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Choice of Partners Historians have normally addressed the subject of choice of marriage partners with two questions in mind: the degree to which parents and friends influenced or controlled their children's choice, and the degree to which love or affection or some other, usually materialistic, influence affected the choice made by children. Such questions obviously cannot be resolved statistically in the way that age at marriage can and no more than probabilities can be suggested here. It now seems to be generally agreed that, by the late seventeenth century at least, the ultimate choice was made by the young people but that this choice was normally very much affected by parents and friends, who suggested and actively promoted possible partners and who would go to considerable lengths to try to break off a match which they thought unsuitable. Most contemporary writers thought that children should follow their parents' advice if they possibly could, though they would normally accept an ultimate right of veto by the children. John Dunton, for instance in the Athenian Mercury, an early example of an 'agony column', thought that children 'ought to endeavour as much as possible to submit to their parents' choice; unless where 'tis a plain case that t'would make 'em miserable'. Many factors must have affected the actual significance of parental consent, one of which was the sex of the child. Hardly any men in the middle class married under the age of twenty-one when consent was necessary and those over age seem to have had very considerable freedom to marry whom they wished, subject of course to advice. Middle-class parents had a much greater proprietory interest in daughters, over 40 per cent of whom married under the age of twenty-one and so would require consent unless they married clandestinely. Licence applications suggest that this parental authority often continued long after the age of majority, since consent was often recorded for daughters well over twenty-one and even for some over thirty. Over age widows also often recorded their parents' consent to their second or subsequent marriages. However, no consent is mentioned for the majority of over age brides, who were normally described as 'at their own disposal'. This was often explained by a note that their parents were dead, an important consideration, since in these days of low expectation of life the chances of even one parent being alive at their children's marriages was not all that high. Another important factor would be the whereabouts of parents if they did happen to be alive when their children were courting. Only a minority of middle-class brides and grooms would have had parents living in the metropolis, since so many were immigrants, and this would surely affect the impact of parental consent. Some of the London middle class married girls from their region of origin and such marriages were probably not only consented to but largely arranged by their parents. The majority, however, married girls resident in the metropolis about whom their parents would have little but hearsay knowledge. This would not necessarily stop them taking a great interest but it would certainly affect the possibilities of strong parental control over the courtship process. Indeed, it is more likely that 'friends' rather than parents would be the main advisers in such cases. There were, then, a number of factors tending to minimize the significance of parental consent to marriages, especially for young men. For girls, consent was more important, since they were younger when they got married. Girls were also thought to be wilful creatures, ignorant in the ways of the world, who, if left to make their own choice, were likely to pick badly. Parental objection to a girl's choice of marriage partner might be based on virtually any grounds but the two commonest were recorded by the merchant George B.oddington in his autobiography. His daughter, Sarah, was at boarding school in Hackney where she fell in love with one Ebenezer Collier, 'whose circumstances being not correspondent with what I had to give her and an inquiry having had a miserable bad carracter of him I would not consent he should address her'. Things looked bad for Sarah, for she would not marry Ebenezer without her father's consent nor would Ebenezer marry her without such consent 'lest I should give him nothing'. This was, of course, the ultimate sanction of the authority of a middle-class father and a powerful sanction it was, for the attitude of Ebenezer was typical of young middling men, who would be extremely reluctant to marry a girl with no portion. Nor was it realistic to defy the father in the expectation that, when he died, the girl would receive her portion by the custom of London, which provided for the equal division of one third of a deceased citizen's estate between his children. The custom was firm on this point: 'If the daughter of a citizen of London marries in his life-time, against his consent, unless the father be reconciled to her before his death, she shall not have her orphanage share of his personal estate.' The wrath of the father could therefore extend beyond the grave. Nevertheless, one's impression is that the sanction of disinheritance, although often threatened, was rarely carried out. The mere suggestion that there might be no portion or that a portion might be reduced to a beggarly size was enough to drive away a faint-hearted suitor and bring most recalcitrant girls to heel. Persistence could, however, pay off, as it did in the case of George Boddington, who finally agreed to his daughter's marriage 'with great regret . . . and since to my great trouble' after being besieged by the friends and relations of both parties as well as flooded with the tears of his daughter herself. Some fathers may have been adamant to the end, but not a single example has been found of such adamancy affecting the division of estates by the Common Serjeant, the city official whose task it was to implement the custom of London in this respect. Further evidence that fathers were not as harsh in fact as they might be in fiction can be found in wills. The normal, indeed almost universal, provision in middle-class wills was for legacies and orphanage portions to be paid to daughters at marriage or at the age of twenty-one, whichever was earliest. In 181 wills made by the sample, only 14 have any comment at all to make about their daughters' marriages. Three fathers merely put in writing what most fathers probably felt. The banker Thomas Williams, for instance, wrote that 'my will and desire is that my children do cohabit with my wife and give due obedience to her and to be advised by her in all matters, more particularly in their respective marriages', but there were no penalties for disobedience. Another eight fathers willed that either a separate legacy or an orphanage portion or both would be void if their daughters married under the age of twenty-one without the consent of their mother or guardian, but there were no sanctions against daughters who married over twenty-one without consent. One man made a legacy, but not the orphanage portion, void for ever if the girl married at any time without her mother's consent. Finally, the brazier Robert Sellers left £600 to his only daughter Mary on condition that, if she married without her mother's consent, she was not to be paid till she was twentyfour and, tougher still, the merchant John Cary willed that 'if any of my [three] daughters marry without consent of my wife and my son Thomas Cary before the age of 30', they were to lose a legacy of £500, which would be shared amongst his other children. However, Cary, who left nearly £30,000, also bequeathed an unconditional £1000 to all his children on top of the £500 legacy. To summarize, the vast majority of fathers provided no sanctions at all against daughters who married without consent, even though they were under age, and hardly any provided sanctions against those who were over age. It seems reasonable to conclude that, where parents were present, they felt it their duty to advise, warn and cajole their children, particularly their daughters, but only very rarely to the extent of punishing them financially for disobedience. Children certainly seem to have accepted the role of parents and friends as advisers and were unhappy to marry without consent. The need for consent could also be used as a valuable delaying weapon in the process of courtship, giving daughters time to think, providing a handy excuse to get rid of or put off a suitor for whom they had little taste. Sons used the same excuse to avoid or postpone marriage to girls whom they had got pregnant. It is often convenient to have some shadowy and older outsider who can be blamed for your not doing something that you in fact have no wish to do. Who did the sons and daughters of the middle class marry and how did they make their choice? Moralists emphasized that marriage should be based on love, or at least on affection, and warned young people against tying themselves for life to someone in whom they only had a material interest. The ideal of love and the 'home' was a strong one and is attractively recorded in the diary kept by the law student Dudley Ryder, who wrote that he had a strong inclination towards marriage, 'not from any principle of lust or desire to enjoy a woman in bed but from a natural tendency, a prepossession in favour of the married state. It is charming and moving, it ravishes me to think of a pretty creature concerned in me, being my most intimate friend, constant companion and always ready to soothe me, take care of me and caress me.' It can be seen that Ryder's emphasis was not so much on passion, which most contemporaries regarded as 'the rash intemperance of youth', a dangerous state likely to blind people to reality, as on friendship and companionship. When describing a happy engaged couple, contemporaries sometimes said that they were 'in love', but words like 'kindness' and 'affection' were much commoner. 'They were kind and familiar together', 'he had a great kindness to her' or, alternately, 'she had no kindness for him' are the sort of expressions that appear again and again. One should also note that Ryder has a rather selfish view of marriage in that he assumed that it was to be his future wife who soothed, took care of and was concerned in him rather than that such matters should be truly mutual. This was certainly a common attitude in an unequal society. Men were expected to be kind, but they in turn expected to receive rather more than they gave in emotional terms. Although contemporaries emphasized the necessity of affection, very few would have thought that this was sufficient grounds for the choice of partner in the middle station of life. Material interest, character, social position and often religion had to be taken into consideration as well and the real problem was to balance such factors against affection. The ideal was equality of fortune, rank and religion, together with mutual affection, but in a society not blinded by passion, most were realistic enough to assume that such an ideal was not easily reached and that marriage in reality involved a trade-off between affection, material interests and social ambition. Most young men of the middle station desperately needed the money which would come as their wife's portion. For some, a dowry was the only way in which they could set up independently in business; for others, it was a very valuable second injection of capital, which would enable them to develop the business already started with capital provided by their parents. In such circumstances, another £100 of capital was a very important consideration and one that had to be carefully weighed against an attractive, affectionate but poorer girl. The same Dudley Ryder, who has just been quoted on the delights of the companionate marriage, was quite clear in his mind on this subject: 'Cousin Billio said for a young man not in business that had 2 or £3000 to marry a woman of perhaps 1 or £2000 it would keep him low all his life. This I must confess gave a great turn to my thoughts with respect to Mrs Marshall. Why should I think of having her when it would expose us both to want?' Why indeed, and of course Cousin Billio's advice was in fact just as applicable to young men who were 'in business'. The same considerations applied to girls, most of whom were brought up with a realistic idea of marriage and were discouraged, not always successfully, from filling their heads with romantic ideas derived from playbooks or novels. They knew that their choice of marriage partner would govern not only their future happiness but also their future position in the social and economic hierarchy and, since middle-class girls were bred to believe that to improve oneself was a good idea, they were usually happy enough for parents and friends experienced in the world to vet their suitors. Nonetheless, girls wanted affection too and felt that they themselves were most likely to be the best judges of the possibilities of this, though not all parents agreed with them. If affection was too much to ask for, then they would at least want to like their husband, as the eldest daughter in Defoe's Religious Courtship said when asked what would be the basis of her choice. 'O! I'll explain it in a few words; a good estate, and a man you like.' Her younger sister had a rather more cynical view. 'Nay; you might have stopt at the first; it's no matter what the man is, if the estate be but good.' Few girls were quite so worldly and the courtship process was one in which conflicts of interest, emotion and duty to parents often gave rise to stress but, in the end, girls had to make the same trade-offs as men, though, as we have seen, the market was against women and so they more often got the worst of the bargain. One is in no position to analyse this internal bargaining process, to weigh the money against the emotion, nor indeed to see how it worked out in practice. One simply has to assume that some people were happy and some were not, that some were satisfied with their bargain and some regretted the calculus of courtship and would rather have had more money or more affection. Contemporaries tended to be cynical about marriage and to assume that most marriages were or would be unhappy; 'the greatest plague of human life', according to Thomas Tryon. The Rev. Richard Baxter was very pessimistic: 'There are scarce any two persons in the world, but there is some unsuitableness between them. . . . Some crossness there will be of opinion, or disposition, or interest, or will, by nature or by custom and education, which will stir up frequent discontents.' People are still cynical about marriage today, with some justification, but they still get married. Perhaps Dudley Ryder best explains why: 'At length we came to talk of matrimony, and I said though I had often upon consideration thought that the miseries and inconveniences that attended that state were much greater than the advantages of it and a man runs a vast hazard in entering upon it, yet at the same time I could not suppose myself capable of being completely happy here without it.' One can never really tell just why a particular man married a particular woman in the past. Nevertheless, patterns can be seen and they are those one would expect. Roger Pocock was the son of a yeoman who became a wealthy Hamburg merchant and married the daughter of a knight. When his only child Elizabeth was eighteen, she too was married to a knight. One has no idea whether Elizabeth was or believed that she was in love with Sir Thomas Travel; but it seems a reasonable assumption that the marriage choices were governed by the fact that the Pococks were moving up in the world, translating money into status, a common enough process which aroused the interest, envy or admiration of contemporaries, depending on their view of the world or their place in it. William Melmoth was the son of another yeoman. In 1655, he was apprenticed to George Johnson, an apothecary and, in 1662, he paid £4 to be released from his indentures four months early 'because he hopes to be partner to his master'. It is not totally surprising to discover that, shortly afterwards, he married Anne Johnson, his master's daughter, for this too was a common scenario, though not quite as common as the story books would tell us. Again, we do not know if Anne and William loved each other, but they would certainly have known each other very well since they had been living together in the same house for over seven years. William presumably had a business as well as an emotional interest in marrying Anne and such interests are obvious in most of the marriages on which there is any information. A merchant marries the daughter of another merchant; a bookseller the daughter of another bookseller; a mason marries the daughter of a plumber. There is not space here to unravel the details of these relationships, though it would be interesting to do so. Nevertheless, enough hints are given to be sure that the London business world was meshed together by a honeycomb of kinship and particularly marriage relationships, just like the world of the gentry with which it was so closely connected. Even when a business interest was not in the forefront of the relationship, sons and daughters were likely to marry the sons and daughters of business friends and acquaintances or at least of people of the same economic status. For these were the people whom they would meet or their parents would arrange that they would meet. London was a big place and one where women were not 'mewed up as in Italy or Spain', so it was easier for young people to play the field than it was in most countries. Nevertheless, like tended to marry like and the ideal of equality of fortune and status was the one which most often governed the actual choice of partner. Disparities in status make for good stories and good drama, but good drama does not necessarily mirror social reality.

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Wine is not alive Q: I realize this question may involve the finer points of defining alive, but is wine alive? A: "When one speaks of the life of wine, one is referring to the viability of its aromas and flavors," says Signe Zoller of Meridean Vineyards. "Wine is NOT 'alive,' per se," says Jim LaMar of the Professional Friends of Wine. "Although wine is naturally created only by live single-celled plants called yeasts, there are NO living organisms in finished wine..." The liveliness of wine is how long it survives in a drinkable condition before spoiling. It can turn to vinegar from rapid oxidation in a few weeks or months. Several years or even decades can eventually turn good wine into an undrinkable state: the wine breaks down chemically into water and a muck of organic elements tannins, phenols, aldehydes from slow oxidation. What do we mean by being alive? We used to be content with a simple physiological definition: any system that moves, reproduces, eats or drinks, grows, and is responsive to external stimuli. But, are viruses alive? A virus is a strand of DNA or RNA and cannot move on its own power. Yet it can satisfy these criteria after it's invaded a host: It forces the host to make more viruses like itself, so it reproduces. It takes over some of the host cell's processes to do so, which is like taking in nutrients. Sometimes it dodges trouble outside by ducking into a host and hiding until conditions are better to reproduce. This smacks of responding to outside stimuli. We don't know what it means to be alive, other than it's complicated. We have only encountered life that evolved on this planet, perhaps from a single ancestor. What of life from planets millions of light years away? Those beings are alive but probably don't fit any of our definitions. But, one thing's for sure: wine is not alive in the strict biological sense (according to humans). (Answered by April Holladay, science correspondent, September 5, 2001)

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Our Environmental Impact Rating for Televisions is based on a product's Consumption and Toxicity Ratings (see below), manufacturing location and manufacturer's commitment(s) to environmental stewardship (see Television Buying Guide for details). The higher the Environmental Impact Rating, the lesser the environmental impact of the television relative to others within the category. Data is gathered from Greenpeace. Our Consumption Rating for Televisions is based on a product's annual electricity consumption measured in kilowatt hours relative to other products within the category. The higher the Consumption Rating, the more energy-efficient the television. Our Toxicity Rating for Televisions factors-in the product manufacturer's commitment to remove and/or phase out the use of toxic substances in their products and to help reduce the amount of e-waste placed in landfills or exported to foreign countries. The higher the Toxicity Rating, the less toxic the television product and more committed its manufacturer is to phasing-out and eliminating toxins from their products; taking-back their products to reuse and/or properly dispose of; and using recycled material in their products whenever possible. Data is gathered from Greenpeace. Our Lifecycle Cost Rating for Televisions is based on a product’s cost of ownership, including its purchase price and cost of operation (energy costs), relative to others within the category (assuming average ownership of a television is approximately 6 years). The higher the Lifecycle Cost Rating, the more cost-effective the product. Our Price Rating for Televisions is based on a product’s purchase price relative to that of others within the category. The higher the Price Rating, the better (lower) the price of the product. The average cost to operate a television ranges from $25 to upwards of $100 in electricity per year, depending primarily on screen size, technology type, and picture settings. An ENERGY STAR qualified liquid crystal display (LCD) television with a small screen size is the most energy efficient option and contains less lead than traditional cathode ray tubes (CRTs). LCDs consume the same amount of power whether they are displaying a dark or a light scene because their primary light source - the backlight or bulb - is essentially always running at maximum power. Plasma screens are generally the most power hungry. Market trends for 2009 in the television electronics industry indicate that prices of sets will continue to fall while they continue to get more energy-efficient and less toxic. Using a variety of technological tweaks, manufacturers are achieving substantial power savings with no sacrifice in performance and picture quality. Sony's OLED-screen TVs (which save energy by using a technology that, unlike LCDs, does not require a backlight) and Mitsubishi's LaserVue (a system based on lasers that uses half the energy of LCDs) are moving toward mass commercialization. Manufactures are also making strides in the toxicity department by reducing the use of chemicals like brominated flame retardants (BFR) in their products. ► Stay tuned to Eco-rate as we update our television product category with new Eco-TV models. Earning the ENERGY STAR label means a product meets strict energy efficiency guidelines set by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Energy. For TVs, it means they save energy both in standby and active (when they're on) modes. ENERGY STAR qualified TVs use about 30% less energy than standard units. ENERGY STAR requires power consumption of less than 1 watt in standby to qualify. You can find the ENERGY STAR on everything from standard TVs, to HD-ready TVs, to the largest flat-screen plasma TVs. TVs use power even when they're not turned on. So that the TV is ready to respond to the remote in an instant, all sets use what is called "phantom" or standby power. In general, newer models consume negligible power when turned off. ENERGY STAR requires power consumption of less than 1 watt in standby to qualify. ► All TVs featured on Eco-rate are ENERGY STAR qualified. As one would expect, the larger the TV, the more power it consumes regardless of the kind of TV you have (plasma, LCD, etc.). If you want large images, projection screens are the more energy-efficient option. Televisions may contain polyvinyl chloride (PVC), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), phthalates, beryllium - including alloys and compounds - and antimony/antimony compounds. These are toxic substances that are extremely harmful to humans and the natural environment. ► Eco-rate's Toxicity Rating for televisions factors-in the product manufacturer's commitment to remove and/or phase out the use of the aforementioned toxic substances, and to help reduce the amount of e-waste placed in landfills or exported to foreign countries. The higher the Toxicity Rating, the less toxic the television product and more committed its manufacturer is to phasing-out and eliminating toxins from their products; taking back their products to reuse and/or properly dispose of material; and using recycled material wherever possible. To reduce carbon emissions associated with product transportation and to support your local economy, we encourage you to buy your television from a local manufacturer. ► Use Eco-rate to discover how far a television has to travel from its manufacturing location to your home. Every year, an estimated 400 million units of obsolete electronics, including televisions, are scrapped. Four billion pounds of electronic waste ("e-waste") was discarded in the United States in 2005 alone, accounting for between 2% and 4% of the municipal solid waste stream. As much as 87.5% of this was incinerated or dumped in landfills. Of the remaining 12.5% collected for “recycling”, industry sources claim that about 80% is exported to developing countries where it is processed in unregulated conditions, severely endangering the environment, workers and communities. Pollution created by irresponsible e-waste processing can also come back to haunt those in the exporting countries in the form of air pollution fallout via long-range transport. To mitigate the amounts and toxicity of e-waste, organizations around the world are banning the use of high levels of the toxins in electronic products. In 2006, the European Union (EU) enforced the ROHS Directive which bans placing electronic equipment containing more than agreed levels of lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, etc. Also enforced by the EU in 2006 was the Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive, which requires manufacturers to take back their electronic products after their useful life (other countries including Japan, Taiwan and Korea have taken similar action). Also known as "take-back programs", these measures force designers to plan the construction of products in such a way that make the reuse and recycling of them more cost-effective for the manufacturer. It also forces designers to find ways around the implementation of toxic chemicals in a product’s construction. Ultimately, when manufacturers are required to take back their e-waste, they make better products, with longer life spans and with less toxic material. Unfortunately, the United States is still far behind the EU and other aforementioned countries in this respect. Only recently (August 2008) has the U.S. Government Accountability Office released a report acknowledging the need for reform. Nothing has moved through Congress to date however. Yes! You can buy your television from a responsible manufacturer using Eco-rate. Our Environmental Impact and Toxicity Ratings for televisions factor-in how well featured brands/manufacturers are rated according to Greenpeace's Guide to Greener Electronics. Products with high Environmental Impact and Toxicity Ratings have a manufacturer that is committed to phasing-out and eliminating toxins from their products; taking back their products to reuse and/or properly dispose of material; and using recycled material wherever possible. The e-Stewards recyclers are a group of leading North American electronics recyclers and asset managers who have been qualified as upholding the highest standard of environmental and social responsibility. We urge you to make use of these recyclers for all of your e-waste disposal and recycling needs and beware other recyclers claiming to be “green” and responsible. Dispose of your television responsibly by contacting an organization near you that has signed the Electronic Recycler's Pledge of True Stewardship commitment. Click here to view the list. Please click here to discover our television rating system. Visit our Forum to ask questions and share your thoughts about innovative, energy-efficient television electronics.

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|to steal or take dishonestly (money, esp. public funds, or property entrusted to one's care); embezzle.| |to expurgate (a written work) by removing or modifying passages considered vulgar or objectionable.| Fog that has become mixed and polluted with smoke. A form of air pollution produced when sunlight causes hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides from automotive emissions to combine in a photochemical reaction. |smog (smŏg) Pronunciation Key A haze or fog composed of water vapor, complex molecules, and suspended particles. Note: In North America, the primary cause of smog is pollution from automobile exhaust. Note: The Los Angeles basin, where pollutants can be trapped by inversions and the surrounding mountains, has frequent problems with smog, as do other major urban areas. Note: The word smog is a combination of smoke and fog. smoke and fog

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ABORTION. The casting of young before the natural time. In veterinary practice, abort ing is the slipping, slinking, miscarriage or ex pulsion of the fcetus at so early a period as to render continued life impossible. The causes are numerous, principal among which are want of proper sustenance, undue feeding, sudden frights, accidents from falls and bruises, over ex ertion, artd particularly, in large stables, the odor and diseased condition of animals which abort, so that often in stables where many cows are kept it will infect the entire herd. Of late years it has become one of the most serious disabilities in large dairy stables. The signs of approaching abortion are uneasiness, languor, restlessness, sudden filling of the udder, and often a bloody discharge. At the first symptoms the animals so affected should be immediately removed, and the whole stable completely disinfected. The pre ventive,s are regular care and feeding, and ab solute cleanliness. One peculiarity of this dis ability is that animals, aborting once, are liable to a recurrence at about the same period, when again gravid. Great care is therefore necessary with such animals during the period when it may again be looked for. One superinducing cause of abortion in large dairies is thought to be de generation from over service of the bull. In stances are recorded when abortion has ceased, upon a change to u mature, vigorous bull, who was restricted to one service a day during the coupling season ; and it is a notable fact that in small dairies of not over a dozen cows, abortion is rare. Another prolific cause is, eonfined, hot stables where many cows are kept. The remedy here would be, as we have said, perfect cleanli ness, and perfect ventilation as well. Many of the causes of abortion seem obscure, yet the following may be taken as being pretty well settled: The prevalence of abortion is not pro portionate to the relative extent of butter and cheese production in the afflicted districts. It is not more prevalent among good milkers than among ordinary milkers. It is not more common in first pregnancies than in subsequent ones. It happens most frequently in the sixth, the seventh, or the eighth month of pregnancy, and in the month of Deeemher, January or February. In all probability it is not due to exposure to cold, or to insufficient stabling of any kind. It is not more prevalent among cows impregnated at the age of one year or eighteen months than among those impregnated at a later period. It is more frequent among cows which have been impreg nated by two or three year old bulls than among those impregnated by yearling bulls. It is not due to inflammation of the uterus, nor to any marked change in the generative organs except a stoppage of the circulation and an arrest of de velopment. It is probably not owing to any de fect in the original form of the foetus. Abort ing cows are more liable to miscarry the follow ing year than those which have never been af fected. The early separation of the calf front the cow does not seem to have any injurious influ ence in producing subsequent abortions. Abor tion is a disease which is extremely local in char acter, and confined for the most part to particu lar farms. The large majority of farms, even in the affected distriets, are free from the disease, while upon a few farms the percentage of abor tion is high, and the disease destruetive in its effects. Farms affected, and those unaffected, , often lie in close proximity, with no marked dif ferenee in physical situation, or in the treatment which the cattle receive, to account for the dif ference in the prevalence of abortion. It is prob able that abortion is, in many instanees, imported into the affected farm by cows, purchased while with calf, corning from infected distriets, or even from localities where the disease is not known to exist. Ahortion is caused by a number of natur al causes: pampering with high feed in hot stables; smutty grain and hay is especially a pre disposing cause ; violent usage, as blows on the belly, slipping in the stall or on frozen ground; teasing by the bull; purging, or condiments, are also predisposing causes. It is, of late years, epidemic, or more probably endemic as confined generally to large stables, and, probably also gen erated there; and, once a cow is attacked, sym pathy may cause it to spread; also if the animal be not removed, and the stable thoroughly fumi gated, it may spread by means of the minute germs always given off in all cases of disorgan ization, and thus in extreme cases it may be car ried to other stables; hence the neeessity once it is found, that the greatest care be taken in isolat ing affected-animals. Indeed it is better that a cow that has once aborted, be fattened and killed, since at the recurrence of the same period of car rying the young, the cow will again be liable to abort. To one who has inhaled the peculiar odor of a stable where there are aborting cows, it will at once be apparent that the utmost pains should be taken to thoroughly fumigate the stable, and also, where gravid cows are stabled, that the building be kept free from foul odors of every kind, since cattle are apparently more annoyed by these than any other of our farm animals. Thus, also, every person in buying cows, should receive a g-uarantee, if possible, that she has never aborted; even then she should be carefully watched for symptoms up to the seventh month of carrying the fcetus. The first symptoms are : The animal will lose appetite ; the cow will par tially or altogether cease to chew the cud; her milk will diminish; she will be listless and dull, inclined to lie down, and, upon being moved about, will show weakness, and perhaps will stagger. If she seems restless, refuses her food, or if she paws the ground, rcsts her head on the manger, and especially if thdre be a diseharge of whitish glairy fluid from the vagina; if the belly seem less round, somewhat enlarged, or in any way altered in shape, remove her to other and distant quarters at once. As the symptoms pro gress, the animal shows more and more distress, she moans, and at length the pains of labor re lieve her of the load, often in a putrid and even decomposed condition. Once certain that the fcetus is dead, delivery should be accomplished as quickly as possible. The water bag (the pouch in which the foetus is contained), if not broken, should be so; then proceed to remove the after birth as directed in the article After-birth, using plenty of time and operating in the most gentle manner. Sprinkle the fcetus and all that comes away from the cow with carbolic acid or chloride of lime, or bury it deeply, covering it with quick lime, or sprinkle it with carbolic acid. The va gina of the cow should be cleansed, by being syringed with chloride of lime as directed in the article After-birth, the stable thoroughly cleansed, the animal carefully littered and tended, and when all foul odor has ceased from the va gina, the stable must be effectually fumigated. (See article Fumigation.) The cow having re covered, she should not be allowed to take the bull the same season, or at least for several months; and, in no case, with any cow, should a bull be allowed to serve, who is not in full vigor. There is no doubt the service of exhausted male animals is among the potent causes of abortion: hence the necessity that such males be vigorous, The treatment of the cow during recovery may be identical with that described in the article After-birth.

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TenMarks teaches you about adjacent angles and linear pairs. Read the full transcript » Learn about Angle Pairs In this lesson, let’s learn about angle pairs and we have to tell whether the angles given to us are adjacent, adjacent and from a linear pair or not adjacent at all. So, before we go down the path of figuring the three out, let’s learn what we mean by each one of these. So when we have two angles, let’s say this is one angle and this is another angle. Let’s say this is A, B, C, and D. So, what’s an angle? An angle is two rays, BC and BD with a common vertex, B. Similarly, AB and AC are common rays or two rays that form the angle with a common vertex B. So when these two angles share a common ray, if these two angles share a common ray, angle ABC and angle CBD. Since they share a common ray C, they are called adjacent angles. If the two adjacent angles, let’s say it was like this, if this was how it looked and this angle and this angle are still adjacent, ABC is adjacent to CBD, but BD and BA are opposite rays, exactly in the opposite direction then these two angles are called a linear pair. Linear pair, the bigger angle is always a straight line which is 180 degrees. So, let’s use these two things to solve what we’re given. We have to tell whether the angles are adjacent, linear pair, or not adjacent at all. First is number one and number three, number one and number three. Well, number one is UPT and this number three is TPS. Do they share a common ray? Yes, they do. This is the common ray that they share. So, they share a common ray. They are adjacent but the other two rays that are not shared. Are they forming a straight line? No, they are not. They are not opposing or opposite rays so they are not a linear pair. Let’s look at the next one. Number three and RPQ. Number three is this one and RPQ is this one, RPQ. Well, these two don’t have common rays. The rays forming number three are SP and PT and here it’s RP and PQ. One, two rays, three rays, four rays, they don’t share a common ray. So, these angles are not adjacent. Let’s look at the third one, number one and number two. Number one is this one. Number two is this one. Well, they share a common ray which is PU. PU is the common ray and the other two rays which is this one and this one, PT and PQ are opposite rays. They form a straight line. This is a straight line. So, this is adjacent but also are linear pair.

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Now that we understand what is an eBook, let’s continue on to the second part of this “how to” series: accessibility. Importance of Accessibility We know how to proceed through a document thanks to a lifetime of visual hierarchy and design. We consider the text that is bolded, larger, or higher on the page more important than the regular, non-bolded, lower text. Based of what we see, we evaluate a text’s importance. Some people with disabilities cannot easily access documents, because a machine cannot make those judgment calls when reading it. The assistive device needs a defined hierarchy to help the user read the document in its proper order. It’s our job, and university policy, to make sure our documents are accessible to all users, not just users who can see and hear. Fortunately for us, it only takes a few extra steps. Let’s take a look at the various elements that make an eBook accessible. Learn more: go.osu.edu/act-wiki Headings (titles for sections) provide structural hierarchal information for a document. To allow screen readers to skim the structure of the document and provide easier navigation, headings should be properly nested. For example, they should not jump from a Heading 1 (h1) to Heading 3 (h3). Learn more: go.osu.edu/headings “ALT Tags are invisible descriptions of images which are read aloud to blind users on a screen reader. Adding ALT text allows authors to include images, but still provide the content in an alternative text based format.” - Penn State’s AccessAbility website Imagine you were reading a document to someone over the phone and you came across an image. How would you describe it to the person? That is your AltText. Learn more: go.osu.edu/alttext Link text should be descriptive enough to detail the destination; not just a “click here.” Links should be longer than a single word, so that users with motor control disabilities will not have difficulties clicking the link. Learn more: go.osu.edu/linkdescriptions If your eBook supports video, all video and audio elements should provide a written transcript or embedded captions of what is being said. If you use video or audio elements in your eBooks, a text transcript or other text based material should be provided. Visual information critical to comprehension should be included in the text based materials. Learn more: go.osu.edu/captionsandtranscripts Now that we understand how accessibility is important, we can move on to the actual creation of our flowing eBook. Be sure to stay tuned to Part 3 of this series. In this series we will cover: - What is an eBook? - Formatting in Word – Mac - Formatting in Word – PC - Converting in Calibre - Getting the eBook on Your Device

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The family Crocodylidae includes all crocodilian genera, both living and extinct. They are all descendants of a group of reptiles called thecodonts. The thecodonts were also ancestral to pterosaurs (extinct flying reptiles), dinosaurs, and birds. Modern crocodilians include crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gharials. They are all carnivorous, cold-blooded reptiles that spend a great deal of time in the water, but move about on land as well. Crocodilians live in warm conditions; in fact, most cannot tolerate temperatures that fall below 50-59° F, although there are a few exceptions. Crocodilians live in fresh water, and occasionally the brackish water in estuaries. Most crocodiles cannot handle large quantities of salt water, so only a few venture out to sea for any length of time. No modern crocodile is truly marine. Crocodilians have unique bony armor underneath their scaly skin made up of osteoscutes. Osteoscutes overlap like roof shingles and protect the crocodilian, while still allowing it flexibility. The number of osteoscutes in a row along a crocodilian's back, and their presence or absence on the belly can help identify the type of crocodilian. The crocodilian body plan is hugely successful and only minor changes in it have occurred over the last eighty million years. Adult crocodilians have very few natural predators, but habitat destruction caused by humans has created perhaps the biggest challenge these reptiles have ever faced. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A CROCODILE AND AN ALLIGATOR? Crocodiles, alligators, and their close relatives such as gharials and caimans, are all called crocodilians. An alligator is a type of crocodilian. Alligators have broad, rounded snouts when compared to other crocodilians, which have a pointy snout. When an alligator shuts its mouth its teeth aren't visible. When a crocodile shuts its mouth, one or more of its lower teeth will still stick out. The largest tooth in the crocodile's upper jaw is the fifth, and the largest tooth in an alligator's upper jaw is the fourth. The Crocodile or Alligator component illustrates these differences for visitors. There are other, more subtle differences between them, but these are the easiest characteristics used to identify crocodiles and alligators. Caimans are closely related to alligators. Gharials (which have an elongated, pointy snout specialized for catching fish), have their own subfamily. WHAT IS LEIDYOSUCHUS? Leidyosuchus is a large prehistoric crocodile found at Wannagan Creek. It's a primitive type that is as closely related to modern crocodiles as it is to modern alligators. It has two protruding lower teeth instead of one. Leidyosuchus was the top predator at Wannagan Creek 60 million years ago; it probably had no enemies (except for other Leidyosuchus!) Skeletons of Leidyosuchus are more common than any other vertebrate animal found at the quarry, and at least 70 individuals have been recovered. Science Museum field crews found Leidyosuchus eggs, hatchlings (about 25 cm), and adults up to 15 feet long. Visit the Top Croc component for more Leidyosuchus facts and adaptations. Many of the remains of Leidyosuchus are in good shape, as far as fossils go. At Field Camp Mystery visitors discover that some of the skeletons were found belly-up, probably indicating that the bloated corpses of these crocodiles settled at the bottom and were hardly disturbed before they were buried and fossilized. Wannaganosuchus is a new species of alligator found at Wannagan Creek, and museum curator Bruce Erickson named it. Approximately 40% of one skeleton was found, along with the partial remains of another individual. From this, scientists estimate that the animal was about four feet long. Wannaganosuchus has button shaped teeth in the back of its mouth that helped it to crush mollusks and snails. There are no longer any modern alligators with this type of teeth, although a few other button-toothed alligators are known from fossil remains. WHERE DO CROCODILES LIVE TODAY? Warm temperatures play a direct role in the global distribution of crocodilians. As continents have shifted over time and climates have changed, so have the environments suitable for crocodiles. For example, Europe was once home to many crocodilians. About 38 million years ago, climate changes in Europe led to a decline in the crocodilian population. By about five million years ago, they were totally gone from Europe. Crocodiles today live in a variety of warm environments including freshwater lakes, swampy or marshy areas, river drainage basins, tropical forests, coastal areas, open grasslands near water, and brackish estuaries. What follows is the approximate distribution of modern crocodilians: IS IT TRUE THAT CROCODILES AND ALLIGATORS DON'T GET ALONG? For the most part, yes. Different types of crocodilians tend to defend their territory from others. For example, American alligators and American crocodiles don't share the same territories. Sometimes even crocodilians of the same species don't get along very well, either, but if climatic conditions or scarce resources force them into tight quarters, they seem to put their differences aside out of necessity. The fossil alligator Wannaganosuchus was found relatively far from the remains of the fossil crocodile Leidyosuchus. In life, they probably avoided each other as much as possible. Visitors can watch the Croc Wars video in the diorama area to see modern day intraspecies aggression. The diorama features an alligator encroaching on crocodile territory. Can you spot this encounter? WHEN DID CROCODILES APPEAR IN THE FOSSIL RECORD? Crocodilian fossils date back to the Triassic Period, over 200 million years ago, just as the dinosaurs were appearing. The earliest crocodilians would not have looked very familiar to us. Not all of them were amphibious, and some probably moved quickly over land with their long, slender legs. Very primitive crocodiles resembled their ancestors, the thecodonts, which also gave rise to pterosaurs, dinosaurs, and birds. Crocodiles have many features in common with birds and dinosaurs. In fact, when trying to reconstruct dinosaur behavior, paleontologists look to crocodiles and birds. What is true for these living relatives may have been true for dinosaurs as well. The earliest crocodilians that resemble those of today are about eighty million years old (from the Cretaceous Period). It is also about this time in the fossil record that paleontologists see a clear distinction between crocodiles and alligators. ARE CROCODILES AND THEIR RELATIVES REALLY UNCHANGED "LIVING FOSSILS? No. So-called "living fossils" are never identical to the relatives that lived millions of years ago. They just look very similar. Crocodilians have maintained the same basic body plan over millions of years because it works so well. But they have undergone changes. Over time, crocodilians evolved a bony palate, their internal nostrils were pushed further back, and their spool-shaped vertebrae went from being biconcave to having a concave front and a convex back--a change that makes the vertebral column more flexible and strong. These subtle changes made crocodilians formidable underwater predators. Furthermore, some very strange crocodilians have appeared in the fossil record that challenge the notion that these creatures are unchanged. For example, the strange pug-nosed herbivorous crocodile recently discovered in Madagascar is visibly very different from more familiar crocodilians. There are other oddities, too, like the pristichampsines, which were crocodilians with hoof-like toes. Visitors can read about other so-called "living fossils" in the exhibit, such as the pike in the lake diorama, at the Living Fossils, Primitive Pike, and Dangerous Waters components. The pike isn't really unchanged, either. There is really no such thing as a living fossil because life is always changing. HOW BIG DID FOSSIL CROCODILES GET? The biggest crocodile ever discovered was Deinosuchus, which lived near the end of the Cretaceous Period (just before the dinosaurs went extinct, about 70 million years ago). Deinosuchus has also been called Phobosuchus. The lower jaw of this crocodile was six feet long. Conservative estimates for the length of the whole animal put it at 36 feet, and some scientists have claimed Deinosuchus may have been fifty feet long. By comparison, the largest modern crocodiles get to be about twenty feet long. WERE THERE EVER ANY MARINE CROCODILIANS? WHY AREN'T THERE ANY TODAY? Marine crocodiles known as the metriorynchids lived during the Jurassic Period, about 150 million years ago. These creatures were so highly adapted for life at sea that they lost many of their crocodilian traits, such as their bony armor. Their limbs looked more like paddles, and they evolved a dorsal fin on their backs. Modern crocodiles cannot tolerate extremely salty water. Although they have salt glands to help expel salt from the body, they can't survive at sea for long. The American crocodile and the Indopacific crocodile are the most efficient at tolerating salt. American crocodiles live in estuarine environments, and Indopacific crocodiles have been sighted far out at sea. Nevertheless, they are not truly marine animals. UNIQUE CROCODILIAN BIOLOGY: Visitors to the Diorama area can examine the Flippable Croc to learn more about crocodilian biology. This large image of a crocodile has "flips" on various body parts. Visitors discover amazing facts about the crocodile's anatomy under each flip. Do crocodiles have a gizzard like a dinosaur? CROCODILIAN BEHAVIORNesting and rearing young: Most crocodilians lay a nest of eggs once a year. Nests can have anywhere from 20 to 80 eggs in them, depending on the species. Some of these eggs never hatch, and many hatchlings may never make it to adulthood. Lots of predators seek out crocodile eggs, as well as unguarded hatchlings. The Safety in Numbers media interactive, in the diorama area, shows that although adult crocodiles may be at the top of the food chain, they start out near the bottom. Visitors can see how many eggs a crocodile lays, and how many eggs or hatchlings disappear over time. Mother crocodilians defend their nests. Some crocodilians build hole nests; others build mound nests made from vegetation and leaf litter. These techniques keep the eggs warm. Severe temperature fluctuations or flooding can destroy a whole nest of eggs. Temperatures below 81° or above 93° F are usually deadly. Interestingly, the temperature at which many (and perhaps all) crocodilian eggs are incubated determines the sex of the hatchlings. In crocodiles, high temperatures and low temperatures usually result in females, and intermediate temperatures produce males. Among alligators, high temperatures produce males and low temperatures produce females. Some crocodilians make their nests next to termite mounds, which generate heat. Termites aren't the only creatures that may share space with a crocodilian nest. Turtles, and at least a few types of snakes and lizards, will also lay their eggs next to or with crocodile nests (less work, added warmth). Incubation time can be as little as 35 days in small species of crocodilians, or as many as 100 days in larger species. Babies start vocalizing before they hatch. Eventually, their calls alert the mother that it is time to assist in hatching. She may gently roll the eggs against the roof of her mouth to help the hatchlings break free. She also carries the hatchlings in her mouth to safety in the water. Young crocodilians stick close to their mother, often basking on her head. She submerges into the water with them if there is danger. As already mentioned, baby crocodilians start making noises before they have even hatched! The noises they make help the mother determine when they are ready to hatch, so that she may help them. Hatchlings make all sorts of squealing noises and call out for help when they are distressed. Hatchling distress calls often cause all nearby adults--not just the mother--to come to their aid. Visitors can hear recordings of crocodile vocalizations at the Big Talkers media interactive and then discover what behavior each noise is associated with. CROCODILES AND PEOPLE Are crocodilians endangered? Stopping the poaching of these species will not entirely solve the problem. It is also crucial that people maintain varieties of habitats for them. Wetland preservation has been an important part of conservation in the United States. Laws concerning the import and export of crocodilian skins have also helped. For a while, laws only affected the exporting countries. Importing or consuming countries were not held accountable. Now the laws affect many of these countries as well. Many steps are being taken to ensure the skins that make it to the market were legally taken. What are they used for commercially? Ranching and farming is one way to collect crocodilian skins without damage to any wild populations. Most farms were started in the U.S. during the 1960s. All alligators on an alligator farm are born on site. Alligator ranches occasionally collect wild alligators, babies, and eggs to add to their population, when and where it is legal. Although this has helped natural populations of crocodilians dramatically, in many areas of the world crocodilians are still illegally poached. About 2 million caimans, crocodiles, and alligators are killed each year for the skin trade. Only half of these killings are legal (according to data published in 1989).Do they attack people? Crocodile attacks are rare. However, this does not mean that one should tempt fate by swimming in infested waters. If a hungry crocodile is large enough to take on a human, it probably will. Smaller crocodiles and alligators don't present much of a danger. But if a crocodile is big enough to capture a water buffalo, a human isn't much of a challenge. Children and the elderly are the most vulnerable. Some of the most dangerous individual crocodilians may be those in areas heavily populated by people. It seems that as the animals lose their fear of people, they are more likely to attack. Indopacific and Nile crocodiles are the most dangerous and are responsible for the largest amount of human deaths (American alligators and American crocodiles have attacked humans, but very rarely). Most attacks seem to be motivated by hunger, and perhaps defense of territory as well.

