriotic spirit felt across the nation during World War II. On April 17, 1920, Governor Albert C. Ritchie approved Bill No. 585 passed by the last session of the Maryland State Legislature the day before--the incorporation, pending resident approval, of the Town of Riverdale. Despite the fact that the bill was only one of a list of 400 that dealt with local government matters (and treated as such in the news accounts of the day), the Riverdale town government soon captured the newspapers' attention with an ambitious legislative agenda--and the town's first political "scandals." The first meeting of the Riverdale mayor and council was held August 16, 1920, under the gavel of Dr. Samuel M. McMillan in the Sunday school room of the Riverdale Presbyterian Church. By 1924, Mayor I. Burrows Waters and the council had moved into the firehouse at the corner of Madison and Arthur Avenues (now Queensbury Road and 48th Avenue). By December 4, 1937, Mayor William C. Wedding and six former Riverdale mayors had the honor of dedicating a new municipal building on the site. Riverdale Park Company As the town government assumed more responsibilities, the Riverdale Park Company continued to fade into the background. Although the company continued to build houses and occasionally offered space for town meetings for a fee, the company no longer set the rules and regulations by which the people lived, and in fact, was increasingly cited as a source of problems by residents. During the early 1920s, the classified section of the Evening Star featured weekly announcements from the company about homes for sale in Riverdale; by the 1930s, the notices had all but disappeared. And the company often complained to the mayor and council about unfair tax assessments placed on their properties, perhaps a sign of their financial troubles. Town Continues to Offer a Rich Community Life Throughout the town's early days, Riverdale residents continued to give their time to civic organizations, which, without the burden of managing town affairs, planned more enjoyable pursuits. The Riverdale Citizen's Association and the Riverdale Woman's Club planned events to mark major religious and patriotic bolidays, many of which were featured in newspaper accounts of the day. To celebrate the Fourth of July in 1921, the association held a celebration in Bennett's Woods. Several hundred people attended the day's festivities, which included a baby parade in the morning, a picnic at noon, patriotic exercises led by master of ceremonies J. S. Caldwell, a community sing led by Eva Chase, and athletic events. Landmarks Highlighted and Established From the 1920s to the 1940s, residents seemed to value their historic and other recognizable landmarks. The first quarter of the town's municipal history saw concern about Riversdale's deterioration and the establishment of many of the town's most recognizable sites still standing in 1995. [n.b., Riverdale Elementary School, Crescent City Charities (formerly Leland Memorial Hospital), Crestar Bank building (formerly Citizen's Bank of Maryland/Riverdale), and a World War I memorial in Dupont Circle on Clevelend Avenue.] World War II Comes to Riverdale In the late 1930s, the ERCO plant near the town's north boundary produced the spin-proof Ercoupe (see Chapter 4). By 1941, production at the plant was diverted to war-related materials, just months after the production of the airplanes was featured in the Prince George's Post as one of the county's most successful businesses. World War II had come to Riverdale. Although coverage of the war in the town's official records is sparse, the local newspapers reported residents and civic groups doing their part. Many of the town's men in uniform were awarded medals for their service. In addition, two Riverdale women had I unusual wartime experiences that went beyond folding bandages and participating in air raid drills. And some of Riverdale's families suffered additional hardships brought on by the loss of a loved one killed in action. Preparing for Peace and Prosperity No one could predict the changes that befell Riverdale after the end of [World War II]. Young families settled in the community in record numbers, replacing the town's founders, many of whom carried Riverdale's institutional memory to the grave. Few residents remembered the town's charms during the early part of the 20th century, so practically no one wished to halt the advance of "progress," with its rapid home building and road construction, that threatened the end of a small town. End of a War Heralds the End of a "Small" Town The demand for housing was one of the primary forces that influenced the changes in Riverdale after 1945. The Calvert Homes Project, meant to temporarily house war workers, became home to veterans employed at the Engineering and Research Corporation (ERCO) plant, which was once again manufacturing the popular Ercouple Airplane. In addition, the federal government was expanding and creating more jobs, and Riverdale was very convenient to the District of Columbia. For the first time in the nation's history, owning anhome of one's own was possible for thousands of young families as the Veteran's Administration (VA) provided secured loans with no down payment. Development of empty parcels of land and lots eligible for subdivision filled the demands of a booming real estate market. Town Government Expands to Serve a Growing Community Self-government in the Town of Riverdale stemmed from meetings in the streets and over backyard fences held by neighbors who felt they could improve their town by being recognized as a group. The town's first elected leaders spent their time and talent in improving the general welfare, and their accepted compensation was their only satisfaction in getting the job done. In the first few years following the end of World War II, the town government operated as it always had. The town office and meeting room shared space wiht the fire and police departments. Operation of sanitation services was provided from a small wooden building on Rhode Island Avenue (now Maryland Avenue in the industrial area beyond Town Center.) In addition to the mayor and various numbers of councilmembers and clerks, the town government functioned through the work of a small number of full-time and part-time employees providing police and public works services. The mayor often handled the management of public works services, and a town clerk put in a few hours a month to record minutes of meetings and send out correspondence. Riverdale's ever-expanding population and traffic forced an increase in the number of town government personnel and in the responsibilities expected of elected officials. Governing expanded from a few hours a month into a full-time concentration on solving problems, managing employees, and fulfilling service obligations. Local Landmarks Undergo Major Changes [In 1949, Riversdale owner Abraham Lafferty sold the mansion to the Maryland-National Capitol Park and Planning Commission (M-NCPPC) for $28,000. It was used as the headquarters for the M-NCPPC for the next 16 years. It was then used as the headquarters for the Prince George's County Delegation to the Maryland General Assembly until 1976, when the Riversdale Historical Society began resoration work. In 1950, Riverdale Presbyterian Church moved from its original building (razed during construction of East-West highway in the 1960's) to its current location in University Park. The congregation of St. Bernard's Catholic Church acquired land and built a church just east of Riverdale Park's town boundaries in 1961. In 1952, Citizens Bank of Riverdale changed its name to Citizens Bank of Maryland, and expanded its headquarters.] Town Landscape Undergoes Dramatic Alteration [July 15th, 1945 - 4.88 inches of rain fell in 5 days. Cellars in homes east of the river were flooded. Zoning decisions made between 1959 and 1962 allowed developers to build apartment complexes between the Northeast Branch of the Anacostia and Kenilworth Avenue south of Riverdale Road. This page was last changed on Wednesday, July 7, 1999. Questions, comments, or submissions? See the Website Committee web page. This page has been accessed 17178 times.

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We joke a little about the long history of air conditioning, but I’ve actually just recently acquired a book on the history of the HVAC & R industry called Heat & Cold: Mastering the Great Indoors. Comfort is an underrated human need. We all know about food, water, shelter and companionship, but once you have those, how do you go about improving them? The elite worldwide community of air conditioning service mechanics may not have badges and secret handshakes like the Freemasons, but we certainly have history on our side. As I dig into the book, full of science and stories and laws and illustrations, it’s inspired me to dig a little further. We’re in the United States, where modern building materials are in vogue, but much of the world’s population still uses local, natural material to put a roof over their heads, and in many cases, to cool and dehumidify. Enter Earth Architecture, now available in paperback on Amazon. It’s a survey by Ronald Rael on the creative use of dirt,l soil, and clay to fulfill the need of shelter, and then to improve on that shelter. We’re proud of the buildings we contribute to as a distributor of HVAC systems, but there’s something that tugs at us when we read about earth domes known as Yakhchal that functioned as refrigerators over 2400 years ago. By 400 BC, Persian engineers had mastered the technique of storing ice in the middle of summer in the desert. The ice was brought in during the winters from nearby mountains in bulk amounts, and stored in a Yakhchal, or ice-pit. These ancient refrigerators were used primarily to store ice for use in the summer, as well as for food storage, in the hot, dry desert climate of Iran. The ice was also used to chill treats for royalty during hot summer days and to make faloodeh, the traditional Persian frozen dessert. I’m guessing that when it gets up to 140 degrees, the brain starts coming up with some sophisticated ways to escape the heat, especially when the Emperor starts making noise about looking for competing bids from the Achaeans (losing bids were treated a little different than today – where did you think heads rolling came from?). It’s fascinating, but not that surprising that human beings used what is most plentiful to figure out how to preserve food and make frozen treats. Just don’t expect one of these to pop up anytime soon in Addison.

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Bullying Can Violate Civil Rights Laws Bullying is on the agenda today as the government talks up its effort to stop bullying in schools. The government warned that bullying and harassment in school can violate civil rights, and failure to protect these rights can have serious consequences. If bullying isnt handled effectively by schools, particularly that of gender, race and sexuality, they risk being cited for civil right violations. In extreme cases, according to the guidelines, action could lead to cuts in funding. "In extreme cases, schools could be stripped of their federal education monies if they don't comply with all of our civil rights laws," said Russlynn Ali, assistant secretary for civil rights. Also on the call were Arne Duncan, secretary of education, and White House Domestic Policy Council Director Melody Barnes. The issue of harassment gained prominence this year after a spate of suicides by students who were being bullied. President Obama has called for greater awareness of the problem, saying the nation must "dispel the myth that bullying is just a normal rite of passage or an inevitable part of growing up." The guidelines were part of a letter that began "Dear Colleague" sent Tuesday to thousands of schools, colleges, universities and school districts around the country that included examples of bullying and harassment cases that constituted violations of federal civil rights laws. The White House plans to hold a conference between education agencies, hosted by the Secretary for Education. It aims to help in preventing bullying and harassment in schools and other education establishments.

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Dame is the female equivalent of the honour of knighthood in the British honours system. (The word "damehood" is rarely used but is shown on the official British Monarchy website as being the correct term). It is the equivalent form of address to "Sir" for knights. A woman appointed to the grades of Dame Commander or Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, Order of St Michael and St George, Royal Victorian Order, or the Order of the British Empire becomes a Dame. Because there is no female equivalent to a Knight Bachelor, women are always appointed to an order of chivalry. Women who are appointed to the Order of the Garter or Order of the Thistle are not given the title of "Dame" but "Lady". The youngest person to be appointed a dame was Ellen MacArthur, at the age of 28. The oldest was Gwen Ffrangcon-Davies when aged 100. A number of high-profile figures, such as actress Vanessa Redgrave, have declined the honour; see a List of people who have declined a British honour. Formerly, a knight's wife was given the title of "Dame" before her name, but this usage was replaced by "Lady" during the 17th century. See also - ^ The London Gazette: no. 57557. p. 1713. 2005-02-11. Retrieved 2010-10-12. - ^ movies.yahoo.com Retrieved: 3-3-2013

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By Jon Gambrell, Associated Press OZARK NATIONAL FOREST, Ark. The bear cub remained unseen among the barren trees and dried leaves blanketing the forest floor, but she could be heard. Heavy wheezes like those of a child with asthma grew louder as a pair of state wildlife officials drew closer to the small bluff. In the shadow of a rock outcropping, the coat of a black bear shone slightly in the gray light of the morning. Myron Means, a bear biologist with the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, loaded a large tranquilizer dart into an air rifle — after attaching a pink fabric tail so he could later find the injection site. He took aim at the nursing mother bear, who only stared back as he pulled the trigger. Slowly, the drugs from the pink boutonniere took effect and the mother drifted into unconsciousness, allowing the wildlife officials to place a radio collar around her neck and pull away her still-suckling cub. Such examinations are performed all winter at dens throughout Arkansas' Ouachita and Ozark mountains — where less than a century ago black bears were nearly killed off. In the 1950s, state officials launched a novel program capturing bears in Minnesota and Manitoba in baited 50-gallon drum traps and driving them by pickup to Arkansas. Now, more than 4,000 black bears roam the region and hunting, which nearly brought the bears' demise, once again takes place in what was known as the Bear State. "We have brought back the bear," Means said. When Arkansas existed only as a territory, newspaper accounts sold hunters and thrill-seekers on the idea of coming to the region for hunting. The prairies of east Arkansas filled each winter with ducks while deer remained plentiful in the woods. But black bears — Ursus americanus to scientists — captured the imagination of many in tales describing Arkansas as a rugged wilderness. "There was this mystique about the big, black bears that lived in Arkansas," said Kimberly Smith, a professor at the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville and a former ex-officio Game and Fish Commission member. By the Civil War, Arkansas was known as the Bear State, though legislators never accepted it as an official slogan. Permanent rail lines arrived in the mid-1800s and, on them, many hunters unconcerned about the number of bears they killed. The hunting, coupled with timber clearing, drained the state's bear population. By 1928, the state's newly formed Game and Fish Commission reported that only 25 bears remained in the state. The commission banned bear hunts, though it also acknowledged there were questions about whether the bear had a place in a modern Arkansas. "As a general rule the average person believes in killing a bear on sight, and, if one is not easily sighted, there is strong inclination to get the dogs and chase him down," a 1928 report by the commission reads. "When brought in court for ending the life of a bear the killer usually proves that the animal was destroying crops, poultry or livestock for him and thus creates a knotty problem for the judge or jury." Still, the commission hoped the black bear would "grow in popularity and his protection (would) become assured from the public sentiment standpoint." But even with bear hunting outlawed, the black bear population numbered only 50 heading into the 1950s. In 1958, Game and Fish officials agreed to swap Arkansas bass and wild turkeys for bears from Minnesota and Manitoba. Trappers welded two 55-gallon drums together and baited them with fish, fruit and even bacon grease. Once trapped, commission employees in pickups drove the caged animals to Arkansas, releasing them into the wild. Much of their plan came from guesswork, not scientific rigor. For instance, commission workers released almost all male bears into the mountains for the first five years of the program. "They weren't keeping track of what they were doing," Smith said. But "by the time they brought the females five years later, these bears were in the prime of their reproductive potential and they had all established terrorities. It sounds funny, but it actually worked out really well." Also helping the re-introduction: no one outside the agency knew about it. The Game and Fish Commission, under a constitutional amendment voters passed in 1944, operates as an independent organization from state government. While local newspapers in Minnesota wrote about the bear captures, Smith said residents in Arkansas heard nothing about it. "It was done totally in secret," he said. Under that cover, the state's bear population exploded. In 1973, state biologists estimated as many as 700 bears roamed in the state's mountains. By that point though, the commission ended its restocking efforts as angry homeowners wrote letters to newspapers, questioning where the bears in the yards of the rural homes came from, Smith said. Even then, the number of bears continued to grow, helped by the vast, empty mountain habitat and sparse human population of western Arkansas. "I think it was maybe a little bit of luck, but it was mostly habitat and numbers," said Joe Clark, a research ecologist with the U.S. Geological Survey at the University of Tennessee. "The habitat was good and the size of the area was really big, and so bears could afford to roam after they were reintroduced, whereas in other places, they might roam and get hit by cars or get into trouble with farmers." In the Ozark National Forest north of Dover, Means and another man dragged out the slumbering 195-pound mother bear. Means placed bandages over the bear's eyes to keep out dirt, though the bear's tongue grew dirty from lapping out at the ground. Means wiped green ink inside the bear's mouth, punching a serial-number tattoo into her lip. The number, F212, matches those on tags pushed into her ears. He used a screwdriver-like tool to dig out a small tooth from bear's mouth. The teeth grow rings like trees, making it easy to estimate a bear's age. Nearby, a woman on the trip comforted the bear's cub, which screeched at times when pulled away from her shoulder. The bear's long claws dug into her pink hooded sweat shirt. A squirrel hunter stumbled across the bears' den a few weeks earlier, a rare occurrence, Means said. Typically, black bears shy away from human contact and only become aggressive when they associate a person with food, he said. The Game and Fish Commission has allowed bear hunts in the state since 1980. Those hunts help winnow the population and keep the animals from expanding their territory into neighborhoods, Clark said. The hunts also do something else. "If people won't tolerate them, they won't be there for long. That's why they were gone to start with," Clark said. "If we can manage them so that they have value to the human occupants that they have to share the habitat with, it's a plus, I think, to the bears. I think the hunting is a good tool to enable us to give them that kind of value." After 50 years, Arkansas' experiment has spread beyond its borders. Missouri wildlife officials say hikers and campers are seeing more black bears. In Oklahoma, state lawmakers passed a bill this year to allow hunters to kill black bears roaming in the eastern part of the state, where some say the animals have become a nuisance. But in the Ozarks, Means and the squirrel hunter slid the mother bear back into her den. Means placed the bear cub against its mother, the baby reaching out. In a few moments, the cub found her mother's teat and drew from it again, sounding like a car engine that won't turn over. The biologists left the bear there, hidden under rock, to wait for warmer days. "She's just going to sit in there and mind her own business and expect you to walk right by her," Means said. "You could literally walk right over the front of a bear den and never realize you were there." Copyright 2009 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. Guidelines: You share in the USA TODAY community, so please keep your comments smart and civil. Don't attack other readers personally, and keep your language decent. Use the "Report Abuse" button to make a difference. Read more.