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Are Carcinogens released when Charcoal Briquettes are burned? From the Editors of E/The Environmental Magazine Dear EarthTalk: I saw warnings on bags of charcoal that said carcinogens are released when the briquettes are burned. Is it safe to breathe in the smell of a charcoal grill? -- Joe Sliwa, via e-mail Barbecue grills can be problematic for two reasons. First, both charcoal and wood burn “dirty,” producing not only hydrocarbons but also tiny soot particles that pollute the air and can aggravate heart and lung problems. Secondly, the grilling of meat can form two kinds of potentially carcinogenic compounds: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic amines (HCAs). According to the American Cancer Society, PAHs form when fat from meat drips onto the charcoal. They then rise with the smoke and can get deposited on the food. They can also form directly on the food as it is charred. The hotter the temperature and the longer the meat cooks, the more HCAs are formed. HCAs can also form on broiled and pan-fried beef, pork, foul and fish, not just on grilled meats. In fact, National Cancer Institute researchers have identified 17 different HCAs that result from cooking “muscle meats” and that may pose human cancer risks. Studies have also shown increased risk of colorectal, pancreatic and breast cancers associated with high intakes of well done, fried or barbequed meats. According to the Texas Commission on Environmental Air Quality, Texans who like to say that they “live and breathe barbecue” may be doing just that to the detriment of their health. A 2003 study by scientists from Rice University found that microscopic bits of polyunsaturated fatty acids released into the atmosphere from cooking meat on backyard barbecues were helping to pollute the air in Houston. The city at times registers air quality levels that rank it one of the more polluted U.S. urban areas, though emissions from barbecues are certainly dwarfed by those generated by motor vehicles and industry. Both briquettes and lump charcoal create air pollution. Lump charcoal, made from charred wood to add flavor, also contributes to deforestation and adds to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Charcoal briquettes do have the benefit of being made partly from sawdust (a good use of waste wood), but popular brands may also contain coal dust, starch, sodium nitrate, limestone and borax. In Canada, charcoal is now a restricted product under the Hazardous Products Act. According to the Canadian Department of Justice, charcoal briquettes in bags that are advertised, imported or sold in Canada must display a label warning of the potential hazards of the product. No such requirements presently exist in the United States. Consumers can avoid exposure to these potentially harmful additives by sticking with so-called natural charcoal brands. Noram de Mexico’s Sierra Madre 100 percent oak hardwood charcoal contains no coal, oil, limestone, starch, sawdust or petroleum products and, to boot, is certified by the Rainforest Alliance’s SmartWood program as sustainably harvested. The product is available at select Sam’s Clubs across the U.S. Other manufacturers of all natural charcoal include Greenlink and Lazzari, both of which can be found at natural food outlets across North America. CONTACTS: Rainforest Alliance SmartWood Program, www.rainforest-alliance.org/programs/forestry/smartwood; Greenlink Charcoal, www.greenlinkcharcoal.com; Lazzari, www.lazzari.com GOT AN ENVIRONMENTAL QUESTION? Send it to: EarthTalk, c/o E/The Environmental Magazine, P.O. Box 5098, Westport, CT 06881; submit it at: www.emagazine.com/earthtalk/thisweek/, or e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org. Read past columns at: www.emagazine.com/earthtalk/archives.php

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When you are out in the community with your child, look for the American flag. Many government buildings, businesses and homes have flags flying that will be easy for your child to see. Every time you see a flag, point it out to your child. Talk about the colors of the flag. After she is familiar with the flag, play a game of "I spy!" and see how many American flags she can find on your trip. Once your child is familiar with this game, you can play "I Spy" with many different things. For example, look for all of the blue cars, or at Christmas, look for all the houses with Christmas lights. Your three year old is learning to recognize an object or symbol that is not always in the same place or context. This builds her memory and problem-solving skills. Summer is heating up! Cool off with some homemade watermelon gelato

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*EDE 772: Educational Tests and Measurements for Elementary School. 3 hours, 3 credits. Systematic introductory course for graduate students. The fundamentals of interpreting elementary school test scores. The writing of objective test items for elementary school, methods of evaluating tests for use in the elementary classroom, and up-to-date instruments for testing aptitude and achievement in elementary students. PREREQ: Course in educational psychology or human development. Last modified: 5/10/2013

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State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2009 - Sudan |Publisher||Minority Rights Group International| |Publication Date||16 July 2009| |Cite as||Minority Rights Group International, State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2009 - Sudan, 16 July 2009, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4a66d9a532.html [accessed 18 May 2013]| |Disclaimer||This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States.| Four years after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) that ended two decades of conflict between North and South Sudan, fears have grown that progress is stalling. A January 2009 report by the Royal Institute for International Affairs highlights the flaws in the CPA, saying that the parties involved (the Sudan People's Liberation Movement [SPLM], and the National Congress Party) have used the country's oil wealth to build armies and that there are still major issues around border demarcation. These problems will be heightened with the presidential and parliamentary elections due to take place by July 2009; however, delays in preparations for these elections have created challenges of their own. A long-delayed census, necessary for the elections to take place, was eventually carried out in April 2008, although it is yet to be made public (the date of release has been repeatedly postponed). The highly politicized process was beset by logistical and security problems. Many in South Sudan objected that the census would be inaccurate due to the estimated 2 million internally displaced Southerners still living in the North. In a massive blow for minorities the government decided not to break down census data by religion or ethnicity. Officials said that such information could open old wounds and increase tensions. In Darfur, rebel leaders and victims of the violence wanted the census postponed until there was increased stability and camp-dwellers were able to return home. As it is, many camps were deemed 'no-go' areas for the census-takers, despite attempts by UN negotiators to persuade camp leaders to embrace the process. According to the US State Department's Human Rights report for 2008, the Muslim majority and the government continued to discriminate against ethnic minorities in almost every aspect of society in the north of the country. There were also reports of discrimination against Arabs and Muslims by individuals in the Christian-dominated south. Non-Arab Muslims and Muslims from tribes and sects not affiliated with the ruling party, such as in Darfur and the Nuba Mountains, said that they were treated as second-class citizens, and experienced discrimination when applying for government jobs and contracts in the North and government-controlled southern areas. The State Department report also refers to the 'hundreds of politically and ethnically-motivated disappearances, particularly of Zaghawas living in Khartoum and Omdurman'. The government was held responsible for these. Thousands of the estimated 15,000 Dinka women and children abducted between 1983 and 1999 remain unaccounted for. UNICEF estimates that 4,000 Dinka abductees remain in South Darfur – far from their ancestral villages in South Sudan. Displacement has drastically affected the education of children in Sudan. In October 2008, UNICEF reported from the contested area of oil-rich Abyei, where 50,000 people have been displaced since May 2008. Many have arrived in Agok, and UNICEF has attempted to provide emergency schooling to children; however a local headmaster, Peter Majok Deng, expressed concern over overcrowding and lack of resources. In more positive developments, UNHCR reported in February 2009 that over 300,000 refugees had returned to South Sudan. A tripartite commission comprising representatives of UNHCR and the governments of Sudan and Kenya met in Juba, the capital of South Sudan, to discuss the further repatriation of refugees, and the development of educational facilities in the area. The situation for women in Sudan remains dire, with rape continuing to be a systematic problem. Rapes go unreported because victims fear being arrested – unless a victim can provide proof of her rape, she is liable to be charged with the capital offence of adultery. The law also remains deficient in not specifically prohibiting sexual discrimination or domestic violence. Over the course of 2008, the nature of the conflict in Darfur has changed, with further splintering of the parties involved and an increased number of confrontations. Aerial bombardments and ground attacks were launched by the government in West Darfur in February 2008 and in mid-May the rebel Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) launched an assault on Khartoum which left at least 200 dead. This was the first assault on the capital in 30 years. The hybrid UN/AU peacekeeping force (UNAMID) began deploying on 31 December 2007 and faced difficulties in its first months, including staff shortages and attacks on peacekeepers (one in July 2008 killed several members of the force). The ethnic dimension of the conflict is complex. According to the International Crisis Group: 'Inter-Arab dissension has added new volatility to the situation on the ground.' The recent resumption of conflict in the South Darfur town of Muhajiriya has had a particularly damaging impact on civilians. Fighting between government forces, the Sudanese Liberation Army/ Mini Minnawi faction and JEM has claimed at least 30 lives and forced 30,000 people from their homes. One of the reasons for the escalation of violence, according to Sudan expert Alex de Waal, was the impending decision by the International Criminal Court (ICC) on charges related to war crimes in Darfur against President Omar al-Bashir. UNICEF has reported progress, however, thanks to the presence of humanitarian agencies. In education, primary school enrolment has increased from 516,000 in 2006 to more than 976,000 in 2008 according to UNICEF and Ministry of Education data. Whether this progress can be sustained is another matter. Women in Darfur remain highly vulnerable to sexual violence. A Human Rights Watch 2008 report stated that women and girls are 'now as likely to be assaulted in periods of calm as during attacks on their villages and towns'. Women in IDP camps in the region are particularly targeted, and rapes and attacks are carried out by government forces, militias and rebel soldiers alike. For those in the camps, education remains particularly inaccessible (see Box, p. 111).

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Overall rating 3 out of 53.3 (4 ratings) Last updated 10 April 2013, created 21 July 2011, viewed 2,062 Worksheet created for cover work on school subjects and opinions. Please provide a rating. Perfect! I am going to set this as a homework task! Thank you! Thankyou! Very handy for a cover lesson this week. mistakes - if you use c'est it doesn't agree Some useful reinforcement exercises. Be careful, in the second exercise, there are some agreement mistakes, as "c'est" resets everything that follows to masculine (ce is masculine). TES Editorial © 2013 TSL Education Ltd. All pages of the Website are reproduce, duplicate, copy, sell, resell or exploit any material on the Website for any commercial purposes. TSL Education Ltd Registered in England (No 02017289) at 26 Red Lion Square, London, WC1R 4HQ

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Warsaw: Memorial Route of Jewish Martyrdom and Struggle Block along the Memorial Route of Jewish Marytrdom and Struggle dedicated to the memory of Emanual Ringleblum, the ghetto's historian who was able to assemble and preserve an archive of material from before the uprising. Photo credit: Florida Center for Instructional Technology A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust Produced by the Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida © 1997-2013.

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In 1954 the United States exploded the B ravo hydrogen bomb on Bikini Atoll in the South Pacific. It was the largest nuclear weapons device ever detonated by the United States, 1,300 times the destructive force of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. On the morning of the bombing, winds blew towards the Marshall Island's Rongelap Atoll over 100 miles away, exposing islanders to extremely high levels of radioactive fallout. White-powdered fallout covered the islands and the children played in it, thinking that it was snow. By night the islanders had become acutely ill. It was not until two days later that the U.S. evacuated everyone to another island. Though the soil, water and food remained contaminated, these people were returned to Rongelap in 1957. U.S. officials assured the islanders that no radiation danger remained. However, serious medical problems soon developed, including thyroid cancer, leukemia, and the birth of unformed fetuses. Later a study released by the U.S. Department of Energy indicated that the levels of contamination on Rongelap exceeded those on Bikini, which had already been evacuated. At that time, Jeton Anjain (d. 1993), trained as a dentist and serving as health minister, began to seek justice. He resigned from his ministerial position in order to better represent the people of Rongelap as a senator to the Marshall Islands Parliament. He sought evacuation assistance in vain from the Marshall Islands and U.S. governments. Finally, in 1985, Anjain organized the evacuation of Rongelap with the aid of a Greenpeace ship, the Rainbow Warrior. Like a modern day Moses, he led his people to a new home. The community was relocated to the island of Mejato, but the battles continued. Despite deteriorating health, Anjain continued to work tirelessly for justice for the Rongelap community. In 1993 Anjain died of cancer. If he had only lived a few months longer, he would have seen U.S. officials reveal to the public what he had contended for decades - that the people of Rongelap and other victims were not told the truth regarding the nuclear testing program. Goldman Environmental Foundation Or submit a request for materials.

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The cherry challenge Cherries: The right location and climate are crucial. Photo: John Woudstra It seems a long way from the Caspian Sea to the Southern Tablelands of NSW, but that's how far cherries have travelled through time. And the climate and soil for cherries is so narrow that Young and Orange grow close to half of the country's crop. An early pioneer with an eye for fruit growing must have assessed the hillsides of Lambing Flat (now Young) because the first cherries were planted there in 1847. It took 30 years for a commercial orchard to be established. So for public servants considering business options after decades of serving the Commonwealth, a cherry orchard might be just the thing. Growing cherries, however, is high risk. You need well-drained hillsides and access to extra water. Both have been a challenge for me. Cherry trees do not like heavy clay soils and quickly develop root rot if winter and spring rains lead to saturated grounds. We lost our first plantings of 30 trees after just two years, from an over wet winter. A reasonably deep, friable, loamy soil with good drainage is pretty important. Cherries flower well before the frost is over in Canberra so this can be another major factor. Then we have the challenge of birds, which means no harvest at all unless the trees are wrapped in netting. Starlings are a real pest because they seem to be able to crawl underneath nets, even those draping along the ground. Rain brings joy and heartbreak to farmers, depending on timing, intensity and volume. We suffered and Young suffered greatly in the bad drought years, with a much diminished cherry harvest. But in the past two years the heavens opened at just the wrong time. Cherry trees act like giant sponges with rain - too much and the cherries just keep expanding until they split. Then if the days stay humid, mould becomes a major problem. One solution is to plant different varieties of cherries. There are more than 50 available, with diverse maturity dates. Cherry splitting occurs most in the last week before harvest. So even for a backyard garden, it is worth planting cherry trees with differing maturity dates. Canberra maturity is two weeks after Young and some varieties that grow well in hotter climates, such as Rons Seedling, do not do so well in Canberra. There are also specific cross-pollination links for most varieties of cherries, apart from the Canadian variety Stella, which is self-pollinating. For the early-maturing varieties, I have one very early Burgsdorf and some Merchant and Supreme. My mid-season cherries are Van, Bing and Sandra Rose. Bing is the main cultivar grown in the US and it is the most reliable pre-Christmas variety for us. For the late-season cherries, I have Lapins, Kordia and Regina, but they are yet to produce a crop. I would be interested to hear from gardeners around Canberra about how their cherry trees have fared and produced over the past few years. Go to this story on goodfood.com.au and add your comment there. >> Owen Pidgeon runs the Loriendale Organic Orchard near Hall. In the garden ■ Prepare your garden for the summer days you are away. Complete weeding around the vegetables and apply extra mulch to keep the moisture in. ■ Complete the garlic harvest, hanging up the bulbs to dry off completely before trimming and storing. Turn over the stems of onion plants a week before harvest, then harvest on a dry day before the tops are dead. Tie them into bunches and hang them up in a well-ventilated, shady place to completely dry. ■ Plant a summer crop of beans where you've harvested your garlic and onions, to provide good crop rotation and boost the soil's nitrogen content for the next crop planting. ■ If you are staying home in January, plant carrots, beetroot, sugarloaf cabbage and Asian greens and water regularly. ■ A crop of zucchinis, cucumbers, golden nugget pumpkins and sweetcorn can be achieved by mid-autumn if you plant seeds directly into garden beds now. Prepare by digging in lots of compost and adding some pelletised organic fertiliser. ■ Check your apple crop for signs of codling moth burrowing into the fruit. Simply remove infected fruit and dispose of them, to allow the clean fruit to continue growing. Inspect every two to three weeks to keep the crop healthy in a natural way. Encourage neighbours to take similar care of their fruit trees.

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William Barnard Rhodes (1807–78), Robert Heaton Rhodes (1815–84), George Rhodes (1816–64), and Joseph Rhodes (1826–1905). A new biography of Rhodes, William Barnard appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site. A new biography of Rhodes, George appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site. The Rhodes brothers were four of the 14 children of William Rhodes (1781–1869), a tenant farmer of Epworth, Lincoln; Plains House, the Levels, Yorkshire; and of Balby, near Doncaster, who came to New Zealand in the days before organised settlement and played an active part in the early political, business, and pastoral life of this country. They were men of shrewd judgment, bustling energy, and Yorkshire determination, and all of them amassed considerable wealth. Their descendants are numerous and concerned today principally with the land and the professions. William Barnard, oldest of the family, led the way to New Zealand and encouraged his brothers to follow. To one brother he wrote this advice, and it seems to have been adopted as a pattern of behaviour by the others, judging by their success: “You must be enterprising, obliging, and not afraid of hard work, nor show any improper pride. Above all things avoid Public Houses and whores.” Before coming to New Zealand, William traded to various parts of the world in the brig Harriet, of which he was captain and part owner. In July 1836, on his first visit to New Zealand, he sailed into Port Cooper, now Lyttelton Harbour, in the barque Australian, a whaler belonging to a Sydney firm in which he became partner. During that visit he climbed the Port Hills and wrote the first recorded description of the Canterbury Plains. Rhodes returned to New Zealand in the barque Eleanor in November 1839, bringing 40 Durham cattle with which to establish the first cattle station in the South Island. The animals were swum ashore near Akaroa. Two early settlers, William Green and his wife, were brought from Sydney and left to tend the stock. Rhodes then sailed up the east coast of the North Island and established trading posts in Hawke's Bay and Poverty Bay, claiming the land in the trading posts in the name of his firm, Cooper, Holt, and Rhodes. Late in 1840 Rhodes established himself on the foreshore opposite what is now Courtenay Place, Wellington, and built the first wharf there, trading as W. B. Rhodes and Co., but he also continued to take up land in the North Island and, in partnership with two brothers, shared the South Island properties. His Wellington land included a sheep run on the hills of the present Wadestown and Highland Park, extending to Kaiwharawhara; another of 30,000 acres, Heaton Park, was near Bulls. Rhodes, whose interests were wide and diverse, built a large house known as “The Grange” at Wadestown and lived there until he died on 11 February 1878. W. B. Rhodes was twice married, but his only family was a daughter, Mary Ann, by a Maori woman. She contested her father's will, took it to the Privy Council, and was awarded “upwards of three-quarters of a million pounds”. This daughter married William Moorhouse in England, and their eldest son, William Barnard Rhodes Moorhouse, who legally adopted the name Rhodes Moorhouse, was the first airman to gain the Victoria Cross, which he won during the 1914–18 War. W. B. Rhodes was not distinguished as a public benefactor, despite his wealth, and was much criticised on that score. He was a member of the House of Representatives from 1853 to 1866, member of the Wellington Provincial Council, 1861–69, and of the Legislative Council, 1871–78. He was founder of the New Zealand Shipping Co., the New Zealand Insurance Co., and the Bank of New Zealand. He claimed for his firm an area of land estimated at 1,000,000 acres in Hawke's Bay, but these claims were disallowed. George Rhodes, second of the brothers to reach New Zealand, arrived in December 1843 and became manager of William's South Island property, and then partner. In 1847 they purchased Purau from the Greenwood Brothers (the earliest settlers there) in the first recorded sale of station property in New Zealand. Robert Heaton Rhodes reached Canterbury in 1850 and the three brothers then became partners in the Banks Peninsula properties, which had been extended. William directed policy from Wellington with some vigour. When the first four ships of the Canterbury Association reached Lyttelton in December 1850, they supplied the pioneers with fresh (but often tough) meat, milk, and vegetables from Purau. Possibly on the advice of a former whaler, Sam Williams, the brothers extended their pastoral activities to South Canterbury and, after an exploring trip to this virgin country in 1849, applied to the Governor, Sir George Grey, for a pasturage licence for an immense block between the Opihi and Pareora Rivers. The Levels County of today indicates part of this area, which was later reduced to three 25,000-acre blocks, each in the name of a brother. Robert and George drove sheep across the plains, and the station, known as the Levels, was established by 1851, with George as manager. Today the business centre of Timaru stands on the first 126 acres of land freeholded by the brothers, who had the foresight and sagacity to realise that any future town lay opposite the best landing places on the beach. No doubt generous gifts of sites for schools, churches, and other institutions helped to popularise this area, but time has proved the wisdom of these men. One of George's sons, A. E. G. Rhodes (1859-1922), was a member of the House of Representatives, and Mayor of Christchurch in 1901. Robert Heaton had worked in Australia before joining his brothers in 1850. He lived at Purau and managed the peninsula properties, but later moved to Christchurch and built a large house known as Elmwood, where he died on 1 June 1884. He represented various districts in the Canterbury Provincial Council from 1853 to 1874; was a member of the Executive Council from 1869 to 1870; and represented Akaroa in the House of Representatives from 1871 to 1874. He was a founder of the New Zealand Shipping Co., the Kaiapoi Woollen Co., and other early business enterprises, and judged the cattle at the first Canterbury Agricultural and Pastoral Show in 1853. His eldest son, Robert Heaton (1861–1956), afterwards Sir Heaton Rhodes, K.B.E., K.C.V.O., began a long parliamentary career in 1899 and held ministerial rank from 1912 to 1925. He was a Legislative Councillor from 1925 to 1932 and again in 1934. Sir Heaton bred pedigree stock at Otahuna, Taitapu, which was also famous for its fields of daffodils, grown for him by A. E. Lowe, an expert gardener. Sir Heaton owned one of the finest known collections of New Zealand postage stamps. Joseph Rhodes, who ran away to sea as a youth, joined his brother William in 1843, and then established himself in business as butcher and merchant in Wellington. He afterwards spent some years in Australia, but returned to New Zealand and became a man of property in Hawke's Bay, first acquiring the Clive Grange and then the Milton Grange estates. He played his part in Provincial Government in Hawke's Bay from 1859 to 1876. Joseph Rhodes was never a partner in the South Island land, but he bought and farmed some of the original areas claimed by his brother in Hawke's Bay. He died during a trip to Australia in 1905. The Rhodes brothers were inseparable from the early development, both pastoral and commercial, of New Zealand, and were men of such enterprise that two of them at least, William Barnard and Robert Heaton, have been accused of a too highly developed self-interest. Political associations enabled them to keep their enterprising fingers on any major developments, and their property, most of it close to expanding cities, gave them immense advantages as land values increased. George, who died on 18 June 1864, at the age of 47, seems to have been the most gentle and reticent of this band of brothers, who lived and worked through hard, uncertain years into an age which can be regarded, in retrospect, as one of grasping opportunism for those who amassed property and retained it through the difficult years. These men made the most of advantages which came to them through their own industry, for they were not afraid to remove their coats to engage in physical labour when the necessity arose. by Oliver Arthur Gillespie, M.B.E., M.M. (1895–1960), Author. - Old Land Claims Files (MSS), National Archives - George Rhodes of the Levels and His Brothers, Woodhouse, A. E. (1937) - Jubilee History of South Canterbury, Andersen, J. C. (1916) - South Canterbury, Gillespie, O. A. (1958).

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Exercise is important for people of all ages, but especially for those in their golden years. Sarcopenia - degenerative changes to bone and muscle due to agin - predisposes elderly persons to impaired mobility, the need to home services and/or hospitalization, and falls with subsequent injury related to said fall. The changes in bone mass - especially in post-menopausal women - lead to osteoporosis. This puts one at risk of fractures - especially of the hip and wrists. Hip fractures are especially worrisome as it has been shown that up to 36% of elderly people suffering a hip fracture will die within a year. Muscle mass decline begins early on in life (in the twenties in some people), but becomes more apparent after the age of 60, with an annual loss of 1-2%. This reduces strength, power, and functional ability. What does this mean? Well, for starters, everyday activities such as house cleaning become more difficult. Also, if one is to fall they are at increased risk of injury - but if by luck they do not injury themselves, the could potentially not have the capacity to get up off the floor. I've personal treatment elderly people who had fallen in their home and had no initial injury, however because tehy were not able to get themselves up off the floor they lay there for hours - one such patient being stuck on the floor for 12 hours. As a result, the patient developed a urinary tract infection because they were unable to get to the toilet and became incontinent of urine. They also began to develop sores. The reasons mentioned above testify to the importance of exercise for elderly people. Exercise can take any form, but a mix of resistance type activities coupled with cardiovascular can yield great benefits. Resistance exercise not only stresses muscle and lead to adaptative changes in structure - resulting in increases in strength; they also stress bones linearly which helps improve bone density and combat osteoporosis. A program design by Otago university in New Zealand has been developed and has been shown to reduced falls risks in elderly individuals. It combines balance and strength training, as well as a walking plan. for more details click here. I'm not going to give example programs here. There are numerous resources available for those interested in teaching elderly exercise classes or in participating. Check your local gym, talk to your GP or physio, and be active. Of course, if you have any questions feel free to contact me. I'll happily answer your question or point you in the right direction. That's all for now.

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Data analysis and Statistical Approaches These methods are generally data analysis methods where the general aim is to find a small number of shape functions or sinusoidal functions, or a small number of eigenvectors, that resolve with sufficient accuracy the spatial and temporal properties of the data. This data may relate to some of the forcings, like the waves, winds and currents, or to the bathymetry. An approximation of the data to about 80% to 85% may be sufficient for some applications and in such cases maybe 2 to 5 functions or eigenvectors may be chosen. However, it is generally preferably to be able to approximate the original data set with at least 90% (Gilmore and Lefranc, 2003), especially when the objective is to find a set of variables embed the original dataset, as is the case for some chaotic techniques (described in more detailed in section 5). Nonetheless, in coastal engineering it is common practice to approximate the data of interest with up to 5 functions or eigenvectors (see for example Rattan et al. 2005 or Li et al., 2005), in order to simplify the analysis. Such methods are described in more detail below, following the reviews by Southgate et al. (2003) and Larson et al. (2003). Bulk statistics methods, discussed by Larson et al. (2003), are briefly summarized below. Then follows an analysis methods for beach level data. Finally some advanced linear and nonlinear data analysis methods are presented. Bulk statistics methods This method uses the statistical properties of a data time series (mean, range, variance, correlation, etc) to characterise the behaviour of a system. As such, the implementation of the method is very simple, and it has thus been extensively used in many fields, including coastal research. These methods have traditionally been applied to short-term and long-term wave statistics, for instance. In short-term wave analysis, a wave height may be analysed directly, or after being decomposed in a sum of sinusoidal functions (that is, using a Fourier expansion), from which the moments of the data may be extracted. These methods allow, also, to calculate the properties of extreme events according to their probability of occurrence, and are thus very useful in coastal structure design (Larson et al., 2003). In relation to morphodynamics, statistical properties of the temporal and spatial evolution of different coastal features have been investigated, in particular as a preliminary step in studies when Principal Component Analyses are involved (see section 3.3). Linear analysis of beach level data The linear analysis of beach level data is demonstrated here using a set of beach profile measurements carried out at locations along the Lincolnshire coast (UK) by the National Rivers Authority (now the Environment Agency[link]) and its predecessors between 1959 and 1991, as described in HR Wallingford (2006c). Locations backed by a seawall were chosen and a time series of beach levels at a set point in front of the seawall at Mablethorpe Convalescent Home are shown in Figure 6. Use of trend line for prediction Straight lines fitted to beach level time series give an indication of the rate of change of elevation and hence of erosion or accretion. The measured rates of change are often used to predict future beach levels by assuming that the best-fit rate from one period will be continued into the future. Alternatively, long-term shoreline change rates can be determined using linear regression on cross-shore position versus time data. Genz et al. (2007) reviewed methods of fitting trend lines, including using end point rates, the average of rates, ordinary least squares (including variations such as jackknifing, re-weighted least squares, weighted least squares and weighted re-weighted least squares) least absolute deviation (with and without weighting functions). Genz et al. recommended that weighted methods should be used in uncertainties are understood, but not otherwise. The ordinary least squares, re-weighted least squares, jackknifing and least absolute deviation methods were preferred (with weighting, if appropriate). If the uncertainties are unknown or not quantified then the least absolute deviation methods is preferred. The following question then arises: how useful is a best-fit linear trend as a predictor of future beach levels? In order to examine this, the thirty years of Lincolnshire data have been divided into sections: from 1960 to 1970, from 1970 to 1980, from 1980 to 1990 and from 1960 to 1990, for most of the stations. In each case a least-squares best-fit straight line has been fitted to the data and the rates of change in elevation from the different periods are shown below: - From 1960 to 1970 the rate of change was -17mm/year; - From 1970 to 1980 the rate of change was -63mm/year; - From 1980 to 1990 the rate of change was +47mm/year. - From 1960 to 1990 the rate of change was -25mm/year. The data above indicates that 10-year averages provide little predictive capability for estimating the change in elevation for the next 10-years, let alone for the planning horizon that might need to be considered for a coastal engineering scheme. Few of the 10-year averages are close to the 30-year average. A prediction horizon is defined as the average length of time over which a prediction (here an extrapolated trend) produces a better level of prediction of future beach levels than a simple baseline prediction. Sutherland et al. (2007) devised a method of determining the prediction horizon for an extrapolated trend using the Brier Skill Score (Sutherland et al., 2004). Here the baseline prediction was that future beach levels would be the same as the average of the measured levels used to define the trend. A 10 year trend was found to have a prediction horizon of 4 years at Mablethorpe Convalescent Home (Figure 6). Similar values have been found at other sites in Lincolnshire. Gaussian distribution of residuals The good news is that distribution of residual (i.e. de-trended) beach levels seems to follow the common assumption that it is Gaussian, or normal distribution, as shown for the Mablethorpe data in Figure 7. Linear and nonlinear analysis of datasets The wavelet technique is similar to a Fourier analysis approach, where the signal is approximated by some basis functions, which in wavelet analysis are simply wavelet functions. The advantage of wavelets over Fourier based methods is that wavelets are localized both in frequency and time, where as sinusoidal functions are only localized in frequency (Burrus et al., 1998). Time resolution is achieved with wavelets by using a scalable modulated window that is shifted along the signal (C. Valens, http://perso.orange.fr/polyvalens/clemens/wavelets/wavelets.html#eq1, accessed 12/03/07). Other important properties of wavelets are that their mean is zero and their average squared norm is unity. Also, generally a very small number of wavelets is needed to reconstruct a function with sufficient accuracy. A very well known example of a wavelet is the Mexican cat, shown in Figure 8 on the left, which has only one peak. Figure 8 on the right shows the Morlet wavelet, with 5 peaks. These examples are examples of mother wavelets, which may be dilated and transformed to form the basis. The first wavelet function was developed by Haar (1910). Wavelets have traditionally been used in data analysis to increase the signal-to-noise ratio, and also to compress the data to only a few wavelet functions. Wavelets were first used in coastal morphodynamics by Sarah Little et al. (1993) to analyse large scale (of the order of 100 to 1000 kms) bathymetric evolution offshore the Hawaian islands; the wavelets the authors adopted for this analysis were Daubechies wavelets, a family of discrete orthogonal wavelets introduced by I. Daubechies (1988). Thanks to the wavelet scale analysis and application of a wavelet transform, the authors were able to discover a small, low-frequency topographic feature of around 200 kms in length, whose details suggest it is a slow-spreading rift. After this pioneering work, other topography identification investigations have followed (eg. Little et al., 1996). More recently, Li et al. (2005) analysed nearshore beach profile variability in Duck, North Carolina (USA); the space scales in this case were, instead, of the order of 0.1 kms. The objective of the study was to analyse both time and space variability of the bathymetry. Thus, the authors chose Daubechies’ wavelets as a base and adopt an adapted maximum overlap discrete wavelet transform (AMODWT), as both are very suitable for decomposition of signals with strong space and time variations. Li et al. (2005) study in detail a bathymetry profile that has been thoroughly surveyed since 1981. They identify the variance across the profile as nonstationary, with largest variations in the sandbank region; this region occurs between 100 and 400-500 m offshore. Within this region, the 128-256 m spatial scale contains most of the information, and makes the largest contribution to the variance for all the months surveyed. The authors suggest this is because high-energy waves would affect the bathymetry from the surf zone to deep water, that is for distances of the order of 100 meters. However, why high-energy waves, rather than the more ubiquitous moderate wave conditions, should have a larger effect on the wavelet decomposition is unclear. It is worth noting that the largest variations of the 128m occur in the sandbar region, indicating this is the region where the morphology evolves the most, which is to be expected. Contrary to the spatial scales, the temporal wavelets contribute differently to the total variance depending on the month considered and the position along the profile. However, it may be pointed out that the two temporal wavelets that span from 32-64 and 64-128 months, respectively, contain most of the variance. Contributions of lower order appear as large peaks in the profiles, indicating they are mostly event-related, rather than part of the average trend. This is highlighted by the authors with several examples. This work proves wavelets are a useful technique in signal decomposition and have great potential in coastal research. Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) and Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) The objective of the EOF and SSA techniques is for the variance of the original data set to be resolved with good accuracy with only a few shape functions. This is achieved by choosing the EOF or SSA modes in such a way that the variance resolved by each mode decreases with mode number. In this way, most of the variance of the original data set is resolved by the first few modes. A morphological variable sampled in space and time may be decomposed into a set of modes that resolve the spatial features and an another set of temporal modes, each composed a number of orthonormal eigenvectors (that is, these vectors are orthogonal and have norm 1). To each product of two eigenvectors (of which one is spatial and another one is temporal) corresponds an eigenvalue, that is, a constant, which is a measure of the variance resolved by that eigenvector product ; as explained above, the order of the eigenvectors is chosen so that the variance resolved decreases monotonically as the modes of the eigenvectors increase. These methods (both EOF and SSA, or more generally Principal Component Analysis - PCA - techniques) involve thus solving an eigenvalue problem for the covariance matrix based on the data, where this matrix may have the space sampling in its columns and the temporal sampling in its rows (Preisendorfer, 1988, as cited by Larson, 2003). The EOF methods has been used with success to analyse nearshore beach topography, as will be described below. However, the technique may not be appropriate for studies of bar dynamics as eigenfunctions are fixed in space but bars, on the contrary, are wave-like patterns that travel in time. Extended EOFs and Complex Principal Component Analysis, both modifications of EOFs, do not have such shortcoming; however, they rely on time-lagged data, and thus the data needs to be sampled at constant time intervals. This is not usual in coastal applications, as noted by Larson et al. (2003), but may be achieved via data interpolation. It is of interest to note that the SSA technique, described in more detail further below, is used generally for chaotic characterization studies. We first discuss, in the paragraph below, some applications of EOFs. Larson et al. (2003) cite three papers (Hayden et al. 1975 , Winant et al., 1975 and Aubrey et al., 1979) as pioneering applications of EOFs in coastal morphology, in particular for beach profile behaviour; these researchers, as Larson et al. (2003) point out, observed the lower order EOF modes could be related to particular coastal features, i.e. the mean profile, bars and berms, and low-tide terraces to the first, second and third order modes, respectively. Therefore, these studies also constitute first attempts of coastal characterization via EOFs. More recently, the EOF method together with a moving window model were used by Wijnberg and Terwindt (1995) to divide the Dutch coast into regions according to their characteristic patterns of behaviour. They analysed 115 kms of Dutch coast via 14 thousand near cross-shore transects at generally 250 m longshore intervals. These regions vary form 5 to 42 kms in size, each characterised mainly by what the authors define as ‘secondary’ features, that is features diverging from the mean profile such as mounds or sandbars (this example and those mentioned below are such that the mean has not been removed from the data). The authors observed subdecadal shifts of shoreline positions and speculate this could be related to sandbar dynamics. Larson et al. (2003) applied the same technique of Wijnberg and Terwindt (1995) to nearshore topography in a Dutch and a German coastal area. For the Dutch coastal site, the modes were related to the coastal features, with similar results as in Aubrey (1979) except that third EOF was shifter 90 degrees in phase with respect to the second and was also related to the bar system. For the german site, the technique was applied to study beach nourishment effects on topography evolution at a beach resort that has suffered from severe erosion in the past (Dette and Newe, 1997). In this case the first EOF indicated an increase in mean elevation. Similarly to other EOF analysis at other sites infilled sites, rapid changes occur at the beginning and were then followed by gradual adjustment to an equilibrium. In general the process takes one year if fill is nearshore, or considerably longer if the fill is at the berm, as Larson et al. (2003) observed. A particular modification of the EOFs, namely Singular spectrum analysis (SSA), has been used to identify chaotic properties of a system, that is, to determine the number (embedding dimension) of independent variables that are needed to describe the system, and the properties of the attractors in such system. SSA was extensively discussed by Southgate et al. (2003), and the main points raised by the authors are summarized here. Firstly, in the case of SSA the data matrix has in its columns not all the measured time series at all times, but the data at successive equitemporal lags, up to the maximum shift needed for a full system’s description. The number of columns of the data matrix defined as such is called the embedding dimension, d, and the SSA will not resolve periods longer than that corresponding to d. SSA may be used not only chaotic characterization, but also for noise reduction, data detrending, oscillatory characterization, or forecasting. Example applications to coastal morphology, given by Southgate et al. (2003), relate to long-term shoreline evolution. However, in general this technique has not been applied to coastal research, but rather to climatology (e.g. Ghil et al., 2002 ). Principal Oscillation Patterns and PIP In a Principal Oscillation Pattern (POP) analysis the data is analysed using patterns based on approximate forms of dynamical equations so may be used to identify changing patterns, such as standing waves and migrating waves (Larson et al, 2003). POP is a linearised form of the more general Principal Interaction Pattern (PIP) analysis. A POP analysis using the long-term Dutch JARKUS dataset of cross-shore beach profiles (Jansen, 1997) showed that POP systematically lost 4% to 8% more data than an EOF analysis. The prediction method was optimised using 8 POPs as adding more POPS included more of the noise. Różyński and Jansen (2002) applied POP analysis to 4 beach profiles at Lubiatowo (Poland) and recommended that an EOF analysis be carried out first. - ↑ Gilmore, R. and Lefranc, M., 2003, ‘The topology of chaos: Alice in Stretch and Squeezeland’, first edition, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co, Switzerland. - ↑ Rattan, S.S.P, Ruessink B.G., and Hsieh W. W., 2005, ‘Non-linear complex principal component analysis of nearshore bathymetry’, Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 12, 661–670. - ↑ Li, Y., Lark, M. and Reeve, D., 2005, ‘Multi-scale variability of beach profiles at Duck: A wavelet analysis’, Coastal Engineering 52, 1133-1153. - ↑ Southgate, H. N., Wijnberg, K. M., Larson, M., Capobianco, M. and Jansen, H., 2003, ‘Analysis of field data of coastal morphological evolution over yearly and decadal timescales. Part 2: Non-linear techniques’, Journal of Coastal Research 19 (4), 776-789. - ↑ Larson, M., Capobianco, M., Jansen, H., Rozynski, G. N., Stive, M., Wijnberg, K. M. and Hulscher, S., 2003, ‘Analysis and modeling of field data on coastal morphological evolution over yearly and decadal time scales. Part 1: Background and linear techniques’, Journal of Coastal Research 19 (4), 760-775. - ↑ Genz, A.S., Fletcher, C.H., Dunn, R.A., Frazer, L.N. and Rooney, J.J., 2007. ‘The predictive accuracy of shoreline change rate methods and alongshore beach variation on Maui, Hawaii.’ Journal of Coastal Research, 23(1): 87 – 105. - ↑ Sutherland, J., Brampton, A.H., Obhrai, C., Motyka, G.M., Vun, P.-L. and Dunn, S.L., 2007. ‘Understanding the lowering of beaches in front of coastal defence structures, Stage 2. Defra/EA Joint Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management R&D programme Technical Report FD1927/TR.’ Internet: to be made available from http://sciencesearch.defra.gov.uk after completion of review. - ↑ Sutherland, J., Peet, A.H. and Soulsby, R.L., 2004. Evaluating the performance of morphological models. Coastal Engineering 51, pp. 917-939. - ↑ Burrus, C. S., R. A. Gopinath and H. Guo, 1998, ‘Introduction To Wavelets And Wavelet Transforms, A Primer’, Prentice Hall, USA. - ↑ Haar A., 1910, ‘Zur Theorie der orthogonalen Funktionensysteme’, Mathematische Annalen 69, 331-371. - ↑ Little, S. A. and Smith, D.K., 1993, ‘Fault scarp identification in side-scan sonar and bathymetry images from the mid-atlantic ridge using wavelet-based digital filters’, Marine Geophysical Researches 18 (6), 741-755. - ↑ Daubechies I., 1988, ‘Orthonormal Bases Of Compactly Supported Wavelets’, Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 41 (7), 909-996. - ↑ Hayden, B., Felder, W., Fisher, J., Resion, D., Vincent, L. and Dolan, R., 1975, ‘Systematic variations in inshore bathymetry’, Technical report No. 10, Department on Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Virginia, USA. - ↑ Winant, C. D., Inman, D. L. And Nordstrom, C. E., 1975, ‘Description of seasonal beach changes using empirical eigenfucntions’, Journal of Geophysical Research 80 (15), 1979-1986. - ↑ Aubrey, D. G., Inman, D. L. and Winant, C. D., 1979, ‘Seasonal patterns of onshore/offshore sediment movement’, Journal of Geophysical Research 84 (C10), 6347-6354. - ↑ Wijnberg K. M. and Terwindt J. H. J., 1995, ‘Extracting decadal morphological behavior from high-resolution, long-term bathymetric surveys along the Holland coast using eigenfunction analysis’, Marine Geology 126 (1-4), 301-330. - ↑ Dette, H. H. and Newe, J., 1997, ‘Depot beach fill in front of a cliff. Monitoring of a nourishment site on the Island of Sylt 1984-1994.’ Draft Report, Leichweiss Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany. - ↑ Ghil M., R. M. Allen, M. D. Dettinger, K. Ide, D. Kondrashov, M. E. Mann, A. Robertson, A. Saunders, Y. Tian, F. Varadi, and P. Yiou, 2002, ‘Advanced spectral methods for climatic time series’, Reviews in Geophysics 40(1), pp. 3.1-3.41, doi:10.1029/2000RG000092. - ↑ Jansen, H., 1997. POP analysis of the JARKUS dataset: the Ijmuiden-Katwijk section. Fase 2 Report, Project RKZ-319, Delft Univ. Technology, Netherlands. - ↑ Różyński, G. and Jansen, H., 2002. Modeling Nearshore Bed Topography with Principal Oscillation Patterns. J. Wtrwy., Port, Coast., and Oc. Engrg., Volume 128(5) pp. 202-215 Please note that others may also have edited the contents of this article.