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Career Services Center Job Search Strategies Essential Skills & Traits Evaluated in the Interview - ACCURACY - The information you provide should be truthful and without error. - ALERTNESS - The ability to present yourself as bright, intelligent, and enthusiastic. - COMMUNICATION - The ability to present thoughts clearly, openly, & understandably. - COURTESY - The polite attention given to other people. CREATIVITY - Developing new ideas, finding better ways of doing things, being imaginative. DEPENDABILITY - The ability to do required jobs well with a minimum of supervision. DRIVE - The desire to attain goals, to achieve. INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS - The sensitivity and response to the attitudes, backgrounds, thoughts and feelings of others. - KNOWLEDGE - The information concerning chosen field which an individual should know for satisfactory job performance. ORGANIZATION - The ability to systematically structure work tasks. - MANAGEMENT - The ability to delegate tasks and supervise others. - PERSONAL APPEARANCE - The neat, well-groomed, appropriately dressed image you present to others. - PERSONALITY - An individual's behavior characteristics or personality suitable for the job - PROBLEM SOLVING - The ability to describe a problem you have encountered, what action you took to resolve it, and the outcome. - STABILITY - The ability to withstand pressure and to remain calm in critical situations.

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Definition of Anterior cruciate ligament Anterior cruciate ligament: A ligament in the knee that crosses from the underside of the femur (the thigh bone) to the top of the tibia (the bigger bone in the lower leg). Abbreviated ACL. Injuries to the ACL can occur in a number of situations, including sports, and can be quite serious, requiring surgery. The anterior cruciate ligaments, one on either side of the knee, are so called because they cross each other in front of the knee. "Cruciate" taken from the Latin "crux" for "cross" means "in the form of a cross." See: Anterior cruciate injury.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary Last Editorial Review: 4/27/2011 5:27:15 PM Medical Dictionary Definitions A - Z Search Medical Dictionary eMedicineHealth Top News Find out what women really need. Most Popular Topics Pill Identifier on RxList - quick, easy, Find a Local Pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies

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What is the Latitude and Longitude on Finland? Can you tell me something more about this beautiful country? Latitude of Finland is:64 and Longitude of Finland is: 26 As you race through the sun-speckled forest of oak and fir trees with snow glides the size of igloos, you look around and you wonder if all the stories you heard of the wonderland as a kid were actually true Such is the spell the majestic beauty of Finland casts over You. The geographical coordinates of Finland are 64° North and 26° East and it occupies a total area of 338,424 square kilometers. A population of 5,374,781 lives in this beautiful country. The countries that share their boundary with Finland are Russia at the east, Sweden at the west, Norway at the north and Gulf of Finland at the south. Thousands of beautiful lakes and islands make for an enchanting viewing. The largest lake of Finland, Lake Saimaa is home to the rare species of Saimaa Ringed Seal and Salmon. The lush green taiga forests and fens add to the beauty of landscapes of Finland. Finland also boasts of a variety of animals and mammals like gray wolf, wolverine, and reindeer. Whooper Swan, Capercaillie, willow warbler and redwing are some beautiful birds to be seen in and around Finland. Climate in Finland varies to a considerable extent with the change in seasons. While in summers, temperature can go up to 25° C, winter temperature can plummet down to as low as -30° C in Southern Finland. The tourists love to flock Finland in all seasons. Whether it's the Pine forests or stunningly beautiful Lakes and exotic islands or spending hours watching birds, The Finland experience is one that you will never want to forget. View Latitude and Longitude on Finland in other units. If you are facing any programming issue, such as compilation errors or not able to find the code you are looking for. Ask your questions, our development team will try to give answers to your questions.

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- TV & Video - Renovation & Decorating - How To - Be Healthy - home beautiful August 16, 2010, 7:18 pm betterhomesgardens Did you know you could help save gorillas if you recycle your phone? Mobiles contain a mineral called coltan that is mostly mined in the Democratic Republic of Congo, a major habitat for primates. Famous conservationist Jane Goodall launched a mobile-phone recycling program at Melbourne Zoo last October, which has now gone national. Ms Goodall says coltan mining has opened the way for deforestation and gorilla poaching. In 1994 there were 17,000 eastern lowland gorillas, now there are only 5000. The program aims to cut demand for coltan and raise funds to pay for extra park rangers to prevent poaching – about $2 is raised from each phone. To donate your old phone, visit Aussie Recycling Program at www.arp.net.auIf every Better Homes and Gardens reader recycled a phone, we’d raise $700,000 and help save gorillas. Joh joins A Place to Call Home star Frankie J... Joh visits tennis legend Todd Woodbridge and Ed...

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A few weeks ago I criticized Senator Orrin Hatch for some of the statements he made in his web page, “Climate Change 101“. For all his talk about scientists needing to be more open-minded about criticisms, it turned out that Senator Hatch wasn’t really following his own advice. Instead of painstakingly evaluating the evidence (what truly open-minded people do,) it was apparent that he was willing to believe any arguments that seemed to support his biases–including arguments that were based on fabricated, but easily checked, data obtained from a non-scientist. This time I’m continuing the theme to show just how biased Senator Hatch really is about climate change, by examining some of his statements about scientific “hypotheses” and “proof”. First, here’s how Senator Hatch introduces the subject of anthropogenic global warming. Many scientists support the hypothesis that human-emitted CO2 is warming the planet. (Of course, scientist support for a hypothesis is irrelevant to whether or not it is true. Good science dictates that only observational evidence can support a hypothesis, but more on that later.) Human-caused warming is referred to as anthropogenic global warming (AGW). According to the AGW hypothesis, this extra blanket disrupts the balance between incoming and outgoing energy by holding in more energy than would otherwise be absorbed. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (UN IPCC) has claimed that most of the warming observed over the past century can be attributed to AGW. However, contrary to most media reports, there is not a consensus on this question, even among UN IPCC scientists (UN Climate Scientists Speak Out). So when the subject is human-induced climate change, it’s just a “hypothesis,” which is an initial explanation that hasn’t yet been rigorously tested. And even though 97-98% of active climate scientists agree that humans are causing significant climate change, “there is not a consensus” on the issue, because SOME climate scientists (2-3%, to be precise) disagree. This demonstrates some deep misunderstandings. When has a “hypothesis” been tested enough that it graduates into a “theory”? Whether Senator Hatch likes it or not, it’s when the scientists in the relevant fields decide the accumulated evidence is strong enough. It’s a judgement call, and in this case the vast majority of climate scientists have already judged that the evidence for human-caused warming is quite strong. There have literally been thousands of papers published about this. If you are interested in an overview, check out Ch. 9 (“Understanding and Attributing Climate Change”) of the latest IPCC Working Group 1 report. Also, the idea that 97-98% of the community doesn’t constitute a “consensus” is absurd. Science doesn’t EVER provide absolute proof of anything, so in all but the simplest cases it’s typically impossible to get 100% agreement. Scientists have all kinds of old sayings that make the point that some people just won’t let go of their doubts and move on with the rest of the community. ”Old theories never die–their adherents do.” ”And so science progresses, one funeral at a time.” And so on. If Senator Hatch is waiting for 100% agreement before granting that there’s a “consensus” that requires action, he is implying that we should wait forever to act on ANY issue scientists bring up. Some readers who are inclined to defend Hatch might chime in at this point, saying, “Hey, there’s no standard written in stone about what proportion of scientists in the relevant fields have to agree before we can claim a ‘consensus.’ Maybe Senator Hatch is just a hard-nosed skeptic who requires more agreement than YOU do, Bickmore.” Fair enough, but as I pointed out last time, Hatch only seems to play the hard-nosed skeptic when dealing with arguments against his point of view. Let’s look at another example. How much evidence does it take to convince Senator Hatch that the entire edifice of mainstream climate science has collapsed into a pile of smoking rubble? The answer is precisely one paper–one that has subsequently been gutted by the rest of the climate science community. Hatch wrote: One of the Lead Authors of the IPCC reports is renown [sic] MIT climate scientist Dr. Richard Lindzen. He recently completed a study that explains why temperatures have remained steady or cooled over the last decade, while CO2 has steadily risen. His peer-reviewed study disproves the positive feedback hypothesis and, thereby, the accuracy of the UN’s models and the AGW hypothesis. Wow. One paper, published in 2009, “disproves” the whole idea that humans are causing significant global climate change. Shouldn’t Hatch have at least given the rest of the climate science community a chance to respond before he logged the time of death? It turns out that now they have responded, and shown a number of glaring problems with Lindzen and Choi’s paper. For example, they cherry-picked their data, and attributed global significance to data that came exclusively from the tropics. See a summary with the relevant references at the Skeptical Science website. During a debate with Andrew Dessler, Dick Lindzen admitted they had made several mistakes in their paper, and claimed that he had written a corrected version that should come out soon. However that turns out, it is striking that Senator Hatch would pronounce the majority scientific view “disproven” on the basis of a single faulty paper that hadn’t yet been batted around by the rest of the scientific community, and yet, thousands of papers supporting the mainstream view aren’t enough to promote it out of the “hypothesis” category in his mind. At this point even some scientists might object that while you can never prove scientific hypotheses, they must be falsifiable, so the idea that thousands of papers can’t completely verify a theory, but a single paper can falsify it, is maybe not so crazy. The falsifiability criterion was made popular by Karl Popper, the famous philosopher of science, but while falsifiability is still considered a useful concept, it’s 40-50 years out of date. Other philosophers of science, notably Imre Lakatos and Thomas Kuhn, used historical arguments to show that Popper’s falsifiability criterion was too idealized to describe how science is usually done. Real scientific theories generally are complex enough, and perhaps difficult enough to quantify, that a single experiment usually can’t take it down. The problem is that if an observation doesn’t agree with the theoretical prediction, it’s hard to tell whether the core of the theory is wrong, or just some auxiliary assumption. It usually takes a number of negative results, therefore, before scientists give up on a theory that has been reasonably successful. Once again, I’ve given clear evidence that Senator Hatch hasn’t really done his homework about climate change. Instead, he has been willing to swallow any reasonable-sounding argument against the mainstream scientific view while holding the mainstream view to an impossibly high standard, simply because he doesn’t want to believe it. Climate change is too important of an issue to allow politicians to treat it in such a cavalier manner, and I, for one, think we should hold Senator Hatch’s feet to the fire on this one.

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The Chagos contains the world’s largest coral atoll and the greatest marine biodiversity by far under UK jurisdiction. It also has one of the healthiest reef systems in the cleanest waters in the world, supporting half the total area of good quality reefs in the Indian Ocean. As a result, the ecosystems of Chagos have so far proven resilient to climate change and environmental disruptions. The Chagos Marine Reserve is as important as the Galapagos or the Great Barrier Reef, and with the whole of its territorial waters included, is the world’s largest marine reserve. The Chagos Marine Reserve protects one of the world’s most resilient coral reefs at a time when scientists recognise that reefs face rapid decline due to pollution, warming and ocean acidification. If Chagos is managed well, these reefs may provide an opportunity for marine life to seed recovery of degraded reefs elsewhere. The Chagos Marine Reserve helps to maintain the pure and unpolluted waters of Chagos, providing a safe refuge for its rich marine life, including many threatened species, such as turtles and sharks, and globally important populations of seabirds. World fish stocks have declined catastrophically because of destructive and unsustainable fisheries practices. The Indian Ocean has been badly affected in this regard, given its heavily populated rim of countries. This large ‘no-take’ protected area assists fish population recovery, potentially increasing fish numbers over a much wider area. The Chagos Marine Reserve also provides a temporary refuge for migratory species, such as tuna, from exploitation. In the long-term, the Chagos Marine Reserve will contribute to a richer ocean and should benefit people living in and around that ocean, such as the coastal countries of East Africa and elsewhere. Chagos is one of the few marine locations in the world where there are almost no ongoing, direct human impacts over almost all of its areas. The marine reserve can serve as a reference site for global scientific research to aid in our understanding of such things as climate change, tropical marine ecosystems and the impacts of commercial fisheries. The deep oceanic waters around the Chagos Islands, out to the 200 nautical mile limit, include an exceptional diversity of undersea geological features (such as 6000m deep trenches, oceanic ridges and sea mounts). These areas almost certainly harbour many undiscovered and specially adapted species. Over 175,000 pairs of seventeen species of seabirds breed on the atolls, and ten of the islands have formal Birdlife International recognition as Important Bird Areas. Seabirds and nesting turtles too will benefit from the additional conservation measures that the Chagos Marine Reserve will bring. Both groups are recovering from severe depredations of the past in a way that is not possible in most places. UK international commitments The creation of the Chagos Marine Reserve represents an important contribution by the UK to at least seven international environmental conventions. It also contributes to the UK’s global commitments, such as halting the decline of biodiversity by 2010, establishing marine protection networks by 2012, and restoring depleted fish stocks to sustainable levels by 2015.