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Meet the engineers, scientists, technicians, and logistical experts whose ingenuity and innovations caused the Allies to win World War II. Conventional wisdom about World War II holds that by early 1943, the Allies had turned the tide of battle and that it was largely a matter of time before the Axis Powers were defeated. The reasoning is simple: by this time the Russians had decisively defeated the Germans at Stalingrad, the British had beaten them at El Alamein and the Allies had successfully landed in North Africa. Moreover, things were looking up in the Pacific theater where the United States had crushed the Japanese Navy at Midway and was about to secure Guadalcanal after months of hard fighting. In Engineers of Victory: The Problem Solvers Who Turned the Tide in the Second World War, Yale historian Paul Kennedy disagrees. According to Kennedy, the most critical period of the war was much later – from January 1943 to July 1944 – than is generally realized. Moreover, he attributes victory not to any single battle or major turning point but rather to the ability of the Allies to solve a handful of problems that, if unaddressed, would have prolonged the war significantly or even altered the outcome. These challenges were not addressed by grand strategists or military commanders but rather by a large number of engineers, scientists, technicians, and logistical experts whose ability to solve problems proved decisive in several key areas.

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Sunspot AR 1476 compared to the size of Earth. Image released May 10, 2012.NASA/SDO (Via Twitter @Camilla_SDO) The upper left corner of this image of the sun shows the biggest and most complex sunspot visible on the sun as of May 9, 2012. It has produced 7 M-class flares so far, but has not produced any coronal mass ejections.NASA/SDO The sun unleashed an M4.7 class flare at 8:32 EDT on May 9, 2012 as captured here by NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory. The flare was over quickly and there was no coronal mass ejection associated with it. This image is shown in the 131 Angstrom wavelength, a wavelength that is typically colorized in teal and that provided the most detailed picture of this particular flare.NASA/SDO Sunspot AR 1476 compared to the size of Jupiter. Image released May 10, 2012.SDO/NASA (via Twitter @Camilla_SDO) A huge sunspot that dwarfs the Earth is unleashing a series of powerful solar flares as it moves across the surface of the sun, NASA scientists say. Sunspot AR 1476 was detected by space telescopes on May 5. The huge sunspot is 60,000 miles (100,000 kilometers) across, so large that when it was first seen in views from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory spacecraft, mission scientists dubbed it a "monster sunspot." Earlier this week, space weather scientists predicted the sunspot would erupt with powerful solar flares, and those predictions have since come true. So far, the sunspot has fired off several flares, including a strong solar storm early Thursday, May 10. 'Solar activity has been at high levels for the past 24 hours with multiple M-class solar flares observed.' - Space Weather Prediction Center "Solar activity has been at high levels for the past 24 hours with multiple M-class solar flares observed," stated an update Thursday from the Space Weather Prediction Center, a joint service of NOAA and the National Weather Service. Sunspot region AR 1476 was responsible for nearly all of the sun's storm activity, center officials said. [Worst Solar Storms in History] On Thursday, sunspot AR 1476 unleashed a powerful flare at 12:18 a.m. EDT (0418 GMT) that registered as a class M5.7 eruption. M-class solar flares are medium-strength sun storms that can still unleash powerful blasts of radiation and magnetic solar plasma. So far, the sunspot has not triggered huge explosions from the sun, which scientists call coronal mass ejections. On the scale of solar flares, X-class storms are the most powerful and can interfere with satellites and infrastructure on Earth when aimed at our planet. M-class storms are the second-most powerful flares and can set off geomagnetic storms that create dazzling northern lights displays when the eruptions reach Earth. C-class flares, the weakest category, have little effect on Earth. NASA officials said the Thursday solar storm is just one of many to erupt from the massive sunspot. "The sunspot, dubbed Active Region 1476, has so far produced seven M-class flares and numerous C-class flares, including two M-class flares on May 9, 2012 that peaked at 8:32 EDT and 10:08 EDT," the space agency wrote in a Thursday space weather update. "These flares were all short-lived and there were no associated coronal mass ejections, so we do not expect any geomagnetic storms at Earth," NASA officials added. That means a supercharged northern lights display from the recent solar storms is currently unlikely. Another NASA account stated that the sunspot has unleashed as many as 32 solar flares so far. It will take sunspot AR 1476 about two weeks to complete its trip across the face of the sun, as seen from Earth, NASA officials said. The sun is currently in an active phase of its 11-year solar weather cycle. The current cycle, known as Solar Cycle 24, will peak in 2013.

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The list, which implies that "the sites belong to all the peoples of the world, irrespective of the territory on which they are located" now totals 936 natural, cultural and "mixed" properties. The newest "natural" additions to the World Heritage List are as follows. Wadi Rum Protected Area Located in southern Jordan, this site, considered a mixed natural and cultural site, features a varied desert landscape — narrow gorges, steep cliffs, arches and rock formations — filled with architectural remains and inscriptions that "trace the evolution of human thought and the early development of the alphabet." The Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley UNESCO says this property "is home to 13 globally threatened bird species and some of the highest bird diversities in the world. It is the single most important foraging site for the lesser flamingo anywhere, and a major nesting and breeding ground for great white pelicans." The black rhino, Rothschild's giraffe, greater kudu, lion, cheetah and wild dogs also call the region of three interlinked lakes home. Japan's Ogasawara Islands These Japanese islands made the list for "the wealth of their ecosystems which reflect a wide range of evolutionary processes." Nearly 200 endangered bird species and the Bonin flying fox, a critically endangered bat, are found on the archipelago, as are more than 400 native plants. "The remoteness of the Ogasawara Islands has allowed animals and plants to evolve practically undisturbed, making it a living evolutionary laboratory," Peter Shadie, deputy head of the International Union for Conservation of Nature's World Heritage delegation, told the press. Australia's Ningaloo Coast On Australia's remote western coast, the 604,500-hectare property includes one of the world's longest near-shore reefs. The site, with impressive marine and coastal habitats, boasts "exceptional biodiversity." Sea turtles and whale sharks fill its offshore waters. Below ground, streams and underground caves house their own ecosystem. (Credit for image of Wadi Rum, Jordan: Kevin Frayer/AP)

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News: News Archives NSF Funding for AAAS to Add Fun, Science to After-School In the coming months, children around the country are going to find out that their help is urgently needed in battling Deep Delete, a science-eating computer virus. Unless the children do a series of experiments and enter their findings into the Kinetic City Super Crew's on-line Web site, all of science will be lost to civilization on Vearth, the virtual Earth. "As an Actual, your job is to arm yourself with accurate information about the infected systems by doing our Reality Reboots," the Kinetic City Super Crew's on-line computer sidekick tells the children. "The truth you generate will help control the virus while the Super Crew and I figure out a way to defeat it for good!" The story line draws children in, and the activities teach them the principles of science, according to the results of a pilot project at two schools -- one in New York City and the other in Washington, DC. Based on those results, and thanks to a $1.3 million grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF), AAAS's Kinetic City Super Crew program, which began seven years ago as a weekly radio show, is again going national -- this time with its new on-line program. The principles that are taught by the program are based on the Benchmarks for Science Literacy, as developed by AAAS's Project 2061. "We create missions for the children based on the 12 main chapters in 'Benchmarks,' and the Deep Delete virus comes in 12 'strains' and 60 'sub-strains' that represent the information in those chapters," says Bob Hirshon director of media programs for the AAAS Directorate for Education and Human Resources. "So when kids fight back against Deep Delete and learn all this information, they are learning the science standards." Ideally, says Hirshon, the program will make its biggest inroads into communities where children have few chances of being exposed to standards-based science education and sophisticated teaching methods. The target population is made up of children 8 to 11 who take part in after-school programs. The program is geared for clubs of about 30 children. Each club will be divided into "crews" of five or six children who will work together to solve the science problems. Although the Web site is an important component of the program, only one of the science activities requires working on a computer, says Hirshon. "Once children complete the activities for a mission, they come back to the computer site and play a series of computer games to test their science knowledge," Hirshon says. "The better they do in the games, the more Kinetic City Power Points they earn." "We're trying to set it up so that we can absorb any number of clubs," Hirshon says. He notes that corporate sponsorship may be the key to funding local Kinetic City Super Crew clubs. "IBM in Washington is sponsoring two clubs," Hirshon says. "It's an easy way for a corporation to support science education on a regional basis. And we provide the content so they don't have to come up with it." In return for the cost of setting up the club and obtaining a Kinetic City licensing agreement, clubs will receive training for adult leaders, as well as boxes of written information and materials the children will need to carry out the activities. Hirshon notes that eash licensed club will have its own web site on which the children can report what they have learned. And, every two weeks, the children will be able to enter into live-video chats with real scientists on the Kinetic City Web site. For more information about the Kinetic City Super Crew Mission to Vearth, contact Bob Hirshon: 202-326-6432; firstname.lastname@example.org. -- Coimbra Sirica

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A very disturbing and far too common ailment—more so in dogs than in cats—is the seizure. Specifically, epilepsy or epileptiform seizures. If you have never seen a dog have a seizure, panic sets in quickly to the point that you become quite convinced that your pet is going to die. Epilepsy is not the only cause of seizures, but does seem the most common. It also is the one cause of seizures with no clear reason why it is happening. Other causes of seizures include poisons, toxins, diseases your pet could be born with or acquire later in life, changes in blood sugar, hormones or electrolytes. These all need to be ruled out so that proper treatment can begin. Epilepsy is called idiopathic epilepsy, meaning we don’t know what caused it. There are other terms like status epilepticus, which describes an essentially constant seizure—an emergency situation requiring immediate medical attention. Thank goodness this is hardly ever the case when dogs experience an epileptic seizure! Grand mal is the name for a full-blown—what you think of when you think of seizure—seizure. Petit mal describes an ‘absent seizure.’ Tonic/clonic is the term for the fullblown, muscle-wrenching, whole-body clamp-up of the grand mal seizure. An absent seizure is one without the tonic/clonic part—just a phase out, so to speak. It is quite uncomfortably clear when you see a grand mal seizure. It is unsure whether pets have petit mal seizures because how would you ever know if they even had one? Pets can have what is referred to as a ‘focal seizure,’ though, where a specific location on the body experiences seizure activity. Like I said, no fun for the dog or the owners. An epileptiform seizure is essentially an electrical storm of nightmarish proportions in the brain. When this occurs, the dog will stiffen and fall over, contracting every muscle in its body. This then progresses to rhythmic contractions of the limbs and jaws. Most often, the dog will lose control of its bladder and maybe the bowels, as well. After the seizure itself subsides, there is a third phase (the post-ictal phase). This is the dog recovering from the seizure. He’ll be ‘foggy’ or ‘out of it,’ and may just lay there, staring blankly. A lot of dogs snap right out of this phase and go back to normal in what seems like no time, leaving you wondering what the heck just happened. Although dogs may cry out during a seizure, they are considered unconscious and therefore, not in pain. I know that is a hard thing to convince an owner of when it happens. So how do you know if your dog is epileptic? There is nothing that really tells you. You have to find out everything it is NOT, and then blame it on epilepsy. That’s what makes it idiopathic. Couple that with the fact that you have to be present for the seizure to be able to describe it to your vet, and you can see clearly that other tests will need to be done to figure out the true cause of the seizure activity. Your pet could seize while you are at your son’s hockey game, and you may never know it save for a wet spot in the kitchen. Of course, you could definitively track the brain activity with an EEG, to diagnostically witness a seizure, but that just never happens. If you suspect your dog had a seizure, or more than one, you will need to describe that to your vet. The normal course of events would be to take a blood test to check for other abnormalities. With epilepsy, the tests usually come back unremarkable. Checking the thyroid level may be in order if some other symptoms suggest that route. Of course, an MRI would be ideal, but sometimes not realistic for some pet owners. Many dogs may have a seizure or two and never have another as long as they live. Others start and need to be treated right away. It’s good to keep a calendar of seizure activity to see if there is any kind of pattern to it. Most seizures seem to occur, oddly enough, at rest. Your vet will educate you on the management of epilepsy. And therein lies the only good thing about idiopathic epilepsy: In most cases, it is completely manageable—relative to other management diseases like diabetes, for instance. Most owners with epileptic dogs become experts at predicting a seizure by noticing what their dog’s pre-seizure behavior is. The same owner who six months earlier was hysterical—and rightly so—at the first seizure, can be pretty nonchalant about the 20th one. Shaky is going to have a seizure, they’ll say, and sure enough, it happens. The goal in management is control: less seizures (or no seizures), less severe ones, and decreasing the time it takes to snap out of them. So if your pup is unfortunate enough to have idiopathic epilepsy, feel good that you can help them live a long and fun life, with a little extra help from your vet.

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role playing, participants work together to understand many perspectives on an issue. listening to all voices and coming to a consensus. size: 12 to 36 participants. and pens for participant groups. Divide your participants into groups of 5-7 people, preferably strangers, with various backgrounds. Assign each person a role in the game: parent, head of a local industry or business, teacher, banker, graduating teenager, elderly person, municipal service provider (e.g. policeman), medical professional. Situation: Discuss what skills and knowledge children of today will need in order to be productive members of our society as adults. Situation: What is the largest sustainability problem in our community? Start small group discussions of the situation, with each participant bringing up points appropriate to the role he/she is playing. For example, the "business owner" might complain that young adults do not have good enough language skills to work as salespeople. Groups should determine whether or not there is a problem. Groups should strive to arrive at consensus (30 minutes). Ask one person from each group to state the group's answer to the Lead a discussion of the process by which each group arrived at consensus. are complex and cannot be defined in 30 minutes. In these cases, the desired learning outcome is understanding the complexity of an issue, not identifying

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Lesson of Jimmy Carter James Earl Carter Jr. may be a Nobel Peace Prize winner, but he wouldn't win many prizes among Georgia's political class. That's too bad. Some say he ought to be the politicians' No. 1 inspiration. Before Jimmy Carter became the most successful ex-prez in history and was selected for the Nobel for his good works; before the voters evicted him from the White House in 1980; before he ran for president in 1976? Before all that, Carter was governor of Georgia. And, by most accounts, his tenure rated an unenthusiastic "good" to "moderate" grade. The most remarkable part of his political career in Georgia was his campaign for governor and its immediate aftermath. In some ways, Carter's bid for governor in 1970 was similar to Sonny Perdue's effort in 2002. Just as Perdue claimed mostly to be everything Roy Barnes was not, Carter promised to be the antithesis of his Democratic primary opponent, former Gov. Carl Sanders, an urbane Augusta lawyer who had served Georgia ably as governor from 1963 to 1967. Sanders promised a fair shake for African-Americans in state government. Carter promised to invite Alabama Gov. George Wallace into the state to speak, and he vowed to retain an old-time segregationist as chairman of the state Board of Regents. He ran a subliminal "fergit, hell" campaign. Until the Barnes-Perdue race, the Carter-Sanders match was the last contest for governor that turned on racial symbols. Sanders was perceived as the moderate, urban-oriented, Atlanta-friendly candidate. Carter presented himself as the ultra-conservative, anti-Atlanta, rural white friend of those who thought blacks had gone too far. Carter won the primary against Sanders, and then brushed aside an Atlanta-centered opponent, Republican Hal Suit, to become governor. At his inauguration, Carter said the time had come to put aside racial matters. He delivered such a moderate (some say liberal) address that Time magazine put him on its cover as the symbol of the New South. Carter was on his way to national prominence. But the old-line segregationists in Georgia, those who had supported him so avidly against Sanders, never forgave him for what they saw as plain political treachery. Because of term limits in place at the time, Carter could not have been re-elected governor when he left office in 1975. But, out of loyalty to a native son, the state supported him for president a year later. When his presidency floundered, his old enemies back in Georgia grinned and said they knew it would happen. What they did not know was that the end of the Carter presidency was the beginning of the most distinguished part of his career. He established The Carter Center. He became the foremost apostle of American-style democracy throughout the world. He used his resources to fight disease and famine. He policed free elections in countries where free elections had never been held. And, oh, yes, he stepped on some of his presidential successors' toes by conducting his own foreign policy. He was nominated several times for the Nobel Peace Prize and finally won it this year. It was given to him for his work as a peacemaker in a thousand projects. Unfortunately, it also was awarded as a slap at President George W. Bush for his bellicose policies in the Middle East. Nevertheless, Carter's ultimate success should stand as an inspiration to elective officials who have endured defeat and decided their careers were at an end. In a recent interview on GPTV and PBS stations nationwide, Carter, now 78, said: "When I was involuntarily retired from the White House by the election in 1980, it took a while to get over the defeat. But I soon realized that I was one of the youngest presidents who had survived the White House and that I had a life expectancy still of about 25 years. So we explored what to do with the future.... We had access to almost any leader on earth. We had a lot of influence if we wanted to exert it." Roy Barnes, Max Cleland, Buddy Darden, Cynthia McKinney, Bob Barr, et al: Take note. Your defeat may be just a new beginning. Don't forget what happened to the losing candidate in the 1960 presidential campaign, who then went on to lose the 1962 California gubernatorial election as well. His name was Richard Nixon. If Jimmy Carter, a so-so governor who became a less than so-so president, can become one of the greatest citizens of the world, you too must know there can be a productive life after elective politics.

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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary - (obsolete) lacking strength; weak - (obsolete) ungraceful in movement - difficult to carry, handle, manage or operate because of its size, weight, shape or complexity - badly managed or operated difficult to carry, handle, manage or operate - “unwieldy” in Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary (2001).

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Americans are concerned about how their genetic information might be used against them by insurers and employers. To address these fears, both the House and Senate have passed the Genetic Information Non-Discrimination Act (GINA) which outlaws such discrimination by health insurers and employers. The law does not apparently apply to long-term care and life insurers. The idea of insurance is that people pool premiums together in order to cover unknown risks. What happens when individual risks are no longer unknown? Do better and more accurate genetic tests create the possibility of an adverse selection spiral? Perhaps. People who find that their genetic tests indicate that they have a much higher risk of a particularly debilitating illness, say Alzheimer's disease, might load up with gold-plated insurance. As more and more high-risk people buy insurance, insurers would have to raise their rates in order to pay for their medical care. Higher rates would then discourage relatively healthy people from buying insurance which then means insurers would have to raise their rates further and so forth until bankruptcy. The prospect of such an adverse selection spiral is not displeasing to advocates of government-supplied health care. As the New York Times reports: It may also give ammunition to those who argue for universal health care. “Ultimately unlocking all these genetic secrets will make the whole idea of private health insurance obsolete,” said Karen Pollitz, director of the Health Policy Institute at Georgetown University. Will pervasive genetic testing ineluctably lead down the slippery slope to government medical care? I believe that one way to avoid that outcome may be mandatory private insurance based on community rating. No doubt about it, the dawning of the era of genetic diagnoses holds great promise for treating and preventing diseases but also clearly poses many policy conundrums. Disclosure: Even before GINA passed, I sent my DNA into 23andMe for testing. Look for a future reason article in which I reveal all of my genetic flaws.

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10,000 in Singapore (Pakir 1986). Population total all countries: 12,000. Ethnic population: 250,000–400,000 (1986). Mainly Katong District, east coast and surrounding Geylang and Jao Chiat districts. Also in Malaysia. It developed after 15th century from Low Malay with many Min Nan Chinese [nan] borrowings. Regional variants between Malacca and Singapore. Partially intelligible with Standard Malay [zsm]. It is generally believed that Baba of Malaysia is more, refined, and that of Singapore more, rough. Most learn Standard Malay and English in school. Distinct from Peranakan Indonesian [pea]. Baba in Melaka, Malaysia speak a Hokkien-influenced Malay creole; those in Penang, Malaysia speak a localized version of Hokkien [hnh] (2006, Tan Chee Beng).

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View Entire Collection By Clinical Topic Diabetes – Summer 2012 Future of Nursing Initiative Heart Failure - Fall 2011 Influenza - Winter 2011 Nursing Ethics - Fall 2011 Trauma - Fall 2010 Traumatic Brain Injury - Fall 2010 Fluids & Electrolytes Distance learning via the World Wide Web offers convenience and flexibility. Online education connects nurses geographically in a manner that the traditional face-to-face learning environment lacks. Delivered in both a synchronous (real time interaction) or asynchronous (delayed interaction) format, distance programs continue to provide nurses with choice, especially in the pursuit of advanced degrees. This article explores the pros and cons of distance education, in addition to the most popular platform used in distance learning today, the Blackboard Academic Suite. Characteristics of the potential enrollee to ensure a successful distance education experience are also discussed. Distance nursing programs are here to stay. Although rigorous, the ease of accessibility makes distance learning a viable alternative for busy nurses. Nursing education via distance learning is not a new phenomenon and continues to gain in popularity. In fact, distance in formal education dates back to the middle of the 1800s with the transfer of letters between an instructor and a student (Potempa, 2001). More recently a survey in 1998, conducted by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, revealed that 51% of nursing schools claimed to incorporate some component of distance education in their program of study (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 1999). While face-to-face nursing education remains the primary method for the transfer of information and skills, it cannot be denied that distance education in nursing remains a viable addition and, in some cases, an alternative to traditional instruction. The convenient access and widespread use of the Internet have cemented the value and availability of distance education for nurses both nationally and internationally. The current and predicted nursing shortage lends support for the need to promote the advancement of nursing education, particularly with distance learning. One would expect the workforce to grow proportionately with the addition of educational venues. Specifically, nurse educators continue to be in especially high demand. The faculty shortage impedes the matriculation of qualified candidates into schools of nursing, thus contributing to the overall shortage. Therefore, the growing numbers of distance master's and doctoral programs facilitate the development of nursing faculty, as well as advanced practice nurses (Billings, 2007). Distance education is defined as "institutionally based formal education where the learning group is separated and where telecommunications technologies are used to unite the learning group" (Simonson, Smaldino, Albright, & Zvacek, 2006, p. 169). Kolowich (2010) reports that the number of fully online RN-to-BSN programs in the United States have grown from 96 in 2007 to 129 in 2009, a fraction when considering the 621 programs that currently exist nationwide. Distance programs come in a variety of formats: synchronously, requiring students to interact at the same time and asynchronously, when students choose their interaction times based upon facilitator-assigned course requirements. Programs may be strictly online or of a hybrid nature requiring face-to-face on-campus interaction each term or a one-time visit to campus per program. Technologies used to connect students with faculty may include print, audio, video, or computer. Other terms cited by Gruendemann (2007) to describe distance learning include "Web-based teaching, e-pedagogy, e-tutoring, distributive learning, technology-mediated instruction, and online teaching and learning" (p. 575). Distance learning takes place in undergraduate programs, RN-to-BSN programs, refresher courses, graduate programs, and healthcare facilities where RNs are learning new clinical specialties such as perioperative nursing (Gruendemann, 2007). In 2005, surveys indicated that the majority of distance enrollees were participants in the RN-to-BSN program (Lewis & Farrell, 2005). A distinct advantage with distance nursing education, particularly the online format, is flexibility, especially for busy professionals attempting to juggle work and family responsibilities. Online courses also offer geographic flexibility particularly beneficial for those students in remote areas of the country, saving travel time while increasing accessibility to a wide variety of course offerings. Linking geographic regions via the Internet creates a cohesiveness and collaboration among students and faculty members promoting a global exchange of ideas and information not possible in traditional learning environments. By virtue of the fact that successful distance learners must be responsible and self-directed may prompt participants to acquire greater personal and professional accountability. Online education creates opportunities to improve technology skills and students often report a newfound comfort with computer use. Experts agree that the increased availability of distance nursing education may have the ability to ease the nursing shortage. Enabling more RNs to pursue advanced degrees can help to relieve the critical lack of nursing faculty, thus maximizing enrollments in undergraduate nursing programs (Talbert, 2009). Distance learning is not without its shortcomings and presents challenges for learner and instructor alike. Naturally, the lack of face-to-face contact strains the student-faculty relationship. Instructor responsiveness delays contribute to student anxiety and difficulty understanding course materials. Depending on the individual, this format may ultimately lead to student frustration, creating feelings of isolation and insecurity. Distance students experience less collegiality as opposed to their traditional classroom counterparts. Gruendemann (2007) reports the "lack of personalized instruction" results in a "style of learning that is difficult for some students, with drop-out rates that are higher than for traditional learning" (p. 578). Instructors must acclimate themselves to a paradigm shift from instructor to facilitator. New modalities of teaching and learning can be time-consuming. For example, posting written messages is more labor intensive than classroom dialogue, requiring consistent student participation and facilitator oversight. Dependence on technology can place added stress on student and facilitator, requiring all participants to be comfortable and knowledgeable with navigating the platform. Facilitators, in particular, must be computer savvy. Finally, there are high costs associated with program development that may be passed on through tuition costs depending on the institution (Gruendemann, 2007). Distance learning programs via a virtual classroom use a variety of computer program platforms to facilitate the electronic connection to the class. There are several online computer platforms that are used throughout the US educational system and selection is strictly an institutional preference. Some of the most commonly employed platforms include Blackboard, Angel (acquired by Blackboard in May, 2009), Moodle, Sakai, and Adobe Acrobat Connect Professional Meeting. These platforms allow the online student to interact with the course instructor and sometimes class members in multiple ways. Basic methods include online real-time (synchronous) discussion with the instructor or class members that use a discussion format via audio/video Web cam; course restrictive e-mails to only students in the class or the instructor; discussion boards in which responses or questions are posted in written format through a self-paced (asynchronous) area, then accessed by students and faculty at a time of individual choosing; homework areas where assignments are electronically submitted; and quiz/examination administration (Smith, 2009). The Blackboard(TM) platform is used by more than 70% of American colleges and universities (Bradford, Porciello, Balkon, & Backus, 2007). Recommendations for usage include the following hardware requirements: at least 2.0 gigahertz, a minimum of 512 megabytes, with 1 gigabyte being optimal, a hard drive of at least 120 gigabytes for videotape and any compressed file presentations, and a graphics card with at least 64 megabytes of graphic memory to keep streamed or downloaded video playing without interruption (Servonsky, Daniels, & Davis, 2005). Since Blackboard(TM) is entirely Web-based, to ensure success and minimize transmission delays that cause frustration, the student should employ high-speed Internet connections such as cable, DSL, or satellite, especially for graduate-level courses in which documents and content are too large for dial-up service. Minimum software requirements include Microsoft Internet Explorer 6.0(R) or higher with Java Script(R) as well as Windows XP Professional(R)/Home(R) or Windows 2000(R) (Servonsky et al., 2005). The Blackboard(TM) platform is not without drawbacks. For distance program facilitators, course preparation is more time-consuming than traditional face-to-face instruction. The platform also lacks an instant messaging feature creating delay in real-time communication. In addition, posting a written response is slower and more labor-intensive for the student than a verbal exchange of ideas in the conventional setting. Typed responses require more focus, because student replies are interconnected or threaded, one upon the other. Written postings often become a complex series of statements and it can become difficult to ascertain who is responding to whom. In contrast, spoken language uses auditory reception and is processed more quickly by the participants. Blackboard(TM) enables the facilitator to monitor online participation by reporting the quantity and quality of student engagement, thereby placing specific demands on time spent in the virtual classroom. As a result, virtual class time in all probability may be equal to or greater than the time students spend in face-to-face instruction. Proficiency in computer use will result in a more satisfying, less stressful distance learning experience. Prospective students can avail themselves of online survey tools to help to determine their ability to handle the distance format. Survey sites can be accessed from the Indiana College Network, the National Coalition for Telecommunications, Education and Learning, Thomson Peterson's Distance Learning, and the University of Michigan-Flint Online (Damazo, Shovein, Huston, & Fox, 2002). Computer and Internet capabilities must be sufficient to support the institutional platform. Students would do well to check the program's computer requirement before matriculating in to any distance program. Nursing students have reported an increase in computer skills as a result of participation in a distance program (Ryan, Carlton, & Ali, 1999). The ability to express oneself via written communication is also essential, because this is the primary method of interaction. While not as spontaneous as verbal classroom exchange, written postings prompt students to research topics and develop critically, thought-filled responses. Distance programs are rigorous undertakings. Students need to be motivated and self-directed. Johnston, Killion, and Oomen (2005) purport that "online courses are equal or more challenging than traditional face to face courses because the primary responsibility for facilitating learning shifts to the student" (p. 4). The lack of face-to-face instructor oversight can lead to procrastination; therefore, the distance learner must have superior time management skills and self-discipline. As well, lack of real-time instructor-student interaction may be particularly challenging for those nurses who have had a long absence from academia. Distance nursing programs continue to flourish and are a popular alternative to traditional learning. Accessibility to the Web, program choices, and convenience contribute to the expansion and acceptance of this approach to nursing education. Experts agree that distance programs may help to ease not only the critical nursing shortage but the lack of nursing educators as well (Billings, 2007). Distance education assists in making nursing programs more accessible, enabling fewer educators to reach a wider, geographically dispersed audience of professionals, especially those seeking to build upon entry-level preparation with advanced degrees. An increase in master- and doctoral-prepared educators should increase qualified candidate enrollment into schools of nursing, thus easing the predicted shortage by the impending retirement of the baby boomer workforce. Nurses particularly comfortable with technology are especially suited for distance nursing programs. However, the sense of isolation that is often experienced with this type of learning ought to be considered. To prevent such feelings, learners must be diligent in communicating regularly with facilitators and colleagues. Student program choice should consider accreditation standards, the ability to transfer credits, costs, and whether an on-campus component is required. Damazo et al. (2002) contend that "most high-quality programs require students to visit the campus so that they can be acquainted with the faculty and the program philosophy" (p. 97). Johnston et al. (2005) reported that "recent research found online delivery to be just as effective as traditional face to face courses" (p. 2). However, results have yet to be published as to the effectiveness of online nursing programs in the provision of basic licensure requirements. At the very least, nursing clinical requirements should continue to incorporate a component of face-to-face instruction in combination with online course work. Certain nursing skills require the demonstration of competence that at this point in time can be evaluated only by instructor supervision. Yet, the popularity and success of the online RN-to-BSN program of study would seem to validate the appeal distance learning has for many nurses. The reach of the World Wide Web and advances in technology continue to proliferate at astounding rates. As the evolution of nursing education continues to unfold, one need only to imagine the possibilities and the promise distance programs hold for the future of professional nursing. American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (1999). White paper: Distance technology in nursing education. Washington, DC: Author. [Context Link] Billings D. (2007). Distance education in nursing. Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 25(3), 121-123. [Context Link] Bradford P., Porciello M., Balkon N., Backus D. (2007). The Blackboard learning system. The Journal of Educational Technology, 35, 301-314. [Context Link] Damazo B., Shovein J., Huston C., Fox S. (2002). Distance education: Try this at home? American Journal of Nursing, 102(6), 97-98. [Context Link] Gruendemann B. (2007). Distance learning and perioperative nursing. AORN Journal, 85(3), 574-586. [Context Link] Johnston J., Killion J., Oomen J. (2005). Student satisfaction in the virtual classroom. The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice. Retrieved March 2, 2010, from http://ijahsp.nova.edu[Context Link] Kolowich S. (2010). Online cure for the nursing crisis. Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved March 1, 2010, from http://www.insidehighered.com/layout/set/print/news/2010/02/02/nursing[Context Link] Lewis J., Farrell M. (2005). Distance education: A strategy for leadership development. Nursing Education Perspectives, 26(6), 362-367. [Context Link] Potempa K. (2001,). Where winds the road of distance education in nursing? Journal of Nursing Education, 40(7), 291-292. [Context Link] Ryan M., Carlton K., Ali N. (1999). Evaluation of traditional classroom teaching methods versus course delivery via the World Wide Web. Journal of Nursing Education, 38(6), 272-277. [Context Link] Servonsky J., Daniels L., Davis B. (2005). Evaluation of Blackboard(TM) as a platform for distance education delivery. The ABNF Journal, 132-135. [Context Link] Simonson M., Smaldino S., Albright M., Zvacek S. (2006). Teaching and learning at a distance: Foundations of distance education (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. [Context Link] Smith D. (2009). Know the computer platform before taking online college classes. Bright Hub. Retrieved March 1, 2010, from http://www.brighthub.com/education/online-learning/articles/[Context Link] Talbert J. (2009). Distance education: One solution to the nursing shortage. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 13(3), 269-270. [Context Link] Find in-depth content on major issues provided by leading companies in partnership with NursingCenter.com BD Safety Beyond Needlestick Prevention Learning Center Sponsored by BD Medical Sign up for our free enewsletters to stay up-to-date in your area of practice - or take a look at an archive of prior issues Join our CESaver program to earn up to 100 contact hours for only $34.95 Explore a world of online resources Back to Top

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As computational resources modernize, physicists have become increasingly interested in understanding the dynamics of disease spread. The problem is essentially one of statistical physics, where the theory of phase transitions and critical phenomena and the tools of numerical simulations enable physicists to predict how epidemic outbreaks will evolve in time . Most recent progress has considered diseases that die out quickly, but when persistent infections occur in a population, individuals may be infected but not infectious (i.e., “latently” infected) for long periods of time—even a lifetime. From a technical point of view, this seemingly minor aspect implies the system is open, since newborns enter the dynamics and some individuals die for causes not directly related to the disease. Now, in a paper appearing in Physical Review E, Joaquín Sanz, L. Mario Floría Peralta, and Yamir Moreno Vega at the Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain, report on the threshold for an epidemic to occur for persistent diseases. In particular, they consider one of the most threatening cases, tuberculosis. Using the tools of network theory to describe the way individuals interact and infect one another, Sanz et al. show that the epidemic threshold depends on the distribution in the connectivity of the network nodes; namely, the ratio between the mean and standard deviation of this distribution. Although this result is similar to what occurs in diseases without latent periods, the techniques and ideas Sanz et al. have introduced represent an important step towards the modeling of persistent infections that will be useful in more general contexts. – Alex Arenas I. B. Schwartz and L. B. Shaw, Physics 3, 17 (2010).

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Lions and tigers and bears, oh my! In honor of April’s status as Zoo and Aquarium Month, I’ve listed some of the best virtual zoos for you to explore. Virtual zoos are websites that are created to simulate a visit to a zoo. But instead of actual animals, the visitors to these sites can view photos and articles about animals and their habitats. Virtual zoo exhibits provide information and contribute to education with little if any impact to real animal life. Many existing zoos have developed their own virtual zoos, often using live webcams. The following virtual zoos offer quality educational content. ARKive – A unique collection of thousands of videos, images, and fact-files illustrating the world’s animal species, prioritizing those species at most risk of extinction. Preserved and maintained for future generations, ARKive is making this key resource accessible to all, from scientists and conservationists to the general public and school children, via its award-winning website. ARKive can be used in a whole range of school science projects – from exploring the world’s most threatened habitats to discovering new species. The Electronic Zoo – The first virtual zoo was created in 1994 by Ken Boschert, DVM. Boschert created his site as a way of informing people about animals and how to care for them. ExZOOberance – Since 1999, the largest virtual zoo in the world with hundreds of your favorite animals. The animal pictures and animal facts are interesting and helpful for research projects. Parents, teachers, and kids of all ages love exZOOberance. You will find animals, including hard-to-find endangered species, roaming free on every page. The National Zoo – You can take a virtual visit to the National Zoo in Washington, D.C. any day of the week by tuning into their live animal web cams. Pioneer Virtual Zoo – This virtual zoo contains animal exhibits created by the 7th graders of Pioneer Middle School – it’s a virtual zoo of animal facts by kids for kids! San Diego Zoo – The kids section of the San Diego Zoo contains animal cams and videos. Switcheroo Zoo – Switcheroo Zoo (a.k.a. Switch Zoo) started as a small project by simply playing around with the idea of making new animals by switching their parts. Today the site also features animal games, music performed using animal voices, a reference section, lesson plans, poetry, stories and artwork. Virtual Zoo Toddler Activity – You don’t have to leave the house to see all those exotic animals! It is the modern day…use technology. This is a perfect activity for a rainy day or for those toddlers learning their animals. Seat your toddler on your lap in front of your computer. Then simply click on the play button for each animal. Zoobooks Virtual Zoo – Zoobooks, the magazine series in which each issue contains facts about a specific animal or group of animals, has an online virtual zoo with interactive activities to help children enjoy learning about animals.