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Sponges are the simplest kind of multi cellular animals. Sponges belong to the Phylum Porifera, meaning pore bearing, as their entire body is a system of pores, which permit a continuous flow of water through their bodies. There are about 10,000 known species of Sponges. Only 150 of these live in fresh water. They are rather plant like in appearance and often resemble Corals in forms and colors. Their vivacious colors and Coral like appearance augment the visual effects of an aquarium. Let us have a look at some of the basic features of Sponges to help us know them better and take proper care of them in our aquariums.Compatibility. In aquariums with strong lighting, sponges should be avoided or placed in the shadows of rockwork to limit the overall amount of light exposure. Being a filter feeder, the Sponge demands very strong water flow. This is necessary to ensure that the sponge is receiving adequate quantities of water (and, more specifically, the nutrients in the water) to feed it. Sponges need excellent water conditions with low-to-non-existent nitrates and ammonia. Habit & Habitat. Sponges are found all over the world, from the Polar Regions to the Tropics. They are chiefly marine, with around 150 species accustomed to freshwater environments. Sponges are predominant in warm waters. Adult Sponges are sessile in nature i.e., they permanently attach themselves to a Rock, Reef, or the Ocean Bottom. Sponges prefer clear waters to murky waters, as dirty waters may clog their pores and obstruct their breathing & nutrition intake. Morphology. Sponges come in a large variety of colors, shapes, and structures. They are a cluster of cells without any tissue or organ. They have perforated bodies and they respire, eat, and excrete through their pores. They can assume different shapes such as, Tubular, Conical, Cup-Shaped, Fan-Like, etc. Sponges come in assorted sizes, ranging from a few millimeters to over two meters in height. Feeding. Sponges feed on small organisms such as, Bacteria, Plankton, and minute particles of Organic Matter, which they filter from the water that flows through their bodies. Some species of Sponges also produce their own food by Photosynthesis. Ideal Aquarium Conditions. Sponges adapt easily to their environment. An aquarium with Sponges calls for pristine water conditions with high to a moderate level of water currents. The lights should be very dim or may be completely avoided near the Sponges, in order to thwart any Algal growth on the Sponges. Most importantly, Sponges should never be exposed to air, as it would lead to their death. Aquarium Breeding. Most of the Sponges are Hermaphrodite i.e., they have both, male and female sexual organs. Such Sponges reproduce asexually by external Budding. In the process of external Budding, a small piece of Sponge detaches itself from the main body and lives on to form a new Sponge. Most of the Aquarium Sponges reproduce by the means of external budding.Fresh Marine, a single stop online shop, which caters to most of the requirements of an aquarium, has the following different types of Sponges, readily available for online shopping. Both of these Sponges belong to Halichondrida Order and Halichondrida species. Clump Red Ball Sponge. This brilliantly colored Sponge is moderate, non-predatory, non-poisonous, and is a cheerful addition to an aquarium. It is native to Caribbean Sea and may grow to around three inches in size. It occurs in bright Red, Yellow, and Orange colors. Its natural habitat consists of shady regions like Cliffs and Rock Overhangs, and therefore, it is a natural choice for Ridges & Ledges of Aquarium Terraces and Reef Aquariums. This Sponge is a Hermaphrodite, and therefore, it easily breeds in an artificial environment. Clump Red Ball Sponge requires moderately warm water temperature, strong water currents, mildly alkaline ph levels of water, and low illumination. It is Omnivorous and feeds mainly on Planktons and other Microorganisms. Exposure to air might prove fatal for this Sponge and it requires regular attention.Orange Frilly. This Red/Yellow/Orange colored Sponge originates in the warm waters of the Tropics. Its body is supple & elastic, and assumes the shape of a trunk at the base. Orange Frilly is non-aggressive, non-venomous, and compatible with Reefs. It is a survivor by nature and attaches itself to Rocks, Reefs, or other immobile aquarium inhabitants. Its exterior changes according to its environmental conditions. Unlike Clump Red Ball Sponge, Orange Frilly reproduces sexually even though it is Hermaphroditic. It also requires moderately warm water temperatures, low illumination, slightly alkaline ph levels, and moderate to strong currents. Besides Planktons, it also feeds on Salty Shrimps and Marine Invertebrates. Copyright © FreshMarine.com

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Download This Lesson (PDF, 334 KB) Language Arts and Science Grade Level: K-4 Science Education Standards: As a result of their activities in grades K-4, all students should develop: - Understanding of properties of objects and materials (Physical Science). - Abilities of technological design (Science and Technology). - Understanding about science and technology (Science and Technology). - Understanding of science as a human endeavor (History and Nature of Science). Short Description: Students hear how NASA solved the design problems that they wrote about in the previous lesson. Students write a nonfiction piece comparing their spacecraft to Cassini, and share these pieces with the class. This series introduces science into a reading and writing curriculum. Source: Cassini Solstice Mission

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Klamath River Whale: Scientists Study Gray Whale Stuck In California River KLAMATH, Calif. -- Scientists on Wednesday tried to collect gas samples from the blowhole of a 45-foot gray whale stranded in the Klamath River in Northern California. The researchers used a funnel on a long pole to capture the samples, which can tell them about the whale's nutritional state, stress level and disease. The whale remained upstream after weeks spent trying to drive it from the river, said Sarah Wilkin, a coordinator with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association. The mother gray whale and her 15-foot calf entered the river in late June during their northward journey from breeding ground in Baja California to Alaska. The rescue team spotted what they believed to be the calf swimming to sea on July 23, and scientists said the calf was mature enough to survive its journey to Alaska. The mother whale was still in good condition Wednesday, Wilkin said, but researchers are concerned she won't get enough food in the fresh water. So far the whale rescue team has tried playing killer whale sounds through speakers mounted on a boat in an effort to drive the 40-ton mammal back toward the Pacific Ocean. As of now, those efforts have stopped and the rescue team is focusing on the whale's health. In addition to concerns about food, scientists are studying the whale's skin closely each day, watching for signs of deterioration from the freshwater environment. The whale has become something of a celebrity in the area, drawing crowds and traffic to a bridge spanning the Klamath in hopes of catching a glimpse of the behemoth. The California Highway Patrol has begun urging people to avoid the bridge, assigning two officers to the span each day to help with crowds.

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Home > Fishing Alabama > Freshwater > Fish in Alabama > Fish Rarely Seen by Anglers > Darters > Rush USFWS News Release 8/9/11 August 9, 2011 Endangered Status for Five Southeastern Fish Species The Cumberland darter, rush darter, yellowcheek darter, chucky madtom, and laurel dace are now federally-listed as endangered throughout their respective ranges. The listing of these five fish species as endangered becomes effective on September 8, 2011, 30 days following today’s publication in the Federal Register. The Cumberland darter occurs in Kentucky and Tennessee, the rush darter in Alabama, the yellowcheek darter in Arkansas, and the chucky madtom and laurel dace in Tennessee. The Cumberland darter is only found in the upper Cumberland River system above Cumberland Falls in Kentucky and Tennessee. Historically, this species inhabited 21 streams in the upper Cumberland River system. Now, the Cumberland darter survives in short reaches of less than one mile along 12 streams. The rush darter is only found in the Tombigbee-Black Warrior drainage in Alabama. It continues to have a presence in three watersheds: the Turkey Creek watershed (Jefferson County); the Clear Creek watershed (Winston County); and the Cove Creek watershed (Etowah County). However, the fish has a more limited distribution within these watersheds. The yellowcheek darter is found in the Little Red River basin in Arkansas. Although yellowcheek darters still inhabit most streams within their historic range, they exist in greatly reduced population numbers in the Middle, South, Archey, and Beech forks of the Little Red River. A small catfish, the chucky madtom is found in the upper Tennessee River system in Tennessee. Currently, only three chucky madtoms have been collected from one stream, Little Chucky Creek, since 2000. The laurel dace was historically found in seven streams on the Walden Ridge portion of the Cumberland Plateau in Tennessee. Currently, laurel dace’s population is found in six of the seven streams that were historically occupied, but in shorter reaches. In these six streams, laurel dace are known to occupy reaches of approximately 0.2 to 5 miles in length. The ranges and abundance of these five fishes seriously declined due to changes in their stream habitats resulting from mining, agriculture, reservoir construction, channelization, urban sprawl, pollution, sedimentation, and incompatible forestry practices. The designation of critical habitat also is prudent for all five fishes and will be proposed in the Federal Register following the final listing. A 60-day comment period will follow publication of the proposed critical habitat rule in the Federal Register at which time the public can provide comments and request public hearings. All five fishes were candidates for listing as endangered or threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. The Cumberland darter was first identified as a candidate for listing in the 1985 Candidate Notice of Review (CNOR), and the rush darter became a listing candidate in the 2002 CNOR. The yellowcheek darter was included in the 2001 CNOR, the chucky madtom in the 1994 CNOR, and the laurel dace in the 2007 CNOR. Federal agencies that undertake, fund or permit activities that may affect endangered species are required to consult with the Service to ensure such actions do not adversely affect or jeopardize the continued existence of the species. For more information about these five species and a summary of the factors affecting them, please refer to today’s notice in the Federal Register. Copies of the final rule are available by contacting Mary Jennings, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 446 Neal Street, Cookeville, Tennessee, 38501, telephone 931/525-4973; facsimile 931/528-7075). The final rule also is available on the Fish and Wildlife Service’s website at www.fws.gov/cookeville/. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is the principal federal agency responsible for conserving, protecting and enhancing fish, wildlife and plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. Visit the Service’s website at www.fws.gov and www.fws.gov/southeast.

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The American Meteor Society has received 45 reports of a bright meteor that occurred at 21:48 (9:48pm EDT) on Wednesday August 29th 2012. Reports have been received as far south as North Carolina, as far north as Pennsylvania, as far east as Virginia, and as far west as Tennessee. Brightness estimates of this fireball average about the light produced by a full moon. Many different colors were reported with green and blue being the most predominant. Individual reports may be viewed in the 2012 AMS Fireball Table Refer to event #1224 for 2012. Stuart McDaniel of the Cleveland County Astronomical Society of North Carolina has captured this event on his Sentinel All Sky Camera. He has graciously posted his video to You Tube so that all may view this event. You may view his video at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAjv5kyrNa0&feature=youtu.be Notice that the skies were mostly cloudy from his location yet the fireball is visible through the clouds attesting to its brightness. Many thanks to Stuart for posting his link to “Meteorobs” and making it available quickly so that we all may view it! For those not familiar with meteors and fireballs, a fireball is a meteor that is larger than normal. Most meteors are only the size of small pebbles. A meteor the size of a softball can produce light equivalent to the full moon for a short instant. The reason for this is the extreme velocity at which these objects strike the atmosphere. Even the slowest meteors are still traveling at 10 miles per SECOND, which is much faster than a speeding bullet. Fireballs occur every day over all parts of the Earth. It is rare though for an individual to see more than one or two per lifetime as they also occur during the day, on a cloudy night, or over a remote area where no one sees it. Observing during one of the major annual meteor showers can increase your chance of seeing another one of these bright meteors. Meteors often appear much closer than they really are. I receive countless reports that the object landed just over the hill when in fact it was several hundred miles away and was witnessed over several states. It is your perspective that makes meteors appear to strike the horizon when in fact they are still high in the atmosphere. This is much like a jetliner seen low in your sky. It appears low to you but for someone located many miles away in that direction, the jetliner is passing high overhead. Meteors become visible at approximately 50 miles above the Earth’s surface. Friction slows these objects down until they fall below the velocity necessary to produce light. At this point they still lie at least 5 miles high in the sky. They are invisible below this altitude and cannot be seen as they basically free falling to the ground at 200mph. Very few meteors actually reach the ground as 99.99% completely disintegrate while still 10-20 miles up in the atmosphere. American Meteor Society

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Breast cancer can be treated successfully when caught early. According to Patty Hanson, administrative director of the John R. Marsh Cancer Center at Robinwood Medical Center in Hagerstown, the first defense is regular mammograms, clinical breast exam and breast self-exam. Knowing the factors that increase the risk of having breast cancer is another. According to the American Cancer Society, men can develop breast cancer, but breast cancer in women is about 100 times more common. Risk increases with age. About 18 percent of breast cancer diagnoses are among women in their 40s while about 77 percent of women with breast cancer are older than 50 when diagnosed. Many factors that raise a woman's odds for developing breast cancer cannot be controlled. Risk is higher among women whose close relatives have the disease. Having a mother, sister or daughter with breast cancer almost doubles a woman's risk of developing breast cancer, and having two such relatives increases her risk five-fold. White women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer than black women. However, black women are more likely to die of breast cancer because they often are diagnosed at an advanced stage of cancer, when it is harder to treat and cure. Women who started menstruating before age 12 or who went through menopause after age 50 have a slightly greater risk.

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Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |Part of a series on| |Conflict resolution · Cultural diversity Cultural heritage · Forced assimilation Forced relocation · Freedom of religion Gender equality · Human rights Intellectual property · Land rights Land-use planning · Language Racial discrimination · Right to identity Self-determination · Traditional knowledge |AADNC · ACHPR · Arctic Council Bureau of Indian Affairs · CDI Council of Indigenous Peoples FUNAI · NCIP · UNPFII |NGOs and political groups| |AFN · Amazon Watch · CAP · COICA CONAIE · Cultural Survival · EZLN · fPcN IPACC · IPCB · IWGIA · NARF · ONIC Survival International · UNPO · (more ...) |Colonialism · Civilizing mission Cultural genocide · Manifest Destiny Postdevelopment theory · Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples |ILO 169 · United Nations Declaration| While as a General Assembly Declaration it is not a legally binding instrument under international law, according to a UN press release, it does "represent the dynamic development of international legal norms and it reflects the commitment of the UN's member states to move in certain directions"; the UN describes it as setting "an important standard for the treatment of indigenous peoples that will undoubtedly be a significant tool towards eliminating human rights violations against the planet's 370 million indigenous people and assisting them in combating discrimination and marginalisation." The Declaration sets out the individual and collective rights of indigenous peoples, as well as their rights to culture, identity, language, employment, health, education and other issues. It also "emphasizes the rights of indigenous peoples to maintain and strengthen their own institutions, cultures and traditions, and to pursue their development in keeping with their own needs and aspirations". It "prohibits discrimination against indigenous peoples", and it "promotes their full and effective participation in all matters that concern them and their right to remain distinct and to pursue their own visions of economic and social development". The goal of the Declaration is to encourage countries to work alongside indigenous peoples to solve global issues, like development, multicultural democracy and decentralization. According to Article 31, there is a major emphasis that the indigenous peoples will be able to protect their cultural heritage and other aspects of their culture and tradition, which is extremely important in preserving their heritage. The elaboration of this Declaration had already recommended by the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action The Declaration is structured as a United Nations resolution, with 23 preambular clauses and 46 articles. Articles 1–40 concern particular individual and collective rights of indigenous peoples; many of them include state obligations to protect or fulfill those rights. Articles 41 and 42 concern the role of the United Nations. Articles 43–45 indicate that the rights in the declaration apply without distinction to indigenous men and women, and that the rights in the Declaration are "the minimum standards for the survival, dignity and well-being of the indigenous peoples of the world," and do not in any way limit greater rights. Article 46 discusses the Declaration's consistency with other internationally agreed goals, and the framework for interpreting the rights declared within it. Negotiation and adoption The Declaration was over 25 years in the making. The idea originated in 1982 when the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) set up its Working Group on Indigenous Populations (WGIP), established as a result of a study by Special Rapporteur José Ricardo Martínez Cobo on the problem of discrimination faced by indigenous peoples. Tasked with developing human rights standards that would protect indigenous peoples, in 1985 the Working Group began working on drafting the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The draft was finished in 1993 and was submitted to the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, which gave its approval the following year. During this the International Labour Organisation adopted the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989. The Draft Declaration was then referred to the Commission on Human Rights, which established another Working Group to examine its terms. Over the following years this Working Group met on 11 occasions to examine and fine-tune the Draft Declaration and its provisions. Progress was slow because of certain states' concerns regarding some key provisions of the Declaration, such as indigenous peoples' right to self-determination and the control over natural resources existing on indigenous peoples' traditional lands. The final version of the Declaration was adopted on 29 June 2006 by the 47-member Human Rights Council (the successor body to the Commission on Human Rights), with 30 member states in favour, 2 against, 12 abstentions, and 3 absentees. The Declaration (document A/61/L.67) was then referred to the General Assembly, which voted on the adoption of the proposal on 13 September 2007 during its 61st regular session. The vote was, in favour 144 countries: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chile, China, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia (Federated States of), Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Timor-Leste, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United Republic of Tanzania, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Against: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United States. The four member states that voted against, all of which have their origins as colonies of the United Kingdom and have large non-indigenous immigrant majorities and small remnant indigenous populations. Since then, all four countries have moved to endorse the declaration. Absent: Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gambia, Grenada, Guinea-Bissau, Israel, Kiribati, Kyrgyzstan, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Montenegro, Morocco, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Tajikistan, Togo, Tonga, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu. In contrast to the Declaration's initial rejection by Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States over legal concerns (all 4 countries later switched their positions to supporting the declaration), United Nations officials and other world leaders expressed pleasure at its adoption. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon described it as a "historic moment when UN Member States and indigenous peoples have reconciled with their painful histories and are resolved to move forward together on the path of human rights, justice and development for all." Louise Arbour, a former justice of the Supreme Court of Canada then serving as the UN's High Commissioner for Human Rights, expressed satisfaction at the hard work and perseverance that had finally "borne fruit in the most comprehensive statement to date of indigenous peoples' rights." Similarly, news of the Declaration's adoption was greeted with jubilation in Africa and, present at the General Assembly session in New York, Bolivian foreign minister David Choquehuanca said that he hoped the member states that had voted against or abstained would reconsider their refusal to support a document he described as being as important as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Bolivia has become the first country to approve the U.N. declaration of indigenous rights. Evo Morales, President of Bolivia, stated, "We are the first country to turn this declaration into a law and that is important, brothers and sisters. We recognize and salute the work of our representatives. But if we were to remember the indigenous fight clearly, many of us who are sensitive would end up crying in remembering the discrimination, the scorn." Stephen Corry, Director of the international indigenous rights organization Survival International, said, "The declaration has been debated for nearly a quarter century. Years which have seen many tribal peoples, such as the Akuntsu and Kanoê in Brazil, decimated and others, such as the Innu in Canada, brought to the edge. Governments that oppose it are shamefully fighting against the human rights of their most vulnerable peoples. Claims they make to support human rights in other areas will be seen as hypocritical." Prior to the adoption of the Declaration, and throughout the 62nd session of the General Assembly, a number of countries expressed concern about some key issues, such as self-determination, access to lands, territories and resources and the lack of a clear definition of the term indigenous. In addition to those intending to vote against the adoption of the declaration, a group of African countries represented by Namibia who proposed to defer action, to hold further consultations, and to conclude consideration of the declaration by September 2007. Ultimately, after agreeing on some adjustments to the Draft Declaration, a vast majority of states recognized that these issues could be addressed by each country at the national level. The four states that voted against continued to express serious reservations about the final text of the Declaration as placed before the General Assembly. As mentioned above, all four opposing countries have since then changed their vote in favour of the Declaration. Australia's government opposed the Declaration in the General Assembly vote of 2007, but has since endorsed the declaration. Australia's Mal Brough, Minister for Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, referring to the provision regarding the upholding of indigenous peoples' customary legal systems, said that, "There should only be one law for all Australians and we should not enshrine in law practices that are not acceptable in the modern world." - Concerns about references to self-determination and their potential to be misconstrued. - Ignorance of contemporary realities concerning land and resources. "They seem, to many readers, to require the recognition of Indigenous rights to lands which are now lawfully owned by other citizens, both Indigenous and non-Indigenous, and therefore to have some quite significant potential to impact on the rights of third parties." - Concerns over the extension of Indigenous intellectual property rights under the declaration as unnecessary under current international and Australian law. - The potential abuse of the right under the Declaration for indigenous peoples to unqualified consent on matters affecting them, "which implies to some readers that they may then be able to exercise a right of veto over all matters of state, which would include national laws and other administrative measures." - The exclusivity of indigenous rights over intellectual, real and cultural property, that "does not acknowledge the rights of third parties – in particular, their rights to access Indigenous land and heritage and cultural objects where appropriate under national law." Furthermore, that the Declaration "fails to consider the different types of ownership and use that can be accorded to Indigenous people and the rights of third parties to property in that regard." - Concerns that the Declaration places indigenous customary law in a superior position to national law, and that this may "permit the exercise of practices which would not be acceptable across the board", such as customary corporal and capital punishments. In October 2007 former Australian Prime Minister John Howard pledged to hold a referendum on changing the constitution to recognise indigenous Australians if re-elected. He said that the distinctiveness of people's identity and their rights to preserve their heritage should be acknowledged. On 3 April 2009, the Rudd government formally endorsed the Declaration. The Canadian government said that while it supported the spirit of the declaration, it contained elements that were "fundamentally incompatible with Canada's constitutional framework", which includes both the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and Section 35, which enshrines aboriginal and treaty rights. In particular, the Canadian government had problems with Article 19 (which appears to require governments to secure the consent of indigenous peoples regarding matters of general public policy), and Articles 26 and 28 (which could allow for the re-opening or repudiation of historically settled land claims). Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development Chuck Strahl described the document as "unworkable in a Western democracy under a constitutional government." Strahl elaborated, saying "In Canada, you are balancing individual rights vs. collective rights, and (this) document ... has none of that. By signing on, you default to this document by saying that the only rights in play here are the rights of the First Nations. And, of course, in Canada, that's inconsistent with our constitution." He gave an example: "In Canada ... you negotiate on this ... because (native rights) don't trump all other rights in the country. You need also to consider the people who have sometimes also lived on those lands for two or three hundred years, and have hunted and fished alongside the First Nations." The Assembly of First Nations passed a resolution in December 2007 to invite Presidents Hugo Chávez and Evo Morales to Canada to put pressure on the government to sign the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, calling the two heads of state "visionary leaders" and demanding Canada resign its membership on the United Nations Human Rights Council. On 3 March 2010, in the Speech From the Throne, the Governor General of Canada announced that the government was moving to endorse the declaration. "We are a country with an Aboriginal heritage. A growing number of states have given qualified recognition to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Our Government will take steps to endorse this aspirational document in a manner fully consistent with Canada’s Constitution and laws." On 12 November 2010, Canada officially endorsed the declaration. New Zealand In 2007 New Zealand's Minister of Māori Affairs Parekura Horomia described the Declaration as "toothless", and said, "There are four provisions we have problems with, which make the declaration fundamentally incompatible with New Zealand's constitutional and legal arrangements." Article 26 in particular, he said, "appears to require recognition of rights to lands now lawfully owned by other citizens, both indigenous and non-indigenous. This ignores contemporary reality and would be impossible to implement." In response, Māori Party leader Pita Sharples said it was "shameful to the extreme that New Zealand voted against the outlawing of discrimination against indigenous people; voted against justice, dignity and fundamental freedoms for all". On 7 July 2009, the New Zealand government announced that it would support the Declaration; this, however, appeared to be a premature announcement by Pita Sharples, the current Minister of Māori Affairs, as the New Zealand government cautiously backtracked on Sharples' July announcement. However, in April 2010 Pita Sharples announced New Zealand's support of the declaration at a speech in New York. On 19 April 2010, Sharples announced that New Zealand endorsed the UN declaration. United States Speaking for the United States mission to the UN, spokesman Benjamin Chang said, "What was done today is not clear. The way it stands now is subject to multiple interpretations and doesn't establish a clear universal principle." The U.S. mission also issued a floor document, "Observations of the United States with respect to the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples", setting out its objections to the Declaration. Most of these are based on the same points as the three other countries' rejections but, in addition, the United States drew attention to the Declaration's failure to provide a clear definition of exactly whom the term "indigenous peoples" is intended to cover. On 16 December 2010, President Obama declared that the United States is going to sign the declaration. The decision was announced during the second White House Tribal Conference, where he said he is "working hard to live up to" the name that was given to him by the Crow Nation: "One Who Helps People Throughout the Land." Obama has told Native American leaders that he wants to improve the "nation-to-nation" relationship between the United States and the tribes and repair broken promises. Today, there are more than 560 Indian tribes in the United States. Many had representatives at the White House conference and applauded Obama's announcement. United Kingdom Speaking on behalf of the United Kingdom government, UK Ambassador and Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations, Karen Pierce, "emphasized that the Declaration was non-legally binding and did not propose to have any retroactive application on historical episodes. National minority groups and other ethnic groups within the territory of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories did not fall within the scope of the indigenous peoples to which the Declaration applied." Finland signed the International Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples when it was originally put forward. However the reindeer owners and Forest Administration (Metsähallitus) have a long dispute in the area of the forests. The UN Human Rights Committee ordered the Finnish State to stop logging in some of the disputed areas. - Frequently Asked Questions: Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. - United Nations adopts Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples United Nations News Centre, 13 September 2007. - United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. "Frequently Asked Questions – Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples". Retrieved 5 March 2012. - Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, Part II, paragraph 29 - Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Adopted by the Human Rights Council on 29 June 2006 United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. - UN Human Rights Council adopts documents on disappearances and indigenous peoples United Nations News Centre, 29 June 2006. - Indigenous rights outlined by UN BBC News, 13 September 2007. - UN adopts Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples United Nations News Centre, 13 September 2007. - UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, United Nations Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples. - Sixty-first General Assembly Plenary 107th & 108th Meetings (AM & PM) the UN, 13 September 2007 - Africa: Jubilation as UN Approves Indigenous Peoples Declaration AllAfrica.com, 13 September 2007. - Aprueba ONU declaración de derechos indígenas El Universal, 13 September 2007. - After 22 years, UN votes on indigenous peoples declaration - "United States Joins Australia and New Zealand in Criticizing Proposed Declaration on Indigenous Peoples' Rights" The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 101, No. 1 (January 2007), pp.211–213. - Hall, Tony (2003). The American Empire and the Fourth World : The bowl with one spoon. McGill-Queen's native and northern series, 34. Montreal; Ithaca: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-3006-1 9780773530065 0773523324 9780773523326 Check - Matters of Urgency: United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Senate Hansards, 10 September 2007. - BBC News, Oct 2007 – Howard vows Aborigine rights vote - Experts hail Australia’s backing of UN declaration of indigenous peoples’ rights, UN News Centre - "Factbox: What is the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples?". National Post. 13 September 2007. Retrieved 25 June 2010. - "Native rights declaration inconsistent with legal tradition: Strahl". National Post. 13 September 2007. Retrieved 25 June 2010. - "Tories defend 'no' in native rights vote". Canwest News Service. 14 September 2007. Retrieved 25 June 2010. - Barrera, Jorge. "AFN plans to invite "visionary" Chavez to visit Canada". Canwest News Service. Retrieved 25 June 2010. Text " 7 Feb 2008" ignored (help) - "Canada: Canada Endorses The United Nations Declaration On The Rights Of Indigenous Peoples". IPIR. 12 November 201o. Retrieved 16 December 2010. - Māori Party’s head in the clouds New Zealand government press release, via scoop.co.nz, 14 September 2007. - "NZ indigenous rights stance 'shameful' – Maori Party". Stuff.co.nz. New Zealand. 14 September 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2011. - "Government to endorse UN indigenous rights declaration". Stuff. New Zealand. 7 July 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009. - "NZ does U-turn on rights charter". 20 April 2010. - New Zealand Statement Before 9th Session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues - UN adopts declaration on rights for indigenous peoples worldwide International Herald Tribune, 13 September 2007. - Explanation of vote on the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples United States Mission to the United Nations press release, 13 September 2007. - List of tribes in the United States - "U.S. will sign U.N. declaration on rights of native people, Obama tells tribes". The Washington Post. 16 December 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2010. - GENERAL ASSEMBLY ADOPTS DECLARATION ON RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES; at www.un.org - YK pyysi säästämään Nellimen porot HS 27.9.2011 A6 |Wikisource has original text related to this article:| |Wikisource has original text related to this article:| - United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples as Adopted by the General Assembly, 13 September 2007 Full text of the Declaration. - Adoption of the U.N. Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples at the Human Rights Council in Geneva Video news reel by Rebecca Sommer - Adoption of the U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples at the General Assembly in NYC Video news reel by Rebecca Sommer - United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Adopted by the Human Rights Council on 29 June 2006 Briefing from the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII) on the adoption of the Declaration. - FAQs on the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples From UNPFII. - Position of Canada Statement by Ambassador John McNee to the General Assembly. - Position of New Zealand Explanation of vote by Permanent Representative Rosemary Banks. - Position of the United States Explanation of vote by Advisor Robert Hagen and document "Observations of the United States with respect to the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples". - Annotate This: The UN Declaration of Rights of Indigenous Peoples Foreign Policy in Focus, 5 October 2007. - Text of the Declaration at the Center for a World in Balance. - Video ( historic record) video by Rebecca Sommer, Was used at UN and African Union to lobby states to adopt the Declaration - Introductory note by Siegfried Wiessner, procedural history note and audiovisual material on the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law - Lecture by Siegfried Wiessner entitled The Rights and Status of Indigenous Peoples in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law