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Guide to Making Federal Acts and Regulations: Part 3 - Making Regulations - Overview - This part provides an overview of the regulatory process and is intended to situate the process of making regulations within the broader context of making laws. Persons directly involved in the development and the processing of regulations should refer to the Regulatory Policy and the Process Guides. - In this part - What are regulations? - What is the legal framework for regulations? - What is the policy framework for regulations? - Summary of the regulatory process - Audience - All Government officials involved in the law-making process and other interested persons. - Key Messages - The Statutory Instruments Act and the Regulatory Policy govern the making of regulations. - The Statutory Instruments Act establishes a process designed to ensure that regulations are made on a legally secure foundation and are accessible through the Canada Gazette. - The Regulatory Policy establishes requirements for a Regulatory Impact Analysis as a means of ensuring that the Government's regulatory activity serves the public interest, particularly in the areas of health, safety, the quality of the environment and economic and social well-being. - Ensuring that the public's money is spent wisely is also in the public interest. The Regulatory Impact Analysis also involves weighing the benefits of alternatives to regulation, and of alternative regulations, against their cost, and focusing resources where they can do the most good. - To these ends, the federal government is committed to working in partnership with industry, labour, interest groups, professional organizations, other governments and interested individuals. What are regulations? Regulations are a form of law, often referred to as delegated or subordinate legislation. Like Acts, they have binding legal effect and usually state rules that apply generally, rather than to specific persons or situations. However, regulations are not made by Parliament. Rather, they are made by persons or bodies to whom Parliament has delegated the authority to make them, such as the Governor in Council, a Minister or an administrative agency. Authority to make regulations must be expressly delegated by an Act. Acts that authorize the making of regulations are called enabling Acts. An Act generally sets out the framework of a regulatory scheme and delegates the authority to develop the details and express them in regulations. Most regulations are designated as such in the Act that authorize them to be made. However, Acts sometimes authorize the making of documents that have the same legislative effect, but which are called by another name, for example, "by-laws," "rules," "tariffs," "ordinances" or "orders." Usually, these documents are made in the same way as regulations and are subject to the same policy and legal constraints. What is the legal framework for regulations? A regulation-making authority does not have a free hand in making regulations. There are a number of legal constraints, including the Constitution and other generally applicable laws discussed in Chapter 1.2 "Legal Considerations". One of the most important of these for regulations is the Statutory Instruments Act (SI Act) and the Statutory Instruments Regulations (SI Regulations), which are made under it. They set out three basic legal requirements for making regulations: - legal examination, - publication in the Canada Gazette. Enabling Acts provide an additional source of legal constraints. Regulations must stay within the scope of the authority that the enabling Act grants and must not conflict with it or restrict or extend the scope of its application. What is the policy framework for regulations? The Regulatory Policy of the Government of Canada provides the primary policy framework for making regulations. Its objective is to ensure that use of the government's regulatory powers results in the greatest net benefit to Canadian society. It states that regulatory authorities must ensure that: - Canadians are consulted, and that they have an opportunity to participate in developing or modifying regulations and regulatory programs. - They can demonstrate that a problem or risk exists, federal government intervention is justified and regulation is the best alternative. - The benefits outweigh the costs to Canadians, their governments and businesses. In particular, when managing risks on behalf of Canadians, regulatory authorities must ensure that the limited resources available to government are used where they do the most good. - Adverse impacts on the capacity of the economy to generate wealth and employment are minimized and no unnecessary regulatory burden is imposed. In particular, regulatory authorities must ensure that: - information and administrative requirements are limited to what is absolutely necessary and that they impose the least possible cost; - the special circumstances of small businesses are addressed; and - parties proposing equivalent means to conform with regulatory requirements are given positive consideration. - International and intergovernmental agreements are respected and full advantage is taken of opportunities for coordination with other governments and agencies. - Systems are in place to manage regulatory resources effectively. In particular, regulatory authorities must ensure that: - the Regulatory Process Management Standards are followed; - compliance and enforcement policies are articulated, as appropriate; and - resources have been approved and are adequate to discharge enforcement responsibilities effectively and to ensure compliance where the regulation binds the government. - Other directives from Cabinet concerning policy and law making are followed such as: - Cabinet Directive on Law-making, - 1999 Cabinet Directive on the Environmental Assessment of Policy, Plan and Program Proposals, - Cost Recovery and Charging Policy. The Special Committee of Council (a committee of the Cabinet) is responsible for the Regulatory Policy. The Regulatory Affairs Division of the Regulatory Affairs and Orders in Council Secretariat of the Privy Council Office supports the Special Committee in this responsibility by providing advice, developing guides, supporting capacity-building to help regulatory authorities comply with the policy, and monitoring the effectiveness of this policy. Summary of the Regulatory Process Most regulations and some other documents have to meet the requirements of a series of steps known as the regulatory process. This process is a combination of requirements that flow from the legal and policy frameworks. It includes the following steps: - development of a regulatory proposal by a department responsible for an enabling Act or an administrative agency or other body that has regulation-making authority (sponsoring department or agency), - central agency review (by Privy Council Office, Treasury Board Secretariat, Department of Justice); - making or approval; - coming into force; - parliamentary scrutiny. Who is involved in the process? The following are the main participants in the regulatory process: - the authority that "makes" or "approves" the regulation - usually the "Governor in Council," which is the Governor General acting on the advice of the Privy Council (this advisory role is usually exercised by the Special Committee of Council) - sometimes another Cabinet committee (such as the Treasury Board) or a particular Cabinet minister, - sometimes an administrative agency, such as the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, or other body; - the Minister and the officials in the sponsoring department (in the case of Governor in Council or ministerial regulations) or the officials in the sponsoring agency (in the case of regulations made by an agency); - the Clerk of the Privy Council; - the Regulatory Affairs and Orders in Council Secretariat of the Privy Council Office; - the Deputy Minister of Justice; - the Regulations Section of the Department of Justice; - the Treasury Board Secretariat; - the Canada Gazette Directorate of the Department of Public Works and Government Services; - the Standing Joint Committee of the Senate and the House of Commons for the Scrutiny of Regulations. What documents are subject to the regulatory process? The regulatory process applies to most regulations, as defined in the Statutory Instruments Act (SI Act). Four types of documents are regulations: - documents described as "regulations" in an Act; - rules, orders and regulations governing the practice or procedure in proceedings before a judicial or quasi-judicial body established by or under an Act; - statutory instruments (as defined in the SI Act) made in the exercise of a legislative power conferred by or under an Act; and - statutory instruments (as defined in the SI Act) for the contravention of which a penalty, fine or imprisonment is prescribed by or under an Act. Some regulations are not subject to the regulatory process. They are wholly or partially exempted by their enabling Act or by the Statutory Instruments Regulations. The Regulations Section of the Department of Justice provides advice on whether documents are regulations. Information on this question is also found in Part 2, section 2 of the Federal Regulations Manual (which is published by the Regulations Section). The legal requirements of registration and publication (but not the policy requirements) also apply to a second group of documents. These include statutory instruments that fall outside the definition of "regulation" (for example, an order fixing the day on which an Act comes into force). Although there is no legal requirement for the examination of these documents, in practice the Regulations Section examines them as well. Conception and development of regulations Having the authority to make a regulation does not justify making it. The requirements of the Regulatory Policy must also be met. This includes demonstrating that a problem or risk exists, that the Government should intervene and that regulation is the best option. A regulation may not be the best tool or the only one to be used to achieve a policy objective. Before deciding whether to regulate a particular field of activity, the sponsoring department or agency must assess all the possible solutions for achieving its objectives. If it concludes that a regulation should be pursued, it must initiate a process of planning, analysis and public consultation in accordance with the Regulatory Policy. Early notice of proposed major regulations is given in departmental and agency annual Reports on Plans and Priorities submitted to Parliament. The extent to which a regulation has achieved its stated objective is subsequently reported to Parliament in the annual departmental Performance Reports. The department or agency then drafts its regulatory proposal with the assistance of its legal advisers and, in some cases, the Regulations Section of the Department of Justice. Regulatory Impact Analysis An analysis of the expected impact of each regulatory initiative must be done. The results of this analysis are summarized in a Regulatory Impact Analysis Statement (RIAS). Each section of the RIAS implements one or more elements of the Regulatory Policy. The RIAS is, in effect, a public accounting of the need for each regulation in terms of this policy. The RIAS explains: - the elements of the regulatory proposal, including what problems or situations it addresses and what it is meant to achieve; - what alternatives to regulation have been considered; - what are the anticipated costs and benefits of the regulations; - what consultations have been carried out and what opportunities Canadians have had to be heard; - what is the response of the department or agency to the concerns voiced or suggestions made; - what mechanisms are built in to ensure compliance with the regulations once they are in force; - how the effectiveness of the regulations will be measured. The RIAS serves the same purpose as a Memorandum to Cabinet, used by ministers to make informed decisions on the making of laws. The RIAS also becomes a public document that helps the Government to be accountable to Canadians and parliamentarians in the exercise of delegated authority for the making of laws. Each of these audiences demands that the RIAS be prepared with close attention, ensuring that material submitted for consideration: - is written in simple, clear, complete and concise language that the general public can easily understand; - describes the problem or situation that it is intended to address; and - describes the potential impact of the proposal and the measures to be taken to minimize any adverse effects. Detailed guidance to the preparation of a RIAS may be found in the RIAS Writers' Guide (TBS). This guide explains the objectives of the RIAS and some approaches that will result in an excellent finished product. For regulations that have to be made or approved by the Governor in Council, a communications plan is required and, if needed, a supplementary note. The communications plan covers, among other things, the strategy to be used by the department or agency to bring the regulatory measures to the attention of the groups affected once they are made. As well, confidential information to support decision making should be placed in a supplementary note and be separate from the RIAS. Central Agency Review Clerk of the Privy Council and Deputy Minister of Justice The roles of the Clerk of the Privy Council and the Deputy Minister of Justice are set out in the SI Act. They are supported in these roles by the Regulatory Affairs and Orders in Council Secretariat of the Privy Council Office and by the Regulations Section of the Department of Justice. Regulatory Affairs and Orders in Council Secretariat The Regulatory Affairs and Orders in Council Secretariat (RAOIC) is responsible for monitoring, coordinating and advising on regulatory and Orders in Council issues and policies, and their consistency with economic, social and federal-provincial policies. The RAOIC secretariat is divided into the Regulatory Affairs Division and the Orders in Council Division. The secretariat provides support to the Special Committee of Council (SCC) with respect to regulatory and Orders in Council matters. The prime responsibilities of the Regulatory Affairs Division include: - the monitoring of regulatory proposals; - the provision of substantive support to SCC through analysis, briefing, and advice with respect to regulatory proposals; and - support for the implementation and development of the Regulatory Policy. In more specific terms, it reviews each regulatory proposal from an overall policy perspective and may request additional information or analyses from the sponsoring department prior to the proposal being submitted to the SCC for consideration. The Orders in Council Division's main responsibilities include: - the management of the approval process for all Orders in Council, regulations, and other statutory instruments; - the provision of secretariat services to the SCC; - the provision of advice on the use of Orders in Council and/or Instruments of Advice; - the production and distribution of Orders in Council; - the registration and publication of regulations in Part II of the Canada Gazette; and - the maintenance of records of approved Orders in Council, the Consolidated Index of Statutory Instruments, and a number of Oath Books (see http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/oic-ddc). The tasks of the Deputy Minister under the SI Act are carried out by the Regulations Section, which examines all proposed regulations submitted by departments and agencies (except those exempted from examination), to ensure that: - they are authorized by the enabling statute; - they do not constitute an unusual or unexpected use of the authority under which they are to be made; - they do not trespass unduly on existing rights and freedoms and are not, in any case, inconsistent with the Canadian Bill of Rights or the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; and - their form and drafting are in accordance with established standards. When it has finished its examination, the Regulations Section stamps the draft regulations. If the solution found for any legal problems in the file involves some legal risk, the Regulations Section writes to the department or agency explaining what the risk is. If serious legal issues remain unsettled, the Regulations Section reports its concerns to the Clerk of the Privy Council. Regulations are not invalid just because they have been made without being examined by the Regulations Section. However, the Clerk can refuse to register them and the Governor in Council can, on the recommendation of the Minister of Justice, repeal all or part of any regulation that was made without having been examined. Treasury Board Secretariat The Treasury Board Secretariat examines draft regulations that, under their enabling statutes, require Treasury Board approval or recommendation. It also examines regulations that are liable to have significant financial implications, including those related to cost recovery programs. The purpose of pre-publication is to give those who are interested in a regulatory proposal an opportunity to determine the extent to which the proposal is in keeping with previous consultations. A Cabinet Directive of 1986 requires draft regulations to be pre-published in Part I of the Canada Gazette, before they can be made. In some cases this requirement is imposed by the enabling Act. Part I of the Canada Gazette can be accessed online. An exemption from pre-publication may be granted unless pre-publication is required by the enabling Act. For regulations made or approved by the Governor in Council, exemptions may be granted by the Special Committee of Council and are considered on a case by case basis. For more information on exemptions, see the Federal Regulatory Process. For regulations made by a Minister or agency, exemptions may be granted by the Minister or agency. The pre-publication requirement does not apply to documents that are not regulations, unless the enabling Act says so. Draft regulations must be approved before they are pre-published. If the regulations are made or approved by the Governor in Council, the approval is given by the Special Committee of Council. If they are made by a minister or agency, the approval is given by the minister or agency. The RIAS is published along with the draft regulations. When draft regulations are pre-published, interested persons are allowed a period of time to express their views. The period is usually 30 days in the case of regulations pre-published under the Cabinet policy. In other cases, the length of pre-publication may be specified in the enabling Act. The pre-publication period may also be determined by international agreements, such as the World Trade Organization agreements and the North American Free Trade Agreement. In general, it is both prudent and a requirement of the Regulatory Policy that regulations covered under international trade agreements be pre-published for a minimum of 75 days. Making or Approval of Regulations A regulation is "made" when it is officially established by the regulation-making authority. This is usually done through a separate document called an executive order. The regulation is attached to the order as an annex. If the authority is the Governor in Council, the executive order is an "order in council" and the regulation is made when the Governor General indicates that the order in council is made. If the authority is a minister, the executive order is a "ministerial order" and the regulation is made when the minister signs the ministerial order. In the case of an agency or other body, the executive order is usually a resolution or other document, depending on its decision-making process. In the case of regulations made by the Governor in Council, the sponsoring department must seek the approval of the responsible Cabinet committee, which is usually the Special Committee of Council. In preparing this submission, the department must augment its original RIAS documents with information relating to the comments received during the pre-publication period, any actions taken to address those comments and the rationale for the department's response. Sometimes an enabling Act not only authorizes someone to "make" regulations, it also says that some other person or body must "approve" them. For example, the enabling provision may say "The Commission may, with the approval of the Governor in Council, make regulations …" Approval is given through an executive order, such as an order in council or a ministerial order. The SI Act requires regulations to be transmitted to the Clerk of the Privy Council within seven days after they are made so that they can be registered, unless the SI Regulations exempt them from this requirement because they are too numerous. For regulations, the Clerk records the title of the regulation, the name of the regulation-making authority, the source of the power to make the regulation, the date of making and the date of registration, and assigns it a number, preceded by the designation "SOR." For other documents, the Clerk records much the same information and assigns each its own number, preceded by the designation "SI". In practice, the Clerk's responsibilities are fulfilled by the Orders in Council Division of the Regulatory Affairs and Orders in Council Secretariat. Coming into force Registration is a crucial step in the case of regulations because it determines when they take effect. Regulations that must be registered come into force on the day they are registered, unless the enabling statute or the regulations themselves specify another commencement date (see subsection 6(2) of the Interpretation Act). Other regulations and documents come into force on the day they are made, unless they specify another commencement date. Commencement dates before the making of a regulation or other document can only be specified if there is authority to do so in the enabling Act. Such a commencement date makes a regulation or document retroactive and clear statutory authority is required for this. The SI Act and SI Regulations provide for the publication of regulations in Part II of the Canada Gazette within 23 days after their registration. Some regulations are exempt from publication. They are listed in section 15 of the SI Regulations. The Canada Gazette is published by the Queen's Printer, whose responsibilities in this regard are carried out by the Canada Gazette Directorate of the Department of Public Works and Government Services. What if a regulation is not published even though it is supposed to be? Failure to publish it does not make it invalid, but it prevents conviction for an offence of contravening the regulation. The reason is the constitutional principle of the rule of law: the terms of the law must be knowable, not secret. If a regulation is not published, people cannot be presumed to have had any way of finding out what their rights and responsibilities were under it. There is one exception. Someone who has contravened an unpublished regulation can be convicted if the regulation is exempt from publication or if it expressly provides that it applies according to its terms before it is published in the Canada Gazette. However, in such cases it must also be proved that reasonable steps had been taken to bring the gist of the regulation to the notice of those likely to be affected by it. All Orders in Council, including regulations, are made available to the public three working days after they have been approved by the Governor General. A list of all approved orders is available. In addition, electronic versions of regulations and other documents published in Part II of the Canada Gazette are also available. The Standing Joint Committee for the Scrutiny of Regulations monitors the exercise of regulatory power on behalf of Parliament. Its mandate, set out in section 19 of the SI Act, is to review regulations and other statutory instruments after they are made. The Committee checks the instruments against the criteria that the Senate and the House of Commons have approved at the beginning of each session of Parliament. Some of these criteria are the same as those applied by the Regulations Section of the Department of Justice in its examination of proposed regulations. When the Committee finds a problem with a statutory instrument, it tells the regulation-making authority and suggests solutions. If the Committee and the regulation-making authority are unable to agree on a solution, the Committee may make a report drawing the matter to the attention of both Houses of Parliament. If the instrument is made by the Governor in Council or a minister, the Committee is also authorized, under subsection 123(1) of the Standing Orders of the House of Commons, to make a report to the House of Commons proposing the disallowance of the instrument. A disallowance resolution, if not rejected, becomes an Order of the House enjoining the Governor in Council or minister to revoke the statutory instrument. - Regulatory Policy and the Policy and Process Guides of the Regulatory Affairs and Orders in Council Secretariat of the Privy Council Office. - Federal Regulations Manual, Regulations Section of the Department of Justice.

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This information is for reference purposes only. It was current when produced and may now be outdated. Archive material is no longer maintained, and some links may not work. Persons with disabilities having difficulty accessing this information should contact us at: https://info.ahrq.gov. Let us know the nature of the problem, the Web address of what you want, and your contact information. Please go to www.ahrq.gov for current information. AHRQ News and Numbers Release date: January 9, 2008 Nearly 1 million Americans receive medical care for shingles or its complications, according to the latest News and Numbers from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Shingles comes from an infection with varicella-zoster virus—the same virus that cases chicken pox—and can result in burning or shooting pain, tingling, or itching. AHRQ's survey found that: - Americans make 2.1 million doctor visits a year because of shingles or its complications. - The average cost for treating shingles is $525 per person or $566 million each year (in 2005 dollars), including prescription medicines. - People age 65 and older are seven times more likely to get shingles than the nonelderly—1.5 percent compared with 0.2 percent, respectively. AHRQ, which is part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, works to enhance the quality, safety, efficiency, and effectiveness of health care in the United States. The data in this AHRQ News and Numbers summary are taken from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, a detailed source of information on the health services used by Americans, the frequency with which they are used, the cost of those services, and how they are paid. For more information, go to Average Annual Health Care Use and Expenses for Shingles among the U.S. Civilian Noninstitutionalized Population, 2003-2005. For other information, or to speak with an AHRQ data expert, please contact Bob Isquith at Bob.Isquith@ahrq.hhs.gov or call (301) 427-1539. Current as of January 2008

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Natl Cybersecurity Month: Credit Card vs. Identity Theft The Christmas holidays are a little more than two months away and more people than ever will be doing their shopping online as opposed to brick-and-mortar retail stores. With October being National Cybersecurity Month, now is the time to make sure you make those online purchases safely, so as not to become a victim of credit card, or more importantly, identity theft. “Most people confuse credit card theft with identity theft and they are really two different things,” says Abbe Forman, a computer and information science instructor in Temple’s College of Science and Technology. Credit card theft is the theft of either your physical credit card or credit card number by someone who wants to spend up to your credit limit and max out your card, while identity theft is the swiping of someone’s actual identity, says Forman, an expert in computer ethics. “Generally, with identity theft, someone will get hold of your social security number and use it to get themselves credit cards in your name or take out a mortgage–which can be a huge amount of money–in your name or take out loans in your name and just spend, spend, spend,” she says. “Meanwhile, they’re destroying your credit which can take seven years of very hard work to correct.” While most credit card companies have mechanisms in place to catch fraudulent charges on your credit card, people who have had their identity stolen may not be aware of it for a long period of time. Forman suggests routinely checking your credit card and bank statements for suspicious activity on your accounts. She also recommends checking your credit report, which you can often acquire for free, every year or two. If you are going to buy something online, make sure the Web site is legitimate and secure. “When making an online purchase from a legitimate site, make sure that the Web address bar starts with ‘https’ as opposed to the normal ‘http,’” Forman says. “When the ‘s’ is included, it tells you that the Web site is using secure socket layers and that your information is being encrypted both ways.” And lastly, Forman warns, never, ever respond to an e-mail that requests you to supply your personal information, no matter how legitimate the e-mail might look. “Thieves have gotten so good that they’re using Photoshop to recreate actual looking Web sites in their e-mails,” she says. “If you get an e-mail that says your account has been compromised, call the company to verify it.”

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Wednesday, May 23, 2007 Dealing With Viewing Distance Creating accurate viewing conditions is critical when evaluating your images, and it's something no one seems to be talking about—until now There's a fundamental flaw in digital imaging today. You simply cannot view a pixel-based image on a computer display that gives a true interpretation of what it will look like printed on paper. I'm not referring to color, color management and the ability to soft-proof using accurate display profiles and printer profiles as a high art. No, it's even more basic than that. A computer display (a monitor, for those who are uninitiated) has essentially 72 pixels per inch (ppi). While some operating systems allow for higher settings, such as 96 ppi, no display can be considered anything but a low-resolution proxy to the final output. Add to this the complication that there are two distinct flavors of displays: CRTs, which are glorified TV tubes, and the newer digital LCDs. CRTs are soft, fuzzy and dim, which makes it difficult to work on photographic images and have a clue of what your images really look like. LCDs, on the other hand, have a degree of sharpness that's a great improvement, yet still lack in resolution. So, how do you know what your images will look like when printed? Well...you print them. It may seem an overly simple answer, but it's the only way to judge issues of image sharpness, smoothness of retouching and seamless composites. In the past, conventional wisdom had people viewing their images at a 100% zoom within Photoshop to accurately see the “pixels.” This shows one image pixel per screen pixel. Viewing at 100% avoids the issue of pixel dithering (making pixels into halftone dots)—a real problem for CRTs. However, a high-resolution digital image at 100% zoom bears little or no relationship to the actual size of the image when printed. A 300 ppi image at a 100% zoom on a display at 72 ppi will be about four times the physical dimensions of the printed image. In essence, you're “seeing” your image through a 4x loupe. It's way too big to correctly perceive the image and judge accurately.

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Recognising the urge to wee Helping Your Child Know When it’s Time to go to the Potty or Toilet Toilet training often starts as a result of parents recognising their toddlers signs of either going to the toilet or needing to go. This recognition from parents usually comes long before it does for the child. It’s up to you to teach your child that there wiggling, leg crossing or crotch grabbing is actually their body’s signal that they need to go to the toilet or potty. The key to effective toilet training is that the child recognises the urge to wee or poo and acts on the impulse rather than them simply reaching a certain age to start toilet training. - Moving from one foot to another - Dancing or wiggling on the spot - Facial expressions - Grabbing at the genitals (especially boys) - Passing wind prior to needing to poo Teaching Your Toddler to Recognise the Urge Teaching your child to recognise the urge to go to the toilet, and knowing when to start toilet training can be tricky. Here are a few ideas to use. - Kids love to copy their parents, so next time make a show of recognising your own urge to go to the toilet. - Lose your inhibitions and let them accompany you to the toilet. - Talk about times that you might recognise the urge like after eating or having a big drink. - Make it seem like great fun to go the toilet. - Familiarise yourself with some common toilet training myths - Encourage your toddler to tell you what you should do if you think you need to do a wee. - Start talking in their language, use poo and wee or other words that you are comfortable with. - Praise them for telling you they’re wet, it’s the 1st step in them recognising they’ve done something. - If they show they need to go to the toilet, tell them “you’ve got a wee/poo coming, lets go to the potty”. - If they pass wind, get them to recognise the smell as a signal that a poo might be coming.

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Many plants hold religious or cultural significance. For example, olive trees have been grown for centuries and have many myths and religious associations. The olive tree is a common symbol for peace and security - the offering of an olive branch originates from the biblical story of Noah and the Ark. The Greek goddess Athena was thought to have placed the first olive tree on the Acropolis and thereby became the patron deity of Athens. Sandalwood is thought to be sacred and is important in Hinduism and Buddhism, it is an expensive wood which has a strong fragrance due to the oil in the wood. It is commonly used as incense in Hindu temples and to carve figures, boxes and jewellery. It is also used at funerals, bodies are burnt on sandalwood pyres or a necklace made of the wood is placed around the neck of the body. The bel or bael tree is also a sacred tree and worshipped by Hindus. Lord Shiva is worshipped by offering bel leaves or fruit and a tree is planted at the temple. Young girls from the Newar ethnic group of Kathmandu are married to the bel fruit itself before their first menstruation.

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The Department for Environment and Heritage has started working on a long-term plan for the Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth region of South Australia as part of the Murray Futures 'Lower Lakes and Coorong Recovery' project. The plan aims to secure a future for the region as a healthy, productive and resilient wetland of international importance. The Directions for a Healthy Future report includes current knowledge of the region and provides a basis for ideas, suggestions and further studies to inform development of the long-term plan. It sets out: the management challenges and key issues what has already been done a preliminary evaluation of proposed solutions and the core elements of a proposed future. Community feedback and the latest scientific developments will help build a preliminary long term plan, which the public will be invited to comment on in July 2009. The final version of the long-term plan for the region will be completed in October 2009.

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“… FDR’s Alphabet Soup is a one-of-a-kind resource on the New Deal. Using her trademark storytelling style, award-winning nonfiction author Tonya Bolden has crafted a book that will resonate with those interested in FDR …” In this rich and captivating Up Close biography, award-winning author Tonya Bolden tells the story of how one man—tirelessly and never quietly—fought for equality until his death at the age of ninety-five. . . . Known famously as the “Peanut Man,” George Washington Carver brought sensible and life-saving concepts to people across the country, making a difference in the world despite the adversity he faced in his time and place. Most people know King as a Nobel Peace Prize winner, a renowned orator, and a central and revered figure in the civil rights movement. But how did he become this figure? What were his inspirations? What were his aspirations? What events, people, and decisions shaped his destiny? Bolden introduces young readers to the human being behind the icon. It was a time when Americans thought it improper for women to makea sax wail or let loose hot licks on skins. But the advent of World War II dispatched many men overseas, giving women the chance to finally strut their stuff on the bandstand . . . Based on an unpublished memoir by Ms. [Remond] Lyons . . . dated 1928 ~ the evocative text and photographs of young Maritcha, her family, and their friends, as well as archival maps, photographs, and illustrations, make this book an invaluable cultural and historical resource. Maritcha brings to life the story of a very ordinary – yet remarkable – girl of nineteenth-century America . . . After the destruction of the Civil War, the United States faced the immense challenge of rebuilding a ravaged South and incorporating millions of freed slaves into the life of the nation. On April 11, 1865, President Lincoln introduced his plan for reconstruction, warning that the coming years would be “fraught with great difficulty.” Three days later he was assassinated. . . .

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Learn something new every day More Info... by email Dog deodorant was invented as a means to prevent unnecessary canine odors from getting out of hand. Internal deodorants are one type of dog deodorant available on the market. These deodorants are consumed by dogs in their water or food and help eliminate canine odors from the inside out. The other type of dog deodorant available is topical treatments. Topical treatments often include powders or sprays applied externally and usually brushed in throughout the dog's fur. Many dog owners end up over-bathing their animals in an attempt to control unwanted odors. What they don't realize is that it's unhealthy for dogs to be washed on a frequent basis. At most, a dog should only be washed a maximum of once every few months. If washed more frequently than this, the dog will lose essential oils that help keep the dog's skin and coat healthy. When this occurs, the dog may experience skin irritation, rashes, and hair loss. One way of naturally combating these unwanted odors with minimal effort is to use an internal dog deodorant. A substance known as chlorophyll can be consumed by the dog and help minimize or even eliminate many odors. Chlorophyll is natural and safe for animals. In addition to removing odors, chlorophyll is also purported to help aid in digestion and improve health functions. To use the product, simply add a few drops to the dog's water each day and allow the dog to drink as usual. For those who don't want to bother continually adding chlorophyll to their dog's water, some brands of dog food and treats also contain chlorophyll. This type of dog deodorant is best for individuals who live busy lifestyles and don't have the time or patience to constantly apply sprays or powders to their dog's coat and brush them out. While many dogs enjoy the minty flavor of chlorophyll, those with picky eating habits may have difficulty consuming the product. In these cases, it may be better to try topical treatments instead. Topical treatments often include sprays or powders that work best when brushed into the dog's coat. When it comes to these products, it's important to read the labels for the ingredients, as the best products will use all-natural ingredients and not chemicals that could potential cause an adverse reaction. Also, be aware that there's a difference between dog deodorants that mask odors and those that neutralize them. Neutralizing odors helps eliminate them, while masking them will only cover up the scent with another one. Also try to avoid purchasing sprays in aerosol cans because they have been reported to cause respiratory problems in some animals.

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NEO-HEGELIANISM. For a decade or a decade and a half after 186o the history of British and American philosophy is the story of a growing revolt against the empirical method of John Stuart Mill and his school. The movement might have died had it not found something positive to feed upon. But it hap pened that a wide field of historical thought, largely unexplored by English thinkers, was there for it to turn to, namely, the Ger man philosophy of the opening of the century, both the "criticism" of Kant and the idealistic continuation of Kantianism by Fichte, Schelling and Hegel; and "Neo-Hegelian" is the epithet attached, largely against their will, to the English group who gave the lead in this direction. Of course no one can be prevented from using the word in other senses. Good precedent can be quoted for applying it in differently to any revived interest in idealistic ways of thinking occurring in any country since the time of Hegel. The strongest instance in favour of an extension of meaning is the Croce Gentile school, the most noteworthy product of contemporary thought in Italy. But on the one hand the Italian declarations of independence whenever Neo-Hegelianism is imputed to them have been so emphatic that it is hard for the historian to persist in calling them by the name ; and on the other hand custom certainly sanctions the position adopted here, that Neo-Hegelianism used as a quasi-technical term is normally applied to a movement in the recent history of Anglo-Saxon thought. Perhaps the readiest conspectus of the movement will be had by treating it under two heads : its historical background and its essential teaching. Its Historical Background.—It is important to distinguish the historical setting of the Neo-Hegelian thinkers, which is British, from the story of German thought which bulks most largely in their own account of their historical setting. The latter is a chapter in what they saw, the former yields the reason for their seeing it. As is well known the scepticism of David Hume provoked a native Scottish reply as well as a German one. This, descending through Reid and Hamilton to Calderwood, Ferrier, Fraser and others in the 19th century set up an independent movement to wards idealism which by 186o had become pronounced especially in Scottish philosophy. But important as it is for the historian to recognize how the Neo-Hegelian thinkers were thus provided with a reception in advance, it is even more important to consider the historical place in which they saw themselves to be standing, namely, the Kantian succession. When Kant came on the philosophical stage he found philosophy at an impasse. It was precisely the impasse to which they believed the doctrines of the empiricists Mill, Bain, Lewes, Spencer and others had brought it back. The work of Kant had been to examine the assumptions which led philosophy thither, and they held that further progress was impossible until the prin ciple of the Kantian criticism was understood. When Kant called attention to knowledge his interest was centred upon that which knowledge discloses, the "Nature" with which man is conversant in science and in everyday experience. There were two obvious features of it. First, its constituents were not things as they are in themselves but things as they appear to the human senses. Secondly,—and this was his problem—these appearances were not disconnected sensations. They had a certain order. They displayed themselves before us as objective. Kant asked how such objectivity was possible ; and his answer consisted in saying that there was a logic of the process. The original use of the understanding whereby it arranged those appearances as an orderly world proceeded according to a logic which Kant dis tinguished as synthetic from the traditional formal or analytic logic, and which he called transcendental. The idealistic successors of Kant—Fichte, Schelling and Hegel —saw in the critical philosophy a principle of reconciliation. The gulf fixed for common sense between mind and the world could be bridged. Kant had bridged it only imperfectly, leaving as he did things-in-themselves quite as much cut off from mind as the objects of common sense seemed to common sense to be. The post-Kantians sought, each in his own way, to bring the wheel full circle. Their instrument, with whatever differences, was still Kant's instrument, logic, the new "transcendental" logic, the logic of synthesis whereby the world is put together, as distinct from the formal analytic logic of the Aristotelian tradition. As Hegel takes it over this logic has suffered two changes. It has ceased to be a mere theory of thought and become a theory of being; and it has learnt to move by dialectical procession. So reconstituted, logic emerges as an abstract version of the literal process by which the absolute spirit reveals itself as the universe, by dint of breaking forth into all the forms which the universe wears to human consciousness, nature, history, society, art, re ligion.

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back: OO in Perl -3 next: Tk - a button - Ties can be hidden behind scalars, arrays, hashes, file-handles. - They translate access to the variable into calls to a hidden object. - It is easy to create a db later behind a hash, without changing the rest of your program more than a few lines. - In Tk, ties are used to change the value on a Label/Entry on the moment a var changes. We'll see more on that.

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Nov. 5, 2010 Although human and chimpanzee immune systems have many identical components, this is not the case for the family of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) controlling white blood cells known as natural killer (NK) cells. Published in the open-access journal PloS Genetics on November 4, a paper by Stanford University researchers describes qualitative KIR differences, acquired after humans and chimpanzees separated 6 million years ago and mainly a consequence of innovation in the human line. These differences open up an exciting avenue for explaining the differential susceptibility of humans and chimpanzees to devastating infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and malaria. While immunological research has increasingly concentrated on the inbred laboratory mouse for the last half century, mice actually represent a poor model for human KIR because their NK cell receptors are so disparate from the simian primate counterparts. As a result, the researchers looked at chimpanzee KIR so that they could accurately compare them with the well-characterized human versions. NK cells serve in both immune defense and reproduction; they contribute to early defense against infection and are implicated during the early phase of pregnancy, when uterine NK cells orchestrate enlargement of maternal arteries that will supply blood to the placenta and nourish the fetus. These vital NK cell functions seem subject to variable and competing selective pressures that have driven rapid KIR evolution and produced striking differences between humans and chimpanzees, as closely related as they are. These distinctions derive from adaptations in the human line in response to selective pressures on human NK cells due to the competing needs of defense and reproduction. Whereas chimpanzees have a potent battery of KIR that appears aimed at fighting infection, the human KIR represent a functional compromise between battling bugs and building babies. This study was supported by National Institutes of Health grants AI24258 and AI22039 to Peter Parham; the authors also acknowledge the support of the Yerkes Center Base Grant RR000165. Other social bookmarking and sharing tools: Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above. - Abi-Rached L, Moesta AK, Rajalingam R, Guethlein LA, Parham P. Human-Specific Evolution and Adaptation Led to Major Qualitative Differences in the Variable Receptors of Human and Chimpanzee Natural Killer Cells.. PLoS Genet, 6(11): e1001192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001192 Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

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Most women suffer from sleep disorder during pregnancy. This can be due to excess anxiety to which the first time pregnant women is exposed. This is due to lots of hormonal change that take place in her body. In addition sleep also gets disturbed due to aches and pains associated with pregnancy, and time taken to adjust to change in body shape and weight. During the first trimester of pregnancy, the first time pregnant lady is faced with a large number of questions about herself and her child. These can be about the well being of the new child, or her future, her job and career or finances of the family. Hormonal changes that take place in the first trimester result in increased frequency of dreams. Swollen and enlarged breasts add to the discomfort. Though at this stage, the child is not creating any problem, morning sickness does start and this results in disturbed sleep. During the second trimester the child starts growing resulting in adjustment in the internal body organs. This is to enable the child to grow. The bladder starts getting contracted resulting in frequent urge for urination and heart burning, indigestion and snoring starts. It is the time to reduce the intake of caffeine found in coffee, tea and cola drinks as far as possible. Caffeine is a cause of accelerated heart beat and a major cause of heart burning as it encourages acid formation in the stomach. Instead of coffee or soda drinks it is advisable to switch over to warm milk. Milk helps to kill acidity and is a rich source of much needed calcium. As the movement gets restricted the problem of indigestion starts. If the stomach is not clear lots of other problems creep in. Be very particular about your food. It should be rich in vitamins and other needed micro nutrients and above all lot of fibre should be consumed. Drink water during the day so that you do not have to get up to go to the toilet at night. During the third trimester of pregnancy stomach gets enlarged enormously, resulting in shifting of center of gravity. This results in low back pain disturbing sleep. Normally doctors do not prescribe any medicine for this. Also due to increase in body weight feet gets swollen and are painful. When trying to sleep keep a pillow between the two knees and keep a pillow under your feet to raise them. This will have soothing effect. Always prefer most comfortable position while sleeping for good sleep. Be ready to face sleeping problem, so as and when possible have short naps during the day. Be ready to spend some more sleepless nights after the arrival of the baby.

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Cleft Lip and Palate Also called: Harelip Cleft lip and cleft palate are birth defects that affect the upper lip and roof of the mouth. They happen when the tissue that forms the roof of the mouth and upper lip don't join before birth. The problem can range from a small notch in the lip to a groove that runs into the roof of the mouth and nose. This can affect the way the child's face looks. It can also lead to problems with eating, talking and ear infections. Treatment usually is surgery to close the lip and palate. Doctors often do this surgery in several stages. Usually the first surgery is during the baby's first year. With treatment, most children with cleft lip or palate do well.

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Every February we celebrate Black History Month by honoring African-American heroes and remembering past victories in the fight and struggle against racial discrimination. Every February we celebrate Black History Month by honoring African-American heroes and remembering past victories in the fight and struggle against racial discrimination. While we always hear about such greats as Madam C. J. Walker, we also remember other great pioneers who help in the business community. On December 23, 1803, Jonas Seaman spent $4 for a license to operate a house of Public Entertainment. The Golden Lamb got its name due to the fact that many early pioneers could not read, so giving a business a name that could be easily drawn and recognized, such as the Black Horse or Golden Lamb, was a necessity, and was recognized as the oldest continuously operating business in the State of Ohio. Considering all the progress that has been made by our community since our ancestors started arriving by slave ship, a 28-day month seems too short a time to fully appreciate the scope of our history. And indeed, ours is a history that continues to be written everyday, as African-Americans work toward creating a level playing field. Black History Month should offer new insights for some and allow others to tell of the struggles of a people with a tarnished past and how they endured severe injustices and overcame harsh realities to become a positive role in developing this great nation. Black History Month should illustrate what is truly good about this country and provide living examples of our untapped potential. Consequently, many Americans, both Black and White, are still unaware of the tremendous milestones made by African Americans. Hopefully in school, they are teaching that in 1926, Carter G. Woodson came up with the idea of ‘Negro History Week’ after he noticed the absence of a history of Black Americans in textbooks. He believed the omission was intentional and set out to highlight the achievements of Blacks in America. Although Negro History Week gained mass appeal in the 1960s, it wasn’t until 1976 that it was expanded into Black History Month. Woodson’s achievements are remarkable for anyone of any color at any time. But he accomplished all this as a Black man, living under the grueling conditions of Jim Crow. History in my life helps me to remember where my ancestors came from. Remembering where my ancestors came from helps me to understand my heritage, more about me, and how I should live my life the best I can. What I mean is that it tells me how I should live my life. History also tells me about how my family’s ancestors lived their lives, including things like who is in my family, what religion they believed in, where they lived, and what kinds of jobs people in my family held. Sure I know about my parents and grandparents. That will always be etched in my memory, especially Grand Ma Wade taking me to her favorite store Sears on Carnegie. Most families shape your future. For example, my family could let me know if there were any famous, notable or important people in my family. Knowing what religion my ancestors believed in gives me a suggestion of what I might want to believe in. Knowing where my ancestors lived lets me know where I came from and knowing which party they supported, as far as politics is concerned, helps determined if I’d be a Democrat or Republican. Many days, I just sit around and pay honor to my parents who influenced my life in so many ways. My heritage stems from the way they raised me, both in church and by their golden rules (whippings). But if I had a chance to ask for another set of parents, I won’t. The Call & Post this year is celebrating 95 years which is a great task for a Black Newspaper who was the State of Ohio’s largest voice for the Black community. The Call & Post kept the Black community informed. With the hard work and concept of the late great W.O. Walker and Garrett Morgan to our present owner the infamous boxing promoter extraordinaire, Don King, this paper is part of Black History. One area that has always been hard for Blacks is the financial area. Blacks must have effective access to banks, credit unions, and mortgage companies with fair lending practices. They must have enough financial education to know a bad financial deal when they see it so they can recognize when they are being taken advantage of. Several lending institutions are getting more involved in financial literacy programs for all people. Credit Unions who use to be just looked at as a place to go get a car loan cheap are not becoming a worth while investment agency. The advantage of local credit unions was that, as neighbors, they would lend higher amounts with better interest rates to people who would have been overlooked or seen as risks to bigger, faceless financial institutions. Faith Community and Antioch Credit Unions enabled more community members to build assets by purchasing a home or a car, and opening savings accounts. In addition, the interest generated by the credit union stayed in the community, helping to increase everyone's wealth. Too many people in the Black community have lost out on the opportunity to fully participate in the American dream simply because they lack the financial literacy that would enable them to make better financial choices and overcoming this will be one of the next struggles in our movement for Civil Rights. Black History Month means that all Americans will understand and appreciate the Black Americans who have contributed to American history. Many who never learn about Black History will never realize many of the things Americans use every day or even take advantage of having wouldn’t be here without the contributions of a Black Man or a Black Woman. The flag is something that many realize is a symbol for Black History Month but a few people have asked what the colors stand for. The red on the flag represents the blood. The black on the flag represents the race (skin color). The green represents the land. Write Wade at the Call & Post, 11800 Shaker Blvd., Cleveland, Ohio, 44120 or e-mail him at firstname.lastname@example.org. Comments and questions are welcome but, because of the volume of mail, personal responses are not always possible. Please note that comments or questions may be used in a future column.