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The diagram illustrates the formula: 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n - 1) = n² Use the diagram to show that any odd number is the difference of two squares. How many zeros are there at the end of the number which is the product of first hundred positive integers? Find the five distinct digits N, R, I, C and H in the following (This problem was inspired by Rachel Galley's work on the problem called Giants in the June 1999 Six.)

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[daily camera]January 21, 2013 Losing Ground: Manufacturing downturn hurts minorities disproportionately As Colorado loses blue-color jobs, disparities increase http://www.dailycamera.com/state-west-news/ci... In the 1960s, the giant CF&I steel plant on the southern end of Pueblo was the economic driving engine and racial equalizer for Colorado's southernmost major city. Former Pueblo City Council President Ray Aguilera, in his early 20s during the mill's last heyday as a large-scale employer, recalls wives dropping their husbands -- Latinos, Italians Slovenians -- at the tunnel entrance leading under the roadway to the 7,000 lucrative jobs on the other side. The work often did not require college degrees or even high school diplomas. "Why would anybody want to go college when you can go out to the mill and make (today's equivalent of)$60,000,$70,000 a year," Aguilera said. The towering steel mill stacks and their billowing clouds of smoke were symbols of a unique prosperity, one in which the smelter was a melting pot in more ways than one. When the city's soldiers, sailors and Marines returned from War World II, they all expected a fair shake from Pueblo's major employer. Soon, the mill's segregated showers for whites and Latinos disappeared. "So in 1945, things began to change even in the mill, CF&I," Aguilera said. "(Latinos) began to get good jobs. This was the beginning of the transformation of Pueblo, this convergence. I thought Pueblo was Shangri-la. It was a period of prosperity for all these guys that worked in the mill." High wages and generous overtime led to Latino families buying homes, sometimes even cabins and boats for family vacations, said former state Sen. Abel Tapia, a Pueblo native. One in five Pueblo workers held manufacturing jobs in 1970, according to Census data. Two-thirds of Pueblo County's Latino households owned their own homes in 1970, according to an I-News analysis of six decades of U.S. Census data. Latino families, on average, earned more than 80 percent of the countywide average that same year. "It was a life to go for," Tapia said. "Then all of a sudden, it kind of went away." The changing economic and political environment also took its toll on federal government jobs, another major source of employment for minority workers during the civil rights era as a result of affirmative action policies. Those jobs have also dwindled in scope over the past four decades. Former Denver Mayor Wellington Webb said all presidential administrations since Reagan have emphasized shrinking the size of the federal government. "Frankly, that trend continued under Bush, under Clinton, under Bush and under Obama," Webb said. "Each one is proud of talking about how they've shrunk the size of federal government." With the shrinking came less focus on affirmative action, Webb said. The intent and thrust of affirmative action, as envisioned by President John F. Kennedy in an executive order in 1961 and strengthened and expanded by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965, has clearly been diminished with passing decades. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that affirmative action for minorities is unfair if it leads to reverse discrimination against the majority. Some states, including California, voted to ban affirmative action programs. However, Colorado voters rejected such a ban in 2008.

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We have heard a lot lately about securities made up of bundled mortgages (or parts thereof). This financial instrument has been characterized as a new way of distributing risk, and giving people more opportunties for profit. Of course, when it turned out that the mortgages in some of these securities turned out to be worse than average (i.e. higher default), lots of people lost lots of money. This morning I was reading A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World, by William J. Bernstein. It is a pretty interesting book, and does track some of the major trends in world trade from the earliest days. On pages 235 and 236 there is a discussion about the Dutch East Indies Company's effort to fill its personnel needs. This grisly recruitment effort was run by a specialized corps, composed mostly of women, the zielverkoopers (literally, “soul sellers”). Their marks were the young foreign men, mainly from Germany, who swarmed into Dutch cities seeking their fortune. In return for a cut of their signing advance and future pay from the Company, the women advertised room, board, and the kind of entertainments usually sought by unattached young men, during the weeks and months until they sailed for Asia.Wait, wait, wait. The Dutch in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries had already created a financial instrument that bundled payments with a portion of risk and subdivided the risk among many investors. And in that same era, when the contracts making up the financial instrument were worse than average (i.e. more people than normal died) lots of people lost lots of money? The reality fell far short of the promise. One contemporary report described three hundred men in a single attic: where they must stay day and night, where they perform their natural functions, and where they have no proper place to sleep, but must lie higgledy-piggledy on top of each other . . . the death rate is so alarming that the owners, not daring to report the correct number of deaths, sometimes bury two bodies in one coffin. Holland being Holland, this Faustian transaction yielded a financial instrument, in this case the transportbrief—a marketable security entitling the zielverkooper to a cut of the recruit’s wages, paid by the Company as they were earned. Other investors then bought these securities at a discount that reflected the high death rate of VOC personnel and assembled them into profitable, diverse pools of human capital. These magnates were called, naturally enough zielkoopers—buyers of souls. When, in the eighteenth century, the mortality among VOC’s soldiers and sailors soared because of lax Company procedures, many zielkoopers went bankrupt. First, those asshats on Wall Street have never invented anything that the Dutch didn't do 300 years ago, have they? Second, does this mean that the outcome of the current crisis could be that we would become more Dutch? And you thought Starbucks was beneficial to the "coffeeshop culture." You ain't seen nothing yet.

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RESEARCH RAISES DOUBT ABOUT MARULA LEAVES REMEDY FOR MENSTRUAL CRAMPS 2009/10/22 10:54:08 AM Pharmacological studies by a group of final-year UKZN Pharmacy students have revealed that marula leaves, often used by traditional health practitioners as a herbal remedy for the management or treatment of dysmenorhoea (menstrual cramps), may exacerbate the condition. This discovery was unveiled by a team of seven students who gave a presentation titled: Pharmacological Effects of Sclerocarya birrea (Family: Anacardiaceae) Leaf Aqueous Extracts on Rat Isolated Uterine Horns, at the Pfizer-UKZN School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology’s Research Symposium at the Westville campus. The presentation won the students first prize at the School-based Symposium, and the Laboratory-based category in this month’s Pfizer College of Health Sciences Young Health Scientists Research Symposium. While extracts of marula leaves may be a popular traditional remedy for the treatment of diarrhea, malaria and a host of other human ailments, the students discovered that the marula leaf aqueous extract may exacerbate menstrual cramps and the associated pain because it induces uterine muscle contractions. One of the students, Ms Prenesha Bechan, explained that her team obtained the marula leaf aqueous extract used in their study by air-drying one kilogram of fresh leaves of the plant at room temperature, milling the dried leaves into a fine powder, macerating the powdered leaves in distilled water, filtering it and then concentrating the filtrate in vacuo in a rotary evaporator. The processes of freeze-drying and solvent elimination produced a light brown, crude marula leaf aqueous extract. Graded, escalated concentrations of the plant’s extract produced powerful contractions of isolated uterine horns taken from young adult, normal, non-pregnant, female Wistar rats, suggesting that marula leaf should be contra-indicated in dysmenorhoea because it would exacerbate the condition. Another member of the team, Mr Thabiso Motaung, said this was a positive discovery and traditional healers should be advised not to use marula leaves in treating menstrual cramps, although the leaves could be used for the management of other human ailments. Ms Bechan said months of hard work went into their investigation and they were elated to produce an award-winning research project. The supervisor of the project, Professor John Ojewole, was congratulated on the achievement of the students. The annual symposium highlights the research projects undertaken by final-year pharmacy and pharmacology students in preparation for the professional challenges they are about to encounter. Sixty-seven students participated in the 2009 School’s Research Symposium, showcasing ten research projects. Co-ordinator of the Symposium, Dr Johannes Bodenstein, a lecturer in the Department of Pharmacology, said students’ presentations were impressive and raised the standards of research presented by final-year students. “The School takes pride in the fact that the research projects of undergraduate students are making an invaluable contribution to training scientists and optimising healthcare in South Africa,” said Dr Bodenstein. According to Dr Bodenstein emphasis was placed on investigating the medicinal properties of plants because much interest has been generated in developing this area. “Undertaking research and presentation at the Symposium develops students’ analytical techniques and problem-solving skills to help them prepare for potential research careers,” he added. Taking second place at the Symposium was research on Identifying the Buccal Permeability Potential of Tenofovir using Porcine Buccal Mucosal Tissue; while the presentation titled: Scilla Nervosa Extract Exhibits Anti-inflammatory Activity in vivo, secured third place. Congratulating the winning group for their hard work and dedication, the Head of the School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Dr Fatima Suleman, said final year students at the School continued to produce impressive research every year. “I do want the final year students to know that they all are winners in the eyes of the School. They had a limited view of research before the start of this project but they have grown in leaps and bounds through the year. I’m hoping that a few of them have even developed a love for research and will come back into research and academia,” said Dr Suleman. From left: Ms Nothando Sibiya, Mr Shiraz Rahimat Alli, Ms Nonhlanhla Nyamwela, Ms Prenesha Bechan, Professor John Ojewole, Project Supervisor, Ms Gomolemo Masisi, Ms Julia Hayangah and Mr Thabiso Motaung.

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Even Ironman needs iron… We all need iron in our diet, but too much can be unhealthy. Here’s what you need to know. The components of blood all work together to keep you going, but it’s the red blood cells, in my humble opinion, that are the true “super cells”. When red blood cells don’t work, it affects every system in your body. Your red blood cells slacking on the job is called anemia. What would make these super-cells slump? Two reasons are chemotherapy and radiation, as chemo attacks healthy red blood cells and radiation attacks the factory (bone marrow) where the red blood cells are made. (Damn treatments.) Another cause of anemia is low iron. Iron is necessary for the production of the oxygen carrying part of red cells. Low iron = low oxygen = one tired, lazy, depressed person. It is especially important for those undergoing treatment for cancer, those who just had surgery, or those women who have long intense menstrual cycles, to eat a balanced diet high in iron rich foods to top-off your iron stores. And…um… no, I won’t tell you to eat liver. The general population equates “meat” with “high iron” foods. But iron is present in countless numbers of fruits, vegetables, beans, nuts and legumes as well. In fact, 1 cup of oatmeal has more iron (10 mg/cup) than 3 oz of beef liver (7.5 mg). Which would you rather have for breakfast? Animal-based foods and plant-based foods contain different kinds of iron. Animal iron is called HEME iron while plant based is NON-HEME iron. HEME iron is absorbed in a higher percentage than NON-HEME, so you don’t need as much of it to meet the daily requirements. That can be good AND bad, as iron is recycled from old red blood cells, stored in your body, and is slowly excreted in the feces. If your diet is poor and your bowels are bound up, you may not be able to excrete iron properly. Too much iron causes “oxidation” or cell death, leading to heart disease, liver disease and cancer. (one study showed that 88% of metastasized breast cancer patients had elevated iron levels.) In today’s society we are seeing more iron overload issues than iron deficiencies among meat eaters. (symptoms can include heart palpitations, joint pain and fatigue) Plant-based foods, on the other hand, contain NON-HEME iron. A smaller percentage of the iron you eat is absorbed with NON-HEME, but if you are eating a well-balanced, 5 fruit/veggie serving a day diet, you will get all of your iron without the iron overload. You can also increase your absorption of NON-HEME iron by cooking in cast iron (a much healthier alternative to toxic Teflon), and including foods high in Vitamin C like citrus, berries, and peppers with the meal, (Throw some mandarin oranges and red peppers…Hi-C, into your spinach salad…Hi-Iron!) Just for comparison sake: 3.0 oz beef tenderloin = 3.0 mg iron, 3.0 oz chicken breast = 1.1 mg iron 1 cup boiled black beans = 3.6 mg iron, 1 cup lentils = 6.6 mg iron, 1 cup cooked spinach = 5.0 mg iron, 2 oz pumpkin seeds = 8.4 mg iron (I could go on for days……..) Daily requirement of iron for women not pregnant or lactating is 18 mg/day. Over age 51? Cut that in half as older (I said old-er… not old) women don’t excrete iron as fast as younger women do. Men only require 8 mg/day even over age 51. Iron is important, but understanding how and where you get it can make the difference between being healthy and unhealthy. Note: Don’t ever take iron pills or vitamins containing iron unless you have had your blood levels checked for deficiency. For more specific info about iron check out these websites and blogs:

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Junk Food and TeensFeb 13th, 2012 | By Laurelle Stephens | Category: Youth View Junk food is exactly that: JUNK! Not to mention, very tasteful and addictive. We all love our junk food; the candy, cookies, chips, soda, etcetera. When it comes to junk foods, learning how to control your self is hard, but important at the same time. Nutritious meals are often being missed and replaced with foods high in sugar and high in fat. Controlling your diet is important. Parents have control over their child’s diet. It is not until the pre-teen and teenage years when they are venturing off on their own and making their own food choices. Junk food can have an effect on your appearance. During the teen years is when you are trying to take pride in yourself physically. This is the time when you are developing certain features. Consuming junk takes a huge toll on one’s development and does not quite cooperate well with the body. One’s appearance also affects a person emotionally also. “Junk food makes you fat and then you become depressed so you don’t care about how you appear. So now you have a bad appearance that’s not quite fit, and you are sad about it also because it is not quite where you want to be physically.” says Andrianna Blades, 16. Andrianna is a high school student who takes pride in her appearance. She cut back on snacks and even became a vegetarian. Not everyone may feel the same way or care what an affect junk food may have on them. “It depends on the person. If a person is aware of what consequences junk food has on their body, it will affect them emotionally because they don’t want to gain weight or get acne. But most people don’t notice what junk food does to them or care to know.” says High School student Arishna Marshall , 17. The teen years are tough. Everyone has an image to portray, and eating all of these bad foods does not help that image. Junk food affects the appearance which leads to a not so fit body physically which may lead to being teased and bullied in school. “I believe that junk food can affect a teen mentally and emotionally because of the outcome of it that affects them physically. It can lead to depression and suicidal thoughts, and getting teased in school which makes them have mental problems that leads them to being gullible and falling into peer pressure easily and even turning to more junk food snacks.” says High School student Abrea Nelson, 15. There are several reasons to why teens are turning to junk food. - Convenience – Junk foods are more available than any other type of food. - Taste- People want what is delightful to their taste buds. - Affordable – Eating healthy is costly. Teens want what is available easily and affordable to their pockets. Junk food does not have to be taken completely out of one’s diet. Treating yourself to a little is fine. It is when you become obsessed with it and cannot live without it is when it becomes a problem and affecting your health. The youth has to watch what they are consuming because they have their entire lives ahead of them, and it should be a healthy life.

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in Adobe Photoshop® submitting images for identification first-time bird photographers face issues sharing their images with others in forums, websites or even with friends and relatives. The main problem is an issue of size. Digital cameras these days are competing with each other in a megapixel war - adding more and more (often useless) pixels to impress an unsuspecting market. This has the side effect of creating very large files regularly crossing 5MB in jpeg format. Many users have no idea about processing/resizing and share the images as shot, aided by ever improving broadband services often paid for by others. Not only is this a great wastage - it can also be a source of embarrassment for both the sender and the receiver. widely used monitors can display a full screen image if the dimensions of the image are 1024x768 pixels. This translates to 14.2 x 10.7 inches at 72 pixels/inch (dpi). As computer screens does not resolve images better than at 72 dpi, it is not necessary to size images at a higher dpi when the viewing is done only on computer screens. Prints require higher dpi's. Any image resized to 1024x768 pixels is already about 1/4th the size of a native image shot in a 10 megapixel camera. So resizing to the largest size that one can view the image in, without scrolling, reduces file size by 1/4th to say 1.25Mb. But even this is too large for sharing and most public forums insist that images have to be lower than 200Kb. How does one reduce a 4-6Mb file to meet this target? Here is how it is done by those who use Adobe's Photoshop® Resizing in Adobe Photoshop® Open the image in Adobe Photoshop (PS) as a jpeg image, edit as per your taste including colour, exposure correction etc to arrive at a final full-sized image (Fig 1). [ If you want to crop the image then go directly to the Crop section ] Fig 1: Full size image viewed in Adobe PS3 Step 1: To resize image select Image > Image size and enter (Fig2). Fig 2: Choose Image Step 2: Fix resolution at '72' in the Size' box (Fig3) Fig 3: Select resolution for web viewing Step 3: To create an image of 864 pixels (12 inches) wide at 72 dpi, fix width at 12 and make sure that both 'Constrain Proportions' and 'Resample Size' boxes are selected. Press OK (Fig4). To fix the height, change 'Height' only and 'Width' will be chosen automatically. Usually images loose sharpness on compression. Sharpen selectively after the image has been resized. Fig 4: Select Width (or height) keeping Resolution at 72 Step 4: Select 'File' and 'Save for Web' from the drop-down box. Press Enter (Fig5). Fig 5: Choose 'Save for Web...' Step 5: Select the 'Optimized' tab on top. This fixes a 'Quality' at 60. Check the resultant file size at the bottom left and change quality to meet your target file size. 70 to 75 quality will give best results for normal images and anything higher will be a waste. Below 60 quality, the image will start loosing details and become flat. Choose a quality that gives you a file size less than 200Kb for efficient web use (Fig6). Fig 6: Use 'Optimized' compression & select desired quality Step 6: 'Save' and give a file name in the save window that pops up. Note that images shot and processed in Adobe RGB will, on saving, tend to get a little darker and gain yellow and red because 'Save for Web' converts images to the sRGB colour space. That's it! You have now managed to reduce a 2,300Kb file to 29Kb for presentation! Cropping in Adobe Photoshop® Cropping is an essential tool in any thoughtful and eye-catching image presentation. Almost all bird images benefit from some amount of cropping by removing unwanted elements, helping to focus on the subject of the presentation, allowing images shot horizontally to be presented vertically, or simply by resizing the image. Crop 1: For a horizontal presentation, a) choose the rectangular 'Marquee tool' from the 'Tools' (Window > Tools). b) On the tool bar preferably choose 'Fixed Ratio' and fix a 'Width' and 'Height' ratio according to the image needs. Popular ratios are 6x4 and 7x5. c) Drag cursor over area you want to present (Fig7). Fig 7: Choose a fixed ratio and select presentation area Crop 2: Select 'Image' > 'Crop' and enter. This will only keep the cropped area (Fig8). Fig 8: Crop only the Crop 3: Resize the image as in Step 3 above (Fig9). Fig 9: Resize for Adding text Adobe Photoshop® Adding Text: Text, be it image details or copyright information is often added to images. The steps Text 1: a) Choose 'Type Tool' from the 'Tool' drop-down; b) Choose font, font size & colour; c) Place cursor where you want the text to be inserted; d) Type necessary text (Fig 10). Fig 10: Inserting text with 'Type' tool Text 2: Choose 'Layer' and 'Merge' or 'Flatten Image' after the typing is over and enter. This will complete the text insertion process (Fig11). Flatten layers to preserve typed material Text 3: Follow steps 5 & 6 above to complete image for presentation. submitting images for identification for the purposes of seeking identification is a regular image processing activity of bird photographers. However, most images are submitted incorrectly hampering the process of identification. Usual 1. Abnormally large files containing irrelevant information like open sky, water, vegetation etc. 2. Dressed up images including adornments like borders and using image enhancement tools like saturation and contrast. 3. Lack of descriptive information on the image itself. That often makes some of us believe that the presentation of the image is the main intention and the identification is only incidental. Such requests often draw no response and who can blame those who spend time and money trying to help others. Here is how I would go about seeking identification help for the duck (behind the Gadwall) from the image I shot in Fig 1, above: a) I have kept the Gadwall in the frame to offer a size reference b) I have eliminated all the other birds and open space c) I have inserted the shoot details in the image itself. I now have a file which takes up only 12kb (original (2,300Kb), is focused, contains location and date details, and can be easily mailed and received by the people who will help me with the identification. With a file this light I can even add a couple of more images (if I have them) on the same mail/post without feeling embarrassed about the inconvenience that I could cause to the potential identifier. All the tools to achieve the image in Fig 12 have been explained in this presentation. Please think of using them the next time you you want someone to help you with any identification using an image as the Note: All images processed with Adobe® CS3 of Adobe Systems Inc.

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If you’ve heard of this term before, but you’re not quite sure what all it entails, keep reading, because I’ve got some very interesting information for you today! A simple definition of PC cooling is that it’s an advanced technology that is used to relieve heat from electronic components. These components usually operate normally and have long lifespans; that is, unless they are overheated. A good example of this is the computer. The components in a computer that produce an enormous amount of heat during operation include processors, chipsets, graphic cards, power supply units, hard drives, optical devices and more. If you think overclocking sounds like an ominous term, you have the right idea. One example is running the microprocessor faster than the clock speed for which it has been tested and approved. This is done to get a little performance boost from your system, but it might actually result in a performance boost of 10 percent or less. This type of thing may also lead to some problems you’ll have to deal with, such as heat. Generally, overclocked CPUs must be kept below a very precise temperature, or they may crash. Now, there are different methods for PC cooling, which I will go over with you now. Here they come! Methods of PC Cooling 1.) Air Cooling The most common method of cooling is air cooling. In this process, we use heat sinks to increase the surface area of the component that allows heat to dissipate. Then we use a simple fan, like a cooler to speed up the exchange of air. 2.) Water Cooling This is considered for enthusiasts and it is an exotic method. You need one or more water blocks, one or more pumps and a radiator to do this. Since water has a better heat absorbing property than copper or air, it is a very good option. Though this is not an as effective method as some of the others, it still is very useful for the average computer user. 3.) Other Methods The other methods of PC cooling that are more suitable to overclocked computers include chilled water cooling, phase-change cooling, cascade cooling and liquid nitrogen cooling. The purpose of chilled water cooling set ups is to cool down the water, so a radiator may not be needed in these cases. They are a bit harder to install and maintain, but they are more effective. You can easily keep your temperature below zero degrees Celsius with this. What Kind of Cooling to Use The method of cooling you should use depends on the purpose of your computer. Is it a casual system or a 24 hours a day, seven days a week file server, for instance? You also have to pay attention to the volume of data your PC has to carry. The noise generated by these methods is also one criteria that should be considered for the choice of a method. There are a few more points that need consideration as well. First, a good ventilated case is necessary. If you have more loaded on your hard drive, a hard drive cooler or fan may be necessary. Also, make sure you clean your system at least once every three to six months. Clean out the dust, reseat the heat sinks and do a complete check, etc. How You Can Do PC Cooling Yourself If you want to try a PC cooling method for yourself, as an average user, I would suggest that you use tips and product reviews from the Internet. Or you may want to try speaking to a tech support representative if you’re not sure how to do it on your own. And of course, always keep this tip with you as a reference. Happy PC cooling! ~ K. Natarajan

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Course: Tropical Environmental Health Tropical Environmental Health Inadequate water supplies and lack of sanitation facilities represent major hazards to the public health in many parts of the world. In spite of the International Water Supply Decade, (1980-1990) there are more people without facilities approaching minimum standards now than existed at the beginning of the program. Without improvements in these areas, there can be no hope that there will be an overall improvement in the health of the nations which constitute the Third World. Yet appropriate technologies do exist which can go a long way to ameliorate these problems. Simple, low cost projects can be built and maintained by village-based methods. These are being used in some countries and provide a basis for the improvement of living standards for the poorer people of the world. This is a practical course designed to demonstrate actual details of construction and provide a working knowledge of simple mechanisms involved in ventilating latrines and also on how simple pumps work. You should end with a good idea about how these tings work and how they can be maintained. During this class we will be discussing some of the problems arising from poor facilities in many developing countries. We will examine problems associated with solid waste disposal and see the enormity of the problem. We will come up with some suggestions about how to ameliorate the problems... There are few real solutions....

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Most of us associate a prescription with a slip of paper. You take that slip of paper to your local pharmacy and receive medications from the plethora of drugs that exist today for just about anything that ails you – from the common cold to heart disease. Drugs can eliminate a severe headache, bring relief from seasonal allergies, generally alleviate symptoms and in some instances, even cure illnesses. However, the word prescription is not limited to drugs; it now applies to exercise as well. Many physicians have begun to prescribe exercise routines in conjunction with or even instead of medications for their patients. While exercise is a key ingredient in disease prevention, it has also been proven in recent years that exercise also can play a major role in the treatmentof many ailments that have previously been treated with medication alone. How does exercise fit into both overall wellness, and curing or controlling various diseases? Dr. Jeremiah Stamler is an epidemiologist and world-renowned expert on cardiovascular disease. He is a major proponent of using diet and exercise in place of medication. In an interview last year with Nutrition Action Magazine, Dr. Stamler asserted that the heart disease epidemic in the United States could virtually be ended. Dr. Stamler maintains that following the “DASH” diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension), which includes low sodium intake in conjunction with an adequate exercise program, can significantly lower one’s blood pressure and cholesterol. Dr. Stamler also maintains that diet, exercise and reduced smoking are enough to cut risk. He states that statin (cholesterol- lowering) drugs and blood pressure medications will not end the epidemic for the tens of millions of people who suffer from these ailments. These drugs are costly, have side effects and only ameliorate – not cure – the underlying problem. Although these drugs are certainly a necessity in many cases, and their use outweighs any risk of not taking them, drugs alone are not the answer. If your doctor prescribes medication for you, follow his advice, but at the same time, ask him about establishing a comprehensive plan which includes diet and exercise. Hashem gives us the gift of a healthy body and expects us to do our utmost to maintain our health. The pasuk (verse) in chapter four of Parshat V’eschanan, “V’nishmartem me’od l’nafshoteichem” clearly states that a Jew is obligated to take care of his own body. The pasuk includes the word “me’od” or “very much.” The Ohr Tzadikim, in his commentary, says that this word is included because if one doesn’t take care of himself physically and becomes ill, his “nefesh” – his soul and spirit – will become weak, thus hampering his ability to serve Hashem. We can all increase our activity in order to be healthy both physically and spiritually. Exercise paired with good nutrition is the best way to maintain both your physical health and your spiritual well-being. In recent years, the incidence of what is know as Type 2, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), has been steadily increasing. Specifically, Americans have been developing diabetes at an alarming rate over the past 10 years, according to a new report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. More than 16 million people in the United States currently have diabetes – about a third more than had the disease in 1990. Only 5 to 10% of these cases are insulin- dependent. While increases were reported among all adults, the most dramatic increase – a 70% jump – was seen in the 30-39 age group. Among those 40- 49, the rate of diabetes increased by 40%, and it was up 31% for those 50-59. Researches note that the increases among the younger age groups are especially troubling. The instances of exercise acting to help or cure disease are countless. Let’s look at Type 2 diabetes, which is frequently manifesting itself in all ages of the population and is quickly spinning out of control both in the United States and Israel. Diabetics are at risk of developing cardiovascular disease 15 years earlier than the general population, according to a study released this past summer by the Institute of Clinical Evaluation Sciences in Toronto. Diabetics also are at risk for kidney disease, nerve disorder and blindness, and are at a particularly high risk for limb-threatening infections. Yet we see from a study published through Medscape in June 2006 that a diabetic who performs four moderate aerobic sessions and does 2-3 resistance training sessions per week significantly cuts his risk of cardiovascular disease. A more intense program may reduce the need for medication or even eliminate it altogether. Exercise may actually prevent this illness from developing in the first place–active individuals have a 50% lower risk of ever developing diabetes. If you currently have a borderline glucose reading, you can avoid drugs and possibly insulin by beginning an exercise program now. It is important to consult with your physician prior to beginning any an exercise program. In next week’s column, we will look at the ways in which exercise can help lower your blood pressure and cholesterol–and even help prevent against cancer. Alan Freishtat is an A.C.E. certified personal trainer and a lifestyle fitness coach with over 17 years of professional experience. He is the co-director of the Jerusalem-based weight loss and stress reduction center Lose It! He can be reached at (U.S. Line) 516-568-5027, 02-651-8502 or by email at email@example.com.