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Children and Grief Grieving children will often talk through or play out their concerns or fears if provided with a safe, supportive and creative environment, which is why we have dedicated a room in the funeral home to the children, designed especially for their needs. When a child experiences grief, we are here to help you find the words to discuss death and dying with your child. Our staff is very dedicated the children of our community, and will take every opportunity to provide healing support and understanding to every child in need. At our funeral home, our Children's programs are very close to our heart and we hope that you will take advantage of them if the need arises in your family. Please contact us to learn about the Children’s programs at our funeral home and in our community. One very important way to increase awareness of children’s needs is to dispel the myths that surround their grief. Myths About Children and Grief 1. Young children do not grieve. Children grieve at any age. Their grief can be manifested in many ways depending on their age, developmental stage, and life experiences. Children often do a very good job at grieving intensely for a time and then taking a break. The break is usually in the form of play. Adults often mistake a child’s play as a sign that the child isn’t grieving, which is just not true. 2. Children should go to funerals. Children should not go to funerals. Both statements are myths. Children, even very young ones, should have a choice whether they want to attend the funeral. Each child handles their loss differently and should be allowed to grief as they wish. For their choice to be a meaningful one, they need information, options, and support. 3. Children get over loss quickly. Adults never get over a significant loss so why should children? The truth is that no one really gets over a significant loss. We can learn to live with the loss and adapt to the reality that the one we love is no longer here, but we can never forget the intense feeling of loss. Children may revisit their loss at different stages in their development and as their understanding of the loss changes, their grief may arise again. 4. Children will be permanently scarred by a significant loss. Children, like most people, are resilient. A significant loss can affect a child’s development but adequate support and continuing care can help them deal with their feelings of grief appropriately. 5. Encouraging children to talk about their feelings of grief is the best way to work through their loss. It is important to allow children to talk through their feelings and to promote open communication. However, other approaches, such as art, play, music, and dance allow children to express their feelings. Children and adolescents may use these methods to express their grief and adapt to their loss with a more positive outcome. Working through grief and adapting to loss is important for children. Studies have shown that children and adolescents that have unresolved grief are at a higher risk for developing depression and anxiety as adults. It’s important then that family members recognize the needs of grieving children and help them access the resources they need. Below, please find a list of books available to help with the grieving process in young children, as well as information on our Children's Grief Connection. I'll Always Love You by Hans Wilhelm Missing Hannah by Darlene Kane Badger's Parting Gifts by Susan Varley Dragonfly Door by John Adams Flying Hugs and Kisses by Jewel Sample We also offer a "Memory Book" providing children with the opportunity to express their feelings and concerns in a creative art activity. The children can express their feelings, such as memories of a favorite place, favorite food, or something they've learned from their loved on who has died. It also includes activity suggestions - writting a letter, placing a picture in their book, saying good bye - and reminds children that there are many people that care for them. CHILDREN’S GRIEF CONNECTION Because children are so special, we are very proud to support Children’s Grief Connection, formerly known as Camp Amanda-Minnesota. Children’s Grief Connection is a nonprofit organization that works in partnership with Minnesota’s funeral directors to provide grief programs for children and teens who have experienced the death of someone important to them. It is specially designed to provide the support and information children need, in a way they can understand. Founded and supported by members of the Minnesota Funeral Directors Association the Children's Grief Connection provides all its services and programs FREE of charge. The Children's Grief Connection of Minnesota mission is to bring hope and healing to Minnesota's grieving children.

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“Has the Earth ever run out of a natural resource?” This intriguing question was posed to me nearly two years ago by producer Niall McGee of Canada’s Business News Network (BNN). Many of you are aware that I am a frequent guest on BNN speaking about supply and demand fundamentals of commodities and evaluation of junior resource companies. At the time I was scheduled to be interviewed on a BNN show, and Niall was working on a special film project concerning natural resources, which unfortunately never made the airwaves. When he asked the question, I said, “Let me think about this and I’ll get back to you soon.” I had an idea but wanted to do some research before sticking my neck out. The answer that immediately popped into my brain was this: Throughout human-kind’s history on Earth, we have never exhausted the supply of any mineral or energy commodity, with one notable exception. But before I make my case, let’s cover some historic background: Beginning about 10,000 years ago, Modern Mankind evolved from nomadic hunter-gatherer societies into permanent settlements supplied by subsistence farming and made possible by domestication of animals and the use of metal tools. Man initially exploited the highest grade, simplest to extract, and most easily processed of any given metallic commodity. Nine metals were known and mined during prehistoric times including iron, copper, zinc, silver, tin, gold, mercury, lead, and bismuth. As easily obtained metal supplies were depleted, civilizations have progressively mined lower grades, at greater depths, in more remote areas, and/or from minerals requiring more complex processing. If there is an inherent demand for a particular commodity, humans have repeatedly discovered a way to supply that demand. Demand provides the incentive for new technological advances that lead to increased supply. To my knowledge we have never completely exhausted the supply of any metal, industrial mineral, agricultural mineral, energy mineral, or energy fluid. That is, with one exception. But before we go there, a caveat must be added: Niall’s question was about natural resources, and in that regard, I must restrict this discussion to non-living natural resources, i.e., mineral resources. My reasoning is simple: Life has existed on the Earth for a minimum 3.5 billion of its 4.5 billion year old history. Very early life forms are documented in the fossil record by stromatolites, a product of blue-green algae. I say “minimum” because there are very few outcrops that are older than this age. Present knowledge of Earth history indicates that our planet’s surface was mostly covered by water by about 4.2 billion years ago. Employing the fundamental geological principle that “the present is key to the past”, where we find water we find life. Therefore, it seems likely that life has existed on the Earth for much longer than 3.5 billion years; we just do not have the rocks to prove it. Stromatolites are rare today but still form in hypersaline lakes and marine lagoons. With infinitesimal exceptions (e.g., the aforementioned blue-green algae, horseshoe crabs at 425 million years, lobe-finned fish at about 400 million years, and some 100 million year old primitive animals such as sharks and the ubiquitous cockroach), the Earth’s species have gone or will go extinct. Therefore, depletion and the ultimate demise of life forms is a natural phenomenon, and in only a very few recent instances have they been caused by activities of man. With that qualifier, and as with all of Mickey the Mercenary Geologist’s many Rules of Thumb, there is at least one exception to the idea that mineral resources are inexhaustible. In this case the exception is indeed the first that came to mind: Guano. Guano is the Spanish version of a Quechua Indian word meaning “dung.” The term originally referred to huge accumulated deposits of sea-going bird, and to a much lesser extent, bat, and seal droppings along the desert coastal islands of Peru. Guano was used for centuries by the coastal and Andean civilizations of Peru as fertilizer for crops. It was so valued as a fertilizer that the source islands were considered sacred by the Incas, mining was tightly controlled, and trespassers were condemned to death. In 1804 explorer Alexander Von Humboldt, for whom the ocean current is named, returned to Europe from a voyage to western South America carrying samples of bird guano from these islands. This particular guano source was extraordinarily rich in mineral nutrients and it soon became a sought-after commodity by British farmers. By 1840, world-class guano deposits, mostly from the Chincha Islands near Pisco, were among the most valuable mineral resources in the world: Chincha Islands, Peru: The Illustrated London News, 1863 The Peruvian guano deposits were preserved in extremely thick beds, some over 40 meters high and were by far the highest grading in phosphate minerals, nitrates, and metal nutrients. They were the best in the world in both size and grade due to a number of factors: Remoteness and inaccessibility thus protected from predators, cold upwelling current, rich fisheries, limited land surfaces for birds to roost and nest, massive populations of boobies, cormorants, and pelicans, and cool hyper-arid climate During the period 1840-1870 Peru’s giant deposits of dung were the developed world’s major source of nitrogen-phosphorous fertilizer and potassium nitrate (saltpeter) used to make gunpowder; they became the world’s first large agricultural mines. Giant US chemical and materials conglomerate W.R. Grace & Co. got its start by supplying Peruvian miners and shipping guano in the 1850s. Guano deposits were so valuable at the time that the United States of America passed the Guano Act of 1856, a law giving US citizens the right to claim newly discovered guano-bearing rocks and islands as their own and authorizing the military to protect the rights of the claimant. Over 100 equatorial Pacific and Caribbean islands were subsequently claimed as US territories and a dozen are currently held including Baker Island, Jarvis Island, Howland Island, Christmas Island, Johnson Atoll, Midway Island, and Navassa Island. As the guano trade prospered, the Peruvian government, as most governments are wont to do, borrowed against and spent vast sums of loan money from British and then French financiers before payments derived from mining and processing were received. By 1861, the country was essentially bankrupt. Spain subsequently tried to take the Chincha Islands by force in 1863-1864 but failed, and then the guano market crashed during a long global recession that started in 1870. Regardless of these events, by 1874 the Peruvian deposits were largely mined out. Meanwhile, more easily exploited, non-organic mineral resources of nitrate were discovered and developed by Chilean and British interests in the Atacama Desert regions of Bolivia and Peru. Disputes over control of these nitrate deposits led directly to the War of the Pacific (1879-1883), in which Chile seized territorial control of the northern Atacama from both Bolivia and Peru. This action left Bolivia landlocked and Peru lost one of the most mineral-laden regions of the Earth, today hosting the world’s largest copper-molybdenum, iodine, nitrate, and lithium deposits. The intensive mining of guano deposits from 1840 to 1870 totaled an estimated 20 million tonnes. Thick and rich deposits that had accumulated over very long periods of time were nearly depleted throughout the world in less than 35 years. There remain no sizable guano deposits. Bat guano cave deposits are worked on a small scale in many countries and there are small, highly-regulated and managed, hand-dug bird guano mines in Peru and other countries including Chile, Indonesia, and Namibia. The price of guano has soared in recent years as demand for expensive “organic” foods has grown. Modern-Day Guano Mining in Northern Peru (Photo courtesy of The New York Times, 2008) Due to the disruption of bird nesting habitats and resultant decimation of bird populations by previous mining, and the long time periods required to accumulate substantial deposits, guano must be considered a non-renewable natural resource that was essentially depleted by the exploitation of Man. At about the same time, discovery of rich nitrate deposits in the Atacama Desert of Chile and a technological breakthrough for processing phosphate rock sealed the fate of guano as a major fertilizer source. Simple as that, the world ran out of bird poop but soon found alternative sources for fertilizer. As famed cornucopian Julian Simon wrote in The Ultimate Resource (1981): No matter how closely it is defined, the physical quantity of a resource in the earth is not fully known at any time, because resources are sought and found only as they are needed. Even if the quantities of a particular resource were exactly known, such measurements would not be meaningful, because humans have a near-limitless capacity for developing additional ways to meet our needs: developing fiber optics, for instance, instead of copper wire." To my knowledge, guano is the single mineral resource of which the Earth has ever run out. Ciao for now,Mickey FulpMercenary Geologist Acknowledgements: I thank Niall McGee who planted the seed that became the food for thought that produced this Musing. Erin Ostrom is the editor of MercenaryGeologist.com. The Mercenary Geologist Michael S. “Mickey” Fulp is a Certified Professional Geologist with a B.Sc. Earth Sciences with honor from the University of Tulsa, and M.Sc. Geology from the University of New Mexico. Mickey has over 30 years experience as an exploration geologist searching for economic deposits of base and precious metals, industrial minerals, uranium, coal, oil and gas, and water in North and South America, Europe, and Asia. Mickey has worked for junior explorers, major mining companies, private companies, and investors as a consulting economic geologist for the past 24 years, specializing in geological mapping, property evaluation, and business development. In addition to Mickey’s professional credentials and experience, he is high-altitude proficient, and is bilingual in English and Spanish. From 2003 to 2006, he made four outcrop ore discoveries in Peru, Nevada, Chile, and British Columbia. Mickey is well-known and highly respected throughout the mining and exploration community due to his ongoing work as an analyst, writer, and speaker. He will present a "Q&A on Junior Resource Stocks" and talk about "Graphite: The New Big Thingl" on Tuesday, May 15, during the New York Hard Assets Investment Conference. Disclaimer: I am not a certified financial analyst, broker, or professional qualified to offer investment advice. Nothing in a report, commentary, this website, interview, and other content constitutes or can be construed as investment advice or an offer or solicitation to buy or sell stock. Information is obtained from research of public documents and content available on the company’s website, regulatory filings, various stock exchange websites, and stock information services, through discussions with company representatives, agents, other professionals and investors, and field visits. While the information is believed to be accurate and reliable, it is not guaranteed or implied to be so. The information may not be complete or correct; it is provided in good faith but without any legal responsibility or obligation to provide future updates. I accept no responsibility, or assume any liability, whatsoever, for any direct, indirect or consequential loss arising from the use of the information. The information contained in a report, commentary, this website, interview, and other content is subject to change without notice, may become outdated, and will not be updated. A report, commentary, this website, interview, and other content reflect my personal opinions and views and nothing more. All content of this website is subject to international copyright protection and no part or portion of this website, report, commentary, interview, and other content may be altered, reproduced, copied, emailed, faxed, or distributed in any form without the express written consent of Michael S. (Mickey) Fulp, Mercenary Geologist.com LLC.

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A growing number of very useful web sites are helping schools and communities address bullying, harassment, and violence among young people. Some of the best are linked below - as are several good sites that relate to The Revealers. This excellent "Stop Bullying Now!" site is maintained by Stan Davis, a nationally known bullying prevention expert. Ckick here for a free, downloadable Teacher's Guide to using The Revealers in the language arts, social studies, science, and/or technology-foundation classroom. Written by C.J. Bott, author of The Bully in the Book and the Classroom, the Teacher's Guide was produced by Farrar, Straus & Giroux's Books for Young Readers. "Let's Get Real" - facts and figures on bullying to go with an acclaimed film on the issue. "Words that Heal: Using Children's Literature to Address Bullying." Developed by the Anti-Defamation League, this magnificent "Curriculum Connections" resource spotlights five books, one for each grade level from preK up, with much useful material for working with each. (The Revealers is the choice for grades 6-8.) The site also has a first-class summary of current research on bullying and its impacts. List of book resources, including The Revealers, on the site for the "Take a Stand, Lend a Hand. Stop Bullying Now" initiative, led by the U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services. The Bullying Prevention Handbook: A guide for Principals, Teachers, and Counselors. Site of the Wellesley [College] Center for Women's Project on Teasing and Bullying, with a section of resources and links. Site of the Maine Project Against Bullying. U.S. Web site for the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, a comprehensive, school-wide program developed in Norway for use in elementary, middle or junior high schools. A page with lots of good links to resources on safe schools, adolescent services, and promoting kids' well-being. Motivational speaker Jim Jordan has created presentations "that reach to the root of the bullying in schools." A worthwhile page posted by a security-camera company. A site on social-media safety, with many links. A useful resource from Canada. Education.com's resource on bullying and cyberbullying for parents. A compact and solid article on cyberbullying, with research-based facts and links to more information and resources. A page of resources on Internet safety, developed by a U.K. provider of mobile-phone service.

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SILVER SPRING, Md. — The Food and Drug Administration on Tuesday launched a website for patients and caregivers on the safe disposal of needles and other “sharps” that are used at home, at work and while traveling. “Safe disposal of used needles and other sharps is a public health priority,” said Jeffrey Shuren, director of the FDA’s Center for Devices and Radiological Health. “This website provides information about how to keep used sharps from ending up in places where they could harm people.” The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that more than 3 billion needles and other sharps are used in homes in the United States each year. After being used, many sharps end up in home and public trash cans or flushed down toilets. This kind of improper disposal puts people, such as sanitation workers, sewage treatment workers, janitors, housekeepers, family members and children at risk for needle stick injuries or infection with viruses, such as hepatitis B and C and HIV, the agency noted. Sharps is defined by the FDA as medical devices with sharp points or edges that can puncture or cut the skin. Such medical devices include hypodermic needles and syringes used to administer medication; lancets or fingerstick devices to collect blood for testing; needle and tubing systems for infusing intravenous and subcutaneous medicines; and connection needles used for home hemodialysis. With more diseases and conditions, such as diabetes, cancer, allergies, arthritis and HIV, being managed outside of hospitals and doctors’ offices, the number of sharps used in homes and work offices is increasing. In addition, pets are being treated in homes and livestock are being treated on farms, which also are contributing to the increased number of sharps outside of veterinary hospitals. Sharps disposal guidelines and programs vary by jurisdiction. For example, in 2008, California passed legislation banning throwing needles in household trash. Florida, New Jersey and New York have established community drop off programs at hospitals and other healthcare facilities. People using sharps at home or work or while traveling should check with their local trash removal services or health department to find out about disposal methods available in their area, the agency suggested. For the safe disposal of needles and other sharps used outside of the health care setting, the FDA recommends the following: Immediately place used sharps in an FDA-cleared sharps disposal container to reduce the risk of needle-sticks, cuts or punctures from loose sharps; If an FDA-cleared container is not available, some associations and community guidelines recommend using a heavy-duty plastic household container as an alternative. The container should be leak-resistant, remain upright during use and have a tight fitting, puncture-resistant lid, such as a plastic laundry detergent container; Call your local trash or public health department in your phone book to find out about sharps disposal programs in your area; Do not throw loose sharps into the trash or flush sharps down the toilet; Do not try to remove, bend, break or recap sharps used by another person; and Do not attempt to remove a needle without a needle clipper device.

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Skip the main content if you do not want to read it as the next section. If you have high blood pressure, your doctor or nurse may suggest that you try to become more active to lower it. However, you may be worried that regular exercise will increase your blood pressure to dangerous levels. It is true that physical activity (exercise) will cause your blood pressure to rise for a short time. However, when you stop the activity, your blood pressure should soon return to normal. The quicker it does this, the fitter you are likely to be. Most people with high blood pressure should be able to increase their physical activity levels quite safely. However, if your blood pressure is relatively high, your doctor or nurse may prefer to lower it with medicines before starting you on an exercise programme. If your blood pressure is very high, you should not start any new activity without consulting your doctor. The table below gives a general idea of what levels you need to be concerned about, but bear in mind that every person is different, and your doctor or nurse may decide differently. |Blood pressure level||General ability to be more active| |Below 90/60||You may have low blood pressure, speak to your doctor or nurse before starting any new exercise| |It is safe to be more active, and it will help to keep your blood pressure in this ideal blood pressure range| 140/90 – 179/99 |It should be safe to start increasing your physical activity to help lower your high blood pressure| |180/100 – 199/109||Speak to your doctor or nurse before starting any new exercise| |200/110 or above||Do not start any new activity – speak to your doctor or nurse| To be safe, it is always a good idea to get advice from your doctor or nurse before you start any new physical activity.

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The Catoctin Iron Furnace represents a case of freedom seekers connected to industrial slavery in Maryland. The Johnson brothers built the Furnace and Manor House in the late 1770s, and began making iron in 1776. At that time, the Johnson brothers -- James, Thomas, Roger, and Baker, were the largest owners of enslaved persons in Frederick County, MD, and employed both additional enslaved labor and freemen as necessary to fill production orders. There is evidence of enslaved labor until at least 1848, and several of these workers were buried in a graveyard that was relocated due to construction of US Rt. 15 in the early 1970s. Period newspaper advertisements provide evidence of at least one freedom seeker in 1780, and of a kidnapping of a freeman's son by a Caucasian man in the 1800's. After the Johnsons retired from the iron industry, the Catoctin Iron Furnace went through several owners and technological changes and continued to operate until 1903. Today, the only remains of the facility are a large inoperable charcoal-fired stone furnace called "Isabella," a recreated casting shed, a large retaining wall, and the ruins of the Furnace Master's manor house. Visitor Information: Currently open to public. Location: 13102 Catoctin Mountain Highway, Thurmont, 21788 National Park Unit: No Ownership: Lt. Cynthia Ecker Location Type: Site

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The WWTP was upgraded in 2008 to remove phosphorus from the discharge in a bid to reduce the growth of algae, bacteria and microbes (periphyton) downstream thereby reducing the impact on the macroinvertebrate community - mayflies. Last year concerns were raised after river sampling found a decline in the quality of the macroinvertebrate community downstream of the discharge. PNCC and HRC agreed on a joint monitoring programme and engaged Opus International's principal environmental scientist Keith Hamil to help investigate the concerns and it's his peer reviewed report that is being publically released today. The report has found periphyton grew three-times faster at a site 800m downstream of the WWTP discharge than upstream and that this has a significant adverse effect on the macroinvertebrate community during long dry periods. Water and waste services manager Rob Green says work carried out in 2008 to improve the discharge has not been as effective as expected when the resource consent was granted. Mr Green says, "the report has eliminated most of the causes of the growth in periphyton and council staff acknowledge it is clear nutrients emanating from the WWTP discharge are the likely However, he says further investigations are required into river sediments, ammonia levels and macronutrients to pinpoint the exact "We are committed to working proactively with HRC to ensure solutions are found. A work plan is currently being prepared and it will be work-shopped with Councillors before being formally reported back to Council." The work plan is expected to include changes - trial: increased alum dosing around long dry investigation - of river sediments monitoring - of periphyton levels and the macroinvertabrate Both Councils have also agreed that a resource consent review should occur and work is expected to begin on that shortly. PNCC acting chief executive Ray Swadel says PNCC is committed to improving the situation and ensuring the discharge meets the consent conditions in the timeframe provided. Next week Councillors will receive the joint report and staff recommendations for consideration. "At this stage it's too early to say how much the project will cost," says Mr Swadel. "Initially it will be carried out from within existing budgets however it is anticipated that at some stage staff will need to go back to Councillors to seek further funding to continue the project."

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Dec. 12, 2011 The World Trade Center disaster exposed nearly half a million people to hazardous chemicals, environmental toxins, and traumatic events. According to research published in the December 2011 issue of Elsevier-published journalPreventive Medicine, this has resulted in increased risk of developing physical and mental health conditions after 9/11. "The New York City Health Department's volunteer and heart disease studies in this issue ofPreventive Medicine reinforce the importance of tracking the long-term physical and mental health effects of 9/11 and help inform planning for future 9/11-related health care needs," said New York City Health Commissioner Dr. Thomas Farley. A study of volunteers who turned out in the thousands to assist the 9/11 rescue operation, shows they, along with others who were directly exposed to the events of the 9/11 disaster, are now suffering from a range of physical and mental illnesses. At particular risk for poorer health outcomes are volunteers not affiliated with groups such as the American Red Cross, whose earlier arrival at the WTC sites and day-to-day work left them less prepared for the horrific events and injuries of 9/11. Volunteers not affiliated with an organization were more highly exposed to the WTC disaster than volunteers affiliated with recognized organizations and were at greater risk for developing physical and mental health conditions after 9/11, according to the volunteer study. The study showed the need to provide volunteers with long-term screening and treatment for 9/11-related conditions that resulted from hazardous exposures. A study of adults exposed to 9/11 found that being in the dust cloud, being injured on 9/11, or developing posttraumatic stress disorder increased the risk of developing heart disease years after the disaster. "This exploratory heart disease study suggests that adults who were directly exposed to the World Trade Center disaster and its aftermath have an increased risk for heart disease," said Dr. Hannah Jordan, first author of the study. "It will be important to confirm and expand upon these findings so that appropriate steps can be taken to prevent heart disease in this population." Respiratory illness -- dubbed 'World Trade Center Cough' -- is also more likely to afflict first responders from the Fire Department of New York City than other U.S. males. According to the research inPreventive Medicine, bronchitis is nearly six-fold higher in young-WTC exposed firefighters. The study of 11,000 firefighters demonstrates that the firefighters exposed to the WTC disaster, along with volunteers of all kinds, continue to bear a heavy burden following their remarkable actions ten years ago. The research appears in the special 'World Trade Center Disaster: 10th Anniversary' issue of Preventive Medicine. Other social bookmarking and sharing tools: - Indira Debchoudhury, Alice E. Welch, Monique A. Fairclough, James E. Cone, Robert M. Brackbill, Steven D. Stellman, Mark R. Farfel. Comparison of health outcomes among affiliated and lay disaster volunteers enrolled in the World Trade Center Health Registry. Preventive Medicine, 2011; 53 (6): 359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.08.034 - Jessica Weakley, Mayris P. Webber, Jackson Gustave, Kerry Kelly, Hillel W. Cohen, Charles B. Hall, David J. Prezant. Trends in respiratory diagnoses and symptoms of firefighters exposed to the World Trade Center disaster: 2005–2010. Preventive Medicine, 2011; 53 (6): 364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.09.001 - Hannah T. Jordan, Sara A. Miller-Archie, James E. Cone, Alfredo Morabia, Steven D. Stellman. Heart disease among adults exposed to the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center disaster: Results from the World Trade Center Health Registry. Preventive Medicine, 2011; 53 (6): 370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.10.014 Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

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CONTENT, style, and mechanics all play an important role in creating a strong essay, story, report, or article. When we communicate on paper: - Our goal is to be thorough, accurate, concise, and concrete. - Our writing needs to flow well and make sense. - We have to guard against misspellings and sloppy grammar, which can distract the reader and dilute our message. Writers have dozens—even hundreds—of tips and tools at their disposal to make this process easier and improve chances for success. From time to time, I pick different ones to help you or your students plan, write, or edit more effectively. Here are six tips to try out: 1. Brainstorm Before Writing The purpose of brainstorming is to plan ideas and jot down details to jumpstart your writing. Brainstorming can take many forms, including clustering, mind-mapping, lists, grids, and formal graphic organizers. Instead of writing full sentences, it’s better to make lists of words and short phrases. Later, as you refer to your brainstorming sheet during writing time, your list of concrete words and other details will jog your memory and keep your writing from taking tangents. Brainstorming keeps you on track. 2. Use Different Kinds of Sentences Try a combination of simple, compound, and complex sentences to add variety and improve the style of your writing. Here’s a helpful quiz on sentence types. 3. Choose Strong Words Vivid, active, colorful words have the power to paint clear mental pictures and stir the reader’s emotions. When dull, vague, or overly used words clutter up your writing, replace them with stronger, more precise ones. Dull: Isabella made a nice dessert. Interesting: Isabella whipped up a rich chocolate mousse. Watch out for boring words such as fine, nice, or good. Is it a good book, good friend, or good weather? Then express it more specifically. riveting book, faithful friend, balmy weather Avoid vague verbs such as cried, said, or went in favor of concrete ones: The orphan sobbed, wailed, or wept. Dr. Cooper ordered, whispered, or agreed. The horse galloped, trotted, or raced. Check to see that you haven’t repeated main words too many times, using your thesaurus to find appropriate synonyms. Finally, when picking the best words for saying what you mean, don’t choose them based on how long they are or how clever they make you sound. Otherwise, you run the risk of sounding pompous or stuffy. 4. Include Subordinating Conjunctions Sentence variations can add interest and maturity to any piece of writing. Using subordinating conjunctions is just one way to vary sentence structure, often by combining sentences like these together: I shop frugally. I save several hundred dollars each month. Example 1: When the subordinating conjunction begins the sentence, a comma follows the dependent clause. Because I shop frugally, I save several hundred dollars each month. Example 2: When a dependent clause beginning with a subordinating conjunction comes at the end of the sentence, don’t separate the two clauses with a comma. I save several hundred dollars each month because I shop frugally. Either way, you can see how using because to combine two short sentences results in a single but more interesting sentence. If the term or concept is new to you or your students, you may find it helpful to print out a list of subordinating conjunctions. 5. Watch Out for Misplaced Modifiers Avoid pesky misplaced modifiers—phrases or clauses placed near the wrong noun. Make sure to position a modifier close to the word or phrase it should modify to avoid confusion. Incorrect: Hiking along the overgrown path, a tree stump tripped Fernie. Why is this wrong? Because the sentence implies that the tree stump was hiking along the path! Correct: Hiking along the overgrown path, Fernie tripped over a tree stump. 6. Revise Everything Everyone’s writing improves with editing, so no matter how great you think your article or story is, let it breathe for a day and then scrutinize it for clarity, conciseness, concreteness, and errors. What’s your favorite writing tip?

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A New You! Let’s take this time to cover a few popular questions: If I give up dairy, how will I get enough calcium? Don’t I need calcium for my bones? Almost all of the calcium in the body is in the bones. There is a tiny amount in the bloodstream, which is responsible for important functions such as muscle contraction, maintenance of your heartbeat, and transmission of nerve impulses. We regularly lose calcium from our bloodstream through urine, sweat, and feces. The blood stream is renewed with calcium from bone or from the diet. Bones are constantly broken down and made anew. Up until the age of 30 or so, we build more bone than we lose. Later, the bones tend to break down more than build up. The loss of too much bone calcium can lead to fragile bones or osteoporosis. How rapidly calcium is lost depends, in part, on the kind and amount of protein you eat, as well as other diet and lifestyle choices. Bone health appears to benefit from replacing animal protein with vegetable sources of protein. A number of factors affect calcium loss from the body: - Diets that are rich in meat, fish, dairy products, nuts and grains contribute to more calcium loss from bones due to the acidic load on the kidneys from such foods - Protein from animal products is much more likely to cause calcium loss than protein from plant foods due to the acidic load on the body - Diets high in sodium increase calcium losses in the urine - Caffeine & Smoking increases the rate at which calcium is lost (Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association) A number of factors increase bone building in the body: - Eating a plentiful amount of fruits and vegetables helps to keep calcium in bone - Fruits and vegetables are packed with other minerals –potassium & magnesium, which support bone health through an alkaline environment (opposite of acidic environment) - Consuming calcium from plant-based sources, especially green vegetables and beans, provides several of the building blocks for bone building - Exercise is one of the most important factors in maintaining bone health. - Exposure to sunlight allows the body to make the bone-building hormone-like vitamin D (Source: Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine) Some fruits, vegetables and nuts are naturally high in oxalic acid -which inhibits calcium absorption. So if you only have eyes for: Swiss chard, raw spinach, beet greens, leeks, rhubarb and berries, almonds, peanuts, and pecans (all high in oxalic acid)…remind yourself how valuable a varied diet is! The more variety you bring into your diet, the more opportunities you will create to consume (absorbable) calcium from many, many other plant foods! CALCIUM IN FOODS (content in milligrams) Broccoli (1 cup, boiled) 62 Brussels sprouts (1 cup, boiled) 56 Butternut squash (1 cup, baked) 84 Carrots (2 medium, raw) 40 Cauliflower (1 cup, boiled) 20 Collards (1 cup, boiled) 266 Kale (1 cup, boiled) 94 Sweet potato (1 cup, baked) 76 Black turtle beans (1 cup, boiled) 102 Chick peas (1 cup, boiled) 80 Great Northern beans (1 cup, boiled) 120 Kidney beans (1 cup, boiled) 62 Lentils (1 cup, boiled) 38 Navy beans (1 cup, boiled) 126 Pinto beans (1 cup, boiled) 79 Soybeans (1 cup, boiled) 175 Soymilk (1 cup, calcium-fortified) 368 Tofu (1/2 cup, raw, firm) 253 Vegetarian baked beans (1 cup) 86 White beans (1 cup, boiled) 161 Corn tortilla 42 Rice Milk (1 cup, enriched) 300 Wheat bread (1 slice) 26 Whole wheat flour (1 cup) 41 Dried figs (10 figs) 140 Naval orange (1 medium) 60 Orange juice (1 cup, calcium-fortified) 300* Raisins (2/3 cup) 53 Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2004. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 17. Nutrient Data Laboratory Web site, http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp * package information - Event Information: For a list of 28-Day Challenge events at a Whole Foods Market, Northern California & Reno stores near you, visit: http://www.e2challengenorcal.com click “Events” tab These blogs are not intended as a substitute for the medical advice of physicians. The reader should regularly consult a physician in all matters relating to his or her health, and particularly with respect to any symptoms that may require diagnosis or medical attention.

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Tuesday, March 29th, 2011...12:39 pm Grow your own! Concerned about cost, source, even the methods used to grow your food? GROW YOUR OWN! - Health. Gardening provides exercise and food. - Variety. Home gardeners select vegetable varieties for taste or appearance—not on how well a vegetable keeps in the refrigerator, or how well it travels to market. Striped tomatoes, anyone? - Heritage. Remember your Grandfather’s amazing heart-shaped tomatoes? Bitter melon, cream peas, mizuna, and Thai eggplants are not available at the grocery store. Grow your history! - Cost. Heirloom tomatoes can cost $6.00/lb; a large tomato may weigh a pound. A packet of organic heirloom seeds is about $2. Not rocket science! - Safety. When you grow your own organic veg, you know how it was grown. Not shipped across the world, or sprayed with chemicals, or stored in a cooler for 6 months. Eat local! Gardening is a productive hobby, and there is always more to learn. “Though an old man, I am but a young gardener” Thomas Jefferson Homeplace Earth: Attend the GROW Biointensive Mini-Farming Workshop at Fool For Art! Cindy Conner, founder of the sustainable agriculture program at Reynolds is giving a free workshop. Great for all food gardeners wanting to make their gardens more sustainable and productive. Urban Homestead: Pasadena family grows most of their own food on a tiny urban lot. See how they do it. Southern Exposure Seed Exchange: Organic, heirloom seed company located in Mineral, Virginia. Specializes in seeds for the mid-Atlantic region. Virginia Cooperative Extension: Expert answers for all your gardening questions. Guide to Virginia Vegetable Gardening by Walter Reeves and Felder Rushing Rodale’s ultimate encyclopedia of organic gardening: the indispensable green resource for every gardener The self-sufficient life and how to live it: the complete back-to-basics guide by John Seymour with Will Sutherland

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But really, before you knew the mnemonic if someone asked, "What colors do you see?" what would you have said? I don't know if anyone has ever tested young kids before they are exposed to science classes, but it seems it used to be common to describe four colors, Red, Yellow, Green, and Blue... So why do we see (or why are we told to see) seven? Turns out, it was old Isaac Newton, and his dedication to the ancient Greek ideas. Here is a clip from a blog by Patricia Fara, a senior lecturer at Cambridge, and author of "Science: A Four Thousand Year History" at the Nature web site. Consider Isaac Newton. He believed so firmly in the Greek idea of a harmonic universe that he divided the rainbow into seven colours to correspond with the musical scale. Before then, although opinions varied, artists mostly showed rainbows with four colours. It is, of course, impossible to make any objective decision about the correct number, because the spectrum of visible light varies continuously: there is no sharp cut-off between bands of different colours, so how you think about a rainbow affects how you see it. Be honest - can you tell the difference between blue, indigo and violet? I found this on Wikipedia: "In Classical Antiquity, Aristotle had claimed there was a fundamental scale of seven basic colors. In the Renaissance, several artists tried to establish a new sequence of up to seven primary colors from which all other colors could be mixed. In line with this artistic tradition, Newton divided his color circle, which he constructed to explain additive color mixing, into seven colors. His color sequence with the unusual color indigo is still kept alive today by the Roy G. Biv mnemonic. Originally he used only five colors, but later he added orange and indigo, in order to match the number of musical notes in the major scale." So I can't find out who first came up with the mnemonic, but I did find a song about it...lyrics are here. And Aaron Wagner sent me a link to a video of a different ROY G BIV song by "They Might Be Giants" that his four-year old highly endorses. Thanks to Aaron and his child for the tip.

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Teaching Genomics part of Teaching Genomics at Small Colleges This program supported a national consortium of faculty members from liberal arts colleges in learning about genomics, developing teaching materials, and devising tools to evaluate the efficacy of their genomics curricular innovations. Comparison of a Highly Polymorphic Olfactory Receptor Gene Subfamily in Genetically Diverse Dog Breeds part of Teaching Genomics at Small Colleges:Genomics Instructional Units Minicollection In this three or four week project, students learn about single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by amplifying and generating sequence data on a highly polymorphic gene subfamily in a diverse population of subjects (dogs) with which many students have considerable familiarity and affinity. In the first week, students make use of previously acquired knowledge of phylogenetic relationships and experience in sequence alignment to design primers specific for one subfamily of canine olfactory receptor genes. In the second week, each student uses his/her primers in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the corresponding DNA from one dog's cheek cells. During the following lab, PCR products are purified and the yield is confirmed on a gel. In the final week, commercial or in-house sequencing is used to determine the sequence of the PCR product. The data analysis draws on a published microsatellite genotype-based population structure of 85 domestic dog breeds, allowing the students to compare a phylogenetic tree estimated from a single gene with data obtained through a genome-wide analysis. An optional bioinformatics module introduces existing web resources to predict transmembrane domains and/or provides students with a short programming assignment in which they write a Perl script to perform this analysis on an olfactory receptor sequence.

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- Enter a word for the dictionary definition. From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48: Usurp \U*surp"\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Usurped; p. pr. & vb. n. Usurping.] [L. usurpare, usurpatum, to make use of, enjoy, get possession of, usurp; the first part of usurpare is akin to usus use (see Use, n.): cf. F. usurper.] To seize, and hold in possession, by force, or without right; as, to usurp a throne; to usurp the prerogatives of the crown; to usurp power; to usurp the right of a patron is to oust or dispossess him. [1913 Webster] Alack, thou dost usurp authority. --Shak. [1913 Webster] Another revolution, to get rid of this illegitimate and usurped government, would of course be perfectly justifiable. --Burke. [1913 Webster] Note: Usurp is applied to seizure and use of office, functions, powers, rights, etc.; it is not applied to common dispossession of private property. [1913 Webster] Syn: To arrogate; assume; appropriate. [1913 Webster]

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My historical hero, Winston Churchill, died on January 24, 1965. Each year during the week before the anniversary of the Great Man’s death, a few of my friends and I read a good book on Churchill, revel in his spirit and usually have a fine meal in his honor. I also like to memorialize him—during this annual time we have humorously begun calling ‘Winstonmas’—by offering selections from my book Never Give In: The Extraordinary Character of Winston Churchill. I think you’ll find liberation from the cult of the contemporary in Churchill’s words and I hope you’ll think on him with gratitude in this week leading up to January 24. On Realism: “The truth is incontrovertible. Panic may resent it; ignorance may deride it; malice may destroy it, but there it is.” As a rule, human beings try to avoid unpleasant truths. We prefer the comfortable to the unsettling. We dislike harsh facts for the same reason we dislike mirrors: they force us to stare our problems in the face. Historians have long known that civilizations in crisis take refuge in myth and fantasy because the sensual, escapist world of imagination promises deliverance from the cold, disturbing world of reality. But the deliverance is never genuine: it is only a temporary distraction, not real hope. Hope springs instead from courageously confronting the truth, no matter how bleak or costly it may be. In complaining about the age of appeasement, Churchill once said, “No one in great authority had the wit, ascendancy or detachment from public folly to declare these fundamental, brutal facts to the electorate.” This touches one of the distinguishing marks of his style of leadership: he believed in the necessity of squarely facing the most ugly realities. How refreshing this is in our media age when public relations experts are mistaken for leaders and when every unsightly blemish or untidy fact is carefully reworked, re-painted, or retired. Churchill would have none of it: “It is no use dealing with illusions and make-believes. We must look at the facts. The world . . . is too dangerous for anyone to be able to afford to nurse illusions. We must look at realities.” Churchill possessed an almost mystical confidence in knowing the facts and facing them honestly, whatever the offense, as a critical step toward ultimate triumph. In September of 1932, he warned the House of Commons of the Nazi movement and urged honesty in dealing with the public. “I would now say, ‘Tell the truth to the British People.’ They are a tough people, a robust people. They may be a bit offended at the moment, but if you have told them exactly what is going on you have insured yourself against complaints and reproaches which are very unpleasant when they come home on the morrow of some disillusion . . .” Years later, as First Lord of the Admiralty, he told the House of Commons of a major naval defeat and reminded the members, “We do not at all underrate the power and malignity of our enemies. We are prepared to endure tribulation.” And when the defeats continued, his conclusion was near brutal in its frankness: “We shall suffer and we shall suffer continually, but by perseverance, and by taking measure on the largest scale, I feel no doubt that in the end we shall break their hearts.” This resolve to engage the truth at any price granted Churchill some immensely important insights. As a careful observer who refused to change facts to fit his philosophy or bend reality to his imagination, he acquired shrewd insight into the ways of men and events. While others fashioned fantastic theories to explain what little they understood, Churchill recognized that history does not arrive in neat packages or move in defined channels. Time, chance, human nature,—all play their role. Life is not black and white, events are stubborn and unruly, and men rarely follow precise patterns in their behavior. Understanding this gave Churchill the judgment to fashion policies suited to the fluid and uncertain nature of circumstances. “The world, nature, human beings, do not move like machines. The edges are never clear-cut, but always frayed. Nature never draws a line without smudging it. Conditions are so variable, episodes so unexpected, experiences so conflicting, that flexibility of judgment and a willingness to assume a somewhat humbler attitude towards external phenomena may well play their part in the equipment of a modern prime minister.” A “humbler attitude” meant caution in dealing with other human beings: “The high belief in the perfection of man is appropriate in a man of the cloth but not in a prime minister.” It also demanded an unnatural willingness to consider opposing views: “The more knowledge we possess of the opposite point of view the less puzzling it is to know what to do.” It enabled him to coolly calculate risk: “We realize that success cannot be guaranteed. There are no safe battles.” And it made him even more impatient when empty posturing replaced informed action: “Peace will not be preserved by pious sentiments expressed in terms of platitudes or by official grimaces and diplomatic correctitude.” Perhaps above all, it gave him a healthy sense of the absurd in the affairs of men: “The human story does not always unfold like a mathematical calculation on the principle that two and two make four. Sometimes in life they make five or minus three; and sometimes the blackboard topples down in the middle of the sum and leaves the class in disorder and the pedagogue with a black eye.” Facing ugly truth is not easy. Often the toughest battle a leader will face is the one against his own reticence to see things as they really are. It requires uncommon courage and very few have the character to deal with such stark reality. But when the truth is known, the worst is over and the benefits are a clearer vision and the wisdom of a “humbler attitude,” without which leaders cannot move beyond despair to a brighter day of victory.

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The following datatype or size property of <Tablename>.<Columnname> doesn't match <Tablename>.<Columnname>. (Visual Database Tools) When creating a foreign key relationship, the data types and other properties of selected columns must match. Select a column with the same data types and other properties as the related column. The properties that must match are Data type, Length, Precision, Scale, and Collation.

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Learn More About Cancer Treatment Centers of America: Chat with Us | Email Us Radiofrequency Ablation - An innovative form of localized cancer treatment which uses high-energy radio waves to heat and destroy cancerous cells. In radiofrequency ablation (RFA), a thin, needle-like probe is temporarily placed into a tumor (e.g., through an incision in the abdomen), using CT scan or ultrasound guidance. The probe then releases electrodes that heat and destroy cancer cells. A type of local hyperthermia, radiofrequency ablation is usually reserved for patients for whom surgical resection of a tumor is not possible. RFA is sometimes used in liver cancer treatment. Previous: Radical Prostatectomy Back to the Cancer Glossary

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Oct. 1, 2010 Scientists may have discovered a way to diagnose bladder cancer at its earliest and, therefore, most treatable stages by measuring the presence or absence of microRNA using already available laboratory tests. "Measuring expressions of microRNA in bodily fluid represents a very promising tool with widespread implications for screening," said Liana Adam, M.D., Ph.D., assistant professor in urology at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Adam presented her findings at the Fourth AACR International Conference on Molecular Diagnostics in Cancer Therapeutic Development. Bladder cancer is the fourth most common solid malignancy in men and the fifth most common overall, with an estimated 70,000 new cases and more than 14,000 deaths expected this year alone in the United States. Unfortunately, the majority of patients are asymptomatic. Scientists are working with microRNAs, the non-coding part of DNA, because they are often tissue specific, stable and their presence or absence can be linked to known clinical parameters. In this case, Adam and colleagues identified 79 separate microRNAs that had been previously shown to be dysregulated in the blood of individuals with bladder cancer. They took blood samples from 20 individuals with preoperative bladder cancer and 18 in a control group. Using a collection of standard statistical models, they determined that measurement of these microRNAs was as accurate as the current gold standard of testing. "This needs further validation, but we could reasonably use this method for widespread screening of bladder cancer," said Adam. Other social bookmarking and sharing tools: Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

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The $100-billion International Space Station is scheduled to be completed this year and when that happens, the United States space agency NASA will retire its shuttle fleet. U.S. astronauts will soon rely on Russian spacecraft to carry them into space. When the Soviet Union put the first man in space in 1961, Yuri Gagarin’s flight was celebrated as a major Cold War victory. And as Russia gears up to celebrate the 50th anniversary of that flight in April, it also prepares for once unheard of cooperation with its former Cold War enemy, the United States. NASA has cancelled its plans for a post-shuttle space vehicle. Until U.S. commercial firms build spaceships capable of carrying humans, America plans to pay Russia to ferry U.S. astronauts to space on board Soyuz spacecraft. NASA is retiring the shuttle despite believing it is technologically more sophisticated than the Soyuz, says Robert Navias, the agency's program and mission operations lead. “The Soyuz, by comparison, you can think of as a sports car, three crewmembers jammed into a small section of a module," he said. A string of incidents related to Soyuz has raised concerns. Problems during a landing in April 2008 resulted in a dangerously steep re-entry trajectory. Russian Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev says the older technology of the Soyuz is nothing to worry about. "They built it in such a way that we can change some parts, some hardware and actually this Soyuz is going to be different, because we changed the computer, we changed some logic and still it inherits some reliability," he said. The U.S. will pay Russia more than $50 million for each round trip ticket to the Space Station. So far, six seats are reserved for 2013 and 2014. Rising powers such as China and India are entering a new era of competition for space supremacy. But former Cold War foes Russia and the U.S. have put rivalry aside, in favor of cooperation in the exploration of space.

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Sociodemographic Data Used for Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Populations Due to unique social and demographic characteristics, various segments of the population may experience exposures different from those of the general population, which, in many cases, may be greater. When risk assessments do not characterize subsets of the general population, the populations that may experience the greatest risk remain unidentified. When such populations are not identified, the social and demographic data relevant to these populations is not considered when preparing exposure estimates, which can underestimate exposure and risk estimates for at-risk populations. Thus, it is necessary for risk or exposure assessors characterizing a diverse population, to first identify and then enumerate certain groups within the general population who are at risk for greater contaminant exposures. The document entitled Sociodemographic Data Used for Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Populations (also referred to as the Highly Exposed Populations document), assists assessors in identifying and enumerating potentially highly exposed populations. This document presents data relating to factors which potentially impact an individual or group's exposure to environmental contaminants based on activity patterns (how time is spent), microenvironments (locations where time is spent), and other socio-demographic data such as age, gender, race and economic status. Populations potentially more exposed to various chemicals of concern, relative to the general population, is also addressed.

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National Environment Management The Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources through the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA)in partnership with GESCI and a number of other organisations have officially launched the Guidelines for e-Waste Management in Kenya The guidelines are a precursor to the development of a National Policy on e-Waste Management for Kenya which will be developed going forward. The development of these guidelines is one of the activities in the e-learning strategy for the environment sector. The e-learning strategy was developed in 2009 and adopted in April 2010. The guidelines have been developed with the strategic objective of providing a framework for the development of regulations and policies in Kenya. Specific objectives of the guidelines include: • To enhance environmental protection from e-waste. • To establish a basis for a policy and regulatory frameworks on e-waste management. • To raise public awareness on sustainable management of e-waste in Kenya. Included in the guidelines are approaches to enhance environmental protection; policy and regulatory frameworks; environmental awareness; categories of e-waste and target groups; ewaste treatment technologies; and disposal procedures. We have been closely collaborating with the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources through the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) for several months on the development of e-waste guidelines. Draft guidelines were presented at a one day stakeholder workshop on e-waste in Nairobi on September 7, 2010 at the United Nations Offices. The theme of the workshop was “Responsible disposal and management of Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment for a cleaner environment and posterity”, and the overall objective was to promote multi-stakeholder partnerships between manufacturers, consumers and public and private sector institutions to encourage responsible management of e-waste for a cleaner and healthier environment in Kenya. The workshop attracted participants from Kenya, South Africa and Ireland and the programme introduced topics such as benefits and challenges in e-waste management, private sector e-waste perspective, and challenges of e-waste for the recycling industry in Kenya.

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The Interpretation Of Visual Motion This book uses the methodology of artificial intelligence to investigate the phenomena of visual motion perception: how the visual system constructs descriptions of the environment in terms of objects, their three-dimensional shape, and their motion through space, on the basis of the changing image that reaches the eye. The author has analyzed the computations performed in the course of visual motion analysis. Workable schemes able to perform certain tasks performed by the visual system have been constructed and used as vehicles for investigating the problems faced by the visual system and its methods for solving them. Two major problems are treated: first, the correspondence problem, which concerns the identification of image elements that represent the same object at different times, thereby maintaining the perceptual identity of the object in motion or in change. The second problem is the three-dimensional interpretation of the changing image once a correspondence has been established. The author's computational approach to visual theory makes the work unique, and it should be of interest to psychologists working in visual perception and readers interested in cognitive studies in general, as well as computer scientists interested in machine vision, theoretical neurophysiologists, and philosophers of science. About the Author Shimon Ullman is Samy and Ruth Cohn Professor of Computer Science at Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

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National Maternal and Child Health Clearinghouse, 2070 Chain Bridge Road, Suite 450, Vienna, VA 22182-2536. Tel: 703-356-1964. Fax: 703-821-2098. Web site: http://www.edc.org/HHD/csn or http://www.nmchc.org. Guides - Non-Classroom This resource guide brings together the latest available information on Latino adolescent violence prevention efforts and existing resources in Latino communities. It seeks to help maternal and child health (MCH) professionals better address the specific needs of Latino youth and their families by presenting ethnic-specific factors for violence-prevention practice, policy, and research. The guide opens with a demographic profile of Latinos and a discussion of the impact of violence on Latino youth. It outlines the risk factors for violence in Latino communities and considers the role of culture in risk and resiliency. Developing effective violence prevention programs for Latino youth is addressed, as are the roles of MCH and other public health professionals. A list of selected Latino organizations with model programs addressing youth violence contains contact information. (Contains 52 references.) (SLD) 1 - Available on microfiche Education Development Center, Newton, MA. Children's Safety Network. Health Resources and Services Administration (DHHS/PHS), Washington, DC. Maternal and Child Health Bureau.

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An instance (or object) of a defined class can be created with make takes one mandatory parameter, which is the class of the instance to create, and a list of optional arguments that will be used to initialize the slots of the new instance. For instance the following form (define c (make <my-complex>)) creates a new <my-complex> object and binds it to the Scheme Create and return a new instance of class class, initialized using initarg .... In theory, initarg … can have any structure that is understood by whatever methods get applied when the generic function is applied to the newly allocated instance. In practice, specialized initialize methods would normally call (next-method), and so eventually the standard GOOPS initialize methods are applied. These methods expect initargs to be a list with an even number of elements, where even-numbered elements (counting from zero) are keywords and odd-numbered elements are the corresponding values. GOOPS processes initialization argument keywords automatically for slots whose definition includes the #:init-keyword option (see init-keyword). Other keyword value pairs can only be processed by an initialize method that is specialized for the new instance’s class. Any unprocessed keyword value pairs are ignored. make-instance is an alias for The slots of the new complex number can be accessed using slot-set! sets the value of an object slot and slot-ref retrieves it. (slot-set! c 'r 10) (slot-set! c 'i 3) (slot-ref c 'r) ⇒ 10 (slot-ref c 'i) ⇒ 3 (oop goops describe) module provides a function that is useful for seeing all the slots of an object; it prints the slots and their values to standard output. (describe c) -| #<<my-complex> 401d8638> is an instance of class <my-complex> Slots are: r = 10 i = 3

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From the World Heritage inscription: For over 2,000 years, Pueblo peoples occupied a vast region of the south-western United States. Chaco Canyon, a major centre of ancestral Pueblo culture between 850 and 1250, was a focus for ceremonials, trade and political activity for the prehistoric Four Corners area. Chaco is remarkable for its monumental public and ceremonial buildings and its distinctive architecture – it has an ancient urban ceremonial centre that is unlike anything constructed before or since. In addition to the Chaco Culture National Historical Park, the World Heritage property includes the Aztec Ruins National Monument and several smaller Chaco sites managed by the Bureau of Land Management. Along with Mesa Verde, Chaco Culture is one of the best examples of ancient culture in the United States. Getting to Chaco Culture National Historic Monument is a bit of a challenge. It is a very remote site that required at least 20 miles of travel over unpaved roads. If it has been recently raining, forget about visiting.

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Get Smart with Eggs Children need proper nourishment to give them energy for their growing minds and bodies. That's why it's important to start their day off right with a healthy and nutritious breakfast that is high in protein – like eggs. Protein keeps kids feeling full for longer, so they can concentrate in the classroom and not on their rumbling stomachs. Eating a well-balanced breakfast can also increase a child's attention span which can help improve memory, problem-solving skills, school attendance and test scores.47 It's no wonder that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Think Outside the Cereal Box Do hectic weekday mornings have you reaching for those brightly coloured boxes in your cupboard? Some sugary cereals contain little protein and up to 16 grams of sugar per serving. Eggs are an excellent source of protein, contain no sugar and are a great way to start the day. A breakfast of 2 eggs and 1 slice of whole-grain toast provides 15 grams of protein and only 3 grams of sugar (from the toast), helping your child stay mentally alert. Think outside the box and give your child a smart start with a healthy breakfast. * average of 16 g of sugar per 1 serving of raisin bran cereal ** average of 10 g of sugar per 1 serving of honey nut cereal *** average of 3 g of sugar per 1 slice of whole-grain toast Did you know a serving of some cereals contains the same amount of sugar as you would find in a GLAZED DONUT?

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In 1932 numerous complaints about the mistreatment of black laborers working on the War Department’s Mississippi River Flood Control Project led the NAACP to send Helen Boardman to investigate. She found private contractors subjecting blacks to unequal pay, higher commissary prices, unsanitary camps, overwork, and beatings. Her report was referred to the War Department. When conditions persisted, the NAACP sent Roy Wilkins and George Schuyler to investigate. Disguised as laborers, Wilkins and Schuyler toured contractors’ camps for three weeks and confirmed Boardman’s report. The NAACP printed 10,000 copies of a leaflet, Mississippi River Slavery–1932, to inform the public. In September 1933, the Secretary of War announced a pay raise and shortened hours for unskilled Mississippi levee camp laborers.

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Posts Tagged ‘keystones’ This row of four double storey houses fronts Hurtle Square but also presents an end terrace to Halifax Street is named “Darcy Lever Terrace” is typical of the Adelaide style but a great individual example. Constructed in local basalt with mostly timber verandahs they were built in 1878 by Simon Harvey. The roof is hipped with plain rendered chimneys and double wooden eaves brackets. The terraces have rendered mouldings with keystoned window surrounds, the keystones featuring vermiculation and string course moulding to visually separate the floors at the end terrace. The side facades have a brick pattern while the front facade. Sobraon is a magnificent row of three storey terrace houses in Paddington, Sydney is an unusual Italianate composition. The name could have come from a clipper of the same name which was regularly moored at Rose Bay between 1867-1871 and the largest composite ship ever built1 (itself named for a war in Punjab India in the 1840s) the sails and masts which may well have once been visible in the distant harbour from the rear of these homes. The mid terrace is notably wider than either flanking terrace. These terrace houses, largely hidden by trees, are of a most unusual design. Looking similar in appearance to a Manhattan brownstone, they feature an exaggerated Italianate mannerist (or baroque) style using stucco and mouldings to simulate heavy stone in stark contrast to the iron lacework inspired filigree terraces of the street. Perhaps the most impressive feature of this tall freestanding Victorian terrace in Sydney’s inner north is the triple storey verandah, replete with iron lacework. Although the upper storey with its bullnose roof is missing its brackets the terrace has fringes, brackets and decorative cast iron columns on every level. This is rare for a Sydney terrace as most typically have verandahs only the bottom or bottom two storeys. Botanic Chambers is an an addition to Adelaide’s historic Botanic Hotel designed by architect McMullen and built between 1876 and 1877 to mirror the style of the hotel which also extends toward East Terrace. The very English Italianate terraces were built in bluestone with stuccoed decrations incorporating classical elements including quoining, parapets, faceted bay windows on the ground floor and large aediculed windows on the upper storeys. The terrace has a prominent fence and gateposts which complete the composition. Cast iron lacework balconies were later added. The terraces complement the large collection of classic buildings which line North Terrace.

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American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition - v. To restore to an earlier condition, as by repairing or remodeling. - v. To impart new vigor to; revive. Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - To renew; render as good as new; restore to freshness or to a good condition: as, to renovate a building. - To give force or effect to anew; renew in effect. - To revive; recover. - v. To renew; to revamp something to make it look new again. - v. To to restore to freshness or vigor. - v. this sense?) To tear down and rebuild. GNU Webster's 1913 - v. To make over again; to restore to freshness or vigor; to renew. - v. give new life or energy to - v. make brighter and prettier - v. restore to a previous or better condition - Latin renovāre, renovāt- : re-, re- + novāre, to make new (from novus, new; see newo- in Indo-European roots). (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition) “Having your parents drive through your living room so you can renovate is just bloody brilliant!” “Jim and the other young man took a job on their own, helping Alex Ghiselin renovate a house.” “I remember what happened a few years ago when Archsodomite Rembert Weakland of Milwaukee decided to "renovate" his cathedral, tearing apart a beautiful reredos and replacing it with a grand new pipe organ !” “They hope, primarily, to use it to protect the front lip of terraces (of which there are vast numbers), but they see it also as a possible way to stabilize roadsides and to protect (even "renovate") landslide areas.” “7 Office Design Ideas - From the home office to the enterprise, our environment affects the way we work - Office Design Gallery With the idea of renovate our office and more interaction area, I visited the Microsoft R&D Center in Grand Gateway, where my good friend Eric and Helen work.” “AEG offered two plans: "renovate" and "innovate," focused on revenue-generating options such as new seating and amenities.” “In the spring of 2006, the Wisconsin Union Directorate placed a referendum on the Associated Students of Madison ballot that gave the students the power to vote on whether to increase their segregated fees by up to $96 a semester for the next 30 years to fund the construction of a new union in place of Union South and "renovate" the Memorial Union.” “They closed it because it would cost too much to "renovate".” “Tehran authorities want to "renovate" the neighborhood by removing historic synagogues.” “AIKEN'S LEADERS plan to spend $1.5 million of taxpayer money to "renovate" 150 houses in the Crosland Park neighborhood, an area "with crime in recent years.” These user-created lists contain the word ‘renovate’. A complete Barron's Wordlist for GRE preparation. Your online flashcard replacement. 1. Strictly EU terms with special European meaning used only in the EU 2. Keywords central to the understanding of the EU (people working for the EU are usually able to give thematic... need to know these words!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! lesson 4's vocab Looking for tweets for renovate.

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Clan Badge: a Boar Passant Sable, Armed Argent and Langued Gules A boar passant Sable - refers to a boar walking as a symbol of bravery who fights to the death; Sable meaning black and Armed is a term applied to the horns, teeth, and tusks of beasts; and Argent refers to the head. Langued is a term to express the tongue of beasts when of a different tincture or color to that of the body. The tongue, when red, need not be expressed, as it is always understood to be of that color, and Gules refers to the color red. The meaning of I Byd It or I Byde It: I shall endure or I shall preserve. This family motto seems appropriate since several of our ancestors in Scotland were executed for religious treason to the King. They and their families were hunted and persecuted by the King's forces until they were put to death in Glasgow and Edinburgh in the 1680's. The most famous was John, the martyr, Nisbet, whose execution location has been marked with a memorial bronze marker on the sidewalk in Glasgow. Nisbet streets still exist in both cities. Scottish clans (from Scottish Gaelic clann, "children"), give a sense of identity and shared descent to people in Scotland and to their relations throughout the world with a formal structure of Clan Chiefs officially registered with the court of the Lord Lyon, King of Arms, which controls the heraldry and Coat of Arms. Each clan has its own tartan patterns, usually dating to the 19th century, and members of the clan may wear kilts, skirts, sashes, ties, scarves, or other items of clothing made of the appropriate tartan as a badge of membership and as a uniform where appropriate. Clans identify with geographical areas originally controlled by the Chiefs, usually with an ancestral castle or manor, and clan gatherings form a regular part of the social scene. The word clann in Gaelic means children of the family. Each clan was a large group of related people, theoretically an extended family, supposedly descended from one progenitor and all owing allegiance to the patriarchal clan chief. It also included a large group of loosely-related septs - related families - all of whom looked to the clan chief as their head and their protector. Clan Nisbet Tartan According to the Scottish Tartans Society this is the sett that appears in the Vestiarium Scoticum as Mackintosh. There is no connection between the names, historically, to explain the position, and it is interesting to note the similarity with the Dunbar tartan which also originates in the Vestiarium. Given that use of tartan in lowland families appears to be a nineteenth century innovation, the Nisbet tartan may be of recent origin. A tartan manufacturer may have taken the Dunbar family tartan as a model owing to the close relationship between the two families. Naisbet, Naibett, Naiset, Naisbett, Naisbit, Naisbitt, Nesbet, Nesbet, Nesbett, Nesbit,Nesbith, Nesbitishill, Nesbitt Nesbutt, Nesyt, Nesbyte, nesbyth, Nesbythe, Nes-Dret, Nesebite, Neebith, Nesebyte,Nessbitt, Nezebuth, Nesbert, Nisbet, Nesbett, Nisbit, Nisbitt, Nisbythe, Nyspet, Nispitt, Nysbett, Nysit There are no Sept's of Clan Nisbet. Just the spelling variations of the last name. Heads of large branches of a Clan, who have been Officially Recognized as Chiefs by the Lord Lyon King of Arms. They may wear either their own personal Crest within a plain circlet inscribed with the Motto, as for a Chief, but with two small eagle's feathers instead of the Chief's three. If the Chieftain is also a Peer, he may add the appropriate coronet of rank on top of the circlet, or they may wear their Chiefs Crest badge without feather like any other clansman, as described for clansmen below. A person who has registered his or her own Coat of Arms and Crest, or inherited these according to the Laws of Arms in Scotland from an ancestor who had recorded them in the Lyon Register, may wear their own Crest as a badge: either on its Wreath, Crest Coronet or Chapeau, or as is more usual, within a plain circlet inscribed with his Motto. An armiger may also choose to wear instead the Crest badge of his Chief if the armiger is a clansman. An armiger is entitled to one silver eagle's feather behind the plain circlet, and if he is also a Peer he may add his appropriate coronet of rank on top of the circlet. These are the Chiefs relatives, including his own immediate family and even his eldest son, and all members of the extended family called the "Clan", whether bearing the Clan surname or that of one of its septs; that is all those who profess allegiance to that Chief and wish to demonstrate their association with the Clan. It is correct for these people to wear their Chief's Crest encircled with a strap and buckle bearing their Chief's Motto or Slogan. The strap and buckle is the sign of the clansman, and he demonstrates his membership of his Chief's Clan by wearing his Chief's Crest within it. Clan Nisbet Badges Clan Chief's Pinsel This is the flag denoting a person to whom a Clan Chief has delegated authority for a particular occasion, such as a Clan Gathering when the Chief is absent, in a word, the flag of the Chief's representative. It is triangular in shape, 60 centimetres high at the hoist and 135 centimetres in width tapering to a point, with a background of the main livery colour of the Chief's arms. On it is shown the Chief's crest, within a strap of the second livery colour and buckle (gold for full Chiefs), bearing the motto, and outside the strap and buckle a gold circlet (outlined in green if the background is not a contrasting colour to gold) inscribed with the Chief's title. On top of this circlet is set the owner's coronet of rank or his baronial cap. In the fly is shown the owner's plant badge and a scroll inscribed with his slogan or motto. This flag is allotted only to Chiefs or very special Chieftain-Barons for practical use, and only upon the specific authority of the Lord Lyon King of Arms. The Heraldic definition of the Clan Chief's pinsel: Pinsel four feet by two feet six inches Argent displaying on a wreath liveries Argent and Sable the foresaid crest with in a strap Sable, buckle and embellished Or, inscribed with this Motto "I Byd It" in the letters of the field all within a circlet Gules fimbrated Or, bearing his title "Nisbet of That Ilk" in letters also in the Field, and the same ensigned of a chapeau Assured furred Ermine, and in the fly an Eschol Sable surrounding a sprig of oak furcated Proper bearing in letters of the field this slogan "A Nisbet". Printable graphics for Clan Tents, created by N/N Secretary, Hal Nesbitt. These PDFs can be printed and hung in your tent and are optimized for a 22" x 34" format. - Alexander System of Heraldry - Archerfield House - Big House - Clan Badge - Craigintinnie House - Dean House - Dowling Pedigree 1 - Dowling Pedigree 2 - Environs of the Early Nisbets - Horatio Nelson - Nisbet Pedigree - Sir John's House - They Died for Their King... - Three Boar's Heads

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below are thumbnails click on them to see larger versions.) A Song and a Pint Weston's Music Hall (one of the earliest) sometime in the 1880s. Note the long tables where patrons ate and drank during performances. British taverns had provided musical entertainment since medieval times, and outdoor musical "pleasure gardens" flourished in the 1700s. The early 1800s brought "saloons" offering variety acts and booze, with some going so far as to add theatres to their original structures. When the Theatre Act of 1843 declared that such establishments would only be licensed if run as theatres, the first music halls appeared in suburban London. Although the stress was on entertainment, alcohol flowed, to the delight of customers and the ongoing profit of proprietors. As Great Britain’s Industrial Revolution created a new urban working class in the mid-1800s, the music halls provided this new audience with inexpensive entertainment. In time, intellectuals and the upper classes took a liking to these unpretentious variety shows. By 1875 there were over three hundred music halls in London, with hundreds more scattered across the British Isles. With names like The Empire or The Hippodrome, they became favorite hangouts for people of every class and In time, all music hall performances followed a basic format. A "Chairman" acted as master of ceremonies, introducing singers, dancers and specialty acts (magicians, etc.). The halls were everything from huge ornate theaters to stuffy converted basements. All that was required was a stage, audience seating, and a strategically placed bar. While everyone went for the music and comedy, there is no question that the availability of liquor was part of the music hall's appeal. The temperance movement complained that the halls encouraged heavy drinking among both men and (gasp!) women, particularly among (oh, horror!) the lower classes. A few booze-free halls opened but soon faded. The British public went to the music halls to kick back and have a good, rowdy time, not a subdued experience. Instead of a proscenium stage, some of the earliest music halls looked like churches, with a fenced-in sanctuary for the performance area and pipe organs to accompany the singers. But the atmosphere was far from prayerful! Audiences were seated on benches surrounding huge plank tables, where they could eat, drink, read, and settle in for hours. Performers were often ignored as business deals, political debates, romantic assignations and a general hubbub filled the air. Every act had to deliver solid entertainment The audience often joined in singing popular songs, and cheered-on favorite performers. Mediocre acts were booed off the stage, but these rejections were more spirited than vicious. Those who were not tough enough to take such treatment soon sought other forms of A period illustration of the plight faced by early music hall performers. Imagine facing this noisy mob in the days before With women and children in the audience, the material was never more than mildly risqué. Most music hall songs were sentimental and/or comic takes on everyday life, as well as spoofs of the rich and famous. A classic example is Marie Lloyd's popular hit, "My Old Man" We had to move away Cause the rent we couldn't pay. The moving van came round This after dark. There was me and my old man Shoving things inside a van, Which we've often done before, Let me remark. We packed all that could be packed In the van, and that's a fact, And we got inside All we could get inside. We packed all that could be packed On the tailboard in the back, Till there wasn't any room For me to ride. And my old man Said, "Run along the van, And don't dilly-dally on the way." On went the van with my whole billet. I'd run along with me old cock-a-linnet. A-dillying, I dallied; A-dallying, I dillied. I lost the way and Don't know where to roam. Who's gonna put up The old iron bedstead If I can't find my way home? Surviving recordings make it clear that few music hall stars had good voices. Like their vaudeville counterparts in the U.S., their primary qualifications were energy and personality. The best music hall performers had both in abundance. Marie Lloyd (seen at left) was one of the most beloved music hall stars. Her stage humor ranged from the wholesome to the risqué. If her trademark parasol failed to open, she would quip, "I haven't had it up for ages." One of her songs was "She Sits Among Her Cabbages and Peas" a title that sounds less innocent than it looks. Lloyd always adapted her act to the audience at hand, winning almost universal affection. Playwright and poet T. S. Eliot explained her appeal this way No other comedian succeeded so well in giving expression to the life of the music hall audience, raising it to a kind of art. It was, I think, this capacity for expressing the soul of the people that made Marie Lloyd unique. - Selected Essays by T. S. Eliot, Faber and Faber, After World War I, food service disappeared from the music halls, and traditional theatre seating replaced the old benches and tables. But there was still plenty of beer! Performers faced more concentrated scrutiny, which only strengthened the popularity of favorites like comic singers Florrie Forde, George Robey and Harry Champion. Most performers preferred songs with simple repetitive refrains that were easy for audiences to remember and sing along with. Champion's repertoire included this cockney refrain I'm 'Enery the Eighth I am, 'Enery the Eighth I am, I am. I got married to the widow next door She's been married seven times before. Ev'ry one was a 'Enery She wouldn't 'ave a Willie or a Sam. I'm her eighth old man named 'Enery 'Enery the Eighth I am! Music hall performers found their comedy in the kind of characters and situations that audiences encountered as part of their everyday lives. The police, the rent collector, the bailiffs, mothers-in-law, the drunken husband and the shrewish wife, the spendthrift who had gambled away his pay before he got home Friday night such were the dragons slain by these seedy St. Georges. Patriotism and the more chauvinistic aspects of Victoriana were pandered to and at the same time subtly ridiculed; the rednecks were kept happy and, for those with the wit to see it, the satire was - Peter Leslie, A Hard Act to Follow: A Music Hall Review (London: Paddington Press, 1978), p. 47. Music halls went into a gradual decline after the introduction of talking films, but the British never did let a good habit die easily. Some halls were still in operation after World War II, and the best music hall songs are still sung in some London pubs. The music halls gave the British public a solid tradition of popular musical theatre. Stage stars Vesta Tilley, Lupino Lane and Gracie Fields as well as film legends Stan Laurel and Charlie Chaplin got their start in the In the United States, two forms of musical revue developed during the mid-1800s. One was bawdy and the other was the embodiment of racism, but both flourished for decades and were the precursors of musical theatre in America. Next: American Variety

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, by ASIF AHMED Islam, mainly of the Sunni sect, is practised by 4 per cent of the population of Burma, according to the government census. However, according to the US State Department’s 2006 International religious freedom report, official statistics underestimates the non-Buddhist population which could be as high as 30 per cent. Muslim leaders estimate that as much as 20 per cent of the population may be Muslims. Muslims are spread across the country in small communities. The last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II, the members of his family and some followers were exiled to Yangon, Myanmar. He died during his imprisonment in Yangon and was buried on 7.11.1862. After the British took over the whole Burma, all sub groups of Burmese Muslims formed numerous organisations, active in social welfare and religious affairs. The Indian-descended Muslims live mainly in Rangoon. The Rohingya are a minority Muslim ethnic group in Northern Rakhine State, Western Burma. The Rohingya population is mostly concentrated in five northern townships of Rakhine State: Maungdaw, Buthidaung, Rathedaung, Akyab, Sandway, Tongo, Shokepro, Rashong Island and Kyauktaw. The stated official policy of the government of Burma is that all ethnic, religious, and language groups in Burma are equal. RELIGIOUS AND RACIAL RIOTS Under the British rule, economic pressures and xenophobia contributed to the rise of anti-Indian, and later anti-Muslim sentiment. Following an anti-Indian riot in 1930, racial tensions flared between the ethnic Burmese, Indian immigrants, and British rulers. Burmese sentiment turned against those viewed as foreigners, including Muslims of all ethnic groups. Following this, an anti-Muslim riot occurred in 1938, strongly influenced by newspapers. BURMA FOR BURMESE CAMPAIGN These events led to the creation of the Burma for Burmese only Campaign, which staged a march to a Muslim Bazaar. While the Indian police broke the violent demonstration, three monks were hurt. Burmese newspapers used the pictures of Indian police attacking the Buddhist monks to further incite the spread of riots. Muslim shops, houses, and mosques were looted, destroyed, or burnt to ashes. Muslims were also assaulted and killed. The violence spread throughout Burma, with a total of 113 mosques damaged. BRITISH INQUIRY COMMITTEE On September 22, 1938, the British Governor set up an Inquiry Committee. This committee determined that the real cause of the discontent toward the government was deterioration of socio-political and economic conditions in Burma. This report was also used by Burmese newspapers to incite hatred against the British, Indians, and Muslims. The Simon Commission which had been established to inquire into the effects of the Dyarchy system of ruling India and Burma in 1927, recommended that special places be assigned to the Burmese Muslims in the Legislative Council. It also recommended that full rights of citizenship should be guaranteed to all minorities: the right of free worship, the right to follow their own customs, the right to own property and to receive a share of public revenues for the maintenance of their own educational and charitable institutions. It further recommended Home Rule or independent government separate from India or the status of dominion. ANTI-FASCIST PEOPLE’S FREEDOM LEAGUE The BMC, Burma Muslim Congress, was founded almost at the same time as the AFPFL, Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League of General Aung San and U Nu before World War II. U Nu became the first Prime Minister of Burma in 1948, following Burmese independence. Shortly after, he requested that the BMC resign its membership from AFPFL. In response, U Khin Maung Lat, the new President of BMC, decided to discontinue the religious practices of BMC and rejoin AFPFL. U Nu asked the BMC to dissolve in 1955, and removed it from AFPFL on September 30, 1956. Later U Nu decreed Buddhism as the state religion of Burma, angering religious minorities. NE WIN’S COUP D’ÉTAT After the coup d’état of General Ne Win in 1962, the status of Muslims changed for the worse. Muslims were expelled from the army and were rapidly marginalised. The generic racist slur of “kala” (black) used against perceived “foreigners” gained especially negative connotations when referring to Burmese Muslims during this time. Accusations of “terrorism” were made against Muslim organisations such as the All Burma Muslim Union, causing Muslims to join armed resistance groups to fight for greater freedoms. ANTI-MUSLIM RIOTS IN MANDALAY On March 16, 1997, at about 3:30 p.m., following reports of an alleged attempt to rape by Muslim men, a mob of about 1,000-1,500 Buddhist monks and others gathered in Mandalay. They targeted the mosques, followed by Muslim shop-houses and transportation vehicles in the vicinity of mosques. Looting, destruction of property, assault, and religious desecration were reported. At least three people were killed and around 100 monks arrested. RIOTS IN SITTWE AND TAUNGOO In February 2001 tension between Buddhists and Muslims was also high in Sittwe. Resentments were deeply rooted, and the result from both communities was that they were under siege from the other. The violence in February 2001 flared up after an incident in which seven young monks refused to pay a Muslim stall holder for cakes they had just eaten. The Muslim seller, a woman, retaliated by beating one of the novices, according to a Muslim witness. He attested that several senior monks then came to protest and a brawl ensued. One of the monks was hit over the head by the Muslim seller’s husband and started to bleed. Riots then broke out. A full-scale riot erupted after dusk and carried on for several hours. Buddhists poured gasoline on Muslim homes and properties and set them alight. More than 30 homes and a Muslim guest house were burnt down. Police and soldiers reportedly stood by and did nothing to stop the violence initially. There are no reliable estimates of the death toll or the number of injuries. More than 20 died, according to some Muslim activists. The fighting took place in the predominantly Muslim part of town and so it was predominantly Muslim property that was damaged. In 2001, Myo Pyauk Hmar Soe Kyauk Hla Tai , The Fear of Losing One’s Race, and many other anti-Muslim pamphlets were widely distributed by monks. Distribution of pamphlets was also facilitated by the Union Solidarity and Development Association (USDA), a civilian organisation instituted by the ruling junta, the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). Many Muslims feel that this exacerbated the anti-Muslim feelings that had been provoked by the destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan in the Bamyan Province of Afghanistan. Human Rights Watch reports that there was mounting tension between the Buddhist and Muslim communities in Taungoo for weeks before it erupted into violence in the middle of May 2001. Buddhist monks demanded that the Hantha Mosque in Taungoo be destroyed in “retaliation” for the destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan. Mobs of Buddhists, led by monks, vandalised Muslim-owned businesses and properties, and attacked and killed Muslims. On May 15, 2001, anti-Muslim riots broke out in Taungoo, Bago division, resulting in the deaths of about 200 Muslims, destruction of 11 mosques, and setting ablaze of over 400 houses. On this day also, about 20 Muslims praying in the Han Tha mosque were beaten, some to death, by the pro-junta forces. On May 17, 2001, Lt. General Win Myint, Secretary No. 3 of the SPDC and Deputy Home and Religious Minister arrived and curfew was imposed in Taungoo. All communication lines were disconnected. On May 18, the Han Tha mosque and Taungoo Railway station mosque were razed by bulldozers owned by the SPDC .The mosques in Taungoo remained closed until May 2002, with Muslims forced to worship in their homes. After two days of violence the military stepped in and the violence immediately ended. There were reports that local government authorities alerted Muslim elders in advance of the attacks and warned them not to retaliate to avoid escalating the violence. While the details of how the attacks began and who carried them out were unclear by year’s end, the violence significantly heightened tensions between the Buddhist and Muslim communities Gautama Buddha very rightly said: “However many holy words you read, however many you speak, what good will they do you if you do not act on upon them?” But I don’t think Rakhine Buddhists are in a state anymore to ponder over it. Muslims in Burma’s western state of Rakhine have been subjected to attacks, arbitrary arrests and were abused in the weeks since ethnic clashes erupted. According to a report by Amnesty International, hundreds of people were detained in the areas where Muslim Rohingya people live after an emergency was declared in Rakhine in June after deadly clashes between Buddhists and Muslims. Amnesty accused Burmese security forces as well as ethnic Rakhine Buddhist residents of assaults, unlawful killings of Muslims and the destruction of property. A state of emergency was declared in Rakhine in June after deadly clashes between Buddhists and Muslims. Since then, hundreds of people have been detained in the areas where Muslim Rohingya people live, a spokesman said. The government has dismissed the allegations as “groundless and biased”. Win Myaing, a government spokesman for Rakhine state, told the Associated Press news agency that the claims are “totally opposite of what is happening on the ground”, adding that the region was calm. But although communal violence has eased since the unrest in June, violations by the security forces appear to have increased, rights groups say. “Most cases have meant targeted attacks on the minority Rohingya population and they were bearing the brunt of most of that communal violence in June and they continue to bear the lion’s share of the violations perpetrated by the state security forces,” Amnesty researcher Benjamin Zawacki told the BBC’s Viv Marsh. ANTI-MUSLIM RIOTS IN RAKHINE Buddhists started another genocide in Rakhine in June 2012, after Myanmar’s President Thein Sein had said Rohingya Muslims must be expelled from the country and sent to refugee camps run by the United Nations. It all started on June 3, 2012 when 11 innocent Muslims were killed by the Burmese Army and the Buddhist mobs after bringing them down from a bus. A vehement protest was carried out in the Muslim majority province of Arakan, but the protestors fell victim to the tyranny of the mobs and the army. More than 50 people were reportedly killed and thousands of homes destroyed in fires as Muslim-ethnic Rohingya and Buddhist-ethnic Arakanese clashed in western Burma. While the idea of monks actually leading rioters may seem unusual, certain details make it less so. Burma’s large and much feared military intelligence service, the Directorate of Defence Security Intelligence, is commonly believed to have agents working within the monk-hood. Human Rights Watch also reported that monks in the 2001 riots were carrying mobile phones, a luxury not readily available to the Burmese population, as very few without government connections can afford them. It is also reported that there was a clear split between monks who provoked violence and those who did not. It has been suggested by Human Rights Watch and others that these facts may reflect the presence of agents provocateur among the monks. EMBASSY OF MYANMAR STATEMENT Amidst spreading anger among Muslims in India over the killings of Muslims in Myanmar, the Embassy of Myanmar in New Delhi has come up with first official and detailed explanation about the violent clashes, its origin and the measures the Government of Myanmar has taken to control the situation and provide relief for the victims. According to Myanmar Ambassador Zin Yaw, what has happened recently in the Rakhine State of Myanmar was violent clashes and riots between Buddhists and Muslims in the state – it was not one-sided killing of Muslims by another group with the support of the state. According to Yaw, only 79 persons comprising members of both communities have been killed in the riots that started on May 30, 2012. He termed the photos of mass killings of Muslims as fake and described the reports as baseless accusations. According to the BBC, the group also said that authorities allowed Rakhine youth to assault Rohingyas in custody. The group also alleged that Burmese authorities took part in looting of shops and homes belonging to Rohingyas. The government has, however, dismissed the allegations as ‘groundless and biased’. Win Myaing, a government spokesman for Rakhine state, said the claims are ‘totally opposite of what is happening on the ground’. Chris Lewa, director of The Arakan Project, which focuses on Rohingyas in the region, told BBC that hundreds of Rohingya Muslims had been arrested, with allegations that some had been beaten and even tortured. “Shortly after the main violence... then we start seeing a new phase of, I would say, state-sanctioned abuses, where especially in Maung Daw... we heard on a daily basis about mass arrests of Rohingya,” Ms Lewa told the BBC. The Arakan Project also says that some Rakhine, particularly those found with weapons, were arrested. It is difficult to verify any of the information provided by such sources, as journalists cannot access the area. (to be concluded)

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What Other Factors Played a Role in the Scramble to Happen? - Steam Engines and Iron Hulled Boats -- In 1840 the Nemesis arrived at Macao, south China. It changed the face of international relations between Europe and the rest of the world. The Nemesis had a shallow draft (five feet), a hull of iron, and two powerful steam engines. It could navigate the non-tidal sections of rivers, allowing access inland, and it was heavily armed. Livingstone used a steamer to travel up the Zambezi in 1858, and had the parts transported overland to Lake Nyassa. Steamers also allowed Henry Morton Stanley and Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza to explore the Congo. - Medical Advances -- Africa, especially the western regions, was known as the 'White Man's Grave' because of the danger of two diseases: malaria and yellow fever. During the eighteenth century only one in ten Europeans sent out to the continent by the Royal African Company survived. Six of the ten would have died in their first year. In 1817 two French scientists, Pierre-Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou, extracted quinine from the bark of the South American cinchona tree. It proved to be the solution to malaria; Europeans could now survive the ravages of the disease in Africa. (Unfortunately yellow fever continued to be a problem - and even today there is no specific treatment for the disease.) - Politics -- After the creation of a unified Germany (1871) and Italy (a longer process, but its capital relocated to Rome also in 1871) there was no room left in Europe for expansion. Britain, France and Germany were in an intricate political dance, trying to maintain their dominance, and an empire would secure it. France, which had lost two provinces to Germany in 1870 looked to Africa to gain more territory. Britain looked towards Egypt and the control of the Suez canal as well as pursuing territory in gold rich southern Africa. Germany, under the expert management of Chancellor Bismarck, had come late to the idea of overseas colonies, but was now fully convinced of their worth. (It would need some mechanism to be put in place to stop overt conflict over the coming land grab.) - Military Innovation -- at the beginning of the nineteenth century Europe was only marginally ahead of Africa in terms of available weapons as traders had long supplied them to local chiefs and many had stockpiles of guns and gunpowder. But two innovations gave Europe a massive advantage. In the late 1860s percussion caps were being incorporated into cartridges - what previously came as a separate bullet, powder and wadding, was now a single entity, easily transported and relatively weather proof. The second innovation was the breach loading rifle. Older model muskets, held by most Africans, were front loaders, slow to use (maximum of three rounds per minute) and had to be loaded whilst standing. Breach loading guns, in comparison, had between two to four times the rate of fire, and could be loaded even in a prone position. Europeans, with an eye to colonization and conquest, restricted the sale of the new weaponry to Africa maintaining military superiority. The Mad Rush Into Africa in the Early 1880s Within just 20 years the political face of Africa had changed - with only Liberia (a colony run by ex- African-American slaves) and Ethiopia remaining free of European control. The start of the 1880s saw a rapid increase in European nations claiming territory in Africa: - In 1880 the region to the north of the river Congo became a French protectorate following a treaty between the King of the Bateke, Makoko, and the explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza. - In 1881 Tunisia became a French protectorate and the Transvaal regained its independence. - In 1882 Britain occupied Egypt (France pulled out of joint occupation), Italy begins colonization of Eritrea. - In 1884 British and French Somaliland created. - In 1884 German South West Africa, Cameroon, German East Africa, and Togo created, Río de Oro claimed by Spain. Europeans Set the Rules for Dividing Up the Continent The Berlin Conference of 1884-85 (and the resultant General Act of the Conference at Berlin) laid down ground rules for the further partitioning of Africa. Navigation on the Niger and Congo rivers was to be free to all, and to declare a protectorate over a region the European colonizer must show effective occupancy and develop a 'sphere of influence'. The floodgates of European colonization had opened.