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New research presented at the American Academy of Neurology’s Annual meeting could lead to improved management of Parkinson’s disease. “All of these treatments are promising news for people with Parkinson’s disease, which is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease,” said Robert A. Hauser, M.D., M.B.A., an author of all three studies. The first study dealt with the rapid drop in blood pressure that people with Parkinson’s can experience when standing up, which can lead to dizziness, fainting and falls. The problem, which affects about 18 percent of people with the disease, occurs because the autonomic nervous system fails to respond to changes in posture by releasing enough of the chemical norepinephrine. Researchers randomized 225 people to receive either eight weeks of stable dose treatment with a placebo or the drug droxidopa, which converts to norepinephrine. After one week of stable treatment, those who received the drug had a clinically meaningful, two-fold decrease in the symptoms of dizziness and lightheadedness, when compared to placebo. They also had fewer falls, or 0.38 falls per patient per week, compared to 1.73 for those receiving a placebo on average over the entire 10-week study duration. The second study looked at treatment with a new drug for “wearing-off” that occurs with people who have been taking levodopa for several years. As each dose wears off, people experience longer periods of time where the motor symptoms do not respond to levodopa. In this study, 420 people who were experiencing an average of six hours of “off” time per day received a placebo or one of four dosages of the drug tozadenant in addition to their levodopa for 12 weeks. People receiving two of the dosages of the drug had slightly more than an hour less off time per day at the end of 12 weeks than they had at the start of the study. They also did not have more troublesome involuntary movements, called dyskinesia, during their “on” time. The final study involved 321 people with early Parkinson’s disease whose symptoms were not well-controlled by dopamine agonist drugs like levodopa that activate receptors of the neurotransmitter. For the 18-week study, the participants took either the drug rasagiline or a placebo in addition to their dopamine agonist. Rasagiline also increases levels of dopamine but through a different neural mechanism. At the end of the study, those taking rasagiline had improved on a Parkinson’s disease rating scale. In addition, rasagiline was well-tolerated with adverse events similar to placebo. Source: American Academy of Neurology

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Women Factory Workers Two African American women do their part for the war effort by working in a factory during World War II. - 1945 circa 5 years - Original Format: - Photographic Print - download hi-res watermarked image All Licensed images are available for download as jpeg files at 300 dpi of original size. If your project requires an image at higher resolution, please contact us (be sure to include item number). Custom requests may require an additional charge.

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Three separate studies published by the Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine suggests that too much TV-watching can harm children’s ability to learn. The article says that in one study, involving nearly 400 northern California third-graders, those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eight points lower on math and language arts tests than children without bedroom TVs. A second study, looking at nearly 1,000 adults in New Zealand, found lower education levels among 26-year-olds who had watched lots of TV during childhood. A third study, based data on gathered from nearly 1,800 U.S. children, found that those who watched more than three hours of television daily before age 3 scored slightly worse on academic and intelligence tests at ages 6 and 7 than youngsters who watched less TV. In our current political climate, the response might be to now pass a law limiting TV viewing in the home. Or maybe 26-year-olds will now start suing television companies for lowering their educational achievements? But, like all things in the market place, this study reveals that parents play a crucial role in mitigating technology in the home. The larger issue is not so much that television dumbs down children but the fact that what the market provides must be consumed with wisdom. What at home rules for kids work the best?

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The Knock-on Effects of Global Warming: Too Darn Hot for Nuclear Power July 17, 2012 It was so hot last week, a twin-unit nuclear plant in northeastern Illinois had to get special permission to continue operating after the temperature of the water in its cooling pond rose to 102 degrees. It was the second such request from the plant, Braidwood, which opened 26 years ago. When it was new, the plant had permission to run as long as the temperature of its cooling water pond, a 2,500-acre lake in a former strip mine, remained below 98 degrees; in 2000 it got permission to raise the limit to 100 degrees. The problem, said Craig Nesbit, a spokesman for Exelon, which owns the plant, is not only the hot days, but the hot nights. In normal weather, the water in the lake heats up during the day but cools down at night; lately, nighttime temperatures have been in the 90s, so the water does not cool. Asked whether he viewed Braidwood’s difficulties as a byproduct of global warming, Mr. Nesbit said: “I’m not a climatologist. But clearly the calculations when the plant was first operated in 1986 are not what is sufficient today, not all the time.”– At the Union of Concerned Scientists, a group that is generally critical of nuclear power safety, David Lochbaum, a nuclear engineer, said the commission was supposed to grant exemptions from its rules if there was no increase or only a minor increase in risk, and if the situation could not have been foreseen. The safety argument “is likely solid and justified,’’ he wrote in an e-mail, but “it is tough to argue (rationally) that warming water conditions are unforeseen.’’ That is a predictable consequence of global warming, he said. 19 November 2007—We’ve all heard those stories about some tiny endangered creature holding up a big engineering project. Sometimes concern about the fish or toad is really at the heart of the dispute. Sometimes it’s just an excuse in the hands of people who really want to stop the project for other reasons entirely. One of the most memorable examples was the 1970s controversy that pitted a big hydroelectric dam that was to be built on Tennessee’s Clinch River against the snail darter, a little endangered fish native to eastern Tennessee. This story, however, is not about an endangered species torpedoing a big project; it’s about some endangered mussels actually protecting a nuclear power plant. It’s also a story about the drought afflicting the southeastern United States, the imminent threat to Atlanta’s water supply, and the danger that as lake and river waters fall, there might not be enough cooling water for the four nuclear power plants that provide much of Georgia’s and Alabama’s electricity. And it’s a story with a lot of unusual names in it. Much of the drinking water for greater Atlanta’s 3.8 million residents comes from Lake Lanier, a huge reservoir north of Atlanta and one of five built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers along the Chattahoochee River system. As it flows south, the Chattahoochee feeds into the Apalachicola River in North Florida, home of the fat threeridge and purple bankclimber mussels, the former of which is ”endangered,” and the latter ”threatened.” In recent months, despite Atlanta’s dwindling water supplies, the corps has had to release enormous amounts of water into the Chattahoochee-Apalachicola system to protect the mussels. But at the end of last week, on 16 November, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ruled that the Army can cut back on the amount of Lake Lanier water it’s diverting to save the small-fry, in effect preserving water for Atlanta. Naturally, Georgia’s Governor Sonny Perdue hailed the decision. Naturally, Florida’s Governor Charlie Crist will challenge it. (Florida depends on Chattahoochee water to protect not just its mussels but also a whole seafood industry.) Florida isn’t the only state that might suffer to slake Atlanta’s thirst. Alabama’s Joseph M. Farley nuclear power plant, a two-unit complex on the Chattahoochee that provides Alabamans with about 20 percent of their electricity, depends on the river system for cooling water and other water needs. Up to now the Army’s diversion of Lanier water into the Chattahoochee-Apalachicola system to protect Florida’s mussels has coincidentally guaranteed the Farley nuclear station enough water. But if water reductions in that system get really drastic, might the plant have to power down? Water for cooling thermoelectric power generation, coal, gas and nuclear, represents 49 percent of US surface water withdrawals. The numbers are similar world wide. (One reason why the envisioned total coal-a-fication of China ain’t gonna happen, but that’s a story for another post..) A recent study in Europe warned of the possible effects of climate change on thermoelectric power generation. A European Commission-funded study conducted in part by the Wageningen University and Research Center in the Netherlands predicted thermoelectric power generating capacity from 2031-60 will decrease 6-19 percent in Europe because of a lack of cooling water. The study, released Monday, also predicted the likelihood of extreme reductions in thermoelectric power generation will, on average, jump by a factor of three during the period. Thermoelectric power plants — those that burn fossil fuels or use nuclear fuel – rely on consistent volumes of water at particular temperatures to prevent overheating. Thermoelectric plants supply 78 percent of the electricity in Europe and account for 43 percent of the continent’s surface water use. Because of that, reduced water availability and higher water temperatures caused by rising ambient air temperatures triggered by climate change will present significant potential problems for electricity supplies, the authors warned.

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Search for your doctor or find doctors accepting new patients. Find out about our hospital visiting hours and policies. Log In to MyUCSDChart to access your medical information Find out about our academic nursing program. A new study finds that atherosclerosis, hardening of the arteries, was common in ancient Egyptians, challenging a belief that vascular disease is a modern affliction caused by current-day risk factors such as stress and sedentary lifestyles. Michael Miyamoto, MD, a graduate of the UC San Diego School of Medicine and assistant clinical professor, recently returned to the US following an expedition to Egypt to evaluate the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in 3,500-year-old mummies. Results of his work were presented during the American Heart Associate 2009 Scientific Sessions and published simultaneously in the Journal of the American Medical Association. A UCSD School of Medicine graduate finds that atherosclerosis, hardening of the arteries, was common in ancient Egyptians “Our findings show that atherosclerosis is not strictly a disease of modern humans caused by unhealthy lifestyles,” said Miyamoto, a cardiologist and co-investigator of the study. “In fact, it is possible that humans have a genetic predisposition to the development of atherosclerosis. Our findings remind us of the value of preventive medicine in eliminating or controlling manifestations of heart and vascular disease.” In 2009, Miyamoto and a team of cardiologists and Egyptologists, carefully examined 22 mummies from the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities using a six-slice CT scanner. In the mummies with identifiable arteries, more than half had calcifications in the walls of their arteries. Those who died after the age of 45 showed the highest degree of calcification. Vascular disease was observed in both male and female mummies. Miyamoto and team carefully examined 22 mummies from the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities using a six-slice CT scanner “As the mummy CT images appeared on the monitor, we were struck by the fact that our project was made possible by combining the advanced technologies of two different eras – the science of mummification in ancient Egypt and modern imaging,” said Miyamoto. “In a real sense, this was a scientific collaboration that spanned great time and distance.” The oldest mummified Egyptian exhibiting the greatest degree of atherosclerosis was Lady Rai. The nursemaid to Queen Ahmose Nefertiti, Lady Rai lived to an age between 30 and 40 years old circa 1530 B.C. To put this in context, Lady Rai lived approximately 300 years prior to the time of Moses and two hundred years prior to King Tutankhamun. Surprised by their results, the cardiologists asked the Egyptian preservation team to share information about the lifestyle of ancient Egypt. In general, all who were later mummified, served in the court of the Pharaoh or as priests or priestesses. Diet-wise, eating beef, duck and other poultry was not uncommon. Since refrigeration was unavailable, salt was widely used for meat preservation. Tobacco was not available and without mechanical transportation, they were likely physically active. This study was funded by Siemens Healthcare and the Bank of Egypt. The authors of the paper are Michael I. Miyamoto, MD, MS, UC San Diego; L. Samuel Wann, MD Wisconsin Heart Hosp; Randall C Thompson, MD, Mid America Heart Institute; Adel H Allam, MD, Al Azhar Medical School; Abd el-Halim Nur el-Din, PhD and Gomma Ab el-Maksoud, PhD, Cairo Univ; Ibrahem Badr, PhD, Institute of Restoration; Hany Abd el-Amer, Natl Res Ctr, Dokki; Jennifer J Thomas, Massachusetts General Hospital and Gregory S Thomas, UC Irvine. # # # Media Contact: Jackie Carr, 619-543-6163, firstname.lastname@example.org Official Web Site of the University of California, San Diego.

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The Little Known Story Of African-Americans In West Virginia’s Mines June 22, 2010 CHARLESTON, W.Va. - African-Americans have worked in West Virginia's mines maybe as long as the coal mines have been here, but their stories have often been hidden underground. Now, the Upper Big Branch mine disaster is bringing to light their little-known history. Two of the 29 men who died at the Upper Big Branch mine at Montcoal in April were black. Diana Zigler has worked nearly thirty years at a Pineville mine, driving a shuttle car before being sidelined by an injury. She says in 1980 she was a single mother from a mining family, and thought the job was such a blessing that she's happy to see her daughter go to work at the same mine. "My daughter, she has a son and I raised her and her brother on the mining job. So she has a son, I let her have the same opportunity that I did." Zigler is a member of the United Mine Workers of America, a union that was integrated from the day it was founded in 1890. She says her father and brothers were known as good workers, and she had few problems in the mine when people realized she could do her job. And she says she went out of her way avoid problems. "That's my motto: don't start nothing, it won't be nothing." Zigler says sometimes being a woman was more of an issue, but again, she was accepted as soon as the other miners realized she could pull her weight. And she says there's a good deal of support and solidarity among women in the mines. "With the white women and the African-American women, we were a family. We were there for each other. Cry on each other's shoulders when things wasn't right. When one hurt, all of us hurt." An event on July 11 at Tamarack in Beckley will commemorate the "Soul of Coal," including Roosevelt Lynch and Joel Price, who died at Montcoal.