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The number in each Lo-Res font name indicates the number of pixels in its body, or ppem ("pixels per em".) On a standard Macintosh display, this is equal to the point size; under Windows the point size will appear reduced by approximately 75% on a 96 dpi display. (For example, a font designed on a twelve pixel body will appear best at 12 point on a 72 dpi Macintosh display, whereas on a 96 dpi Windows display, the same twelve pixel body will be best displayed at 9 point. The default Windows resolution is 96 dpi, but the type resolution can also be customized through the Windows Control Panel. For Windows NT, 98, 2000 and XP Go to: Control Panel / Display / Settings/ Advanced / Display Font Size: Small = 96 DPI (this is the default) Large = 120 DPI Other = (Enter % of normal size) 75% (72 dpi) will give the most accurate rendering of the Lo-Res fonts. At 72 dpi, the ppem matches the point size, so Lo-Res 9 is optimal at 9 point, Lo-Res 12 is optimal at 12 point, etc. For Windows Vista 1. Right click on the desktop and choose Personalize 2. In the left pane, click, on "Adjust Font Size." 3. Click on the Continue button. 4. Select the font size you want. 5. Click on the OK button. Recommended Windows Settings for Best Screen Display of our TrueType Fonts: Windows NT, 98 and 2000

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You are hereBiblio / Carbon Nanotubes Could Be Ubiquitous to Many Foods Carbon Nanotubes Could Be Ubiquitous to Many Foods |Title||Carbon Nanotubes Could Be Ubiquitous to Many Foods| |Publication Type||Web Article| |Year of Publication||2012| |Series Title||2020 Science| |Type of Medium||Blog Article| Research is showing that relatively uniformly sized nanometer scale particles are part of the environment we live in. A recent study published in the journal Science Progress analyzed the carbon nanoparticle content in everyday foods such as bread, corn flakes and biscuits, and found th at products containing carmelized sugar contained spherical carbon nanotubes in the range of 4030 nm. The blog author raises the question, "If these natural-occurring nanoparticles case no health issues, do engineered nanoparticles also safe?"

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This research brief by Child Trends, created through a partnership with NAHIC, uses state-level data to examine trends in the teen birth rate over 19 years, from 1991 to 2009, including the uptick in 2006 and 2007. Findings suggest substantial variation in the teen birth rate across states, (ranging across states from 16 to 64 births per 1,000 15-19 year-old females in 2009) and also in the degree of change over this timeframe. Four different state patterns of decline emerged: - High start rate (in 1991)/sharp uptick; - Medium-high start rate/modest uptick; - Medium-low start rate/modest uptick; and - Low start rate/modest uptick The brief also describes state social and demographic characteristics associated with these patterns. February 8, 2012 Mary Terzian, Ph.D., M.S.W., & Kristin A. Moore, Ph.D. MORE NEWS AND ARTICLES BY SIMILAR TOPIC(S) This issue brief, developed by the Center for Adolescent Health & the Law, presents an overview of the health care issues faced by homeless adolescents and young adults. This brief highlights priority health issues for adolescent & young adult males and identifies key gender & racial/ethnic disparities. This fact sheet provides an analysis of the major health care reform bills before the House and Senate as of November 2009. The State and National Data Profiles allows users to assess recent progress on Healthy People 2010’s 21 Critical Health Objectives by presenting data and text highlights that correspond to the baseline (1998-99) and final (2007-09) measures. This 2008 brief provides an annotated list of organizations and agencies that monitor trends in state and federal policies related to the 21 Critical Health Objectives.

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|Nigeria Table of Contents In general, the southern groups of peoples have a fragmented quality. In 1990 the two most important groupings were the Igbo and the Yoruba--both linguistic communities rather than single ethnic units. History, language, and membership in the modern nation-state, however, had led to their identity as ethnic groups. In addition, although not as clearly differentiated, two subunits had strong traditions of ethnic separateness. These were the peoples of the Niger River delta area and those on the border between the Igbo and Yoruba. Yorubaland takes in most of southwestern Nigeria and the peoples directly west of the Nigerian border in the independent country of Benin. In Nigeria alone, Yorubaland included 20 million to 30 million people in 1990 (i.e., about double the 1963 census figures). Each of its subunits was originally a small to medium-sized state whose major town provided the name of the subgrouping. Over time seven subareas--Oyo, Kabba, Ekiti, Egba, Ife, Ondo, and Ijebu--became separate hegemonies that differentiated culturally and competed for dominance in Yorubaland. Early nineteenth-century travelers noted that northern Oyo people had difficulty understanding the southern Ijebu, and these dialect differences remained in 1990. The language is that of the Kwa group of the Niger-Congo family, related to the Idoma and Igala of the southern grouping of middle belt chieftaincies south of the Benue River. The population has expanded in a generally westerly and southwesterly direction over the past several centuries. In the twentieth century, this migration brought Yoruba into countries to the west and northwest as far as northern Ghana. The Yoruba kingdoms were essentially unstable, even when defended by Portuguese guns and later by cavalry (in Ilorin and Kabba), because the central government had insufficient power constitutionally or militarily to stabilize the subordinate chiefs in the outlying centers. This fissiparous tendency has governed Yoruba contemporary history and has weakened traditional rulers and strengthened the hands of local chiefs and elected councils. Ilorin, like Nupe to the north, was an exception, an extension of Fulani imperial expansion; in 1990 it was ethnically Yoruba, yet more closely allied through its traditional rulers to the Islamic societies to the north. It thus formed a bridge between north and south. The region has had the longest and most penetrating contacts with the outside world. Returned Yoruba slaves, the early nineteenth-century establishment of the Anglican Church, and Yoruba churchmen, such as Bishop Samuel Adjai Crowther (in the 1820s), made its religious life, its formal education, and its elites among the most Westernized in the country. The first university, founded in 1948, was at Ibadan in the heart of Yorubaland, as were the first elite secondary schools; the first research institutes for agriculture, economics, African studies, and foreign affairs; the first publishing houses; and the first radio and television stations. Wole Soyinka, Africa's first Nobel prizewinner in literature, claims Yoruba ethnicity. The entry port of Lagos, predominantly Yoruba, is the largest and economically dominant city in the country (and its first capital). In relation to others, the Yoruba had a strong sense of ethnic identity and of region, history, and leadership among Nigeria's peoples. In relation to each other, the seven subgroups used inherited prejudices of character and behavior that could exacerbate animosities, should other factors such as access to education or prominent positions create conflict among the subdivisions. At the same time, the Yorubas' longer contact with Westernizing influences had created some dedicated nationalists who saw their Yoruba identity as a contributing factor in their loyalty to the wider concept of a Nigerian nation-state. The other major group of the south was the Igbo. They were found primarily in the southeast and spoke a Kwa language of the Niger-Congo family. This language tied them, historically, to regions east and south of their contemporary locations. In 1990 it was hard to find any major town in Nigeria without an Igbo minority, often in an ethnic enclave. As communities they had traditionally been segmented into more than 200 named groupings, each originally a locally autonomous polity. These groupings varied from a single village to as many as two or three dozen nucleated settlements that over time expanded outward from an original core town. Most of these central villages ranged from 1,000 to 3,000 persons in the nineteenth century. In 1990 they were as much as five to ten times larger, making severe land shortages and overused farmland a widespread problem. Precolonial trade up the Niger River from the coast stimulated the early development of a few larger towns, such as Onitsha, that in 1990 contained a population of several hundred thousand. Igbo culture, however, unlike the emirates and the Yoruba city-states, did not count urban living among the traditional ways of life. For the Igbo as an ethnic group, personal advancement and participation in local affairs were matters of individual initiative and skill. Villages were run by a council of the most respected elders of the locality. Colonial administration created local headmen, or "warrant chiefs," who were never fully accepted and were finally replaced by locally elected councils. This development does not mean that Igbo culture is exclusively dedicated to egalitarianism. Rank and wealth differences have been part of the society from early times and were highly prized. Success, eldership, wealth, a good modern education political power, and influence were all recognized as ways by which people, especially adult males, could distinguish themselves. As with all Nigerian societies, Igbo life was complex, and the organization of local and regional society was stratified into more and less affluent and successful groups, families, individuals, and even neighborhoods. Graduates of secondary schools formed "old boy associations," some of which had as members wealthy men linked to one another as local boosters and mutual supporters. Comparatively speaking, Igbo were most unlike other Nigerians in their strong positive evaluation of open competition for success. Children were encouraged to succeed; if they did so skillfully, rewards of high status awaited them. It was no accident that the first American-style land-grant university, linked for guidance during its founding to Michigan State University, was at Nsukka in Igboland, whereas the first universities in Yorubaland and in the north looked to Britain and its elitist traditions of higher education for their models of university life. Psychological tests of "achievement motivation" that measure American-style individual competitiveness against standards of excellence given to comparable Nigerian groups resulted in Igbo people placing highest, followed by Yoruba, and then Hausa. This stress on individual achievement made Igbo people seem "pushy" to fellow Nigerians, whose own ethnic traditions fostered individual contributions to collective achievements within close-knit kin and patron-client groups that were more hierarchically arranged. In these latter groups, achievements were obtained through loyalty, disciplined membership in a large organization, and social skills that employed such memberships for personal advancement. The impressive openness of Igbo culture is what first strikes the outsider, but closer inspection produces several caveats. Besides differences of wealth and rank achieved in one's lifetime or inherited, there was a much older tendency for people who traced their descent from the original settler-founders of a village to have higher status as "owners of the land." Generally, they provided the men who acted as priests of the local shrines, and often they provided more local leaders than descendants of later arrivals. At the other end of the scale were known descendants of people, especially women, who were originally slaves. They were akin to Indian "untouchables," low in status and avoided as marriage partners. As with all Nigerian ethnic groups, there were internal divisions. Generally, these had to do with town area of origin. More northerly areas had a feeling of separateness, as did larger towns along the Niger River. Beyond Igboland, people from the region were treated as a single unit, lived in separate enclaves and even faced restrictions against ownership of local property in some northern towns. Once they suffered and fought together in the civil war of Biafran secession in the 1960s, these people developed a much stronger sense of Igbo identity that has since been expressed politically. Nevertheless, localized distinctions remained and in 1990 were significant internally. The peoples of the Atlantic Coast and the Niger River delta are linguistically and culturally related to the Igbo. But the ecological demands of coastal life, and the separate history of contact with coastal trade and its effects produced ethnic differences that were strong enough to have made these people resist the Biafra secession movement when it was promulgated by Igbo leadership. Ijaw, Ibibio, Anang, and Efik lived partly from agriculture and partly from fishing and shrimping in the coastal waters. Religion, social organization, village life, local leadership, and gender relations were deeply affected by this ecology-based differentiation. Although there was a natural and historical pull of migration to Lagos, especially by young Ijaw men who went to the city to find work and send home remittances, the area boasted its own coastal town of Port Harcourt in Efik country that was, in a sense, the headquarters of this subgrouping. To a lesser extent, the peoples of the western bank of the Niger River--and the western delta--especially the Bini speakers and Urhobo--were culturally close to those around them but had a sufficient sense of linguistic and historical separateness to see themselves as unique. These differences were partly buttressed by the past glory of the kingdom of Benin, of which a much diminished remnant survived in 1990, and had been used to provide the south first with an extra region, then with extra states when the regional level of government was abandoned in 1967. More about the Population of Nigeria. Source: U.S. Library of Congress

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Duane syndrome, also called Duane retraction syndrome (DRS), is a group of eye muscle disorders that cause abnormal eye movements. People with Duane syndrome have difficulty rotating one or both eyes outward (abduction) or inward (adduction). Six muscles, which control the movement of the eye, are attached to the outside of the wall of the eye. In each eye, there are two muscles that move the eye horizontally. The lateral rectus muscle pulls the eye out towards the ear and the medial rectus muscle pulls the eye in towards the nose. There are four other muscles, which move the eye up or down and at an angle. Each eye muscle receives the command for movement from cranial nerves that exit the brain. Duane syndrome is due to miswiring of the eye muscles. The “mistake” probably happens around the 6th week of pregnancy and is due to poor development of tiny parts of the brain stem that control the eye muscles. In Duane syndrome, the sixth cranial nerve that controls the lateral rectus muscle (the muscle that rotates the eye out towards the ear) does not develop properly. Why the nerve does not develop is not yet understood. Thus, the problem is not primarily with the eye muscle itself, but with the nerve that transmits the electrical impulses to the muscle. There is also irregular innervation of a branch from the third cranial nerve, which controls the medial rectus muscle (the muscle that rotates the eye toward the nose). This is why abnormalities may be found in both left gaze and right gaze. Duane syndrome affects girls more often than boys. In addition, the left eye is more likely than the right eye to be affected. The reason for this is not known. Around 20% of Duane syndrome patients have both eyes affected. No particular race or ethnic group is more likely to be affected. • Strabismus-the eyes may be misaligned and point in different directions at all times • Head position-patients often maintain a head posture or head turn to keep the eyes straight • Amblyopia-reduced vision in the affected eye. • Eyelid narrowing-the affected eye may appear smaller than the other eye • Upshoot or downshoot-with certain eye movements, the eye may occasionally deviate upward or downward Duane retraction syndrome is present from birth, even if it is not recognized during infancy. An abnormal head posture and strabismus are often visible in old photographs taken in early childhood. In 90% of cases, the patient has no family history of Duane syndrome. Ten percent of patients will have an affected family member and these tend to be cases where both eyes are involved. There is currently no test that can determine whether a patient has a hereditary form. Duane syndrome is often characterized by whether the primary abnormality is a reduced ability to turn the affected eye(s) outward (type I), inward (type II), or both (type III). Type I is the most common form of Duane syndrome. The problem with the 6th cranial nerve is usually an isolated condition and the child is usually otherwise completely normal. With careful follow-up, the long-term prognosis for good vision is usually excellent. Occasionally, Duane syndrome may be found in association with other eye problems, including disorders of other cranial nerves, nystagmus (an involuntary back-and-forth movement of the eyeball), cataract, optic nerve abnormalities, microphthalmos (abnormally small eye), and crocodile tears. The problem with the cranial nerve is usually an isolated condition and the child is otherwise completely normal. However, some patients with Duane syndrome have other problems, such as hearing impairment, Goldenhar syndrome, spinal and vertebral abnormalities. There is also an increased frequency of Duane syndrome in patients with thalidomide exposure. For the majority of patients, Duane syndrome does not require surgical treatment. Surgery for Duane syndrome is indicated for one of four reasons: • To reduce strabismus • To eliminate a socially unacceptable head position • To eliminate a significant upshoot or downshoot. • To eliminate disfiguring enophthalmos. The goal of treatment is to restore satisfactory eye alignment in the straight-ahead position, eliminate an abnormal head posture and to prevent amblyopia. In most cases, eye muscle surgery is required. Because the function of the affected nerve and muscle cannot be restored, the other eye muscles are adjusted to compensate and allow for better eye alignment. Surgery cannot fix the problem of nerves that are miswired. By moving the eye muscles surgery can compensate for the miswiring. Because surgery doesn’t “really” fix the problem, surgery cannot restore normal eye movement, but surgery can (and usually does) substantially improve the situation. The full effect of the surgery may take some weeks to become apparent. There is a low incidence of unexpected or inadequate results. National Human Genome Research Institute VISIT SITE » Are you a medical professional, interested in joining AAPOS? Find out more here ▶

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So, you are here because everyone keeps telling you that things like are bad. But no one really says why ----------------- It Is Resource Heavy ---------------- First, you have to think about what the system () function really does: it executes not just one, but maybe two separate processes and returns an exit status to your program (hopefully the exit status from the program you are attempting to run). Notice all the things that can go wrong... and very little recourse for error recognition and handling. But wait, there's more! Speaking of system("PAUSE"), here is WaltP 's simplified, but complete, breakdown of what exactly system() does to accomplish its goal: ----------------- It Defeats Security ----------------- So, if all it is is resource heavy, then what makes it so evil? Because you have no guarantee that the program you are executing is a valid command does the same thing on all systems hasn't been compromised with malicious code, or is the program you think it is The last two need a little explanation. Here's a little console program to try out: #if defined(WIN32) || defined(_WIN32) || defined(__WIN32__) || defined(__TOS_WIN__) || defined(__WINDOWS__) #define EDITOR "notepad" #define EDITOR "emacs" printf( "Now I'm going to start your text editor!\n" ); system( EDITOR ); printf( "Good-bye!\n" ); A few notes for Unix/Linux users: - I don't have emacs installed (I can't stand the thing). I use "kate" and "vim" instead. If you don't have Emacs installed, edit the above source to the name of your favorite text editor. - To escape emacs if you don't know how, press Ctrl-X , then Ctrl-C - Before running your program, you'll have to make sure that the PATH includes the current directory. For bash users, type: at the command prompt before running the program. Don't worry, this is only temporary. Once you are done with these exercises, type a period and press ENTER to restart bash to the proper defaults. So then, go ahead and compile and run it to see it work. Now that you've seen it work properly, create yourself a new little program in the same directory: printf( "Bwah, hah, hah, hah, hah!\n" ); Compile it and name the executable "notepad.exe " if you are on Windows, or "emacs " (or whatever your used above) if you are on *nix. (Be careful not to clobber your first program's executable.) Now run the first program again. What happened? (Unix/Linux users, now would be a good time to restart your shell. Remember, this example was contrived -- there are plenty of other ways to get malicious software into the execution path.) is that when you directly execute a program, it gets the same privileges as your program -- meaning that if, for example, you are running as system administrator then the malicious program you just inadvertently executed is also running as system administrator . If that doesn't scare you silly, check your pulse. It doesn't matter if you aren't sysadmin either. Anything you can do it ------------- Anti-Virus Programs Hate It ------------- The last thing is simply a matter of perception. If your users are running any sort of anti-virus, like ZoneAlarm, Norton, McAfee, etc. then they will get a very unpleasant message about your program trying to do something considered dangerous. Remember, the AV software doesn't say what you are trying to do, only that it is trying to do something uncouth. Users treat such programs with suspicion. Well, that's about it. Don't use system () unless you have to. Hope this helps. As an addendum, if you do need to use system (), it is generally a good idea to check that you have a shell available: if (system( NULL )) then_I_can_safely_use_system(); Also, straight from the manual page: Do not use system() from a program with set-user-ID or set-group-ID privileges, because strange values for some environment variables might be used to subvert system integrity. Use the exec(3) family of functions instead, but not execlp(3) or execvp(3). system() will not, in fact, work properly from programs with set-user-ID or set-group-ID privileges on systems on which /bin/sh is bash version 2, since bash 2 drops privileges on startup. (Debian uses a modified bash which does not do this when invoked as sh.)

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Long-range forecasting is the goal of many an atmospheric scientist, including those in the employ of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. noaa is trying to develop the capability of predicting climate on longer time scales--a season ahead, or a year ahead, rather than three days ahead, says atmospheric scientist Donald Hansen of the University of Miami. And the generally accepted belief is that the longer-term variations in climate are influenced very strongly not just by the atmosphere but by the temperature structure in the ocean. In search of clues to help explain long-term climate patterns, Hansen and his noaa colleague Hugo Bezdek recently pored over 45 years’ worth of North Atlantic sea surface temperature records, from 1948 to 1992. Unfortunately, they didn’t find out how to predict the climate a year in advance. But they did uncover some strange ocean phenomena that, so far, defy conventional explanation: huge blobs of warm and cool water slowly roaming around the North Atlantic. The patches were immense--typically 500 to 600 miles across--but were nevertheless hard to spot. Hansen and Bezdek found them only because faced with so much data, they were forced to simplify their task. We looked particularly at the most extreme things that occurred--the anomalies, only the top 10 and bottom 10 percent of sea surface temperatures, says Hansen. And because they were interested only in long- term variations in temperature, they filtered out any temperature fluctuations that occurred over less than four years. Hidden in those 45 years of temperature records was the existence of large cold and warm blobs of water--one or two degrees colder or warmer than the surrounding seas--that sprang up in the North Atlantic at various times, and that roughly followed general ocean current patterns-- counterclockwise in the northern Atlantic, clockwise farther south. After slinking about for anywhere from four to ten years, the blobs would disappear. Their depth couldn’t be determined, but they probably extended no more than 1,200 feet. Among the puzzling aspects of these blobs is their speed: about a mile per day, just one-third or one-quarter the speed of prevailing currents. The water is probably flowing through them and changing its temperature as it goes, says Hansen. He and Bezdek also don’t know how the blobs form or why they last so long, though Hansen says there must be some long-lasting interaction between the atmosphere and the sea that maintains the blobs. Nor do they know if the blobs influence climate, though they note that one warm blob coincided with a prolonged drought in Scandinavia in the late 1950s. While future research might answer these questions, for now much about the blobs remains a mystery.

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Literacy Task (30 minutes) We would like you to think about your dream school. Design a leaflet, brochure or a poster that gives information about your ideal school. This can be completed in your English Homework books; through ICT (but should be printed at home); or on a separate piece of paper. Think about suitable sub-headings such as: environment, students, values, resources and equipment. Mathematics Task (30 minutes) Please refer to your Maths teacher's blog to access guidelines for your Maths home learning. ie: If your Maths teacher is Mrs Parker you look at 6E blog. Mrs Kelly Maths Task Choose a maths activity below. You can do both! This week you have been looking at positive and negative integers (numbers). Can you come up with a catchy way of remembering what happens when: - You add a negative number to a positive number (and vice versa) - You add a negative number to a negative number - You subtract a negative number from a positive number - You subtract a negative number from a negative number Your catchy way of remembering might be a poster, a rap, a rhyme, a song (with a dance if you like) or anything else that helps you to remember what to do. Can you use your knowledge of positive and negative numbers (and research skills) to find the following: - The difference between the highest and lowest points in the country (or countries) that you are from? - The difference between the highest and lowest points on earth? - The difference between the hottest and coldest temperatures recorded in your home country or countries? - The difference between the hottest and coldest temperatures ever recorded? Are there any other statistics that you can think of that involve negative numbers? Other Task (30 minutes) Wow what a week! We have learnt so much about each other, our new teachers, and our learning in year 6. Many events have taken place, and get to know you activities run. But how on earth will we remember all of them?! I would love for you to summarise our first week in year 6 together (including the three days last week), in the form of either a comic strip or a newspaper report. This can either be done in your English homework book, or on a piece of paper to be stuck in. Can you think of any breaking news we learnt about at Patana this last week…? Include as many little facts you can remember from the last 8 days, for example: ‘Louise loves basketball’ or ‘my new maths teacher is Ms Kerry, yeah!!’ using words and pictures. ------------ no comments -----------

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Food for Kids Childhood Hunger Programs Over one-third, or 15,000, of the Regional Food Bank's emergency food recipients on a weekly basis are children. Since there is a critical connection between childhood nutrition and cognitive and physical development, even nutritional deficiencies of a relatively short-term nature negatively impact a child's health, behavior, and the ability to concentrate and perform complex tasks. In addition, going without food can cause behavioral and psychological effects such as depression, aggression, anxiety, and poor social skills in children. Food is the most essential school supply. Hungry children cannot learn. The Regional Food Bank serves children directly through three programs in its Childhood Hunger Initiative. Chronically hungry elementary school children receive a backpack with food over weekends and holidays An after-school and summer safe haven for at-risk youth Summer meals for children ages 1-18 A food pantry inside schools for chronically hungry middle and high school students to get food for after school and weekends.

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Human African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness is a widespread tropical disease that can be fatal if not treated. It is spread by the bite of an infected tsetse fly (Glossina Genus). The tsetse fly bite erupts into a red sore and within a few weeks the person can experience fever, swollen lymph glands, aching muscles and joints, headaches and irritability. In advanced stages, the disease attacks the central nervous system, causing changes in personality, alteration of the biological clock (the circadian rhythm), confusion, slurred speech, seizures, and difficulty walking and talking. These problems can develop over many years in the Gambiense form and some months in the Rhodesiense form; if not treated, the person will die. Control of sleeping sickness is based on reduction of the reservoirs of infection by early diagnosis and control of tsetse flies. TDR related research TDR supports research on this disease. Our work is being conducted in the following areas: - Studies of pentamidine treatment for stage 1 of the disease (3 days instead of 7) and nifurtimox-eflornithine - Tsetse fly control methods and strategies A call for closer ties to communities Pipeline grows for neglected diseases research and development (R&D) Resolution on neglected tropical diseases to be recommended to WHO Health Assembly TDR publications and articles Research Priorities for Chagas Disease, Human African Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis Changing Mindsets: Research Capacity strengthening in low and middle-income countries A human rights-based approach to neglected tropical diseases Strategic and business plan for the African Network for Drugs and Diagnostics Innovation (ANDI)

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Technological developments are triggers for social changes It has been always like this: If a new technology appears, it offers both chances and challenges. Chances to solve some problems of mankind come always along with the challenge to use it responsibly. If you look back in history, you'll find many examples, where inventions resulted in revolutionary changes of society. One of the earliest known examples for this phenomenon is the invention of irrigation around 6000 BC in Mesopotamia. It triggered the following chain reaction: - Farmland became more efficient allowing a higher population density - Higher population density results either in self-extinction, mass exodus or a better organization. The Mesopotamians were smart enough to choose the latter. - Suddenly there was some essential infrastructure (the irrigation channels), which had to be maintained. People who maintain irrigation channels cannot work on the fields at the same time, so the division of labor had to be invented - If you have division of labor, you need trade - If you have trade, you need money - If you have money, you need mathematics - Money and trade hardly work if you don't invent some alphabet The beginning of the 20th century was characterized by by lots of revolutionary advances especially in electronic communication (radio and TV), transportation (cars and airplanes) and manufacturing (mass production). Some of the results follow: - Ordinary people could more easily stay informed about political affairs. Without a well informed population modern democracy is impossible. - What we call a global society today, became possible through electronic communication. - Many cultural genres, e.g. music styles, are no longer local (or national) phenomena but global ones. - In years where the weather sucks (from the farmers points of view) people no longer have to be afraid of famines (today's famines always have political reasons). This feeling of safety has a large impact on human mind and society. Irresponsible uses of 20th century technology were European dictatorships (which utilized the then new electronic mass media for propaganda) resulting in 2 World Wars (made possible by the newly invented cars and planes). The biggest challenge of the 20th century was not to start a nuclear war. Before, all weapons ever developed were eventually used. The atomic bomb was never used in a war by any nation except one. Beginning of the 21st century The beginning of the 21st century was characterized by masses of ordinary people beginning to use the internet. Many argue, that the internet is just another means of communication like the ones we had before. This is completely wrong imo. All mass media we had before were unidirectional (few content producers serve many consumers). The internet is multidirectional (every content consumer can also be a producer). This is a completely different topology of information flow with possibilities far beyond everything we had before. Just look at some examples of what was achieved by now: - People write an encyclopedia, which is larger, more up-to-date but not more incorrect than any paper-encyclopedia you could buy before. - 1000s of computer nerds spending their nights in front of their PCs wrote one of the world's best OSes. - In times of war or unrest, gagging orders no longer work - No matter what absurd theories you believe, you'll always find like-minded people. - Some internet movies become more popular than some commercial Hollywood productions. Some things I see coming: - Internet communities can make big achievements even though they are mostly self organized. Politicians are afraid of self organizing structures because they fear to become superfluous. - People, who work voluntarily on self-organized projects, will no longer feel the need to be ruled by politicians. - Big record companies will die out, because they terrorized their customers and ripped off musicians. Even Paul McCartney let Starbucks merchandise an album already. Also they still follow the obsolete model of few producers serving many consumers. Only small manufacturers of vinyl disks will survive (at least as long as there are DJs who know how to use them). - Traditional newspapers will become superfluous because they cost money and the 12 hour delay due to the printing time will be unacceptable for most people. - Traditional radio and TV-stations will die out because people don't want to read programming schedules anymore. They want to see and hear what they want when they want. - With no unidirectional mass media left, controlling the information flow will become impossible. As a result, Dictators and conspirators will have a hard time. 1. They learn that their undertaking is doomed to failure and try to arrange with the new conditions before it's too late. 2. They will continue trying and the WWW will move from today's client-server model to strongly encrypted p2p technologies like freenet. I personally would prefer option 1, but in either case they'll lose. As said before, new technologies also bring new challenges: - Computer expertise becomes more and more important for ordinary people. In the last century, learning to read and write was already a good start of the career. Today, knowing to use a computer mouse is at least as important. - The fact that in the internet everyone can be content provider naturally results in a large percentage of bullshit. The preselection of information, which was done by editorial offices of the traditional mass media, must now be done by the consumer. The advantage of unfiltered information comes along with the task to decide yourself. If you agree with what I said, you'll like this movie.

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en

A boil, also called a furuncle, is a deep folliculitis, infection of the hair follicle. It is most commonly caused by infection by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, resulting in a painful swollen area on the skin caused by an accumulation of pus and dead tissue. Individual boils clustered together are called carbuncles. Most human infections are caused by coagulase-positive S. aureus strains, notable for the bacteria's ability to produce coagulase, an enzyme that can clot blood. Almost any organ system can be infected by S. aureus. Signs and issues Boils are bumpy, red, pus-filled lumps around a hair follicle that are tender, warm, and very painful. They range from pea-sized to golf ball-sized. A yellow or white point at the center of the lump can be seen when the boil is ready to drain or discharge pus. In a severe infection, an individual may experience fever, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue. A recurring boil is called chronic furunculosis. Skin infections tend to be recurrent in many patients and often spread to other family members. Systemic factors that lower resistance commonly are detectable, including: diabetes, obesity, and hematologic disorders. Usually, the cause is bacteria such as staphylococci that are present on the skin. Bacterial colonization begins in the hair follicles and can cause local cellulitis and inflammation. Additionally, myiasis caused by the Tumbu fly in Africa usually presents with cutaneous furuncles. Risk factors for furunculosis include bacterial carriage in the nostrils, diabetes mellitus, obesity, lymphoproliferative neoplasms, malnutrition, and use of immunosuppressive drugs. Patients with recurrent boils are as well more likely to have a positive family history, take antibiotics, and to have been hospitalized, anemic, or diabetic; they are also more likely to have associated skin diseases and multiple lesions. The most common complications of boils are scarring and infection or abscess of the skin, spinal cord, brain, kidneys, or other organs. Infections may also spread to the bloodstream (bacteremia) and become life-threatening. S. aureus strains first infect the skin and its structures (for example, sebaceous glands, hair follicles) or invade damaged skin (cuts, abrasions). Sometimes the infections are relatively limited (such as a stye, boil, furuncle, or carbuncle), but other times they may spread to other skin areas (causing cellulitis, folliculitis, or impetigo). Unfortunately, these bacteria can reach the bloodstream (bacteremia) and end up in many different body sites, causing infections (wound infections, abscesses, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, pneumonia) that may severely harm or kill the infected person. S. aureus strains also produce enzymes and exotoxins that likely cause or increase the severity of certain diseases. Such diseases include food poisoning, septic shock, toxic shock syndrome, and scalded skin syndrome. Almost any organ system can be infected by S. aureus. A small boil may burst and drain on its own without any assistance. In some instances, however, draining can be encouraged by application of a cloth soaked in warm salt water. Washing and covering the furuncle with antibiotic cream or antiseptic tea tree oil and a bandage also promotes healing. Furuncles at risk of leading to serious complications should be incised and drained by a medical practitioner. These include furuncles that are unusually large, last longer than two weeks, or are located in the middle of the face or near the spine. Fever and chills are signs of sepsis that require immediate treatment. Antibiotic therapy is advisable for large or recurrent boils or those that occur in sensitive areas (such as around or in the nostrils or in the ear). Staphylococcus aureus has the ability to acquire antimicrobial resistance easily, making treatment difficult. Knowledge of the antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus is important in the selection of antimicrobials for treatment. Poor personal hygiene being common, the role of nasal S. aureus carrier may differ from communities with good hygienic practices. Staphylococcus aureus re-infection may result from contact with infected family members, contaminated fomites, or from other extra-nasal sites. This raises a suggestion to treat household contacts and close contacts if recurrence persists, because it is likely that one or more contacts are asymptomatic carriers of S. aureus. In addition to the increase in the cost of treatment in poor countries, the possibility of developing drug resistance must be considered. The most important independent predictor of recurrence is a positive family history. Boils are spread among individuals by touching or bursting a boil. Furunculosis is a common disease, particularly with deficient hygiene. A large number of S. aureus organisms are frequently present on the sheets and underclothing of patients with furunculosis and may cause re-infection of patients and infection of other members of the family. The role of iron deficiency anemia in recurrent furunculosis was demonstrated, all patients were free from recurrence during the six months follow-up period after iron supplementation. A variety of host factors, such as abnormal neutrophil chemotaxis, deficient intra-cellular killing, and immuno-deficient states are of importance in a minority of patients with recurrent furunculosis. Health education about sound personal hygiene and correction of anemia should be mandatory in management of furunculosis. It was found that recurrence was significantly associated with poor personal hygiene. A previous study reported that MRSA infection was significantly associated with poor personal hygiene. It was reported that frequent hand and body washing with water and antimicrobial soap solution decreases staphylococcus skin colonization. Previous use of antibiotics is associated with a high risk of recurrence. This may be due to the development of resistance to the antibiotics used. An associated skin disease favors recurrence. This may be attributed to the persistent colonization of abnormal skin with S. aureus strains, such as is the case in patients with atopic dermatitis.