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RECORD: Gulick, John T. 1908. [Recollection of Darwin] In Isolation and selection in the evolution of species. The need of clear definitions. The American Naturalist vol. 42, no. 493 (January): 48-57. REVISION HISTORY: Transcribed by John van Wyhe 12.2010. RN1 In March, 1868, Moritz Wagner read a paper before the Royal Academy of Sciences at Munich on "The Law of the Migration of Organisms," and in 1873 an English translation of a fuller paper by him entitled "The Darwinian Theory and the Law of the Migration of Organisms" was published by Edward Stanford, of London. It was through this pamphlet that I became acquainted with his theory concerning the impossibility of the production of new species except when and where migration establishes a colony geographically isolated from the original stock. In this paper we read: "The constant tendency of individuals to wander from the station of their species is absolutely necessary for the formation of races and species" (p. 4). "Where there is no migration, that is, where no isolated colony is founded, natural selection can not take place" (p. 59). These and many other passages of similar import indicate how fully he recognized the importance of isolation, and how at the same time his theory was a denial of some of the facts in the origin of species. The following are some of the facts with which his general theory as well as his special statements were in conflict. That, through change of climate and of other conditions due to geological changes, the whole fauna and flora of an island like Iceland might be subjected to new forms of selection producing a complete change of many species into new species, without any chance for migration. After the publication of my article in Nature, July 18, 1872, in which I emphasized the importance of isolation, I met Darwin at his home, and he called my attention to Wagner's theory, and suggested that it did not correspond with the facts of nature, especially on this point. Return to homepage Citation: John van Wyhe, editor. 2002-. The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online. (http://darwin-online.org.uk/) File last updated 2 July, 2012

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In 1862 Abraham Lincoln signed the Homestead Act, allowing people to acquire and possess landed capital in return for a promise to make the land productive. The amount of land, however, is limited. Not everyone who wanted to own capital could do so. Human wants and needs — and flawed institutions, such as tax and monetary systems — are the only effective limits to today's commercial and industrial frontier. Flawed institutions favor the rich, limit opportunity for the 99%, and concentrate capital ownership in the few. Capital Homesteading is a 21st century proposal that would make it possible for people without existing savings or collateral to settle the commercial and industrial capital frontier on better terms than were available to those who settled the landed capital frontier in the 19th century. Without redistributing existing wealth, each year every citizen would be able to acquire an equal amount of capital to be formed that year on credit, collateralize the loan with capital credit insurance, and pay for the capital with the profits of the capital itself. Capital Homesteading is neither capitalism, which concentrates capital ownership or control in the hands of a small private elite, nor socialism, which concentrates ownership or control in a State bureaucracy. Capital Homesteading is a Just, Third Way that transcends the failed systems of the past. It would make the American dream of a sovereign, independent people a reality. As Ronald Reagan said, "Could there be a better answer to the stupidity of Karl Marx than millions of workers individually sharing in the ownership of the means of production?"

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“Jews of Egypt,” an Egyptian documentary film that records the life of Jews in Egypt before their departure from the country in the 1950s, has stirred controversy after it was screened in a film festival in Cairo. Amir Ramsis, director of the film, was accused of promoting normalization of ties with Israel through attempting to gain the audience’s sympathy for Jewish Egyptians, currently seen as Zionists by many Egyptians. “Those accusations are absolutely groundless,” Ramsis told Al Arabiya. “Those who think the film promotes normalization either did not watch it or analyzed it very superficially.” It is very obvious, Ramsis explained, that the documentary is against Israel and against normalization. “The film showed how Jewish Egyptians were against the creation of Israel before the July 23, 1952 Revolution and that many Egyptian anti-Israeli institutions were actually led by Egyptian Jews.” Ramsis noted that the purpose of the film is to set straight many of the misconceptions Egyptians have about Jews. “Many people do not distinguish between being Jewish and being Israeli or Zionist. Many Egyptians automatically consider Jews enemies.” Ramsis said the film does not seek to embellish the image of Jews either, but basically to “present the truth as well as his own point of view.” Ramsis said that the people he interviewed in the film were either Jews who still live in Egypt or who are currently residing in Europe. “Egyptian Jews were apprehensive about taking part in the film because they were afraid they would be hunted down by State Security at the time of Mubarak. They were actually given clear instructions not to make any media appearances.” Despite the pre-production obstacles and the post-screening criticism, Ramsis said that the film was very well-received. “I did not expect that it will be that much-admired by critics, journalists, and viewers alike when it was screened as part of the European Film Panorama in Cairo.” The 95-minute film tackles the life of the Jewish community in Egypt in the first half of the 20th century, which is before their mass exodus following the 1956 Tripartite Aggression launched by Britain, France, and Israel against Egypt. According to the filmmakers, the documentary seeks to address issues related to changes that Egyptians underwent in the twentieth century. This is done through shedding light on the shift from a general attitude of tolerance and diversity to mixing religion with politics and refusing to accept the other.

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It is helpful to organise seminars so that some time is spent with students working individually, some of the time working in pairs or small groups and some of the time as a whole group. Varying between these options within the seminar helps to reduce the weariness that sets in when students are asked to participate in the same way throughout a session. One reason for asking students to work individually on a task is so that they can prepare their personal ideas, views or arguments in response to a problem or a piece of stimulus material. It makes sense for this kind of preparation to be undertaken before the session, but there may also be times within a seminar when it is helpful to give students an opportunity to work alone. If students are given time to prepare an answer rather than being obliged to provide immediate responses, they are more likely to produce a considered response and likely to benefit from the time spent working out an appropriate answer. A second reason for asking students to work on their own is to provide an opportunity for the seminar leader to talk with individuals to gauge and respond to students’ understanding. Individual work may take the form of silent reading activities, problems or case studies. For example, you might ask students to read through an article and identify the application of economic theory, or to consider the answers to a series of related questions that can be used for a small-group discussion in the latter part of the seminar. Alternatively, you might have students complete a worksheet that covers a number of concepts from the previous lectures. This enables you to discuss progress with students on an individual basis, and, if the students are required to submit the worksheets at the end of the seminar period, it will provide you with more information about overall student understanding of the different topics studied. As a rule, individual work creates lower levels of interaction between the seminar leader and students (because attention is focused on one individual at a time) than other formats. For this reason it makes sense to use individual work sparingly. When students work together in pairs or small groups, the quantity of interaction is increased, and evidence from research reviewed by Springer et al. (1999) suggests that achievement is promoted, attitude towards learning is improved and willingness to work hard is increased. Students can be asked to work together in pairs or small groups to consider the answers to specific problems, discuss ideas, prepare for whole-class discussions, compare their answers or mark each other’s work. If you include an in-class test as part of your unit assessment, you can incorporate this into a subsequent seminar activity. When you mark each test paper, identify the one or two questions that caused the student most difficulty. Identify these questions on the test paper. Pair each student in the seminar group with a student who had difficulty with different questions and ask them to work through, with their partner, those questions that you have identified at the top of each of their papers. This exercise requires students to revisit material that they did not understand and pairs them with a student who demonstrated a stronger understanding of that same material. Working through these questions again with a partner, and discussing the areas that created the most difficulty, helps both students to gain a deeper understanding of the subject. Encouraging students to learn from each other is a prime objective in organising students in small groups. It is therefore important to consider the way in which students are grouped. Less confident students can learn from the understanding of more confident students, and students with a higher level of understanding can consolidate their thinking through explaining ideas to others. Pairing quiet or less confident students with more outgoing students can often be beneficial to both parties, whereas putting all the outgoing, confident students into one group may lead to conflict and a less than successful outcome to the whole activity. Top Tip: It is important that all seminar activities are treated as evolving processes – adopting a very rigid approach does not allow for the flexibility often necessary to make an activity a success. If the dynamics of a group are detrimental to the success of an activity, change either the size of the groups or the particular pairings that were originally chosen. This can often revive a flailing activity and might be the only change necessary to turn the activity into a valuable learning experience for the students. It is important to monitor small-group activity to make sure that groups are not diverted from the task or taken over by one individual. Monitoring is quite demanding, as the seminar leader needs to be aware of how other groups are progressing at the same time as interacting with one group. There is also a danger that the seminar leader will get drawn into ‘taking over’ groups, stifling their discussion. Students need space to initiate and develop their ideas before they are ready to engage with the seminar leader. During the first part of small-group work, the seminar leader’s time is best spent listening to the ideas being put forward by students as they discuss with each other. This creates opportunities to identify misconceptions, emphases and omissions. Some misconceptions may be shared by several groups, and it is more efficient to interrupt the group work and address these on a whole-class basis. In other cases there will be questions that the seminar leader will want to pose to a particular group, along the lines of ‘Why do you think that?’, so that the onus is put on the students to articulate and expose their reasoning. Box 1 outlines different types of activity that may be used with small groups in seminars. Different styles of small-group teaching in seminars are discussed in great depth by Brown and Atkins (1990). Chapter 4 provides an excellent review of the possible pitfalls that a seminar leader may encounter and discusses student expectations, group sizes, group dynamics, types of small group activity, and tactics for questioning. Further suggestions may be found in Tiberius (1999), and Light and Cox (2001). The LTSN website also offers valuable examples and a discussion of important issues in small-group work. The following list provides some ideas for tasks to set individuals or pairs of students in a seminar. These exercises could be followed in the second half of the session with a larger group activity. Ask students to solve problems in small groups (each group working through a different problem) and then rearrange the groups so that each student can explain their particular problem (with solution) to the other students in their new group. The start and end of each seminar will typically involve the seminar leader in working with the whole group. At the beginning of the seminar, it makes sense to work with the whole group in introducing the purpose and structure of the seminar. At the end of the session, the seminar leader can consolidate the learning of the students and highlight key points. However, it may be best to work with the whole group during the main part of the session as well. Whole-group work is well suited to formal debate, review discussions, role-play, having members of each group circulate to inject new ideas into other groups, having students from one group teach other groups how to solve different problems, and organising a formal debate. You can also use a fishbowl approach, whereby a small group of students are given a topic to discuss while other students observe. This gives students a chance to listen to a discussion about a specific economic issue and to hear how other students present differing views and opinions on a topic. Larger groups (4+) can be productive, but these activities tend to be useful only to very specialist seminar activities. More often than not, the group is too large to focus on individual learning. The quieter and weaker students become sidelined and the larger group sub-divides into unproductive cliques. Top Tips: Get students actively involved. Get them to debate, deliver and present individual or group arguments and ideas. This type of activity gets students away from their ‘comfort zones’ and encourages them to stay actively involved in the activity for the duration of the session. Keep activities to a maximum of 20 minutes then move on to another topic/method. Continually introducing additional elements to the exercise/activity will keep students interested.

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Aug. 31, 2005 Coral reefs, the rainforests of the sea, feed a large portion of the world's population, protect tropical shorelines from erosion, and harbor animals and plants with great potential to provide new therapeutic drugs. Unfortunately, reefs are now beset by problems ranging from local pollution and overfishing to outbreaks of coral disease and global warming. Although most scientists agree that reefs are in desperate trouble, they disagree strongly over the timing and causes of the coral reef crisis. This is not just an academic exercise, because different answers dictate different strategies for managers and policymakers intent on saving reef ecosystems. The cover story published this month in Geology helps focus the debate. A team led by Richard Aronson of the Dauphin Island Sea Lab in Alabama took cores through reef frameworks in Belize to reconstruct the history of the reefs over the past several thousand years. Although some scientists have suggested that reefs began their decline centuries ago due to early overfishing, Aronson's team found that coral populations were healthy and vibrant until the 1980s, when they were killed by disease and high sea temperatures. The research effort was supported by the National Geographic Society, the Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. As Aronson points out, "Protecting fish populations is important in its own right, but it won't save the corals. Corals are being killed at an unprecedented rate by forces outside local control. Saving coral reefs means addressing global environmental issues--climate change in particular--at the highest levels of government." Other social bookmarking and sharing tools: Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above. Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

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Prof's computer images shed light on battleship sunk at Pearl Harbor Guelph - An American battleship bombed at Pearl Harbor 60 years ago, bringing the United States into the Second World War, can now be seen -- 40 feet below the surface -- more clearly than ever, thanks to techniques developed by a University of Guelph professor. The June issue of National Geographic magazine includes images of the USS Arizona, which was sunk by the Japanese in a surprise attack on Dec. 7, 1941, carrying 1,000 sailors to their deaths. Today, that ship still sits in muddy water off the coast of Oahu, Hawaii. It's still leaking oil and divers in the area have only about three metres of visibility. But the images created by Guelph engineering professor Robert Dony show the entire front end of the ship in such detail that strands of cable, even a spring on a clothes-pin, can be clearly viewed. Dony accomplished it by having divers take close-up digital video footage of the shipwreck, swimming back and forth until the entire vessel had been scanned. Then "I effectively stitch it together in the computer," he said. "No one has ever before seen the Arizona this way." STARTED LAST FALL Dony, who specializes in computer imaging, especially medical and remote imaging, started the project last fall, years after he hooked up with an underwater archeologist. The archeologist, who has connections to National Geographic, called Dony "out of the blue" to ask for help with digital imaging techniques. When he got to Pearl Harbor, Dony was struck by the sense of historical significance -- and also by the smell of oil as it continued to leak from the ship 60 years later. The oil slick is still visible. Dony said the shipwreck goes deep into the American psyche. "It's very much treated as a sacred burial ground," he said. There's a memorial, which people take tour boats to visit, where the names of the fallen are engraved. Almost half of the deaths at Pearl Harbor were men killed on the Arizona. Japanese visitors to the memorial are emotional, as are Americans who are often in tears, Dony said. "The first day we were going to the wreck and there, coming off the wreck, was a survivor of the attack," he said. "To be able to speak with him and shake his hand, right there, that was very moving." Uniform subject(s): History, archeology and genealogy (History); Terrorism and assassinations Story type(s): News Length: Medium, 319 words © 2001 The Record - Kitchener-Waterloo. All rights reserved. Doc. : news·20010518·KR·0054 |This material is copyrighted. All rights reserved.| © 2001 CEDROM-SNi

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