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THE UNKNOWN TUNGUSKA: What we know and what we do not know about the great explosion of 1908 * * * The summer of 2012 coincides with the 104th anniversary of the enigmatic event known as the fall of the Tunguska meteorite (in reality - a space body of unknown origin, almost definitely not a meteorite at all). In the past decades, some (the most obvious) features of this event were widely publicized in the popular and scientific press. But neither the general public, nor the world scientific community has in fact paid serious attention to the real - very complicated - picture of this event. The language barrier is also difficult to surmount (the key publications on the subject matter are in Russian) and consequently the Tunguska problem is usually thought of either as solved long ago by specialists in meteoritics, or as a complete blank space in science. Neither of these approaches is close to the truth. We do know now something very essential about the Tunguska phenomenon. First of all, we know with certainty, to which great extent it is anomalous. Let's look at this startling picture... * * * 1. A surprise from the blue Beginning on June 27, 1908, strange atmospheric optical anomalies were observed in many places of Western Europe, the European part of Russia and Western Siberia. They included unprecedentedly active formation of mesospheric (silvery) clouds, bright "volcanic" twilights, extremely intense and long solar halos, etc. These anomalies were gradually increasing in intensity during three days, when in the sunny morning of June 30, 1908, a luminous space body of unknown origin flew over Central Siberia, moving generally to a north-westerly direction. The body was seen in many settlements of the region, its flight being accompanied by thunder-like sounds. Although this region is only sparsely-populated and, besides, systematic gathering of the eyewitnesses' testimonies started rather late (in the 1920s), we have got by now some 500 written accounts which contain more or less detailed descriptions of the flying body. Its shape was mostly described as roundish, spherical, or cylindrical; its color as red, yellow, or white. There was no smoky trail, so typical for large iron meteorites, but many witnesses saw behind the body vivid iridescent bands looking like a rainbow. When flying at 7 h 14 m of local time (that is, at 0 h 14 m GMT) over the area with the coordinates 60° 53' N, 101° 54' E, not far from the Podkamennaya Tunguska river, the body exploded, the TNT equivalent of the effect being 30 to 50 megatons. The explosion was accompanied by a bright flash and a powerful blast. I would like to cite here an account of Semyon Semenov who lived then in the little trading station Vanavara, some 70 km to the south-east from the epicenter of the explosion. (The latter was located at a lonely marshy region, named the Southern Swamp.) In 1927 Semenov recalled: "I sat on the steps of my house, facing the north. ...Suddenly the sky in the north split apart and there appeared... a fire that spread over the whole northern part of the firmament. At this moment I felt intense heat, as if my shirt took fire. I wished to tear up my shirt and throw it off, but at this moment the sky shut and a powerful strike threw me down from the steps... At this moment I fainted, but my wife ran out of the house and helped me to get up... After the stroke there started a very loud knocking - as if stones were falling from the sky..." The sound of the explosion was heard as far as 1200 kilometers from the epicenter, and within 200 kilometers there were broken windows which faced northwards. Its seismic wave was recorded in Irkutsk, Tashkent, Tbilisi and Jena. The shock wave of the Tunguska explosion leveled more than 2100 square kilometers of the forest; over an area of some 200 square kilometers vegetation was burnt by the flash. After that there started a major forest fire. Some six minutes after the explosion there began a local magnetic storm, closely similar to geomagnetic disturbances following nuclear explosions in the atmosphere. It was detected by the Magnetographic and Meteorological Observatory in Irkutsk. The storm lasted for four hours. By the early morning of July 1, strange light effects in the skies that started three days before the event jumped to their peak. Later, after July 1, these effects swiftly reduced; still some aftereffects took place up to late July of 1908. 2. Labyrinths of hypotheses Even from this short and simplified description of the Tunguska phenomenon, one can see its real extent. The more interesting seems the lack of any serious reaction to it in science of those days. Although some scientific journals discussed the strange atmospheric anomalies, no attention was in fact paid to the extraordinary event that had taken place in Siberia. Yet some local Siberian newspapers did publish eyewitnesses' accounts, and the journalists supposed that a huge meteorite had fallen in taiga. In this connection, we should give his due to Director of Irkutsk Magnetographic and Meteorological Observatory Dr. Arkady Voznesensky who realized immediately after the event that the curious earthquake recorded by the instruments of the Observatory had something to do with the fiery body described in the newspaper reports. After processing the seismograms, Arkady Voznesensky established approximate coordinates of the space body fall: 60° 16' N, 103° 06' E, as well as its moment: 7 h 17 m 11 s of local time. Taking into account imperfection of the instruments he used, accuracy of these results is worthy of admiration. Unfortunately, they have not been published until 1925. For more than a decade the Tunguska "meteorite" was in fact forgotten. When I define my description of the Tunguska fall as "simplified," it is not just a form of speech. In reality, even now, 104 years after the event, many important details of the phenomenon remain obscure. We do not know for sure, how many bodies participated in it, nor how many explosions happened. It is even not clear whether we can use here the word "explosion" in its proper sense, or it would be better to carefully use the expression "an explosion-like energy release." The real level of intricacy and anomalousness of the Tunguska phenomenon was perceived only after many decades of active investigations in this region. At first, however, the situation seemed more or less clear. In 1921 information of the Tunguska fall came to light anew, when an expedition of the Russian Academy of Sciences, aimed at gathering data about various meteorites and led by Leonid Kulik, visited Central Siberia. There was no question that it had been a huge meteorite, either stone, or iron, and therefore several well-equipped special expeditions were subsequently sent to the site. Kulik continued to actively explore the area up to World War II. In these expeditions he obtained much valuable data on the event. Even when (immediately after discovering the area of the leveled forest) it was established that at the epicenter of the explosion the trees were still standing upright, showing no sign of a meteorite crater, no real significance was attached to this fact. There was just a little shift from the idea of a single meteorite body to that of a meteorite shower (which had to arise from destruction of the initial body due to air resistance at some altitude above the Earth's surface). Respectively, the forest was supposed to be leveled by the ballistic shock wave of the collapsed body. Leonid Kulik mistook usual thermokarst holes for meteorite ones, and nobody should throw a stone at him for this mistake: being a really eminent specialist in meteoritics, he looked for a meteorite, not for something else. Nevertheless, as time passed, some scientists began to feel, rather intuitively, that the meteorite hypothesis had serious weak points. In spite of intensive search for remnants of the meteorite, there was not found even a milligram of its substance. In the early thirties Francis Whipple supposed that the Tunguska space body (TSB) had in fact been the core of a small comet, Vladimir Vernadsky put forward a hypothesis about a cloud of cosmic dust, and Igor Astapovich assumed that the TSB had ricocheted off the lower layer of the atmosphere... But it was the Soviet engineer and science-fiction writer Alexander Kazantsev who understood in 1945 the real importance of the "first Tunguska anomaly" - the overground character of the explosion. He advanced the hypothesis of an extraterrestrial spaceship that had met with disaster due to a malfunction at the final stage of its space voyage. The author of this hypothesis subsequently recalled that he had been much impressed by a description of the nuclear explosion over Hiroshima and its similarity to the Tunguska explosion. In certain respects the latter does resemble nuclear ones, but it was ascertained only 20 years later, and so one cannot but admire the deep insight of Kazantsev's. Specialists in meteoritics at once raised objections to such a fantastic idea. Thus, a team of the most distinguished Soviet astronomers wrote in 1951 in the popular-science journal "Science and Life": "There is no question that immediately after the meteorite fall a crater-like depression formed where now the Southern Swamp exists. It was relatively small and soon became inundated with water. In subsequent years it was covered by silt and moss, filled with peat hummocks and partly overgrown with bushes. The dead trees standing upright can be seen not at the center of the catastrophe, but on the hillsides which surround the hollow..." However the work of the first post-war Tunguska expedition, organized in 1958 by the Committee on Meteorites of the USSR Academy of Sciences (KMET) made everyone involved in the discussion to agree: the Tunguska space body had in fact exploded in the air and therefore hardly could have been a usual meteorite. Thereafter the number of anomalies discovered on the site of the Tunguska explosion began to grow steadily. The hypothesis of a thermal explosion, according to which the Tunguska space body was a meteorite or the core of a small comet that exploded as a result of the rapid deceleration in the lower atmosphere, met with difficulties, attempting to assimilate all of them. And as soon as 1962 the Committee on Meteorites got rid of the affair, turning it over to the Commission on Meteorites and Cosmic Dust of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The problem of the Tunguska phenomenon was, so to speak, exiled to the place of its birth. In reality it was the Independent Tunguska Exploration Group (ITEG) that became the center of the Tunguska studies. It was not the only research body in this field, but its role can hardly be overestimated. The Independent Tunguska Exploration Group is a kind of informal scientific research institute aimed at thorough studies of the Tunguska problem. It was formed in 1958 in the Siberian city of Tomsk and consisted at first of a dozen of specialists in various scientific disciplines, mainly physicists and mathematicians. A few years later the "core" of this informal institute involved about 50 scientists, while a hundred specialists took part in fieldwork each year, with an amazing 1,000 researchers from various scientific institutions all over the Soviet Union collecting and analyzing relevant materials. Although traces of the Tunguska explosion begin to disappear with time, some of them are still well visible. Examining these traces, KSE performed a really huge amount of the work, and its results have been published in a series of collections of scientific papers. Nonetheless these results remain virtually unknown in the West and not fully assimilated in Russia. In the course of these investigations the problem of the Tunguska explosion has evolved into a multidisciplinary field of research, with its own research community, a set of publications, research methodology, etc. In respect of the "meteoritic establishment" (personified in the KMET), this community turned out to be to a large extent alternative, since it was ready to consider every hypothesis of the TSB origin, even the extraterrestrial starship. However, the ITEG combines its unconventional research strategy with strictly normal, rigorous, scientific research methods. Thus, the Group has been performing a normal scientific investigation of an anomalous phenomenon. This investigation can be considered exemplary in respect of its scientific level, seriousness and unbiasedness. If we associate science with these distinctive features (and not with the automatic following of paradigmatic models even when they are obviously inconsistent with the phenomena under investigation), then we are dealing here with nothing but normal science. I would also like to emphasize the importance of the not-so-peaceful coexistence of the "technogeneous" (or "artificial", A-) and "natural" (N-) conceptions of the TSB nature for the development of the Tunguska studies. In fact, their entire history, beginning from 1946 (the year when Alexander Kazantsev published his hypothesis) is a history of the A-N competition. The alternatives "nuclear-thermal" (explosion) and "artificial-natural" (body) have remained the key-note in the whole Tunguska affair, especially in the work of the research team led by Alexey Zolotov (at first in the town of Oktyabrsky, Bashkir ASSR, and later in Kalinin - now Tver). In particular, Zolotov succeeded in establishing, even on the basis of that empirical material which was collected by the middle of the 1960s, the most important point of the affair: that the forest destruction was made by the blast, and not by the ballistic wave. Empirical facts gathered by the ITEG and other Tunguska investigators during the last decades, although sometimes looking "strange," are well established, and no model of the phenomenon may ignore them. What's more, any conception that does ignore these facts cannot be considered as serious and scientific. Unfortunately, many theorists (especially - although not only - Western ones) try to solve this enigma in a flash, being aware only of two facts: a) in 1908 something flew over Western Siberia; b) this "something" exploded. Sorry, gentlemen, there is much more in this story than just that. 3. Stranger and stranger... Now, what do we know about the Tunguska explosion and the Tunguska space body? And - no less important! - what do we still NOT know? 1. The explosion on the Podkamennaya Tunguska was just the most striking event in the set of large-scale atmospheric anomalies which occurred in the summer of 1908 and were probably interrelated. 2. The main explosion occurred in the atmosphere, at an altitude of 5 to 7 kilometers. The area of the leveled forest has peculiar contours (something like a gigantic butterfly) and a complex structure. In general the forest fell strictly radially, but near the epicenter there are local deviations from the radial pattern, which enables assumption of the existence there of at least two or three subepicenters. 3. There are no meteorite craters in the region of the explosion, nor any substance that could be identified with that of the Tunguska space body. The meteoritic dust that was found on the site does not differ from the usual background fall of extraterrestrial matter. 4. The axis of symmetry of the fallen forest field is directed at 81° W of the true meridian. It is interpreted as the imprint of the ballistic shock wave of the TSB at the final stage of its flight, that is immediately before the explosion. It is essential to note that this wave was rather weak, leveling none of the trees and just introducing some little deviations in the radial pattern of forest falling. The latter was in itself fully due to the effect of the blast wave. This points to the fact that the speed of the Tunguska body at the final stage of its flight was relatively low. Alexey Zolotov has estimated this speed at 1.2 kilometers per second. Therefore the explosion was due to the internal energy of the body, not to the energy of its motion. 5. Concentration of this energy approached that of nuclear explosions, and no less than 10 percent of it was released as the flash. This suggests some kind of nuclear reaction, but what kind it was remains unknown. No firm evidence of such a reaction has been found in soil and vegetation in the region of the explosion. However: 5.1. Directly under the path of the Tunguska space body, thermoluminescence of minerals has substantially increased. This can have been due to hard radiation, emitted in the course of the flight and, possibly, at the instant of the explosion. 5.2. A complex set of serious ecological consequences has been revealed in the region of the explosion. These are: first, a very fast restoration of the forest after the catastrophe and accelerated growth of trees (both young and those which survived the incident); second, a sharply (in 12 times!) increased frequency of mutations in the local pines. Both of these effects tend to concentrate towards the "corridor" of the Tunguska body flight path. As many other anomalies in this region, the genetic impact of the phenomenon is also of patchy character. There was also discovered a rare mutation among the natives of the region, which arose in the 1910s in one of the settlements nearest to the epicenter (Strelka-Chunya). 5.3. According to Dr. Nikolay Vasilyev, medico-ecological examination of the state of health of native inhabitants of Evenkya (the territory of the Evenks or Tungus) reveals population-genetic effects similar to those observed in the regions affected by nuclear weapon tests (the Altai Territory, the Lower Ob', the areas around the coast of the Kara Sea). These facts (as well as the local magnetic storm that started after the explosion) count in favor of the nuclear character of the Tunguska explosion. 6. Apart from the "main" explosion at a relatively high altitude, there were a number (three, or four) of "additional" low-altitude and, probably, low-power explosions. This is borne out both by fine structure of the fallen forest field and by testimonies of some eyewitnesses who found themselves in the immediate vicinity to the epicenter: Chuchancha and Chekaren, two Evenk brothers belonging to the kin of Shaniaguir, were at the moment of the explosion sleeping in their chum (a tent of skin or bark) situated on the bank of the Avarkitta river, very close to the epicenter. Suddenly they were woken by a few tremors, whistling and a loud sound of the wind. "Both of us were very much frightened, - told Chuchancha in 1926 to the well-known ethnographer and public figure Innokenty Suslov who spent many years working in Evenkya. - We began to call our father, mother and third brother, but nobody replied. A loud noise was heard from the outside of the chum; we understood that trees were falling. Chekaren and me, we got out from our sleeping bags and were going to go out of the chum, but suddenly there was a very great clap of thunder. This was a first blow. Earth trembled, a strong wind hit our chum and threw it down. The elliun [the skins covering a chum] rode up and I saw something terrible: trees were falling down, their pine-needles burning. Dead branches and moss on the ground were burning as well. Suddenly there appeared above a mountain, where the trees had already fallen down, bright light like a second sun. At the same moment a strong agdyllian, a thunder, crashed. This was a second blow. The morning was sunny, no clouds, the sun shone as always, and now a second sun! With an effort I and Chekaren crawled out from under the chum poles and elliun. After that we saw a flash again appear and a thunder crash heard again overhead, although in another place. This was a third blow. Then there was a new gust of wind that knocked us down and we knocked ourselves against a leveled tree. [A short time later] Chekaren cried out: "Look up!" and stretched his hand upward. I looked in this direction and saw new lightning, with an agdyllian. But its sound was not so loud as before. This fourth blow was like a usual thunder. Now I can remember there was a fifth blow, but rather weak and far away from us." This last explosion took place somewhere far in the north. 7. The zone of the radiant burn of trees is also "butterfly-like" in shape, its axis of symmetry approximately coincides with the "ballistic" one. Besides, it is somewhat extended along the path of the Tunguska body; it appears that the latter was moving and exploding (or at least emitting powerful electromagnetic radiation) over the last 20, or so, kilometers. This is not in good accordance with the strict radial pattern of forest falling, and therefore we should probably assume that the source of the flash was not identical with that of the blast wave. The radiantly burned vegetation is arranged patchily, that is areas thermally seriously damaged and areas free from any thermal influence are intermittent. A workable model, explaining this peculiarity, would be a host of powerful "thermal rays," rather than a simple fireball. The fact that Chuchancha and Chekaren (as well as some other Evenks) have survived near the epicenter of 30 to 50 megaton explosion seems also to favor the highly anisotropic character of the latter. 8. Some local geochemical anomalies have been discovered at the epicenter of the Tunguska explosion. There were found substantial shifts in isotopic compositions of carbon, hydrogen, and lead. The soil is also enriched with rare earths (samarium, europium, terbium, ytterbium, etc), as well as with barium, cobalt, copper, titanium, and some other elements. As was supposed by the late Dr. Sergey Dozmorov (a very gifted chemist from Omsk, Russia, who tragically died several years ago), these results may indicate that the TSB had contained some appreciable quantities of superconducting high-temperature ceramic made on the basis of the following combination of elements: barium - a lanthanide - copper. Such ceramic keeps superconductivity up to the temperature of liquid nitrogen (-196°C) and can be used for constructing very effective energy and information storage devices. Obviously, such a substance cannot be natural. 9. The combination of the "butterfly-like" shape of the area with the general radial pattern of forest falling suggests that the Tunguska body consisted of two different parts: an "explosive" and a non-uniform "shell," which gave rise to peculiarities of the blast wave shape. Thereby it resembled an artificial construction. As Alexey Dmitriev and Victor Zhuravlev note, the shape and structure of the fallen forest field can be easily explained if we assume that the shell had symmetric zones of increased and reduced strength of material. Another workable model would be a cone-shaped mass of explosive having cumulating hollows and a detonator in its forward part. 10. What path the Tunguska space body followed through the atmosphere remains to a large extent unclear. Immediately before the explosion it was moving almost exactly east to west. The witnesses' testimonies that were collected in the 1960s do in fact bear out this variant. Yet the witnesses' testimonies gathered in the 1920s suggest with equal likelihood that the body might have arrived from the south or "at best" from the south-east. This evidence cannot be easily rejected since it was obtained shortly after the event. Attempting to find a way out of this deadlock, Dr. Felix Zigel (a well-known scientist and the father of Soviet ufology) in 1966 suggested a possible maneuver of the Tunguska body at the final stage of its flight. However, the eastern variant of the path has been traced as far as the Lena river. This casts doubt on the possibility of a maneuver at least for this body. Shouldn't we assume that there were several bodies moving from different directions towards more or less the same final point? 11. And last but not least: what was the lot of the Tunguska body (or bodies) after the explosion? The hypothesis of a "ricochet" of the TSB, put forward in the early 1930s, was rejected, in particular, because the researchers understood well: the Tunguska space body had no chance of surviving such a powerful explosion. It may be so, but nonetheless, as was noted by Dr. Gennady Plekhanov, the imprint of the ballistic wave on the fallen forest is observed even beyond the epicenter, approximately in the same direction as before it. Therefore some part of the body (or just one of the bodies) might have continued its flight after having taken this "fiery bath." A noteworthy fact: among other interviewed eyewitnesses of the Tunguska explosion, there was an elderly Evenk man named Ivan Aksenov, a shaman, who after the revolution of 1917 had been hiding for many years in taiga from the Soviet authorities. At the moment of the catastrophe the eyewitness (then 24 years old) was on the Chamba river, hunting near the mouth of a tributary of the Chamba, that is some 40 km to the south from the catastrophe epicenter. After the explosion he had seen an object flying down the Chamba, i.e. generally north to south. He called the object a "devil." "As I came to myself, - recalled Aksenov in 1967, - I saw it was all falling around me, burning. No, that was not god flying there, it was really devil flying. I lift up my head - and see - devil's flying. The devil itself was like a billet, light color, two eyes in front, fire behind. I was frightened, covered myself with some duds, prayed (not to the heathen god, I prayed to Jesus Christ and Virgin Mary). After some time of prayer I recovered: everything was clear. I went back to the mouth of the Yakukta where the nomad camp was. It was in the afternoon that I came there..." The devil was going faster than airplanes now do. While flying, it was saying "troo-troo" (which were not loud). 4. On the way to the truth From all the aforesaid it follows that intricacy and complexity of the Tunguska phenomenon far exceeds the limits of the simplest models still existing in popular-science and even scientific literature. It certainly appears that the basic tendency of the results obtained during the years of Tunguska investigations favors the artificial nature of the Tunguska space body and at least unconventional character of its explosion. The technogeneous hypothesis is thus coming to the fore in the Tunguska studies. But of course, it doesn't have to be limited by its initial version - that is, by the hypothesis of an accidental crash of an extraterrestrial spaceship. It might well be not accidental. When working in the middle of the 1970s with Alexey Zolotov and his team, the present author developed the so-called "battle model" of the Tunguska phenomenon. According to it, there happened in 1908 an aerospace battle between two or more alien spaceships, after which one of them survived and flew back to the space. Of course, I do not mean this is the final solution of the Tunguska mystery, but as a working instrument this model seems to be helpful. Whether or not it is correct, only time will tell. Certainly, we have still much to learn about the flight and explosion of the TSB. Perhaps one day in the future it will be possible just to deduce a convincing model of the phenomenon directly from the facts accumulated. To bring this day closer, Russian and Ukrainian scientists are trying to develop their studies in this area even in the hard conditions that still prevail in their countries. Scientists and anomalists in other countries could help them as well. Anyone wishing to participate in this search is welcome to contact the author of this paper through his webpage on Facebook . There seems to have been in the Tunguska sky much more than we can at present imagine... 1. Rubtsov, V. The Tunguska Mystery. N.Y.: Springer, 2009 & 2012 (in English). 2. Bidyukov, B. F. (Ed.) The Tunguska Phenomenon: Multifariousness of the Problem. Novosibirsk: Agros, 2008 (in Russian). 3. Vasilyev, N. V. The Tunguska Meteorite: A Space Phenomenon of the Summer of 1908. Moscow: Russkaya Panorama, 2004 (in Russian). 4. Bronshten, V. A. The Tunguska Meteorite: History of Investigations. Moscow: A. D. Selyanov, 2000 (in Russian). 5. Zhuravlev, V. K., and Zigel, F. Y. The Tunguska Miracle: History of Investigations of the Tunguska Meteorite. Ekaterinburg: Basko, 1998 (in Russian). 6. Dmitriev, A. N., and Zhuravlev, V. K. The Tunguska Phenomenon of 1908 as a Kind of Cosmic Connections Between the Sun and the Earth. Novosibirsk: IGIG SO AN SSSR, 1984 (in Russian). 7. Zolotov, A. V. The Problem of the Tunguska Catastrophe of 1908. Minsk: Nauka i Tekhnika, 1969 (in Russian). 8. Tronov, M. V. (Ed.) The Problem of the Tunguska Meteorite. Vol. 2.Tomsk: University Publishing House, 1967 (in Russian). 9. Plekhanov, G. F. (Ed.) The Problem of the Tunguska Meteorite. Tomsk: University Publishing House, 1963 (in Russian). 10. Krinov, E. L. The Tunguska Meteorite. Moscow: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1949 (in Russian). Tunguska Home Page of Bologna University “On June 30th, 1908, something exploded 8 km above the Stony Tunguska river. About 2150 square kilometers of Siberian taiga were devastated and 80 millions trees were overthrown. Up to now, it is not clear whether the great explosion was due to a comet or an asteroid or something else. We are searching for an answer.” The Tunguska Meteorite Website of members of the Independent Tunguska Exploration Group (ITEG). “We wish the ITEG to live and continue its investigations. Its work will certainly inspire future generations of Tunguska enthusiasts…” In Russian. The Tunguska Phenomenon The richest ever collection of materials on the history and current state of the Tunguska investigations. In Russian. The Tunguska event Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. An informative website containing many valuable Tunguska-related materials, including wonderful photographs and the Catalog of the Tunguska Eyewitness Reports. Authored by Vitaly Romeyko. In Russian. The National Nature Reserve Tungussky The National Nature Reserve Tungussky was established in 1996 by the Federal Government of Russia. It occupies an area of 3000 square kilometers and is kept in its primordial state. Generally in Russian state nature reserves, visits by tourists are forbidden, but the Tunguska nature reserve is exempted from this rule and everyone wishing to visit this area with its unforgettable aura can do so. In Russian. The Tunguska Phenomenon This website provides information about Tunguska investigations conducted by Krasnoyarsk Branch of the Independent Tunguska Exploration Group. In Russian.

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Law Society Rule The question of the purpose of the rule of law and how the boundaries should be drawn between moral judgement and the need to maintain a basic level of order within a society has been asked, over the centuries, by many eminent theorists from the legal, political and philosophical world. Several different opinions have emerged with varying degrees of agreement, with the concept that the rule of law is the law and we must obey it, regardless of how unjust the rules may appear. Although the exact meaning of the rule of law has been interpreted in different ways by the various different theorists, the very basic principle that the rule of law means that no individual is above the law seems to hold in all interpretations. In England, the prime example of the rule of law is the Magna Carter in which King John agreed to abide by the feudal laws and the placing of limits on fees relating to feudal land. What is the Rule of Law? Before considering whether or not the rule of law consists merely of a body of rules or whether there is more to the way in which the rule of law is applied, it is first necessary to consider exactly what is meant by the ‘rule of law’. Dicey was not, in fact, responsible for the birth of the rule of law, but was instrumental in bringing it into the public arena for debate and consideration. He contended that the rule of law was made up of three key principles. Firstly, that an individual has the freedom to act in any way he so wishes without punishment provided it is not in breach of any law. This gives supremacy to the rule of law over any other arbitrary act of power that is not backed in law. Secondly, that no one is above the law meaning that every subject, regardless of stature, can be held accountable to the law and punished in the courts of the land. Thirdly, that the rule of law is based on the collective rights of all individuals. Essentially, this means that the courts will enforce individual rights on a collective basis to all subjects within its jurisdiction.Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers... This basic concept has been somewhat extended in recent years, most notably by Lord Bingham in his lecture given on 16 November 2006 to Cambridge University where he put forward eight sub-rules that should be seen as part of the overall rule of law. These were that firstly, the law should be available and understandable to all it governs, based on the premise that if someone is to be governed by a law they should be able to understand it fully. Secondly, that when faced with the decision of liability or accountability, the law should be used without so far as is possible the use of discretion. Thirdly, that the law in the way in which it is applied should be equal and universal to all. He did, however, recognise that at times it would be necessary for some individuals to be treated differently. Fourthly, that any law must provide a basic level of protection for all fundamental human rights, to every subject, regardless of circumstances. Fifthly, where there is a civil dispute that cannot be resolved, the parties should have access to cost effective and efficient means of dealing with the dispute. Sixthly, that all members of government or officers of the government should act in good faith when carrying out their law enforcement duties and should not act outside of their individual powers. Seventhly, that any adjudicative process should be fair and transparent in the way it arrives at decisions. Finally, the state has to consider its obligations to international law when complying with any national rule of law. In essence, the rules laid out by L Bingham are not substantially different from those laid out by Dicey; they are merely more detailed regarding the way in which the laws should be applied. This offers greater guidance on the subject of what an individual should do when faced with a seemingly unjust law. It also gives greater insight into the way in which the rule of law should be viewed, generally, and applied in relation to other political, religious and moral frameworks. Application of the Rule of Law Having understood the basic principles of what the rule of law contains, it is then necessary to move forward to consider how this applies and actually works, in practice, in relation to society as a whole. Again, this area has drawn attention from some of the great legal theorists of all time and has, in some cases, been hotly debated. One of the fundamental ideas laid down by Dicey is that the government has no greater authority in terms of the way in which it is viewed in the courts. The rule of law clearly indicates that the government must have restraints and cannot simply act in any arbitrary way that it pleases. This has been borne out in several court cases including the early case of Entick v Carrington where it was held that the warrant a Home Secretary had issued to enter a privately owned property was against the law and, therefore, the government was guilty of trespass.You can get expert help with your essays right now. Find out more... Theorists from the very early stages have recognised that there is a need for some central rule to control all individuals. Not to have any central law would, almost certainly, result in anarchy. In its earliest format, the need for a rule of law was established by Plato and Aristotle where they recognised the need for at least a degree of rule or there would be complete anarchy within society. Without any form of law or rule the stronger and more cunning would effectively make the most of their position by exploiting the weak. It is almost universally accepted that someone needs to take overall control of a way that maintains democracy and prevents the weak from being exploited. For this central control to work, the power needs to be vested in some political and legislative authority. Aristotle, in particular, recognised the importance of the role of this central figure. He debated at length whether this central control should be the rule of law or rule of men. His eventual conclusion was that a rule of law was necessary and that the central figure had to be in the form of some higher governmental authority. He concluded that a rule of law was essential as laws are produced as a result of reason and thought and not based on pure passion. Moreover, having one individual leader can clearly lead to tyranny or self-serving actions. As the rules need to govern every adult individual, each individual should have a say in how these rules are established. Finally, a rotation of those in charge of the rule of law is desirable to ensure equality throughout. For these reasons, Aristotle concluded that a rule of law, operated in a democratic manner, is essential to ensure that rules are consistent and not arbitrary in the way they are both established and maintained. Encroachment on the Rule of Law Despite the universal recognition that the rule of law is both desirable and essential for the effective operation and governance of society, there have been several encroachments on the traditional rule of law. There is a body of thought that suggests the government has made several moves to encroach on the individual’s liberties. One of the most notable of these is the removal of the right to a trial by jury in certain limited circumstances. In doing so, it is argued that the equality and fairness of the system is lost. Individuals are not judged by their peers but are instead dictated to by a higher authority. Another area that has faced criticism is the way in which the secret service operates and, in particular, the Official Secrets Act and related gagging orders that have been put on certain individuals. Clive Ponting, who was a civil servant during the Falklands War, was gagged and prevented from speaking about the activities of the government, during this time. It is argued that this encroachment on individual liberties, to the extent that it is necessary to protect the greater good, should not be seen as a breaking of the overall essence of the rule of law. Although these governmental powers are seen as overpowering the individual’s rights, it is also argued that these encroachments would not in the normal course of daily activities come into contact with these encroachments. Similarly, it is also argued that governmental bodies such as the secret services are overseen by independent bodies and, therefore, are not able to act in a way that is arbitrary or discriminatory. Based on this, it can be concluded that whilst the rule of law is sometimes bent to accommodate the needs of the public as a whole, it cannot be carried out in an arbitrary way. Further, there are checks and balances in place to make sure that no single body exercises too much power over another. The Role of Customs One element of the rule of law which has to be considered when determining how the rules are established and how general customs should be dealt with in the creation of such laws is that of customary practice. This is particularly difficult as customs vary depending on regions, religions and even social classes and are therefore very difficult to control or legislate to take account of. Nevertheless, it should be noted that customs do not create laws, as such; they are simply used by judges when applying the law, which can at times result in an arbitrary application of customs in relation to the rule of law.Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers... In order to be recognised as a law, a custom must meet very stringent tests including the fact that it must have existed since ‘time immemorial’, i.e. it must have been in existence since at least 1189 (in accordance with a statute enacted in 1275). The custom must also be certain in terms of scope and application. The case of Wilson v Willes held the customary right to remove as much turf as was necessary from the manor common land. It was held that this custom was not sufficiently certain to be considered a valid law, as it was not clear what limits there were on the amount of turf. Other requirements include the locality of the custom as customs are only ever applied on a local and not national basis. They must have been consistently exercised and exercised as a right rather than an irregular whim. In short, the recognition of a custom as a legal rule is only applied in extreme circumstances and provided that it does not conflict with an existing law. The Role of Morality As established as early on as Aristotle’s works, the rule of man or general morality cannot be relied upon to provide the basis of legal structure for all individuals. Everyone has a different idea of what constitutes moral behaviour; to allow every individual to follow their own moral code would result in chaos and disorder. Whilst everyone has their own moral standards, most individuals recognise that there is a need for universal laws, even if they do not always fall in line with their own moral judgments. The difficulty comes when there is no apparent overall benefit to the law in question. For example, where the act does not harm another and there is seemingly no common purpose then, under the rule of law, there should be no law preventing such actions. This has been the case with homosexuality which is now not considered to be illegal. There are other activities that are thought of as illegal but not immoral, by some at least, such as driving over the speed limit, smoking marijuana or filing a false tax return. It is clear that although law and morality are interlinked, they are not directly and inextricably thought of as one. Despite this, individuals, on the whole will recognise that there is a need for a legal system and will consider it moral to follow these rules even if they do not fully agree with them.You can get expert help with your essays right now. Find out more... Are Unjust Laws, Laws at all? This differentiation between law and morality leads us to consider the ultimate question of whether the rule of law requires individuals to follow the law, even if it is manifestly unjust. Are individuals in fact obliged not to obey rules that they see as unjust as stated by Martin Luther King when he wrote from his jail cell in Birmingham, Alabama, stating ‘one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws’? Where an individual is governed by the rule of law but decides to break one of these laws as he views them as unjust, provided he accepts the resulting responsibility it can be said that he maintains his adherence to the rule of law. The rule of law states that he should be dealt with fairly and expediently and, therefore, spans a much greater remit than simply setting down the laws that must be followed. As stated by Dworkin, simply because the rule seems to be unjust does not give any individual the right to believe that it is a law at all. It does, however, give individuals the right to be dealt with fairly if they choose not to follow such a rule. The rule of law is an essential part of any democratic society. A central set of rules that everyone must follow is required to prevent arbitrary rule and, ultimately, total anarchy. Having said this, the rule of law does not simply lay down a set of rules and apply them tyrannically. The rule of law has a much wider scope and considers how the laws should be applied and adapted to deal with societal changes and local customs. It is this overall framework of rules tainted with a degree of political and judicial discretion that makes the rule of law an ongoing success in dealing with the vagaries of human nature. Aristotle, Ethics Book V, in K.S. Chukkol, ‘Enforcement of Judgements Against Public Officers and the Institutions and the Rule of Law’, in Ayua (ed.), Law, Justice and the Nigerian Society (NIALS, Lagos 1995) p. 61 David Brink, ‘Legal Positivism and Natural Law Reconsidered’ (1985) The Monist 68 364–387 Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (paperback ed., Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1978) John Finnis, Natural Law and Natural Rights (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1980) Lon Fuller, The Morality of Law (revised ed., Yale University Press, New Haven & London 1969) Robert George (ed.), Natural Law Theory: Contemporary Essays (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1992) Matthew Kramer, ‘On the Moral Status of the Rule of Law’ (2004) Cambridge Law Journal 63: 65 Need an essay? You can buy essay help from us today!

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by Gary Comenas The Origins of Expressionism The "Expressionism" in the term Abstract Expressionism was borrowed from the European movement of the early twentieth century: Shulamith Behr [lecturer in German 20th century art at the Courtauld Institute, London]: "Interestingly, the term 'Expressionisten' was initially applied to a selection of French, and not German artists, in the foreword to the catalogue of the twenty-second spring exhibition of the Berlin Secession held in April 1911. Apart from Picasso, most of these artists were associated with the circle of Matisse - Braque, Derain, Friesz, Marquet, van Dongen, among others. Given the largely Impressionist leanings of the Secession, the collective term 'Expressionisten' was a convenient way of signifying the 'newest directions' in French art... Before 1914, in an attempt to reform German culture in accordance with a vitalist, modernising aesthetic, Expressionism was sponsored in the public domain. At the Sonderbund Exhibition held at the Cologne Kuntshalle in 1912, the director of the exhibition, Richart Reiche, used the umbrella label 'Expressionismus' in the foreword to the catalogue, and applied it to a range of new art drawn from France, Germany, Austro-Hungary, Switzerland, Holland, Norway and Russia. yet, at the same time members of the German group Brücke (Bridge) were commissioned to decorate a chapel installed specifically for the occasion. Moreover, the importance attributed to the works of van Gogh, and a retrospective of the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch, indicated the attempt to establish a specifically northern, as opposed to French, lineage for the Expressionist movement... In 1914, the term accrued its specifically German connotations. In that year, the critic and newspaper feuilletonist Paul Fechter, in his book Der Expressionismus (Expressionism), applied the term to the works of Brücke artists, to Der Blaue Reiter, and to individuals such as Oskar Kokoschka. Fechter dismissed the decorative, cosmopolitan associations of the word, investing it with connotations of the anti-intellectual, the emotional and the spiritual - the 'metaphysical necessity of the German people'... While pre-war definitions of Expressionism were somewhat vague, they gained coherence in various publications during the war. The Austrian critic and playwright Hermann Bahr published the book Expressionismus in 1916, which was widely read, reaching three editions by 1920. He reaffirmed Expressionism's opposition to Impressionism, justifying its shock impact as a necessary antidote to bourgeois order and complacency. Consistent with methodologies in art historical enquiry of the period (he cites Worringer and Alois Riegl), he viewed contemporary art production as reflective of the despair of the age: 'Misery cries out, man cries out for his soul, the entire time is a single scream of distress'... A second generation of Expressionists emerged which, while widespread in regional centres throughout Germany, was more cohesively defined by its members' anti-war sentiments and engagement in the political fervour of the early Weimar Republic. In his essay 'Expressionismus und Sozialismus' (Expressionism and Socialism), published in the journal Neue Blätter fur Kunst und Dichtung (New Newspapers for Art and Poetry) in May 1919, the political editor and art critic Herbert Kühn proclaimed: 'Expressionism is - as is socialism - the same outcry against materialism, against the unspiritual, against machines, against centralisation, for the spirit, for God, for the humanity in man' At the heart of the Expressionist theory lay the paradox that the personal 'strivings' and subjective expression of the artist could nonetheless rekindle utopian notions of spiritual community and identity..." (SB6-9) [Excerpt from Shulamith Behr, Expressionism (Movements in Modern Art series) (London: Tate Gallery Publishing, 1999)] back to 1929: The term, "Abstract Expressionism," is first used in the United States

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- Save to MyTHV - Export To Word - Export To PDF NY State Standards Felting the Hudson River Grades 1st Grade, 2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade, 5th Grade, 6th Grade, Kindergarten, Pre-K Author Randolph School This is an ongoing activity, woven into other "Dancing with the Hudson" unit activities. The objective is to create a 4' by 14' felted mural of the Hudson River to share with the school and local community. Our students worked on the mural three or four mornings a week for several months. They drew inspiration and ideas from a number of seining visits, time exploring the school grounds, and trips described in the other lessons in this unit, as well as a visit to the Norwalk (CT) Aquarium. They were also inspired by pictures from books about the Hudson. We presented our mural at the Beacon Sloop Club's Strawberry Festival in June and an even larger river community at Clearwater's Great Hudson River Revival in Croton on Hudson.

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Everything you need to understand or teach Sticks and Bones by David Rabe. Sticks and Bones opens with a slide show of family pictures. The offstage voices of an adult couple explain who are in the slides to the voices of children. The scene moves to a home headed by parents Ozzie and Harriet By phone, Ozzie learns that the government is sending their elder son David home from serving in the war in Vietnam. The family is excited by the prospect. Ozzie and Harriet share memories, some negative, about David Ozzie also discusses his experiences in World War II, justifying his non-combative role to his younger son Rick; though Ozzie was not a soldier, he played an important role building war vehicles A Sergeant Major delivers the now-blind David to his family. The family is uneasy about David's disability and appearance David is also uncomfortable and wants to leave. The sergeant will not let David come with him. He has... View more of the Sticks and Bones Summary

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The San Onofre nuclear power plant, located between Los Angeles and San Diego, has been kept shut for the past three and half months by Southern California Edison, after radioactivity leaked into the atmosphere. During that time there has been no official statement by Edison company to describe the totality of its investigation of the causes of the leak. On the contrary, Edison has been warning the public of blackouts if the plant is not operating and has revealed that it was considering a restart in June 2012, a statement shot down by the chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Friends of the Earth, by retaining Fairewinds, has supplied the public with two technical reports shedding light on the causes and extent of the problem. This is the third report in that series. It reveals, in unmistakeable detail, why and how an attempt to cut regulatory corners resulted in a clear and present danger to the people of southern California not to mention an eight hundred million dollar mistake. The reports essential findings are: the Edison company deliberately sought approval from the NRC of its new Steam Generators as a “like-for like replacement” to avoid a more thorough license amendment and review process; the new design did in fact make seven significant design changes, any one of which required a thorough analysis of the change, a public hearing and approval of a license amendment by the NRC; the vital necessity for safety required by the NRC licensing process for a changed design is demonstrated by San Onofre where “it is likely the more thorough review would have identified the design and fabrication inadequacies” - for example the NRC would have identified the fact that Edison used a Mitsubishi computer model to evaluate the changes, even though that model was not capable of analysing the Combustion Engineering (CE) design at San Onofre, but only the very different Westinghouse design; the physical changes from the original to new steam generators are very real and very significant, they include: 1 – the original design had a unique tube support to prevent vibration – these supports were changed in the new design; 2 – the main structural stay cylinder was removed; 3 – 400 additional tubes were packed into an already packaged design; as a result of the design changes the top of the new steam generator is now “starved of water therefore making tube vibration inevitable”; the tubes are now “at risk of bursting in a main steam accident and spewing radioactivity into the air”; vibration is the result not the root cause of the steam generators problems at San Onofre; plugging cannot repair design changes that cause the tubes to collide with each other; Operating at lower power 1 – reducing power does not provide a remedy for the underlying structural problems that are creating the vibration that has damaged and will continue to damage the tubes deep inside the San Onofre steam generators; 2 – reducing power will not change the pressure inside or outside the tubes - previously damaged tubes will continue to vibrate damaging surrounding tubes and tube supports and worsen the existing damage; 3 – lower power might create a resonate frequency at which vibration might increase without notice; 4 – historical evidence at other reactors have shown that operating at lower power has not been an effective solution. 1 – repair in place by cutting off top of the steam generators to allow personnel to access, may be possible and would take as long as 18 months and cost an estimated US$ 400 million; 2 – after additional analysis of flow patterns it may be possible to change the internal structure to get more water into the upper U-bend regions or by replacing the steam water separators; 3 - the only solution that minimizes the safety steam generator risks at San Onofre is to replace the existing steam generators through the license amendment process. A nuclear plant with tube vibration greatly magnifies the risk if a steam line accident were to occur. Vibration induced damage would cause an “inordinate amount of radiation” to contaminate “one of the most heavily populated area in the United States.” The only solution that would ensure that the steam generators would perform in the same way as the original generators at San Onofre is to replace them through the license amendment process.

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http://www.foe.org/news/blog/2012-05-san-onofres-steam-generator-failures-could-have-been

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Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Ultra Low Molecular Weight Heparins (page 1 of 2) Heparin, an anticoagulant, was first used in 1916 - one of the few drugs still in use which predates the establishment of the FDA. Heparin is a long, highly negatively charged polysaccharide known as a glycosaminoglycan, or GAG. While the naturally occurring polysaccharide is quite long, the anticoagulant properties of heparin are due to a short, five saccharide section of the molecule, found in only a third of the long heparin chain. A synthetic analog of this pentasaccharide sequence, Fondaparinux, can act as a substitute for natural heparin under certain conditions. Our lab, together with Dr. Liu of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, has synthesized two analogs of Fondaparinux with anticoagulant activity using a chemoenzymatic approach.

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http://www-heparin.rpi.edu/main/current_events/view/12

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I have had a sore on my foot for months that just won’t heal— or even scab over. In fact it’s getting worse. I was also diagnosed with vascular disease. Are these connected? Is my poor circulation contributing to the condition of the open sore? Center for Wound Healing & Hyperbaric Medicine, Medical Director Dana Cavicke, MD, CWS, responds: Blood circulation is the flow of blood from the heart throughout the body. Blood carries important nutrients, such as oxygen, and removes contaminants, both of which are required to maintain healthy skin and muscles. Good circulation is crucial to wound healing. Without good circulation, wounds heal very slowly or not at all. Chronic wounds are sores that persist for months or even years and often do not respond to traditional healing treatments. Chronic wounds usually have underlying causes—such as poor blood circulation—that must be addressed in order for the wound to heal properly, or at all. The sore on your foot may be caused by poor circulation in the veins and arteries in your feet and legs. Diseases such as diabetes and peripheral vascular disease (PVD), or conditions such as inadequate heart valve function, can affect blood circulation. So can a blockage in a vein or artery leading to the legs and feet (which can be corrected with surgery). Smoking also prevents good circulation, because nicotine decreases blood circulation, and the carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke decreases oxygen delivery to skin and muscle. Lack of adequate blood flow to your feet and legs can also cause numbness. Numbness can be extremely dangerous because if you get hurt, you may not even realize it, making those wounds prone to infection. By improving circulation and blood flow, more nutrients and oxygen reach the cells that heal skin. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) has been shown to improve healing in patients with poor circulation due to diabetes, bone infections, compromised skin grafts and flaps and radiation-damaged tissue. Circulatory problems from crush injuries and frostbite are also treated with HBOT. In HBOT, a patient breathes in 100% pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber during daily sessions over several days. If you are worried about your wound, it is best to speak with your doctor or a wound specialist sooner rather than later. Click here to listen to an interview with Dr. Cavicke on WICC AM 600 When you’re ready to explore treatment for your wound, please call The Center for Wound Healing & Hyperbaric Medicine at Bridgeport Hospital, 203-384-HEAL (4325). No referral is necessary. Our wound specialists will evaluate you and recommend a treatment plan to optimize your healing.

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